AP World History: Summer Assignment 2015-1026

Part 1: A History of the World in 6 Glasses

Terms:
1. Fertile Crescent: (Pg. 11, 17, 39) Region that stretches from modern day
Egypt, up to the Mediterranean coast to the southeast corner of Turkey and
down to the border between Iraq and Iran. Beer was discovered and its
consumption had become socially and ritually important during the Neolithic
period from the surplus of grain. The Fertile Crescent is significant because
since it had the best climatic conditions from grain cultivations, that was
where farming begin, where the earliest civilization arose, where writing first
emerge, and where beer was most abundant.
2. Chicha: (Pg.19) An Inca beer offered to the rising sun in a golden cup as an
offering to the gods of the Earth. Beer was a gift from the gods or a logical
thing to present as a religious offering so it was used in religious ceremonies,
agricultural fertility rites, and funerals by Sumerians and Egyptians. The
Chicha was significant because it served as an example of a religious
common beer-drinking culture whether in the Americas, Africa, or Eurasia.
3. Storehouses: (Pg.22,23,31) Elaborated and communal temple or ziggurats,
built on raised, stepped platforms where valuable items were kept including
sacred objects and stores of surplus food. Bappir or bread beer was used by
Mesopotamian brewers to control the taste and color of the beer as for the
unleavened bread could be store for years. Storehouses were significant
because as it served as a way to store raw material for making beer and as
for food as ritual and religious activity in which the gods were called to
ensure good harvest.
4. Uruk: (Pg.25, 27, 32) On of Mesopotamias large city-states ruled by
Gilgamesh with a population of around fifty thousand. Bread and Beer
consumption was one of the things that the Mesopotamians believed
distinguished them from savages and made them fully human. Uruk was
significant because this belief echo beers association with a settle, orderly
lifestyle compared to the haphazard existence of hunter-gatherers.
5. Sumer: (Pg.26) Region in southern Mesopotamia where writing first began to
emerge around 3400 B.C.E. Beer history was recorded and made it seen as a
hallmark of civilization by the Mesopotamians particularly in a passage from
the Epic of Gilgamesh. Sumer was significant because it was the first
Mesopotamian civilization and was responsible for writing system and
starting the late Bronze Age.
6. Epic of Gilgamesh: (Pg.26) Worlds first great literary work about Gilgamesh
life story which was elaborated into a myth by the Sumerians and their
regional successors the Akkadians and Babylonians. Beer and bread
consumption of Enkidus or Gilgamesh friend made Mesopotamians think that

beer was one of the things that distinguished them from savages and made
them humans. The Epic of Gilgamesh was significant because
7. Ziggurat: (Pg.31) Elaborated temples built on raised and steeped platforms.
Because of the invention of writing to record the collection of grain, beer,
bread, and other goods this elaborated system gave the temple direct control
over much of the economy. Ziggurats were significant because they were the
key of rising the unpredictable nature of the Mesopotamian environment.
8. Mesopotamian city-states: Mesopotamia had many important and large
historically cities such as Uruk, Nippur, Nineveh, Assur and Babylon and also
some great territorial states like the city of Eridu, the Akkadian kingdoms, and
many Assyrian empires.
9. Cuneiform: (Pg.33-38) Wedge shaped the first general-purpose form of
witting; records indicated that the lowest-ranking members of the Sumerian
temple workforce were issued a sila of a beer day. Beer was the payment to
women and children for working a few days at the temple and every
transaction was noted down on the other hand some contained a list of
medical recipes based on beer. Cuneiforms were significant because it served
as a way of recording information in a visible and indestructible and built of
recording beer payments.
10.Ashurnasirpal II: (Pg.43-45) King of Assyria around 870 BCE and inaugurated
his capital at Nimrud with a temple built in the traditional Mesopotamian
manner. Wine was the kings most impressive and most significant choice of
drink because despite his Mesopotamian heritage traditional drink beer he
decided to serve an equal amount of wine showing that he could afford. He
was significant because of his action of bringing wine, drinking developed
into an increasingly elaborated and formal social ritual.
11.Dionysius: (Pg.85-88) the god of wine, fled to Greece to escape beer-loving
Mesopotamia. A more kindly but still rather patronizing Greek tradition relates
that Dionysus created beer for the benefit of people in countries where the
vine could not be cultivated. In Greece, however, Dionysus had made wine
available to everyone not just the elite.
12.Plato's Republic: (Pg.62-63) that the symposium was thought to be a suitable
venue for getting at the truth is emphasized by its repeated use as a literary
form, in which several characters debate a particular topic while drinking
wine. The most famous example is Plato's Symposium, in which the
participants, including Plato's depiction of his men tor, Socrates, discuss the
subject of love. Believed that wine provided a good way to test a mens
character.
13. Roman villas: A Roman country house built for the upper class during the
Roman republic and the Roman Empire.
14. Battle of Tours (Pg.86-88) Battle in central France where Arab troops war
defeated by Charles Martel. Wine culture remained reasonably intact in
Christian Europe but some drinking patterns change dramatically which made
caused the rise of Islam, which Muhammads proscription of alcohol followed
a fight between two of his disciples. This caused many to ban alcohol wines

