Chapter 10 Data Management: Analysis and Evaluation

Get Ready
Get Ready

Page 310

Question 1

a)
Fun Saturday Activity
Go to the movies
Play a sport
Go shopping
Play video games
Other

Frequency
6
7
4
4
3

b) "Playing a sport" was the most popular activity because it had the highest frequency.
c)

The least popular activity was "Other", it had the lowest frequency.

Get Ready

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Question 2

To find out how many students were surveyed, add all the frequencies.
Number of students = 6 + 7 + 4 + 4 + 3
= 24
24 students were surveyed.
Get Ready

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Question 3

a) When the graph goes up to the right, it tells us that the population of Dream Point has been increasing
with time.
b) The population has been increasing since 1996, so for 2003 1996 = 7 years the population of Dream
Point has been increasing.
c)

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Answers can vary. It depends on many variables. If you think the population will continue increasing,
you could support this by saying that the population of Earth continues to increase, or that you think
Dream Point still has a lot more growth left before its population will stagnate. If you think the trend
will not continue, you could cite reasons, such as a need for more hospitals, schools, and other civil
structures, or you could argue that at 27 000 people Dream Point is no longer a small town and its
councillors and citizens are more likely to resist any efforts for further growth.

MHR Chapter 10

Get Ready
a)

Page 311

Age (months)
1
2
3
4
5

Question 4
Mass (g)
>
100
150
220
280
320

Mass of a Kitten
350
300

Mass (g)

250
200
150
100
50
0
0

Age (months)

b) The mass of the kitten is increasing with age. This makes sense because kittens begin very small and
they grow rapidly.
c)

No, this trend will not continue. Eventually the kitten will become a cat and it will not grow anymore.

d) Once the kitten has grown into a cat, the graph will flatten out and there will be very little change from
month to month.
Get Ready
a)

Page 311

Question 5

10 + 10 + 12 + 13 + 15
5
60
=
5

Mean =

= 12

b)

20 + 30 + 35 + 35 + 40 + 40 + 40
7
240
=
7

Mean =

= 34.3

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c)

57 + 62 + 68 + 68 + 75 + 78 + 82
7
490
=
7

Mean =

= 70

d)

2.3 + 2.1 + 2.3 + 1.9 + 1.9 + 2.3 + 2.6

5
15.4
=
7

Mean =

= 2.2

Get Ready

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Question 6

Find the mean shoe size.

5+6+6+7+7+7+8+8+9
9
63
=
9

Mean =

=7

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MHR Chapter 10

10.1 Analyse Data

Section 10.1

Page 314

Question 1

Data set A contains data on the weekly

height of a plant, while data set B contains
data on the populations of many different
species of animals. Line graphs are useful
because they can help you see trends in data
over time. A line graph would be helpful for
data set A, but since no time has elapsed it
would not be helpful to draw a line graph of data set B.
Section 10.1

Page 315

Question 2

a) Does not change.

b) Decreasing.

c)

Increasing.

d) Decreased, then levelled off.

Section 10.1

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Question 3

The frequency table shows that the most common

temperature throughout the month was 26oC. It also shows
that 27oC and 23oC occurred the least often. Using this
frequency table, you can estimate the probability that a day
will have a certain temperature, and you can calculate the
mean and median temperatures.

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Section 10.1

Page 315

Question 4

a) This graph represents an increasing trend; as you move to the right the data values
increase.

b) This graph represents a trend of stability; there is no change in the data values as you
move left or right on the graph.

Section 10.1

Page 315

Question 5

a) The graph increases, and then remains stable for a while before decreasing.

b) The graph remains stable, then decreases, and becomes stable again.

Section 10.1

Page 315

Question 6

a) Steady improvement describes an increasing graph. This matches graph C.

b) Improved and then levelled off describes a graph that increases and then remains
stable. This matches graph A.

c)

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Lita's marks remained stable. This matches graph B.

MHR Chapter 10

Section 10.1

Page 315

Question 7

a) Moe and Sable were two weeks old when they

started, and Lucky was three weeks old.
b) Since Lucky started out with only two accidents, it
would appear that Lucky had previous training.
c)

Moe's number of accidents decreased faster than

Sable's, so Moe is the faster learner.

Section 10.1

Page 316

Question 8

The smallest value is 147 cm, the largest value is

151 cm, and the most common value is 149 cm. The
height among male students varies between 147 cm
and 151 cm. Most of the male students are 149 cm
tall.

Section 10.1

Page 316

Question 9

The smallest value is 153 cm, the largest value is

157 cm, and the most common value is 155 cm.
The height among female students varies between
153 cm and 157 cm. Most of the female students
are 155 cm tall.

Section 10.1

Page 316

Question 10

a) The least number of baskets picked by a teen was

9 baskets.
b) The greatest number of baskets picked by a teen was
14 baskets.
c)

The most common number of baskets was 11 baskets,

with 4 teens picking 11 baskets.

