OSCILLATORS, Definition Oscillator is a circuit which is designed to produces periodic oscillating signal without feeding any input signal to the circuit Oscillator operation Consider the circuit as shown in the figure e ivi v ‘When the switch at the amplifier input is open no oscillations occurs. Consider we have fictitious voltage at the amplifier input *V;’ the result is an output voltage V, = AV; and V; = B(A¥,) after the feedback stage. Where BA is referred as loop-gain. The feedback should drive the amplifier stage and hence ‘V;,” must act as *V;’, Therefore V, = ¥; Only when [4p] = 1 Also the phase of the *V,” is same as *V;’ i.e. the feedback should introduce 180° phase shift in addition to the 180° phase shift introduced by the amplifier. In reality, no signal is needed to start the oscillator going, the system is started by amplifying the noise voltage which is always present. Initially the resulting wave form is non-sinusoidal however the closer the value of [4B| = 1 the more nearly sinusoidal is the waveform.Cases 1. Iflapl> 1 ‘The amplitude of oscillation goes on increasing which is as shown in the figure J 2. Iflagl<4 The amplitude of oscillation gocs on decreases and becomes zero at some point which is as shown in the figure Apel 3. Ilapl=2 ‘The oscillation have constant amplitude with desired frequency and are called sustained oseill ons which is as shown in the figure vel ap=1Note: Barkhausen criterion ‘To obtain the sustained oscillations we have two criterions viz. 1. The magnitude of the loop gain should be equal to one ive. [4B] = 1 2. The total phase shift around the loop should be 360°. Types of oscillators 1. RC phase shift oscillator ‘The RC phase shift oscillator is as shown in the figure v RC phase shift oscillator consists of CE amplifier. The resistance ‘Ry’, ‘Ry’, ‘Re’, and “Rg” provides necessary bias to the circuit. The capacitors Cc; and Cc are coupling capacitors ‘As the name indicates the R and C combination is used in the feedback path. The feedback network is also called ladder network. The feedback path consist of three sections of R and C combination each section producing a phase shift of 60° so a total of 180° phase shift. The feedback signal is coupled through the feedback resistor R! in series with the amplifier stage> The gain must be at least 29 to maintain the oscillations. The frequency of oscillation is give as > For the magnitude of loop gain to be greater than unity, the short circuit current gain she’ of the transistor must satisfy the following condition RR Merits and demerits Merits The circuit is simple, easy to design, less bulky, and is less expensive. Demerits RC network has relatively low quality factor. This results in frequency drift when the circuit parameter values vary due to aging, temperature. Wien bridge oscillator The figure below shows the wien bridge oscillator Output sinusoidal Op amp signal Vee VRC RCo v + v The resistors “R,” and ‘R,’ and capacitor *C,” and ‘C,° forms frequency adjustment elements. The resistors ‘Ry’ and ‘R,'form part of feedback path. The op — amp output is connected as the bridge input at point A and C. The wien bridge oscillator with two stage common emitter transistor amplifier as shown in the figure. Each stage contributes 180° phase shift hence the total phase shift due to amplifier ‘stage becomes 360° or 0° which is necessary as per the oscillator condition. The bridge consists of ‘R,* in series with ‘Cy’, ‘Ry’, ‘Rs’, and ‘R,’ in parallel with *Ca" in parallel, The feedback is applied from the collector of *Q.” through the coupling capacitor to the bridge circuit The resistor ‘R,’ serves the dual purpose of emitter resistance of the transistor *Q,’ and also the element of wien bridge. The negative feedback is used to accomplish the gain stability and to control the output magnitude and also to reduce distortion.