Recommended Welding Guidelines

API-582
a practical approach for industrial welding practices
By The PetroStreet Team

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CONTENTS
Key Sections:

Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9

WELDING CONSUMABLES
SHIELDING AND PURGING GASES
PREHEATING AND INTERPASS TEMPERATURE
POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT)

Appendix A - Welding Consumables for Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Appendix
A
d B - Weld
W ld OOverlay
l andd Clad
Cl d Restoration
R
(Back
(B k Cladding)
Cl dd )

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P NUMBERS
P-NUMBERS
Grouping of Base Metals:

Guess !!!
What are the P Numbers for:
Ferritic Stainless Steels
Austenitic Stainless Steels
Martensitic Stainless Steels
Duplex Stainless Steels

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WELDING CONSUMABLES
For Carbon & Low Alloy Steels:

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WELDING CONSUMABLES
For Stainless Steels:

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WELDING CONSUMABLES
For Duplex Stainless Steels:

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WELDING CONSUMABLES
For Copper and Nickel Based Alloys:

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WELDING CONSUMABLES
For Weld Overlay:

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DISSIMILAR WELDING
When Joining:
Ferritic Steels (P1 through P5) to:

(a) Martensitic Stainless Steels (P6) or

(b) Ferritic Stainless Steels (P7) or
(c) Austenitic Stainless Steels (P8)
F ll metall shall
Filler
h ll bbe selected
l d based
b d on the
h following
f ll
criteria:
9 Type 309 or 309L for design temperatures not exceeding 600F (315C)
9 Nickel-based
N k l b d alloy
ll ffiller
ll metall bbasedd on ddesign conditions
d
llistedd in TTable
bl

9 For service conditions exceeding the limits stated in above table, consult the vendor
9 ER310 (E310-XX) and ERNiCrFe-6 shall NOT be used

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SPECIAL WELDING CONSIDERATIONS

Low Alloy Steels Welding (P3-P5):
For welding of low alloy steels which are to be used:
W
Withh heavy
h
wallll thickness
h k
((above
b 1 inch)
h)
With high temperature (825F to 1100F)
With high pressure hydrogen service

Special considerations must be checked out from API-934 to ensure all requirements of welding filler
metal, pre & post heat treatment and additive precautions.

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SPECIAL WELDING CONSIDERATIONS

Austenitic Stainless Steel Welding (P8 Group 1):
For welding of austenitic stainless steels, following guidelines and restrictions apply:
Materials requiring PWHT or materials in high temperature service), the Ferrite Number (FN) for the deposited weld metal should not
exceed 10 FN measured prior to PWHT. (Ferrite number (FN) shall always be measured prior to PWHT).
Minimum Ferrite Number for filler metal should be 4 FN except for the following:
The minimum FN for type 347 shall be 5 FN
When joining stainless steels for cryogenic service, non-magnetic applications, or special corrosive service, consumables with a lower FN may be
required. The maximum ferrite number for E16-8-2 weld deposits shall be 5 FN

When austenitic stainless steel weld materials are used at service temperatures above 550 C:
Materials shall have a formulation that does not intentionally add bismuth, and bismuth in the deposited weld metal shall not exceed 0.002%
Materials shall have a maximum FN of 9 FN.

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SPECIAL WELDING CONSIDERATIONS

Duplex Stainless Steel Welding (P10H):
Special considerations must be checked out from API-938C to ensure all requirements of welding filler
metal, pre & post heat treatment and additive precautions.
Ferrite content shall be measured on base metal, HAZ and weld metal.
Ferrite
F it content
t t iin these
th locations
l ti shall
h ll be
b 30% - 65%.
65% Ferrite
F it
If the deposited weld metal ferrite content is greater than 60%, the moisture content of duplex electrodes shall
be controlled to 0.2% max.

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SHIELDING AND PURGING GASES

Guidelines:
Shielding gases shall meet the purity requirements of AWS 5.32/A5.32M.
Back ppurging
g g is required
q
for the GTAW and GMAW processes
p
for weldingg materials havingg a nominal chromium content
greater than 2 % unless the joint is ground or back gouged to sound metal.
Whenever a back purging gas is selected to prevent oxidation or scale formation on the underside of the weld, the purge
shall be maintained until at least 1/4 in.
in (6.5
(6 5 mm) depth of weld metal has been deposited.
deposited
For socket, seal, and any other attachment welds on base materials less than 1/4" thick, the back purging shall be
maintained throughout the welding operation.