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Section 10.1 Page 316 Question 11

a)
Dale's Weekly Baby-Sitting
Earnings($)
Tally
|
18
19
||||
20
21
|
22
23
|
24

Frequency
1
0
4
0
1
0
1

b) The lowest value is $18, the highest value is $24, and the most common value is $20. Dale earns
between $18 and $24 dollars, usually making $20.
Section 10.1

Page 316

Question 12

a)
Charlie's Taxi Fares($)
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50

Tally
|
|
||||
||
|

Frequency
1
1
5
2
1

The lowest value is $3.50, the highest value is $5.50, and the most common value is $4.50. Charlie
pays a fare between $3.50 and $5.50, and he usually pays $4.50.
b) The most common fare was $4.50 because Charlie paid it more often than any other fare.
c)

Charlie usually pays $4.50 for a ride. He takes 2 rides a day, and works 5 days a week. Since there are
4 weeks in a month, this means he will have to take 2 5 4 = 40 taxi rides a month. To find how
much he should expect it to cost, multiply the number of rides by the usual cost, $4.50.
4.50 40 = 180
Charlie should expect to spend about $180 on taxi cab fares each month.

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Section 10.1

Page 316

Question 13

a) The graph shows "Be My Koala Bear" rising quickly to #1 on

the chart, and then staying there for 1 week before slipping down
in the next few weeks as the song's popularity faded.
b) The song hit #1 on the chart in its third week on the chart.
c)

The song stayed at #1 for 2 weeks.

d) The numbers are placed in reverse order because the #1 position

is the more desirable and shows a positive increase. You want
the songs that are ranked low on the chart to be below those that
are ranked high.
Section 10.1

Page 317

Question 14

a) Sales of T-shirts started increasing in week 2, so it

would appear that the T-shirt craze started in week 2.
b) T-shirt sales reached a peak in week 6. After this the
sales slowed down a bit and then levelled off again,
but at a much higher level than before the craze.
c)

Answers will vary. Now that the craze is over, the

store owner will know not to stock as many T-shirts,
as was done previously during the craze.

Section 10.1

Page 317

Question 15

a) Riverside's population is increasing with time.

Short Branch's population was stable but then
began to decrease.
b) In 1999, Short Branch had the greater population.
c)

In 2002, Riverside had the greater population.

d) In 2001, the two towns had an equal population.

e)

Notice that Riverside's population increases by

about 200 people every two years. If this trend
continues, by 2005 Riverside's population will
have increased to roughly 1600 people from its population of just below 1400 in 2003.
Notice that the population of Short Branch has been decreasing by about 100 people every year since
2000. If this trend continues, in 2005 Short Branch's population will have decreased to about 700 from
its population of 900 in 2003.

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Section 10.1

Page 317

Question 16

a) The least number of TV viewers occurred

between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. This is probably
because most people sleep at night.
b) There is a stable period until 5 p.m. when
the number of viewers begins to increase.
The number of viewers increases steadily
until 8 p.m. where it levels off again.
c)

Between 7 p.m. and 11 p.m. is the time

when most people are watching TV so
advertisers pay more for commercial spots
as more people will be seeing them.

Section 10.1

Page 317

Question 17

Answers will vary.

The Maple Leafs were stable at 2nd at the beginning
season, then dropped to 4th for a while, but since
then they have steadily dropped.
The Canadiens ranked low at the start but improved
to 4th before dropping again. Since then they have
started to improve again but not as fast as before.

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10.2 Measures of Central Tendency

Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 1

A mind map is a good way of doing this. The basic ideas contained in your organizer should be:
Median: The middle value, found by ordering the values and taking the middle one.
Mode: The value that appears most often, found by looking for the value that repeats the most.
Mean: The average value, found by adding together all the values and dividing by the number of values in
the set.
Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 2

Both the mean and the median provide a good description of the data set as they are in the middle of the
data. The mode does not provide a good description because the middle value is off to one end of the data
and not representative of all the data.
Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 3

a) The median is 4. The middle tower has 4 blocks in it.

There are two towers of height 4 so 4 is the mode.
By levelling out the towers, you can find the mean. Take blocks
from the 9 and 6 towers and place them on top of all the other
towers until each tower is the same height. After doing this you
will find that each tower now contains 5 blocks, so the mean is 5.

b) The median is 10 as it is the middle tower.

The mode is 11, since two of the towers contain 11 blocks.
By levelling out the towers you can find the mean. Take blocks off
the 11 and 10 towers and place them on the other towers until each
tower has 9 blocks in it. The mean is 9.

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c)

The median is 5 as the middle tower contains 5 blocks.

The mode is 5 because there are 3 towers that contain
5 blocks.
By levelling out the towers, you can find the mean.
Take blocks off the 8 and 9 block towers and place
them on the other towers until each tower has the same
number of blocks. After doing this you will find that
each tower contains 6 blocks, so the mean is 6.

Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 4

a) The stacks are shown.

b) The median is 6. This means that half of
the boys throw worse and half throw
better than this.
The mode is 6. This means that most of
the boys sink 6 of their 10 shots.
2+4+5+6+6+6+7+8+9
9
53
=
9

Mean =

= 5.89

The average number of free throws that the boys sink is 5.89 shots. This tells us that on average a boy
will shoot a bit worse than 6 out of 10.
Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 5

a) The stacks are shown.

b) There is an even number of towers. To
calculate the median, add the two middle
towers and divide by 2.
Median =

7+7
2

=7

The median is 7 shots out of 10.