> The expression for the frequency of oscillation is obtained from the balancing condition of the bridge. The balancing condition is given by And Ry Ry Ry & Ro Oy 1 2) RRC If Ry = Rp =R and, = 6, =C fo 1 2HRC Comparison of RC phase shift and wien bridge oscillator SI RC phase shift oscillator Wien bridge oscillator The feedback network is RC network with RC sections The feedback network is Tead-Tag network which is called wien bridge circuit The feedback network introduces a phase shift of 180° The feedback network does not introduces any phase shift ‘Amplifier circuit introduces @ phase shift of 180° ‘Amplifier circuit introduces @ phase shit of 360" The frequency of oscillation is — 2ROVE The frequency of oscillation is 1 eT Condition for sustained oscillation h >234294 ght Ve Rt? Condition for sustained oscillation Az3Tuned oscillators ‘There are two types of tuned oscillators Colpitts oscillator The Colpiits oscillator is as shown in the figure w v Colpitts oscillator consists of CE amplifier. The resistance ‘R,”, ‘R,’, ‘Re’, and ‘Rx’ provides necessary bias to the circuit. The capacitors Ccy and Cc> are coupling capacitors. The radio frequency choke (RFC) is used to provide isolation between A.C and D.C conditions. ‘The amplifier circuit will provide a phase shift of 180° and the tank phase shift of 180°, ‘The tank circuit of colpitts oscillator utilizes ‘L’ and ‘C’ combination in the feedback ircuit produces a Toop. The two capacitors *C," and ‘C.° are connected in series with an inductor ‘Tin parallel ‘The resonant frequency can be determined by the formula below. 1 Lig Where CC 1+ Cy2, Hartley Oscillator ‘The Hartley oscillator is as shown in the figure ‘Tank circuit > Hartley oscillator consists of CE amplifier > The resistance “R,’, “Ra's Re’, and ‘Rs’ provides necessary bias to the circuit. The capacitors Cex and Cc2 are coupling capacitors. > The radio frequency choke (REC) is used to provide isolation between A.C and D.C conditions. > The amplifier circuit will provide a phase shift of 180° and the tank cireuit produce a phase shift of 180°. > The tank circuit of Hartley oscillator utilizes ‘L’ and ‘C’ combination in the feedback loop. The two inductors ‘L,* and ‘L,” are connected in series with an inductor *C* in parallel » The resonant frequency can be determined by the formula below. WhereCrystal oseillator ‘The crystals are either naturally occurring or synthetically manufactured, exhibiting the piezoelectric effect. Characteristics of Quartz erystal > The piezoelectric effect means under the influence of mechanical pressure the crystal ibrates and the voltage gets generated across the opposite face of the crystal, Similarly a voltage applied across one set of faces of the crystal causes mechanical distortions in the crystal shape. Bvery crystal has its own resonating frequency > The crystal can also be represented by an equivalent circuit as shown in figure ‘The inductor *L” and capacitor “C” represents electrical equivalent of crystal whereas *R* represents electrical equivalent of crystal internal resistance. The Shunt capacitance ‘Cx’ represents the capacitance due to mechanical mounting of the crystal, > The crystal represented by equivalent can have two resonant frequencies 1. When reactance of the series RLC leg is equal, for this the series resonant impedance is very low. When the reactance of series resonant Jeg equals the reactance of ‘Cy’ this is a parallel resonance, at this frequency, the crystal offers a very high impedance to the external circuit. > The impedance versus frequency of the crystal is shown in figure belowAdvantages of erystal oseillator 1. The frequency stability of the erystal is very high. 2. The temperature stability of a crystal is very good ie. the frequency drift due to temperature is negligibly small. 