main role in the rival creed of Christianity also predisposed Muslims against
it. It was significant because it was one of the turning points in world history
which marked the high-water mark of Arabs influence in Europe.
15. Charles Martel (Pg.88) Most Charismatic of the princes of the Frankish
Kingdom who defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Tours, allowing
Christianity to survive except of Arab. It was significant because it help the
country from being influence to Arabs culture and thinking which made it
what it is today.
16. Cordoba (Pg.93-94) The jewel of the world Capital of Arab Andalusia in
what is now southern Spain and was one of the best centers of learning
within the Arab world, France, Asia and India. The Scholars from their with
other joined forces and among their achievements they popularized a
technique that rose the new rage of drinks called distillation. It was significant
because it became one of the aspects of the ancient wisdom that was
preserved and extended by Arab scholars and translated from Arabic into
Latin helped revive the spirit of learning in Western Europe.
17.Aqua vitae (Pg.98-101) Water of Life - Aqua vitae seemed supernatural, and
in a sense it was, for distilled wine has a far higher alcohol content than any
drink that can be produced by natural fermentation. Also declared by "an
element newly revealed to men but hid from antiquity, because the human
race was then too young to need this beverage destined to revive the
energies of modern decrepitude."( believed it could preserve youth; improve
memory; treat diseases of the brain, nerves and joints; revive the heart; calm
toothache; cure blindness, speech defects, and paralysis; and even protect
against the plague)
18. Dashee/bizy (Pg.105) Alcohol mostly used as a gift before beginning
negotiations with African traders. Africans in different regions drank alcoholic
drinks like plain wine or beer but it imported from Europe was in the word of
one trader. Dashee/bizy was significant because drinking imported alcohol
became a mark of distinction among African slaves and the key of
negotiations with African traders.
19. 1773 Molasses Act (Pg.117-119) Act of Brittan that imposed tax on imports of
molasses from non-British colonies. What all started this was rum because it
play a great role in relation with the American Revolution. A countries argued
over the Act passed by Britain which made it difficult for other countries
financially to import rum.
20. Sugar Act (Pg.) Act passed by Britain in 1764 which allowed the imports of
other colonies molasses of six pence for gallon to three in order for people
not to bring it illegally. Also was related to rum after the Molasses Act this act
was significant just as many other acts were passed which brought to the
outbreak of the Revolutionary war.
21.Sufi Islam (Pg.137) as with the legends associated with the discovery of beer,
these tales may contain a grain of truth, for the custom of drinking coffee
seems to have first become popular in Yemen in the mid-fifteenth century.
While coffee berries may have been chewed for their invigorating effects