The mode is 7. This means that most of the boys sink 7 of their 10 shots.
3+5+6+7+7+7+8+9
8
52
=
8

Mean =

= 6.5

The mean number of free throws that the girls sink is 6.5 shots.
This tells us that on average a girl will sink between 6 and 7 shots out of 10.

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Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 6

The girl's team has the better record. This can be shown by comparing the mean, median and mode of the
two teams.

M ean
M edian
M ode

Girl's Team
6.5
7
7

Boy's Team
5.89
6
6

The girl's team scored higher in each of the three measures, showing that their record is better.
Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 7

a) There are nine leaves, so the fifth leaf will be the middle value. The fifth leaf
is 7 and it goes with stem 4. The median of this data set is 47.
Each leaf is different except for the pair of 1s that occur with stem 4. The
mode of this data set is 41.

b) There are seven leaves, so the fourth leaf will be the middle value. The fourth
leaf is 6 and it is under stem 7. The median of this data set is 76.
There are two 3 leaves under stem 8. The mode of this data set is 83.

Section 10.2

Page 322

Question 8

a) There are ten leaves in this data set, so the median will be the mean of the fifth
and sixth values.
52 + 53
2
105
=
2

Median =

= 52.5

The median value of this data set is 52.5.

The only stem that has a repeating leaf attached to it is stem 5 and the leaf is 1. The mode is 51.
b) There are eight leaves in this data set, so the median will be the mean of the
fourth and fifth values.
68 + 70
2
138
=
2

Median =

= 69

The median value of this data set is 69.

The only stem that has a repeating leaf attached to it is stem 7 and the leaf is 2. The mode is 72.

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Section 10.2

Page 323

Question 9

a)
Stem (tens) Leaf (ones)
3 0 5 7
4 2 5 7

b)
Stem (tens)
4
5
6

Section 10.2

Leaf (ones)
119
23
37

Page 323

Question 10

19 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 24
8
172
=
8

a) Mean =

= 21.5

Pina's mean value of playing time is 21.5 min.

There are eight values so the median is the mean of the fourth and fifth data.
19, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 24
21 + 22
2
43
=
2

Median =

= 21.5

The median value of Pina's playing time is 21.5 min.

b) Pina played 19 min twice and she also played 24 min twice, so the two modes are 19 min and 24 min.
c)

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Both the mean and median provide the best measure of central tendency to describe a typical game
for Pina. This is because their values are equal and are right in the middle of the data, whereas the
two modes are far away from each other and represent the extreme low and high amounts of time
on the ice.

MHR Chapter 10

Section 10.2

Page 323

Question 11

a)
Stem (tens)
5
6
7
8
9

Leaf
(ones)
58
234568
0133356
2348
2

55 + 58 + 62 + 63 + 64 + 65 + 66 + 68 + 70 + 71 + 73 + 73 + 73 + 75 + 76 + 82 + 83 + 84 + 88 + 92
20
1441
=
20

b) Mean =

= 72.05

The mean grade was 72.05.

To find the median, first list all the values in increasing order:
55, 58, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 73, 73, 75, 76, 82, 83, 84, 88, 92
71 + 73
2
144
=
2

Median =

= 72

The median grade was 72.

The mode for this set of data was 73 because it occurred three times.
c)

In this case, all three measures describe the data well. They are all close together and fit right into the
centre of the data.

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Section 10.2

Page 323

Question 12

6 + 6 + 12 + 20 + 25 + 35
6
104
=
6

a) Mean =

= 17.3

The mean number of magazines sold per month is 17. On average, the
store should expect to sell 17 magazines a month.
6, 6, 12, 20, 25, 35
12 + 20
2
32
=
2

Median =

= 16

The median of the data is 16. This means that about half the time the store will sell less than 16
magazines in a month, and about half the time the store will sell more than 16 magazines in a month.
The mode is 6, because they sell 6 magazines in January and in February. This tells them that they
usually sell 6 magazines.
b) The measures of central tendency are not very helpful in dealing with this data. None of them provide
the important information, that fewer magazines are sold in the winter and more in the summer. Since
the data is date specific, the measures themselves are not very helpful unless you know in what months
peak sales occurred and in what months the sales were bad. It would not help you to know that on
average 16 magazines are sold a month.

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Section 10.2

Page 323

Question 13

a) You can find the mean by first multiplying the sizes by their frequency
and then adding the products together.
30 + 32 + 334 + 736 + 438 + 240 + 42 + 44
20
734
=
20

Mean =

= 36.7

The mean coat size is 36.7.

By adding together all the frequencies and then dividing by 2, you can find the median.
Total occurrence = 1 + 1 + 3 + 7 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 1
= 20
Add the 10th and 11th values, and then divide by 2 to find the median.
Median =

36 + 36
2

= 36

The median coat size is 36.

The mode is 36, because it has the highest frequency.
b) Answers may vary. The most important value to the store manager is the mode. This is because he
must know which size is the most popular seller to order more of it.

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Section 10.2

Page 323

Question 14

Answers will vary. Here is an example solution.

a) b)
Name
Dad
Mom
Andrew
Steve
Samantha
Cassandra
Sylvie
Carnot
Jeeves

c)

Shoe Size
10
7
6
5
5
5
6
8
4

10 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 8 + 4
9
56
=
9

Mean =

= 6.22

The mean shoe size is 6.22.