3. Quartz crystals are readily available in nature 4, Crystal replaces inductor in the tank circuit as a result, crystal oscillator circuits are less bulky, inexpensive and lighter in weight. Series resonant circuit ‘The crystal is connected in series in the feedback path > At series resonant frequency of the crystal, its impedance is smallest and the amount of feedback is largest: > Resistor ‘Ry’ ‘Ry’ and ‘Ra’ provides voltage divider stabilized DC bias circuit. > Capacitor ‘Cz' provides ac bypass of the emitter resistor and RFC coil provides for DC bias while decoupling any AC signal on the power lines from affecting the output signal, > Change in supply voltage, temperature, transistor parameters has no effect on circuit operation condition and hence good frequency stability is obtained. > The resonant frequency can be determined by the formula below.Parallel resonant circuit ‘The crystal is connected in parallel to two capacitor *C,’ and” Cy’ ¥ rf Ourput At parallel resonant operating frequency the crystal behave as an inductive reactance resistor ‘Ry’ ‘Ry’ and ‘Ra’ provides voltage divider stabilized DC bias circuit, REC coil provides for DC bias while decoupling any AC signal on the power lines from affecting the output signal. Change in supply voltage, temperature, transistor parameters has no effect on circuit ‘operation condition and hence good frequency stability is obtained. ‘The resonant frequency can be determined by the formula below. Where CuteExample What is frequency stability in oscillators? What factors affect the frequency stability? Explain how crystal oscillator provides good stability Frequency stability is used to define the ability of the oscillator to maintain a single fixed frequency as long as possible over a time interval The factors which affect the frequency stability of an oscillator are as follows > Due to change in temperature, the values of inductor, capacitor in tank cireuit changes due to which frequency does not remain stable. > Due to change in temperature, the parameters of the active devices used like BJT, FET get affected which in turn affect the frequency. i ‘The variation in the power supply is another factor affecting the frequency. > The capacitive effect in transistor and stray capacitance affect the capacitance of the tank circuit and hence the frequency Problems 1. Ina RC phase shift oscillator, phase shift network uses resistance each of R = 4.7K 2 and. capacitor each of C = 0.47,P. Find the frequency of oscillations 1 1 = itz 2MRCVG 2 ¥ 4.7K #0.47H 4 VO 2. Estimate the value of R And C for feedback network of RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of IKHz 1 2aRcve 1 20fCve Let C= 0.1 pF 1 Davi OApe Ne = 649.74K0Find the capacitor *C” and ‘hg’ for the transistor to provide a resonating frequency of 10KHz of a transistorized phase shift oscillator assume R, = 25K® Ry = 20K, Ry = 20KQ,R = 7.1K and h.= 1.8KQ. Input impedance 1 = Ril Re [ie R 2mec Jo +4) 1 c= = 5539p 2M ¥ 71K + 10K 6 + 420K Nye 223429 2 +4 20k 20K 7AK nye & 44.502 An RC phase shift os¢illator uses a transistor with hye = 100 if Re = 10K.2 and R = this circuit oscillates. hye = 23-429 4 4 " R Re lige 2 23 +29 (0.2) +4(5) hye 2 48.8 Since the hire of the transistor is 100 which is greater than 48.8 the circuit oscillates,Find the value of Re for an RC phase shift oscillator for a frequency of oscillations of 1000Ez. A transistor has fi;. = 200 and R=2.7KQ will the circuit oscillates, hig 223-429 Dog RE ye 2 23-429 5 Choose Hence ipo = 23-429 (1) #4(1) hip, 2 56 Since the hire of the transistor is 200 which is greater than 56 the circuit oscillates. Re =14R Re = 1*2,7K =2.7KN 6. The following circuit parameter values are given for Hartley oscillator Ly = 750uH, La = 750uH, M = 150 py Laec = 0.5mH, C= 1S0pF, C, = 10uF and hy = 50. a) Calculate the frequency of oscillator b) Check to make sure that the condition for oscillation is satisfied. 1 tLe +2M = 750" + 750uH + 2+ 150 = 1800nH 1 1 fo == = 306.29 2M lege 2/1800 150p Condition for sustained oscillation lye = 750n + 150K hye = =" - Te Tsou + 150K 7. Ina transistor Hartley oscillator, Ly = 10qE, Le 10qE find the clue of *C” required for an oscillating frequency of |S0KHzWe have Leg = Ly + Lg +2M Since M is not given we treat it as zero, Hence Ly +l, Oooo = 2B Fi» 450") * 208 m 8. In a transistor Hartley oscillator C = 0.01nF and tye = 50-find the values of Ly and by required for a frequency of oscillation of 1S0KHz 1 1 bea ~ TARCBORY? + (OT) Leg = Li thy 112.5pH Ly +g = 112.5nH —-- (1) Let Substituting (2) in (1) 10L2 + Ly = 112.5pitLily = 112.5pH 112.5hH = — Ly = 112.5uH — 10.23pH = 102.30 10.23. 