before this date, the practice of making them into a drink seems to be a
Yemeni innovation, often attributed to Muhammad al-Dhabhani, a scholar and
a member of the mystical Sufi order of Islam, who died around 1470.
22.Dutch East India Co. (Pg.146-147) In the 1690s coffee plantations were
established by
Here at Batavia in Java, an island colony in what is now Indonesia. Java coffee
later was able to be shipped directly to Rotterdam and it granted the Dutch
control of the coffee market. Arabian coffee was unable to compete on price
even though connoisseurs thought its flavor was superior. It was significant
because the Dutch had demonstrated that coffee can grow in a similar
climate of sugar which suggested showed that it can grow as well in the West
Indies as it did in the East Indies
23.Principia (Pg.161) Mathematical principles of natural philosophy. With this
idea Newton provided a new foundation for the physical sciences to replace
discredited theories of the Greek and for his discussion he used coffeehouses.
24.Wealth of Nations (Pg.165) Financial equivalent to Principia written by the
Scottish economist Adam smith. It described and championed the emerging
doctrine of laissez-faire capitalism according to which the best way for
government to encourage trade was to leave people to their own choices.
London coffeehouses were a key to the scientific and financial revolution that
shaped the modern world.
25.Voltaire (Pg.166+168) Philosopher and satirist who extended the new
rationalism into social and political spheres. Offended a noble man and went
to prison and then wrote a book was banned because he compared French
system of government to the English. He also had a favorite table and chair
at the Procope and a reputation for drinking dozens of cups of coffee. In
coffeehouses were filled with government spies so they had to be careful to
talk.
26.Encyclopedic/dia : (Pg.165--167) came to be seen as the definitive summary
of Enlightenment thinking. It promoted a rational, secular view of the world
founded on scientific determinism, denounced ecclesiastical and legal abuses
of power, and infuriated the religious authorities, who successfully lobbied for
it, too, to be banned. As in London, the coffeehouses of Paris were meeting
places for intellectuals and became centers of Enlightenment thought.
Diderot actually compiled the Encyclopedic in a Paris coffeehouse, the Cafe
de la Regence, which he used as his office.
27. Changan : (Pg.179) Capital of China (618-907 CE) modern Xians, was the
greatest metropolis on Earth and was home to around two million people. It
was one of the places were tea spread in China and became the national
beverage during Tang Dynasty or the golden age in Chinese History. City was
a cultural magnet and was particularly open to outside influenced.
28. Lu Yu (Pg.180-181) Celebrated Taoist Poet which made teas popularity
increase due to his book The Classic of Tea. He described the merits of the
various kinds of leaves, sort of water to use and numbered the boiling steps.

Transformed tea from a mere thirst-quenching drink to a symbol of culture

and sophistication.
29. Celestial Empire (pg.184+187) Way Chinese regarded their country as and
was assumed to be located at the center of the universe. No one could
compete with its cultural and intellectual achievements until later in 1630s
tea reached France, and England in 1650s .This influence other European
countries to like the tea which ultimately Britain was the one to emerge as
the most tea-loving European nation with momentous historical
consequences.
30.Richard Arkwright (Pg.) A British inventor that began the construction of a
large building at Cromford in Derbyshire. In 1767 he began developing a
spinning frame and by 1768 his first spinning mill. Its success made him a
pivotal figure in the revolution that turned Britain into the world's first
industrialized nation. The popularity of tea also stimulated commerce by
boosting the demand for crockery and bringing into being a flourishing new
industry. Ownership of a fine tea service was of great social importance for
rich and poor alike.
31. Tea Act of 1773 (Pg.120+204) Passed by Britain that gave them control on
tea sales on the American colonies and taxes. As said on the name tea was
the key of this act because it was associated with the start of the revolution.
An important event according to the start would be the three shipload of tea
that were dumped into the Boston Harbor to protest to the new tax rules.
32. Lin Tze-Su (Pg.210-211) Commissioned that was send by the Chinese
emperor to stop the trade of imports of tea and other once and for all but
since he was ignored he decided to take action. Son Lins men set fire to the
stocks of opium, burning an entire year of supply. He was treated so he
arrested Chinese and British and after a British murder a Chinese and many
other events happened war was declared. The Opium War (1839-42).
33.Indian Mutiny (Pg.219) a widespread uprising against company rule that was
triggered by the revolt of the Bengal army in 1857 which prompted the British
government to take direct control of India. The rise of Indians tea industry
gave a devastating impact at showed below which descended into a chaotic
period of rebellions and resolutions.

Reading Questions:
Beer:
1. How is the discovery of beer linked to the growth of the first civilizations? (Pg.
10 + 21) Once beer was discovered it became socially and ritually important
to hunter-gatherers because in order to ensure the ability of grains and
another resource so they changed into farming. Beer was the makeup of the
food that was decreasing or not available, also was a form of safe liquid food,
and became central to social, religious, and nomadic life and was the staple