4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 10
The median shoe size is 6.
The mode shoe size is 5.
d) From my findings, I can conclude that most of my friends have the shoe size of 5, but the others are all
bigger than 5 for the most part.

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Section 10.2

Page 323

Question 15

a) Zack has had 4 tests so far, so his mean will be out of 4.

33 + 38 + 42 + 44
4
157
=
4

Mean =

= 39.25

His current mean test score is 39.25.

b) 80% = 0.8, so on a scale of 50, 80% means a mark of 50 0.8 = 40.
There will be 5 tests. In total there will be 5 50 = 250 marks. Zack only needs an average of 80%. He
has to get 5 40 = 200 marks out of the possible 250.
On his previous 4 tests, Zack received 33 + 38 + 42 + 44 = 157 marks.
200 157 = 43
Zack must get 43 marks on the last test in order to raise his average to 80%.
c)

Answers may vary.

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10.3 Bias
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 1

Monica is right that this question does contain bias. By wording it "Do you really...", the word "really"
makes it seem like they would be surprised if you thought fast food was healthy.
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 2

Yes, the results of her survey will be free from any bias that might result from the students not wishing to
offend her. This assumes that the questions she places on the cards are free from bias.
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 3

Since it is Wes asking, you will not wish to hurt his feelings and so you will likely answer that you like his
design.
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 4

Since the friend is saying that he/she is Faye's friend, you will not wish to offend him/her by saying you do
not like their friend's design.
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 5

Faye implies that she does not like the design. Since it is Faye asking, you will not want to offend her, so
you will say you do not really like Wes' design.
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 6

This question is free from bias since he does not mention that he is Wes' friend and the wording is clear and
free of bias. You will likely respond honestly as to which design you like better.
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 7

a) Since dog and cat are listed on the survey question, it would seem that they are the expected choices.
b) The wording of this question influences people to choose dog or cat, simply because it is easier to just
circle dog or cat than to write out your own answer.
Section 10.3

Page 328

Question 8

a) There is a lot of bias in this question to encourage you to choose yes.

b) First, they imply that the current food is unhealthy, and that it should be replaced by healthy food.
Then, they offer pizza as the sole choice for healthy food, even though pizza is not usually considered as
healthy. Pizza is, however, a popular food, so it is further bias to vote yes. To say no, you would be saying
"I don't like to be healthy" and "I don't like pizza. "
Section 10.3

Page 329

Question 9

The expected answer is yes. A student is likely going to agree but a teacher is not likely to agree.

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Section 10.3

Page 329

Question 10

By including only three options, the writers of this survey question have placed a lot of bias into this
question. They clearly expect people to choose Wayne Gretzky, and they even wrote, "(the great one!)"
beside his name.
Section 10.3

Page 329

Question 11

a) No, by including several options those options become much more likely to be chosen, especially if the
person responding is not familiar with many rock bands.
b) No, it is not clear what the question is asking. What is meant by, "rocks like no other" is never fully
explained and so it will be interpreted differently by different respondents.
c)

Answers will vary. The bias can be removed by not listing any bands. Here is an example of a question
that is easier to understand.
"What is your favourite rock band?"
The phrase, "rocks like no other" had to be removed in order to make the question understandable.

Section 10.3

Page 329

Question 12

Answers will vary.

a) The multiple choice method can produce biased responses because it gives respondents only a limited
number of choices in their answers.
b) The bias exists because the people taking the survey can only select from the choices that are given to
them. If they do not wish to answer in one of those ways, the survey will have no way of taking that
into account.
c)

The bias can be removed by only using multiple choice questions when all of the possible answers can
be listed at most four or five options. For example Yes or No questions, or questions asking whether
you strongly agree, agree, no opinion, disagree, or strongly disagree.

Section 10.3

Page 329

Question 13

a) This question contains bias. By referring to the poor performance of the team, they are implying that
the fault rests with the manager and by removing him the team would play better.
To make this question unbiased, remove the reference to the performance at the start of the year.
"Do you think the manager should be fired?"
b) This question does not contain bias. All options (being yes/no) are covered in the multiple choice
question. Also, there is no mention in the question of whether fighting is good or bad. This question is
unbiased.
c)

This question contains some bias because by giving people the names of three Prime Ministers it
makes one of them more likely to be chosen. To remove the bias, the question must list all Prime
Ministers or none of them.
"Who is the most famous Prime Minister?"
Then, just leave a blank for respondents to write in their answer.