9. A Hartley oscillator uses a transistor with hye = 40. Pind the values of Ly, L, & C for a frequency of oscillations of L00KHz.. Let C= 0.01yF L 1 4 = Tyee 253.3uH 1 4117(100K)? + (0.01p) a Ly +L, = 2533H ~~~ (1) yee —@) Ly = 101, - Substituting (2) in (1) Ly + Ly = 253.30 OL) + Ly = 253.3nH 253.3 3 Ti Ly = 253.3 - 23.2 = 230.2mH 23.2pH10, In a transistor Hartley oscillator the two impedances are 2mH and 20sH while the frequency is to be changed from 9S0KHz to 20S0KHz. Calculate the range over which the capacitor is tobe varied 2mH + 20pH = 2.02mH 1 2M YTege 1 TIP fo leg 1 C= Ti QOSOK) > @aamy “P8RF So c ast 21 Teqe ¢ 1 TPF heg 1 C= Ti@sOR 0am) 1289PF 11, With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of Hartley oscillator. A oscillator is to generate a frequency of 800KH7z. the capacitor to be used capacitance C, = 100pF OPF Find the value of inductance. 1 2M flleg Where CCy Coq G+ 100p « 10P Coq = Tope 10P T00p + 10P 1 2M [lleq 1 4 AMP {26g ¥1?(B00K)?9.09pF = 9.09PF fo 4.35mi12, The following data are available for Colpitts oscillator ¢, = 1nF Gp = 99nF L = 1.SmH Lape = 0.SMH. Go = 10H, hy, = 110 Ceo = tO +, c, 1829 boone “1 Tn +990 ” - 1 130.6KH: SS =§ — = 150.6Kz Wig 2Vi5m +0990 Condition for sustained oscillation 23 lin, 2 yz 99n hye 2 = ne B= 99 110 299 Thus the condition for oscillation is satisfied 13. In a Colpitts oscillator C, = Cy = and L = 100pH. the frequency of oscillations is S00KHz. Determine Value of C 1 fe 2nlCg Gig 1.0132nF 1 4i?f2L CC, Coa Eat C+ Cy ‘We have 2 Coq = 2 + 1.01320 2.026nF14, Design the value of an inductor to be used in Colpitts oscillator to generate a frequency of OpF. 1OMHz, the circuit is used a value of C, = 100pF and C, CiCy Cou 3.33pF Gta L=o oul “TW Gy 15. The following component values are given for the wien bridge oscillator of the circuit Ry = Ry = 33KQ, C, = Cy = 0.001 PF, Ry = 47K and Ry = 15K 2 a) will the circuit oscillates ? +b) Calculate the resonant frequency. ) Suggest the RC elements to increase the frequency by two folds a) Ry) ATK Se = 3.43 R, 5K Condition R 52 Ry ‘The oscillator will oscillate since the condition is satisfied. by Ry = Rp = 33KA, Cy = C, = 0.001pF 1 fo = sa = 482KHZ 2RC ° Snew 7 2fora = 2 *4.82KHz = 9.64KHZ 8 Thon Assume C= 0.01FGifs = 165K 16, Design the component values of wien bridge oscillator for a frequency of oscillations of 4KHz a fo FRG Assume C= 0.01)F 1 = 3.97Ka Ife For sustained oscillation Ry >2 Ry Ry = 2Ry Let Ry = 10K Ry 22+ 10K = 20K Select Ry = 30K2 17. The frequency sensitive arms of the wien bridge oscillator uses C, = C, = 0.001 and Ry = 10K0 while Rp kept variable, The frequency is to be varied from 10KHz to SOKHz, by varying R2. Find the minimum and maximum values of R For f, = 10KH2 Ry = a = 25.330 2 Ge PAZ RC Cy For f, = 50KHz1 = = 1.0130 4a TPPER CC, Re 18. The wien bridge oscillator uses resistor with R = 47KQ and C = 0.033,F. Calculate the frequency of oscillations, Determine the RC elements to increase the frequency by three times. 1 fo = = 10262 2HRC When the frequency is doubled Sucw 7 3fora = 3* 102.6Hz = 307.8Hz Re 1 2 Few Assume R=4.7KQ = O.11NF TM frowk " 19, a) Prove that the ratio of the parallel to series resonant frequency is given approximately byte b) If C = G.04pF and Cy = 2pF, by what percent is the parallel resonant frequency greater than the series resonant frequency. a)Bu We can express the above equation as Jv i Ma b) 0.04pF Ms 20HPF 01 ra Ze2pF 20. A crystal has L = 0.4H, C = 0.08SpF and Cy = 1pF with R a) Series resonant frequency. b) Parallel resonant frequency. ©) By what percent does the parallel resonant frequency exceeds the series resonant frequency ) Find the Q — factor of the crystal. a) 856MHzb) fy anyic, GG .078 pF °C Cy ” 1 = = 0.899MHz feo (ic, °) 0.899¢ — 0.856M 0.856 %increases * 100 = 5.023%, d