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PREHEATING AND INTERPASS TEMPERATURE

Guidelines:
9 Preheating, where required, applies to all welding, tack welding, and thermal cutting.
9 Minimum preheat requirements shall follow the applicable code such as Appendix R of ASME Section VIII, Table 330.1.1 of
B31.3, and Annex XI of AWS D1.1.
9 The preheat temperature shall be applied throughout the entire thickness of the weld and at least 4 in. (100 mm) on
each side of the weld.
thermocouples, temperature indicating crayons,
crayons
9 The preheat and interpass temperature shall be checked by use of thermocouples
pyrometers or other suitable methods.
9 The maximum interpass temperature shall be specified in the WPS and PQR for austenitic stainless steels, duplex
stainless steels, and non-ferrous alloys and, when impact testing is required for carbon and low-alloy steels.
9 When welding high carbon equivalent forgings and fittings, special welding procedures including preheat and cooling
rate control for hardness management needs to be developed to reduce risk of Hydrogen Assisted Cracking.

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PREHEATING AND INTERPASS TEMPERATURE

Recommended Maximum Interpass Temperatures:

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POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT)

Guidelines:
9 All WPSs specifying PWHT should indicate the following:
a. Maximum Heating rate
b. Holding temperature range
c. HHolding
ldi titime
d. Maximum Cooling rate

9 Production hardness testing may be required to verify adequacy of heat treatments.

9 PWHT of Austenitic stainless steel, Duplex stainless steel or non-ferrous alloys requires approval by the Purchaser.
9 Except for weld overlays, welding procedure qualification tests for austenitic stainless steel to Ferritic steel welds shall
employ the maximum PWHT temperature limit specified in the welding procedure whenever the stainless steel is heated
above
b 705C.
705C
9 Repairing a post-weld heat-treated component, without PWHT requires that the repair meet all applicable construction code
requirements, or follow NB-23 or API 510.

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POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT)

Guidelines:
9 Commentary: If postweld heat treatment was originally conducted due to service requirements (specifically environmental

cracking prevention), postweld heat treatment of the repair should be considered.

9 Wh
When repairs
i are made
d to
t cladding
l ddi or overlay
l welds
ld on low
l alloy
ll steels
t l without
ith t subsequent
b
t PWHT,
PWHT a minimum
ii
remaining
ii
clad or overlay thickness of 3/16 in. (5 mm) is required unless it can be demonstrated that no new HAZ is formed in the
base metal with thinner overlay.
9 Exemption of code required PWHT for Ferritic materials based on the use of Austenitic or nickel-based filler materials is not
permitted.
9 Code exemption of PWHT for P4 and P5 materials (low alloy steels) is Not permitted for applications in sour or hydrogen
service or where the nominal chromium content of the material exceeds 1.25%.

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POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT)

Recommended Criteria:

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POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT)

Special Notes for PWHT Table:
9 Note 1 - For Q&T or N&T materials, the PWHT holding temperature shall be at least 25F below the original tempering
temperature of the base metal.
9 Note 2 - For Types CA-15
CA 15 and CA-15M
CA 15M materials,
materials a double tempering heat treatment is required.
required Initial heat treatment at
1150F minimum, followed by air cooling to ambient temperature, and second heat treatment at 1150F minimum (but lower
than initial temperature) and air cooling to ambient temperature.
9 Note 3 - For Type CA6NM material
material, a double tempering heat treatment is required.
required Initial heat treatment at 1225F
1225F-1275F
1275F,
followed by air cooling to ambient temperature, and second heat treatment at 1100F-1150F and air cooling to ambient
temperature.
9 Note 4 - For Types
yp 321 and 347 materials, ppost weld thermal stabilization mayy be specified
p
at 1600F-1650F for 2-4
hours.

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POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT (PWHT)

Local PWHT:
9

Local PWHT involving circumferential bands around piping or vessels shall be performed as follows in order to control
harmful thermal gradients:
a
a.
b.

c
c.

The holding temperature (soak) band width shall be the greater of W+4t or the governing code requirement,
requirement where W is the width of the weld
cap and t is the thickness of the component.
Beyond the edges of the holding temperature band, a gradient band shall be applied so that the temperature at its outer edges is Not less than
1/2 the holding temperature. The width of this gradient shall be 2.5 times the square root of rt, where r is the component radius and t is the
component thickness.
Beyond the edges of the gradient band
band, a decay band shall be applied to allow the temperature to gradually approach ambient.
ambient The width of this
decay band shall be 2.5 times the square root of rt, where r is the component radius and t is the component thickness.

Local Spot PWHT (called Bulls Eye) on vessels or piping shall require approval of the purchaser.

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Th PetroStreet
The
P t St t Team
T
www.thepetrostreet.com
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