 wearability, hand, mechanical resistance, easy

care,wettability, washability, deformability, anti

bacterial, anti fungal, soil-proof and fire-proof
ability
 The above mentioned results are achieved by
applying respective functional finish
 As far as Aesthetic looks of the fabric/garment is
concerned the Aesthetic finishes deal with them.
 A series of processing operations applied to
gray fabrics to enhance their appearance and
hand, properties and possible applications.
 Play a fundamental role for the commercial
excellence of the results of textiles
› Develop the "product finishing" in all its
fundamental elements such as hand and appearance;
› Give the finished fabric some properties that grant
an optimum behaviour during the making up and all
through the life of the textile.
 The dry finishing process is
mechanical and 100% chemical free
 Combing the pile very carefully and
thoroughly during the weaving
process after each 
row of knots is tied so that the pile
fibres are disentangled and lie
parallel to each other, 
imparting a rare clarity to the design.
 The finishing is thus very much a
part of the weaving 
process itself.
 The advantage of this method :
› The method is green. It is labour friendly. The
workers are not exposed to dangerous
chemicals like caustic soda, acids, bleaches etc to
which they most definitely are in the
chemical washing process

 The disadvantage:
› The process being lengthy and time consuming is very
expensive.
 A process of decorating fabric
includes the step of imparting
wrinkles to the fabric oblique to the
warp and weft directions and heat
setting the wrinkles into the fabric.

 The wrinkle imparting step may

include moving the fabric
longitudinally and simultaneously
moving portions of the fabric from
side to side by frictionally engaging
the fabric to an oscillating means
such as an elastomeric pad or
interleaved fingers and oscillating the
pad or fingers from side to side.
 Heat setting of the fabric includes
exposing the wrinkled fabric to
heat at a sufficient temperature
and for a sufficient duration to set
the wrinkles in the fabric.

 Desirably, the wrinkled fabric is in

contact with a transfer print paper
while the fabric passes through the
heat setting step to set the wrinkles
and fix color on the fabric.

 The longitudinal movement is

desirably coordinated with the
side to side movement to obtain
aesthetically pleasing results. The
invention also includes apparatus
and the product.
 A fibrous web is
parchmentized by drawing
the web from a
parchmentizing bath and
passing it through
successive washing
positions and the feature of
the invention resides in
maintaining at a
substantially constant level
the temperature of the
washing liquid at the first
washing position.
 If cellulose is treated with a mixture of two
parts of sulphuric acid and one part of water
perfectly cold, it becomes like parchment. It
should at once be washed with water, and then
with ammonia and water. The Swan
incandescent light fibres are made of
parchmentized cotton thread, which is
afterward carbonized. 
 Fabric softener is a product
used while laundering to make
clothes soft and eliminate static
cling. Depending on the brand
of fabric softener one
purchases, it can be added at
the beginning of the laundry
cycle at the same time
detergent is dispensed or
during the rinse cycle. Fabric
softener can also come in
sheets to be placed in the dryer.
 Mercerized cotton is cloth pro
duced by the action of a
strong alkali on cotton fiber
rinsed under tension

 The cost of producing a

high grade of mercerized
cotton, it has been stated, is
about three times that of
unmercerized cotton

  The gloss of properly

mercerized material will not
disappear on hard wear
or laundering.
 Chintz is a closely woven
plain weave cotton fabric
with a shiny and lustrous
finish. It usually has bright
figures of large flower, birds,
and other such designs.

 The fabric is processed with

glazed finish to give it a
polish look.
 Resin finish chintz is a durable glaze. It
withstands washing or dry cleaning.

 The wax and starch glaze washes out. It is

produced by friction or glazing calendars.

 Uses of Chintz Fabric

› Curtains
› Draperies
› Slipcovers
› Dresses
› Sportswear
 Water –and oil-repellent finishing
agent for all fire types with
increased oil repellent properties.

› Specially Durable to washing.

Also resistant to dry-cleaning.
› Easy handling and storage.
› Improved finish durability, can
provide repellency to 30 home
laundry washes
› Solvent Free and Low foaming
› High resistance to yellowing,
suitable for colored and white
goods.
› Excellent spray rating
performance
 Typical application fields are:

› Carpet finishing.
› Clothing (e.g. sportswear & rain coat.).
› Umbrella cloth.
› Table linen, curtains and upholstery fabric.
› Tarpaulins and tents.
› Technical fabrics (e.g. protective clothing).
 Waterproofed fabric has
the pores of the fabrics
covered with a continuous
surface

 the coating being done on

the surface, air
permeability is non-
existent, with no bonding

 between the fibres and

the coated product
 intended for use in the fabric of rain- and water-
resistant clothing

 The type of hydrophobic treatment chosen affects the

quality of the garment and its durability during
washing or chemical cleaning

 Finish is applied by filling the fabric pores with a

film-forming compound or by the applying to
individual fibres or fabrics of compounds which repel
water and have a high surface tension
 During spinning, weaving,
bleaching, dyeing and the
various finishing processes,
yarns and cloth are under a
continuous tension
 The process is Controlled
Compressive Shrinkage, also
knows it as SANFORIZED.
 The process is a purely
mechanical treatment without
any addition of chemicals.
 The purpose of the process is to shrink fabrics in
such a way that textiles made up of these fabrics do
not shrink during washing. 

