2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FLUID |. os) ae Ics me eb 4N) v1 0 e) Revised First Edition @ Learn the best strategies for solving tough problems in step-by-step detail. © Prepare effectively for exams and save time in doing homework problems. ® Choose from the largest selection of solved problems yet published on this subject. © Use the index to quickly locate the types of _ problems you most need help with. ©@ Save this book for reference in other courses and even for your ae library. ee i RUG) Pa ASCHAUM’S SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES 2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICSI Jack B. Evett, Ph.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, and Cheng Liu, M.S., Associate Professor of Ciutl Engineering Technology, both at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Both authors have extensive teaching experience in the domain of fluid mechanics and hydraulics. They are coauthors of a textbook in fluid mechanics for the McGraw-Hill College Division. Project supervision by The Total Book Cover design by Wanda Siedlecka. Index by Hugh C. Maddocks, Ph.D. Library of Congress Cateloging-in-Publication Data Evett, Jack B. 2500 solved problems in fluid mechanics and hydraulics / by Jack B. Evett, Cheng Liu, p. cm. — (Schaum's solved problems series) ISBN 0-07-019783-0 1, Fluid mechanies—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Hydraulies—Problems, exercises, etc. I. Liu, Cheng. I. Title. IIL. Title: Twenty-five hundred solved problems in fluid mechanics and hydraulics. 1V. Series, TAIS73.E84 1988 620.1°06076—de 19 88-1373, cP. 34567890 SHP/SHP 9321 ISBN 0-07-0197A4-5 (Formerly published under ISBN 0-07-019783-0) Copyright © 1989 McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.CONTENTS To the Student List of Abbreviations List of Conversion Factors Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 1 2 9 ‘Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15, ‘Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 (Chapter 20 Chapter 21 (Chapter 22 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS FLUID STATICS FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS DAMS FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS PARALLEL PIPELINE SYSTEMS BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS PIPE NETWORKS FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS FLOOD ROUTING FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS FLOW MEASUREMENT DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE. UNSTEADY FLOW PUMPS AND FANS TURBINES HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES 1 aAaR Bee 3.8i iv 0 CONTENTS Chapter 23. FORCES DEVELOPED BY FLUIDS IN MOTION Chapter 24 DYNAMIC DRAG AND LIFT Chapter 25. BASIC HYDRODYNAMICS Appendix Index 5 z 709 787To the Student This book contains precisely 2500 completely solved problems in the areas of fluid mechanics and hydraulics. Virtually all types of problems ordinarily encountered in study and practice in these areas are covered. Not only you, but teachers, practitioners, and graduates reviewing for engineering licensing examinations should find these problems valuable. ‘To acquaint you with our “approach,” particular steps taken in presenting the problems and their solutions are itemized below. + First and most important of all, each problem and its solution are essentially independent and self-contained. That is to say, each contains all the data, equations, and computations necessary t0 find the answers. Thus, you should be able to pick a problem anywhere and follow its solution without having to review whatever precedes it. The exception to this is the occasional problem that specifically refers to, and carries over information from, a previous problem. + In the solutions, our objective has been to present any needed equation first and then clearly to evaluate each term in the equation in order to find the answer. The terms may be evaluated separately or within the equation itself. For example, when solving an equa- tion that has the parameter “area” as one of its terms, the area term (A) may be eva- luated separately and its value substituted into the equation [as in Prob. 14.209], or it may be evaluated within the equation itself [as in Prob. 14.94). + Virtually every number appearing in a solution is either “given” information (appearing as data in the statement of the problem or on an accompanying illustration), a previously computed value within the problem, a conversion factor (obtainable from the List of Con- version Factors), or a physical property (obtainable from a table or illustration