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Section 10.3

Page 329

Question 14

a) The first two questions contain bias, the first says, "Since they (uniforms) give students a sense of
pride..." This is clear bias encouraging people to respond that uniforms should be made mandatory.
The second question says, "Since they (uniforms) take away a student's freedom of expression..." This
is clear bias influencing respondents to disagree and think students should not wear uniforms. In both
cases they attach something that everyone agrees in regard to uniforms in order to try and coerce
people into responding in a certain way.
b) Teachers are generally more in favour of uniforms than students so the first question was probably
written by a teacher who wanted the students to wear uniforms. This is because the first question leads
the respondent to answer yes to uniforms.
c)

Students in general do not like to wear uniforms so the second question was probably written by a
student. This is because this question leads the respondent to answer no about uniforms.

d) The best survey question to use is the third question. It is a clear unbiased survey question that does not
influence people to choose yes or no about school uniforms.
Section 10.3

Page 330

Question 15

a) The bias in this question is that they list several shows but not all of them. The ones listed are given a
clear bias in favour of being selected.
b) Answers may vary. If a broadcasting station played some of those shows it would benefit because the
bias in the survey would make those shows seem more popular than they are.
c)

For a question like this with many possible answers, the bias can be removed by not listing any options
and just leaving a blank space for the respondent to write in an answer.

Section 10.3

Page 330

Question 16

The second question does not contain bias because it does not mention the fact that Perdita is an Olympic
athlete.

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Section 10.3

Page 330

Question 17

Answers will vary.

a)

At school the students were given a survey by the pizza delivery person.
Which food would you most like to eat at lunch?
A Brussel Sprouts
B Spinach
C Oyster Shell in tartar sauce
D PIZZA!
b) The bias is that the only answer students are likely to want is Pizza, and Pizza is written in all caps
with an exclamation point to make it stand out.
Section 10.3

Page 330

Question 18

Answers will vary. Example response:

a) "Since students do so much homework, shouldn't they be paid for it?"
b) The expected response is that students should be paid because after all it is work.
c)
Person
Steve
Pauline
Mom
Teacher
Pete
Ling
Mo
Jason
Mai

Answer
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

d) This survey's results were clearly in favour of the way that the question was biased. Also the question
itself is biased because while students have to do homework, parents and teachers do not.
e)

The same question without bias would be, "Should school work be considered paid labour?" In this
wording a student would still say yes and teacher's and parents no. This question cannot be written
without bias because the bias rests with whomever is answering the question.

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Section 10.3

Page 3

Question 19

Answers will vary.

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10.4 Evaluate Arguments Based on Data

Section 10.4

Page 333

Question 1

Yes, this graph is misleading. The Cool Flavours cone is

drawn much bigger than the Dairy Tasty cone, but when you
look at the actual sales figures you see that they are actually
very close in value.
Section 10.4

Page 333

Question 2

An advertiser's job is to convince the consumer (you) to buy

their product. Graphs and charts are very convincing as people
like to feel they are making decisions based on data and
information and not just guessing. This encourages advertisers
to skew data to support their product.
Section 10.4

Page 333

Question 3

a) The first graph has a vertical scale going from $0

to $35 while the second graph only displays from
$20 to $32.
b) The overall impression from the first graph is
that the price of hockey tickets has gone up only
a small amount over the last five years. The
impression from the second graph is that ticket
prices have skyrocketed over the past five years.

Section 10.4

Page 333

Question 4

a) The first graph has a vertical scale that increases from

0 to 160, while the second graph only displays from
140 to 148.
b) The overall impression from the first graph is that
both Aly and Howard sold about the same number of
chocolate bars. The overall impression from the
second graph is that Aly sold three times as many
bars as Howard. This is very misleading; the first
graph gives a more honest display of the data.

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Section 10.4

Page 334

Question 5

a) The first graph has a horizontal scale that

increases from 15 to 20, while the second
graph displays from 0 to 24. When the first
graph increases by 1, the second graph
increases by roughly 4.

b) The overall impression from the first graph is that Colette raked four times as many bags as Jai. The
impression from the second graph is that Colette raked a few extra bags compared to Jai. The second
graph gives a more truthful impression of the data.
Section 10.4

Page 334

Question 6

a) The graph gives the impression that Sienna is very far ahead in the
video game, twice as far as Vijay, and four times as far as Paulo.
b) This graph is misleading because Sienna is not nearly as far ahead as
the graph makes it seem like. Sienna is on level 18 and Vijay is on
level 16, that is only two levels, but the graph makes it seem like
Sienna is twice as far into the game as Vijay.
Section 10.4

Page 334
Player
Paulo
Sienna
Vijay

Section 10.4

Page 334

Question 7
Level
15
18
16

Question 8

a) This graph makes it seem like "Meow Chow!" is much

more popular than its competitor "Kitty Crunch" by
making the "Meow Chow!" head disproportionately larger
than the "Kitty Crunch" head. This is unfair to "Kitty
Crunch" because in reality its sales figures were very
close to those of "Meow Chow!". This graph even
includes a slogan endorsing "Meow Chow!", which is further confirmation that it must have been
created by "Meow Chow!".
b) This graph is misleading because the "Meow Chow!" head has been shown to be much larger than the
"Kitty Cruch" head, even though their sales are very close. The effect achieved by this is that the
consumer thinks the "Meow Chow!" brand is much more popular than it really is. The graph should
have both heads as roughly the same size, with the "Kitty Crunch" head only slightly smaller.