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

beverage. The drink that first helped humanity along the path to the modern
world.
What is the connection between the discovery of beer and the Neolithic
Revolution (beginnings of agriculture)? (Pg.21) Beer drinking would have
assisted the transition to farming in a more subtle way. Because long-term
storage of beer was difficult and complete fermentation took too long most
beer would have been drunk much more while still fermenting.
How did Mesopotamian geography shape its people view of the gods? (Pg.1819) To Neolithic drinkers beer's ability to intoxicate and induce a state of
altered consciousness seemed magical. Also did the mysterious process of
fermentation, which transformed ordinary gruel into beer. The obvious
conclusion was that beer was a gift from the gods; accordingly, many cultures
have myths that explain how the gods invented beer and then showed
humankind how to make it.
How did beer civilize man, according to Standage? (Beginning) He thought
that it really did change the world, he had the grace to take both the title and
the story in a new direction and civilized man by changing into the farming
mode. Beer also started a different new style of life to men and their
environment.
How did the Egyptian attitude toward beer differ from that of Mesopotamia?
(Pg.28-29)
Egypt credits beer with saving humankind from destruction. Ra the god of the
sun prepared a vast of amount of beer so that people would keep on worship
him. On the contracts Mesopotamia relaxed attitude towards intoxication
however a strong disapproval of drunkenness was expressed in the practice
texts.
Who built the ancient pyramids of Egypt and how were they paid? What
benefit did the pyramids and their construction bring to Egyptian society?
(Pg.36-37)
Pyramids were built by state employees and army slaves who were paid in
beer that was a ration for a labor was three or four loaves of bread and two
jugs containing about four liters. The benefit of the pyramids and their
construction because it built a sense of national unity, demonstrated wealth
and power of the state and provided a justification for taxation also religious
usage.

Wine:
1. How did the development of large states and empires promote wine as a
drink of choice?(Pg.43+44) With the great feast for the populated new capital

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Ashurnasinal, the new king brought many food as well as wine like no one
could have imagine in Mesopotamia. This is the cause of a promotion of wine.
What role did the Greek geography play in its economic development and
trade?(Pg.47)
Because Greece was surrounded by bodies of water it was great for them for
trading gods with other countries. The ocean was a great way of
transportation that increased their economy.
How was wine used by Greeks and how did it develop into a symbol of status?
(Pg.45+46)
Because it was more expensive to transport than beer meaning only the elite
could afford to drink it and its main use was religious; its scarcity and high
price made it worthy for consumption by the gods.
What was Plato's view of democracy? How did Plato's symposium differ from
others? (Pg.62) Plato believed that wine provided a good way to test a mans
character and according to democracy he thought people were not capable
enough to make their own decisions. An example would be Platos
symposium in which he discusses the subject of love and drinking wine until
falling asleep.
How was wine important in the transmission of Greek culture throughout the
Mediterranean and Asia? (Pg.48) In the eastern Mediterranean vines were
cultivated and were introduced rather than always been present and was
acknowledge later on Greek myths.
Compare the Roman convivium to the Greek symposium. (Pg.77-78)
The calibration of wine with status that drinkers at a Roman banquet, or
convivium, would be served different wines depending on their positions in
society. This was just one of the many ways in which the convivium differed
from its Greek prototype, the symposion. Where the symposion was, at least
in theory, a forum in which the participants drank as equals from a shared
krater, pursuing pleasure and perhaps philosophical enlightenment, the
convivium was an opportunity to emphasize social divisions, not to set them
aside in a temporary alcoholic haze.
Compare the acceptance of wine in Christianity to the Islamic view of spirits?
(Pg.84-88)
Another factor in maintaining the wine-drinking culture was its close
association with Christianity, the rise of which during the first millennium
elevated wine to a position of utmost symbolic significance. Christian
church's need for communion wine played an important role in keeping wine
production going during the dark ages after the fall of Rome. With the rise of
Islam, power shifted away from the peoples of the Mediterranean coast and
toward the desert tribes of Arabia. These tribes expressed their superiority
over the previous elites by replacing wheeled vehicles with camels, chairs
and tables with cushions, and by banning the consumption of wine, that most
potent symbol of sophistication

Spirits:
1. What is the origin of distilled spirits? (Pg. 94,95) The distilled spirits were
originally created by one of the achievements scholars created and then it
was improved by Arab scientist distilled wine and other substances for use in
their experiments or as medicine.
2. Explain the connection between spirits, slaves, and sugar. (Pg.101-104) The
emerge of the new distilled drinks happened just as European explores were
first opening up the worlds sea routes and this process colonization was
discovered .With Arabs new technology or distilled spirits became useful
because it was more compact and less likely to spoil than other alcoholic
drinks .Also many of the new colonies grew cane sugars and with that it
would also be able to distilled it to make alcohol. And according to slave
African traders who sold slaves were paid by spirits.
3. Why did spirits become an important staple in colonial America? (Pg.112-115)
English hoped that when the American colonies were established would be
able to supply but it turn out that there was no resource of alcohol and the
only thing left they had was water. So because the import of beer of beer was
difficult the settlers tried to make their own. After then the discovery of rum it
them became the favorite drink because later became cheap.
4. What role did rum play in the American Revolution? (Pg.116-119) New
England distillers started importing molasses from the French since it had
banned the manufacture if rum and was at a low price but the British werent
happy. They called for government intervention and the Molasses Act was
passed or the tax of molasses which brought up the cost of rum and many
were angry. This set an example for the breaking of British tax acts.
5. Why did whiskey supplant rum in the western colonial regions of America?
(Pg.121) One reason was that many of the settlers were of Scotch-Irish origin
and experienced grain distilling. And it could be made of almost anywhere
and did not depend on imported ingredients that could be taxed or
blockaded.
6. What were the causes and effects of the Whiskey Rebellion?