in the Appendix). For example, in Prob. 1.77, the number 1.49, which does not appear elsewhere in the problem, is the dynamic viscosity (4) of glycerin; it was obtained from Table A-3 in the Appendix. + We have tried to include all but the most familiar items in the List of Abbreviations and Symbols. Hence, when an unknown sign is encountered in a problem or its solution, a scan of that list should prove helpful. Thus, the infrequently used symbol y is encountered in Prob. 25.6. According to the list, y represents the stream function, and you are quickly on your way to a solution. Every problem solution in this book has been checked, but, with 2500 in all, it is in- evitable that some mistakes will slip through. We would appreciate it if you would take the time to communicate any mistakes you find to us, so that they may be corrected in future printings. We wish to thank Bill Langley, of The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, who assisted us with some of the problem selection and preparabs a (alpha) atm ‘atmos B (beta) bhp Btu or cB c eal ob. G G & g & cf eg. or CG G c. ° ep. @ ‘ G a D Abbreviations and Symbols acceleration or area area absolute angle between absolute velocity of fiuid in hydraulic machine and linear velocity of a point on & rotating body or coefficient of thermal expansion or dimensionless ratio of similitude atmosphere atmospheric angle between relative velocity in hydraulic machines and linear velocity of a point on a rotating body or coeficient of compressibility or ratio of obstruction diameter to duct diameter surface width or other width surface width or other width brake horsepower brake power British thermal unit speed of sound or wave speed (celerity) Celsius or discharge coefficient or speed of propagation, calorie center of buoyancy coefficient of contraction coefficient of discharge drag coefficient friction-drag coefficient {force coefficient ‘cubic foot per second center of gravity Pitot tube coefficient lift coefcient centimeter (10°? m) centipoise center of pressure specific heat at constant pressure specific heat at constant volume coefficient of velocity weir coefficient depth or diameter depth or diameter or drag force thickness of boundary layer thickness ofthe viscous sublayer change in (or difference between) critical depth effective diameter hydraulic diameter mean depth normal depth normal depth ‘modulus of elasticity or specific energy or velocity approach factor hydraulic efficiency elevation ump or turbine efficiency height or surface roughness ‘pump energy turbine,energy exponential frequency of oscillation (cycles per second) or friction factor vilvii 0 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS F Fahrenheit or force R buoyant force fo drag force be horizontal force E lift force fps foot per second FS. factor of safety fe foot i uplift force on a dam K vertical force t acceleration due to gravity or gage height or gram G weight flow rate al gallon (gamma) specific (or unit) weight (Gamma) circulation GN siganewton (10° N) GPa sigapascal (10° Pa) pm gallons per minute h enthalpy per unit mass or height or depth or pressure head or hour fi average height or depth or head fi centhalpy per unit weight H energy head or total energy head hy ‘unit head loss hy vertical depth to center of gravity he vertical depth to center of pressure hy head loss due to friction Hg mercury HGL hydraulic grade line he total head loss bin head loss due to minor losses hp horsepower He, hertz (cycles per second) 1 inflow or moment of inertia 1D inside diameter in inch (infinity) sometimes used as a subscript to indicate upstream J joule kK bulk modulus of elasticity or Kelvin or minor loss coefficient k specific heat ratio eal Kilocalorie (10° cal) kg kilogram (10g) w joule (10°3) km meter (10° m) AN kKilonewton (10° N) kPa kilopascal (10° Pa) kw kilowatt (10° W) L length or lft force or liter A (lambda) model ratio or wave length pound be pound mass L equivalent length L linear dimension in model L linear dimension in prototype m mass or meter th mass flow rate M ‘mass flow rate or molecular weight or moment or torque MB distance from center of buoyancy to metacenter mbar millibar (10"" bar) me metacenter mgd million gallons per dayMPa 2 (ohm) oo (omega) ? > Pa (phi) 0) T(pi) z Be pai ¥v (psi) aia psig He Be Pe q Q Qu Ow ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 1) ix milititer (10° L) minute millimeter (10°? meter) ‘meganewton (10°N) rmegapascal (10° Pa) mile per hour ‘manometer reading absolute or dynamic viscosity megawatt (10° W) “Manning roughness coefficient or number of moles newton or rotational