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Section 10.4

Page 334

Question 9

a) In the first graph, the percent of viewers each

show got in year 4 is the data being presented.
In the second graph, the ratings performance
of the two shows over the past 4 years is
tracked.
b) The first graph was created by the producer of
Happy Times because this graph is very
misleading and makes Happy Times look like
it is far more popular than Buddies.
c)

The second graph was created by the producer

of Buddies because the graph shows Buddies
increasing in its number of viewers and Happy
Times decreasing in its number of viewers.
Since this graph makes Buddies look like it
will get more popular, this graph was created
by the producer of Buddies.

Section 10.4

Page 334

Question 10

This graph is misleading because it only shows the top part of the graph. In
reality both locations received many votes and it is dishonest to only show
the top part because it makes it appear that Lobby received twice as many
votes.

Section 10.4

Page 335

Question 11

No, this graph is not misleading. Its scale starts at zero and it
displays all the data without any bias.

MHR Chapter 10

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Section 10.4

Page 335

Question 12

a) The graph gives the impression that Dizzy Izzy is much more
popular than Snack Attack, because Dizzy's bar is three times as
big as Snack Attack's.
b) Yes, this graph is misleading because it makes Dizzy look much
more popular when he is really only 4% more popular.

c)

The graph clearly shows all the data and shows how small the
percent of difference really is.

d) The truthful graph shows that Dizzy Izzy and Snack Attack are
about equally popular but on the other graph Dizzy Izzy seemed
much more popular.

Section 10.4

Page 335

Question 13

No, this graph is not misleading. Its scale starts at zero and it
displays all the data without any bias.

Section 10.4
a)

Page 3

Question 14

Time
Daily
1 to 6 times a week
Less often

Frequency
11
15
8

b)

Using a Computer
16
14

Frequency

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Daily

1 to 6 times a week
Time

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MHR Chapter 10

Less often

Section 10.4

Page 335

Question 15

Answers will vary. An example solution:

a)

Player
Hank Aaron
Babe Ruth
Willie Mays
Barry Bonds

Number of Home Runs

755
714
660
658

Baseball Statistics
800

Number of Home Runs

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Hank Aaron

Babe Ruth

Willie Mays

Barry Bonds

Player

b) This graph is not misleading because it shows that Hank Aaron and Babe Ruth are far ahead of Willie
Mays and Barry Bonds, but that all involved have hit a lot of home runs.

MHR Chapter 10

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Section 10.4

Page 335

Question 16

Answers will vary. An example solution:

a) <bar graph
this data,
MapleofLeafs
2003but do not show the ties and start the graph at 10, so it looks like the Maple Leafs have hardly lost a ga
Record as of March
4/04
Result
Number
Wins
36
Losses
19
Ties
9
Maple Leafs
36

32

Number

28

24

20

16
12

8
Wins

Losses

Ties

Statistics

The Maple Leafs have been doing remarkably well this season, and continue to rack up the wins.
Much of the credit must go to Leafs Captain Mats Sundin, whose 10 game winning goals this season
have really helped them.

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MHR Chapter 10

b)

Maple Leafs 2003 Record as of March 4/04

Dates
Win percentage
Dec. 4 - 26
0.8
Dec. 27 - Jan. 16
0.3
Jan. 17 - Feb 10
0.6
Feb. 12 - Mar. 2
0.5

The win percentage comes from splitting the games into groups of 10 and then counting the number of
wins. So, between the given dates, the Leafs played 10 games and won the percent number times 10.
By splitting up the Leafs performance into groups of 10 games and then counting the number of wins
over those 10 games, you can clearly see that the Leafs are slipping. They have been going downhill
since the beginning of 2004. Look at that 0.8 win percentage in December which suddenly drops to
0.3. Clearly 2004 has not been good for the Leafs and if the next two win percentages are any
indication, things are not going to be getting much better.
c) Answers will vary

MHR Chapter 10

547

Chapter 10 Review
Review Page 336

Question 1

The middle value of a data set is the median. By placing the data in increasing order 2, 2, 6, 7, 8, you see
that 6 is the median.
Review Page 336

Question 2

2+2+6+7+8
5
25
=
5

Mean =

=5

The mean of this data set is 5.

Review Page 336

Question 3

Questions that encourage you to answer a certain way contain bias.

Review Page 336

Question 4

Mean, median, and mode are all measures of central tendency.

Review Page 336

Question 5

2 is the most often occurring data value in this data set, so 2 is the mode.
Review

Page 336

Question 6

a) The population trend at Glen Orchard Secondary

is one of increasing population.
The population trend at Forrest Hills Collegiate
is one of decreasing population.
The population of Midtown High has decreased
and then remained stable.
b) Despite the fact that its population had been
decreasing over the entire period, Forrest Hills Collegiate still had the highest population over the
given time period.