Coffee:
1. How did Arabs come to dominate the coffee industry? (Pg.146) Coffee was
shipped, on occasion, directly from Mocha by the Dutch. But as coffee's
popularity grew, European countries began to worry about their dependency
on this foreign product and set about establishing their own supplies. The

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Arabs understandably did everything they could to protect their control of

coffee. Coffee beans were treated before being shipped to ensure they were
sterile and could not be used to seed new coffee plants; foreigners were
excluded from coffee producing
areas.
Why did coffee come to be preferred over alcoholic beverages? Coffee makes
the drinker more alert and more productive. It sharpens the mind and focuses
the drinker and alcohol does the opposite.
Why was it important to Europe's development that many Europeans chose
coffee over alcohol as their favored beverage of consumption? Coffee spread
quickly throughout Europe and it proved to be much cheaper than the
ingredients for alcohol.
How did coffee play a pivotal role in the scientific revolution? (Pg.151-165)
Coffee houses became a way of communicating in an informal intellectual
conversation. At coffee houses scientists could discuss and received feedback
on ideas. Lectures were also sometimes held at coffee houses.
How did coffee play a pivotal role in the financial revolution? (Pg.165)
Starting first with the stocks that were traded in the royal exchange but the
government passed laws placing limits on the trades. Some to protest went
to nearby coffee houses which led to the creation of the London Stock
Exchange.
How did coffee play a pivotal role in the Enlightenment and the French
Revolution? (Pg.170-171)

Coffee houses became meeting centers for people to reunite. The French
government blocked the media and forced harsh restrictions on the people.
Coffee houses were one of the few places where people could freely discuss
trends and topics. As the financial crisis worsened many revolutionary speakers
started to speak at coffee houses to others. After a failed convention a lawyer
successfully gathered a crowd to arms, and started the revolution.

Tea:
1. How did tea transform Chinese society? (Pg.180-188) with the help of Lu Yu
teas popularity was able to expand and make other countries to trade with
china. It gave them the ability to trade but also to transform the tea drink to a
symbol of culture and sophistication. Led to the tradition of presenting special
tribute teas to the emperor every day.
2. What were China's major exports during the Tang Dynasty? (Pg.179) China
exported silk, tea, paper, and ceramics in return. Amid this diverse, dynamic,
and cosmopolitan atmosphere, Chinese sculpture, painting, and poetry
flourished. The prosperity of the period and the surge in population were
helped along by the widespread adoption of the custom of drinking tea

3. What two factors made tea a popular drink in England? Tea was mostly
consume by important men at tea parties and gardens. Also as a new product
from overseas brought my men giving them the status.
4. How was tea an integral part of the Industrial Revolution? (Pg.198-202) Tea
was the ideal drink for the factory work and it contained caffeine, which kept
the drinker alert. Also it had antibiotic properties which reduced waterborne
disease and infant mortality. With the help of Ricard Arkwright for inventing a
spinning mill and many other for tea productions making it easier to export.
5. What was the connection between tea and politics? (Pg.187) The British East
India Company, which was a major supplier of tea, used its wealth and power
to lobby for new government policy
6. What role did the British East India Company play in world history? (Pg.192)
When the company established trading post in China in the early 18 th century
and began direct imports of tea and volumes increased and prices fall which
made tea available to a wider public. As result control of the tea trade from
other European countries were banned and at the end many countries
illegally moved it in the country which turn into many wars. At the end the
Dutch stood between Britain and took total dominance of the East Indies
trade.
7. How was tea connected to the opium, trade and the Opium war of 18391842? (Pg.211)
To pay for the tea from China, the East India Company grew opium in India
and sold it cheaper in China. After a Chinese attempt to stop this war was
declared by the British and Chinese that at the end the Opium War broke out.