 The amount of potential wash shrinkage must be

determined prior to shrinking.

 A full width sample is wash-tested according to the

test method.

 After the lengthwise and widthwise shrinkage has

been determined, the compressive shrinkage machine
can be adjusted accordingly.
 Embossing means to create a raised
or lowered image on the surface
 The embossing machine is made up
of a heated and embossed roller
made of steel, which is pressed
against another roller coated with
paper or cotton, its circumference
being exactly a whole multiple of
the metal roller.
 The garment will have to be dry-
cleaned.
 Washing and drying the garment
will raise the pile and destroy the
embossed image.
 The fabric passing through the
rollers of the calender is
subjected to a very uniform
pressure all along its width; if
the rollers rotate at a different
speed, a vigorous friction effect
is generated.
 Steel rollers may be equipped in
such a way to be heated from the
inside by means of steam,
circulating fluids or electrical
power.
 The wavy engraving on the rollers
give the effect as shown.
 The fabric passing through the rollers of the calender is
subjected to a very uniform pressure all along its width; if the
rollers rotate at a different speed, a vigorous friction effect is
generated.

 Steel rollers may be equipped in such a way to be heated from

the inside by means of steam, circulating fluids or electrical
power.

 The rollers coated with paper/wool, containing 45-50% of wool,

feature good elasticity and excellent resistance to wear and are
suitable for a wide variety of applications; they can also be used
in embossing calendering units.
 Rollers made of paper/cotton, are used almost in friction
calenders and for treating hard fibres
 Cotton rollers, featuring higher elasticity than the paper ones,
are mainly used for cotton and blends finishing and for a final
full hand effect.
 Denim washing is the aesthetic finish given to the denim fabric to
enhance the appeal and to provide strength.
 Dry denim, as opposed to washed denim, is a denim fabric that is not
washed after being dyed during its production.

DENIM WASHES ARE OF TWO TYPES:

 Mechanical washes
›  Stone wash
› Microsanding

 Chemical washes
›  Denim bleaching
› Enzyme wash
› Acid wash
 In the process of stone washing,
freshly dyed jeans are loaded into
large washing machines and tumbled
with pumice stones to achieve a soft
hand and desirable look.
 Variations in composition, hardness,
size shape and porosity make these
stones multifunctional. The process
is quite expensive and requires high
capital investment.
 Pumice stones give the additional
effect of a faded or worn look as it
abrades the surface of the jeans like
sandpaper, removing some dye
particles from the surfaces of the
yarn.
 
 Process cycle:
 Sand blasting technique is based on
blasting an abrasive material in
granular, powdered or other form
through a nozzle at very high speed
and pressure onto specific areas of the
garment surface to be treated to give
the desired distressed/ abraded/used
look.

  It is purely mechanical process, not

using any chemicals.

  It is a water free process therefore no

drying required.

 Variety of distressed or abraded looks

possible.

 Any number of designs could be

created by special techniques.
WHISKERING

 Also known as Cat's

Whiskers
 Crease lines around the
crotch.
 Industrially done with
laser, sandblasting,
machine sanding, hand
sanding and abrasive rods.
 Also used for 'knee
whiskers' (whiskers on the
sides of knees) and
'honeycombs' (crease
marks on the back of the
knee)
 Leather fabric carries
natural textures.
 Some has scars where as
others show a grainy
surface.
 Few of them have velvety
appearance and some
marbled or creased look.
 Many of them are given
textures artificially, such as
embossed leather.
Different types of leather fabric textures are described below :

 Aniline Leather - It is the most natural and beautiful form of leather. It shows the
healed scars and varying natural textures. 

 Nubuck Leather - It is actually aniline leather but with a brushed and polished
look. It has a velvet like texture with lush appearance.

 Suede Leather - It is the finish applied to leather by buffing the underside of the
hide heavily and creating velvet like nap.

 Corrected Leather - It has a grain layer, which is buffed or sanded to minimise

imperfections. Sometimes an artificial grain is also applied to give an uniform
look. It is fuzzy on one side and smooth on the other.

 Crust Leather - It is a semi-finished leather. The leather is tanned with vegetable,

chrome or the combination of both. It is tanned to make it nonperishable.
 PU Coated Leather - It is made from the inner splits of the hide and is
finished with a polyurethane coating. The coating is also sometimes embossed
with a design to give the leather the widest variety of textures.

 Distressed Leather - It is an aniline dyed leather showing the signs of wear

and natural aging that have been artificially created. 

 Embossed Leather - Similar to corrected leather. It is stamped under high

pressure in a press to make unique designs. It is sometimes also made to
imitate full grain characteristics.

 Sauvage Leather - It is a top grain, semi-aniline leather with two-tone effect

adding depth and character, producing a marbled or creased appearance.

 Split Leather - It is the lower or the inner (flesh) side of a hide, which is split
away from the upper, or the grain layer. It is buffed to make the surface
smooth. A coating of urethane is applied to make it more tough and uniform.
 Double fabric: the front is
viscose, the back is
polyester chiffon
 After burnt-out printing, it
has modern pattern in two
colors
 Usually used for evening
dresses, bridal gowns and
scarves
Burnt-Out Printed
Viscose/Polyester Fabr