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MHR Chapter 10

Review

Page 336

Question 7

You could make a case for either Glen Orchard or Forrest Hills.
Glen Orchard: Population of Glen Orchard is steadily increasing while Forrest Hills is steadily
decreasing. By this logic Glen Orchard will probably overtake Forrest Hills in 2 years.
Forrest Hills: If you look closely at the actual numbers, it is possible to see that in 6 years Forrest
Hills shrunk by 200 and Glen Orchard grew by 200. This means that if the pattern continues, in
the next 3 years Forrest Hills will shrink by another 100 and Glen Orchard will grow by 100. So,
in 3 years the populations of Forrest Hills and Glen Orchard will both be 700 as will the
population of Midtown. In 2 years from now Forrest Hills will still be the most populated school.
Review

Page 336

Question 8

a)
Estimated School Populations in 1999
School
Population
Glen Orchard Secondary
470
Forrest Hills Collegiate
930
Midtown High
770

b) Since 2005 is not on the graph, in order to estimate the schools' populations you will have to add to
your graph, based upon what you think will happen if the current trends continue. Draw the graph but
include an additional two years and then draw in each school's population in the next two years by
following the trends of the previous years. Here is a table of some possible estimates, but answers can
vary depending on how the trends are interpreted.
Estimated School Populations in 2005
School
Population
Glen Orchard Secondary
680
Forrest Hills Collegiate
730
Midtown High
700

Review

Page 336

Question 9

a)
Number of
Tomatoes
6
7
8
9
10
11

Tally

Frequency

|
|
||||
||
|
|

1
1
4
2
1
1

b) The least number of tomatoes picked from one plant was 6 and the most was 11. The most common
number of tomatoes picked from one plant was 8.

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Review

Page 336

Question 10

a) To count the total number of tomatoes, add all the products of the number of tomatoes and its
frequency (leftmost column of each row rightmost column).
Total Number of Tomatoes = 6 1 + 7 1 + 8 4 + 9 2 + 10 1 + 11 1
= 6 + 7 + 32 + 18 + 10 + 11
= 84
b) Solutions may vary. First, calculate the number of tomato plants Oswald had last year by adding up all
of the frequencies.
Total Number of Plants = 1 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 1
= 10
With 10 plants, Oswald was able to pick 84 tomatoes. This results in a mean of

84
= 8.4 tomatoes per
10

100
 12 plants.
8.4
Oswald needs to plant 2 more plants than he did last year.

plant. Oswald wants to pick 100 tomatoes, so he needs

Review

Page 336

Question 11

16 + 15 + 13 + 3 + 3
5
50
=
5

a) Mean =

= 10

The average number of appointments per day is 10. Over the week, on average there were 10
appointments on each day.
3, 3, 13, 15, 16
The median is 13 appointments. For half of the week the dentist was busier than the median, and for
the other half the dentist was not as busy.
There were 3 appointments on Thursday and Friday, so the mode is 3 appointments. The dentist had 3
appointments in one day more often than any other number of appointments.
b) Either the median or the mean best describes the dentist's schedule. The mode does not because usually
the dentist has more than 3 appointments so it does not do a very good job of describing the data. The
median is good because it gives a higher value, that is, in between the high number of appointments
early in the week and the low number of appointments later in the week. The mean is even better
because it is a bit lower than the median which describes the low days better, and it is also good
because it is in the middle of the data.

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MHR Chapter 10

Review

Page 337

Question 12

a)
Stem
(tens)
4
5
6
7
8
9

Leaf
(ones)
7
3, 5
0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8
4, 5, 7, 8
0, 1, 4, 5, 7
2, 2

b) There are 21 entries in the chart, so the eleventh leaf will be the median. This is stem 7, leaf 4 so the
median final grade was 74.
The mode of the class was 92 because 2 students received a final grade of 92.
c)

The median describes the overall performance of the class much better than the mode. If you only look
at the mode you will think that most students in this class received a final grade of 92 but this is not
true as most students achieved a final grade between 60 and 80. The median is right in the middle of
this range and that makes it a much better description of the overall performance of the class.

Review

Page 337

Question 13

a) There is a lot of bias in the interviewer's question. He calls the burger "popular" and "the best thing to
happen to the fast food industry in years". The interviewer is clearly trying to promote the burger and
he makes it very difficult for someone to answer his question in the negative. Even if people had
previously not heard of the burger, they would be inclined to agree with him simply because of how
great he makes it sound.
b) Answers may vary. It would seem that someone in the promotions department at Big Barney Burger
is responsible for the wording of the question. The question is simply an advertisement for the burger
veiled as a question.
c)

All of the promotion of the burger would have to be removed from the question, so instead of asking if
it's the best thing to happen to the fast food industry in years, the question should simply ask, " What
do you think of the new Big Barney Burger?" Or " Do you like the new Big Barney Burger?" Either
of these questions would be fine, as they do not contain any bias or self-promotion.

Review

Page 337

Question 14

a) The judge could possibly be biased in favour of his/her own child because he/she cares about him or
her.
b) The bias could be removed by either removing the child from the competition or the parent could step
aside to let another person judge the talent show.

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Review

Page 337

Question 15

a) This survey question has three choices listed. To respond with

anything else, you must write your answer under Other. This
makes it much more likely that a respondent will simply circle
one of the given choices instead of writing one in.
b) The question could be changed by simply leaving the answer
space blank instead of providing some answers.
Review

Page 337

Question 16

a) The graph gives the impression that since the grade 7 cookie is
much larger than the grade 8 cookie, the grade 7 students sold
far more cookies than the grade 8 students.

b) Yes, this graph is misleading. It is hard to measure data by the size of a cookie. The grade 7 cookie
appears more than two times bigger than the grade 8 cookie, but the grade 7 students only sold twice as
many cookies. To be a fair graph, the grade 7 cookie should be exactly twice the size of the grade 8
cookie. It would be much easier to convey this information in a different kind of graph, perhaps a bar
graph or a pie chart.

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MHR Chapter 10

Review

Page 337

Question 17

a)

Subm arine Sandw iches

12

Frequency

11

10

7
Sub Lubber's

Hungry Cat

Hero Plus

Other

Shop

b) Answers may vary. If you draw a bar graph that starts at 7 on the frequency scale, it will look like Sub
Lubber's is 4 times as popular as Hero Plus.

MHR Chapter 10

553

c)
Submarine Sandwiches
15

Frequency

12

0
Sub Lubber's

Hungry Cat

Hero Plus

Other

Shop

Answers may vary. To make a bar graph that does not distort the data, the frequency scale must start
from zero, and display all of the results.
d) Answers may vary. If the Hungry Cat owner is dishonest, he or she will use the first graph because it is
misleading, and makes his restaurant seem much more popular. If he or she is honest, the second
graph will be used, as it still shows it is the most popular sub shop, without misrepresenting any data.

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MHR Chapter 10

Chapter 10 Practice Test

Practice Test

Page 338

Question 1

Since a line graph can show changes in data, the best choice for displaying trends in data is D a line graph.
Practice Test

Page 3

Question 2

3 + 2 + 1 + 0.5 + 1 + 6 + 4
7
17.5
=
7

Mean =

= 2.5

Greg spent an average of D 2.5 h watching television each day.

Practice Test

Page 338

Question 3

The mode number of hours Greg spent watching television was A 1 h.

Practice Test

Page 338

Question 4

0.5, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
The median number of hours Greg spent watching television was C 2 h.
Practice Test

Page 338

Question 5

a) The Dancers' attendance increased until game 6 and since

then has remained stable at about 800 people.
The Hawks' attendance has been decreasing steadily since
the first game.
b) To predict the next games attendance, redraw the graph and
then add another column for Game 9. Then, try to continue
each team's line into game 9 and see how many people the
teams should expect to attend. Since the Dancers' attendance
has been stable for the past few games, it can be expected to
remain so for another game, and you can predict that the attendance will be about 800 people.
The Hawks' attendance has been on a downward trend, and if this continues you can expect to see
fewer fans in their next game. They had about 650 fans at their last game. You can expect about
600 fans to show up at their next game.

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Practice Test

Page 338

Question 6

a) Since the parents are likely to have children on the team, they have a strong bias to select their own son
or daughter for the all-star team, instead of picking the best players on the field.
b) One way to remove this bias would be to have the coach, the referee, or another unbiased person
choose the all-star squad. In this manner, players would be selected only by their skill and their
sportsmanship while playing soccer.
Practice Test

Page 338

Question 7

a) Yes, the graph is misleading. It makes it look like Bubbles pop

costs one third the price of its competitor Slam. However, this is
not the case. Bubbles costs only 10 cents less than its $1.59
competitor.
b) The company will benefit because, when people see the ad, they
will think Bubbles pop is a lot cheaper than Slam. When they go
to the store, they will remember this and buy Bubbles instead of Slam.
Practice Test

Page 339

Question 8

a) You can find how many teens were picking cherries by

adding all of the frequencies.
Number of teens = 1 + 1 + 4 + 2 + 0 + 1
=9
9 teens were picking cherries.
b) You can find the total number of baskets picked by multiplying each number of baskets picked by the
number of teens who picked that many baskets (frequency).
Number of baskets picked = 9 1 + 10 1 + 11 4 + 12 2 + 13 0 + 14 1
= 101
c)

With 9 workers, the farmer was able to get 101 baskets of cherries picked. The farmer wants
150 baskets picked, 150 = 101 + 49.
49 is approximately half of 101.
The farmer should keep his current work force and then add to it half as many workers as he currently
has. There are currently 9 workers.
9

1 9
=
2 2
= 4.5

The farmer should hire 4 or 5 new workers in order to increase production to 150 baskets per day.

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MHR Chapter 10

Practice Test
a)

Page 339

Score
64
66
68
72
73
74
75
80
81

Question 9

Frequency
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1

64 + 66 + 68 + 72 + 73 + 73 + 74 + 75 + 75 + 75 + 80 + 81
12
876
=
12

b) Mean =

= 73

Rena achieved a mark of 73 on the test.

c)

Three students achieved a mark of 75, so the mode was 75.

There were 12 entries so the median will be in between the 6th and 7th entries.
From the stem-and-leaf plot you can see these are 73 and 74.
73 + 74
2
147
=
2

Median =

= 73.5

The median mark was 73.5

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Practice Test

Page 339

Question 10

Answers will vary. Example response:

Here is some data from an imaginary survey done with the question:
"What animal would you rather have chew up your newspaper?"
Animal
Dog
Sloth

Votes
19
17

Newspaper Chewing
20

19

Votes

18

17

16

15
Dog

Sloth
Animal

In this graph, the bars make it look as if twice as many people voted that they would rather have a dog
chew newspaper. This is very misleading because the number of people who voted for dog and sloth were
actually very close. To make this a fair graph, the vertical scale must start from zero so that all the data can
be seen.

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MHR Chapter 10