speed Brinkman number Froude number Mach number net positive suction head Reynolds number specific speed of pump or turbine kinematic viscosity Weber number outfiow outside diameter rotational rate angular velocity pressure or poise force (usually resulting from an applied pressure) or power pascal peripheral-velocity factor constant = 3.14159265 dimensionless parameter power ratio stagnation pressure pound per square inch stream function pound per square inch absolute pound per square inch gage pressure for condition at Nu= 1/VE ‘vapor pressure ‘wetted perimeter flow rate per unit width or heat per unit mass discharge or heat or volume flow rate heat transferred per unit weight of fluid volume flow rate per unit width of channel quart radius {g88 constant or Rankine or resultant force or hydraulic radius ‘manometer reading radian critical hydraulic radius hydraulic radius mass density inside radius outside radius revolutions per minute universal gas constant entropy of a substance or second or slope slope or storage critical slope specific gravity specific gravity of manometer fuid specific gravity of flowing fuidABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS (sigma) o E (sigma) s s 1 in (tau) Fo (tau) BESS S RARGSE SEE GEES pump cavitation parameter o stress or surface tension ‘cavitation index summation specific gravity of flowing fuid specific gravity of manometer fluid thickness or time surface width or temperature or torque o tension shear stress shear stress at the wall stagnation temperature velocity centerline velocity velocity velocity critical velocity velocity of volume average velocity centerline velocity volume of fluid displaced velocity in model velocity in prototype specie volume shear velocity tangential velocity terminal velocity width watt or weight or weight flow rate or work distance from center of gravity to center of pressure in x direction vorticity depth critical depth distance from center of gravity to center of pressure in y direction ‘normal depth ‘normal depth inclined distance from liquid surface to center of gravity inclined distance from liquid surface to center of pressure0.00001667 m’/s= 1. L/min 0.002228 f'/s = 1 gal/min 0.0145 Ib/in? = 1 mbar 0.3048 m= 1 ft 2S4em= 3.281 ft Conversion Factors S80 ft-b/s Lh 778 fll = 1 Btw 1728in' = 1fe 200015 = 1 ton 3600s=1h 41843 = 1 keal 5280 ft= I mile 364005 =1 day 11000 000 N.1 42 13 14 1s 16 ar CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids Note: For many problems in this chapter, values of various physical properties of fluids are obtained from ‘Tables A-1 through A-8 in the Appendix. A reservoir of glycerin (glyc) has a mass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m’. Find the glycerin’s weight (W), ‘mass density (p), specific weight (y), and specific gravity (s.g.). 1 F=W = ma =(1200)(9.81)=11770N or 11.77kN p= m|V = 1200/0.952 = 1261 kg/m* = WIV = 11.77/0,952 = 12.36 KN/m? 8.8: Yoyo! Yn aeare 12.36/9.81 = 1.26 ‘A body requires a force of 100N to accelerate it at arate of 0.20 m/s. Determine the mass of the body in kilograms and in slugs. 100 = (my(0.20) 500 kg = 500/14.59 = 34.3 slugs ‘A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride (CCl,) has a mass of $00 kg and a volume of 0.315 m*, Find the carbon tetrachloride’s weight, mass density, specific weight, and specific gravity. ' F=W=ma=(S00)(9.81)=4905N_ or 4.905KN p= m[V = 500/0/315 = 1587 kg/m? 5.57 N/m? 59 ‘The weight of a body is 1001b, Determine (a) its weight in newtons, (b) its mass in kilograms, and (¢) the rate of acceleration [in both feet per second per second (ft/s") and meters per second per second (m/s*)] if a net, force of 50 Ib is applied to the body. 1@ W = (100)(4.448) = 444.8 o FaWama 448=(m)Q81) m=45.34kg © m= 45.34/14,59 = 3,108 slugs Fama $0=3.108a a= 16.09 f/s* = (16.09)(0.3048) = 04 m/s? The specific gravity of ethyl alcohol is 0.79. Calculate its specific weight (in both pounds per eubie foot and kilonewtons per cubie meter) and mass density (in both slugs per cubie foot and kilograms per cubic meter) ' 7 =(0.79)(62.4)=49.31b/f° y= (0.79)(9.79) = 7.73 KN/m? p= (0.79)(1.98) = 1.53 slugs/f® p= (0.79)(1000) = 790 kg/m? {A quart of water weights about 2.08 1b. Compute its mass in slugs and in kilograms. ' FeWema —208=(m)(322) m=0,0646 slug m= (0.0646)(14.59) = 0.983 kg One cubic foot of glycerin has a mass of 2.44 slugs. Find its specific weight in both pounds per cubic foot and kilonewtons per cubic meter. BF =W =ma=(2.44)(32.2)= 7861b. Since the gycern’s volume is 1f?, y =78.61b/10 = (78.6)(4.448)/(0.3048)° = 12 350 N/m°, or 12.35 KN/m?.2 0 CHAPTER 1 18 1.10 1 uz 13 144 1s 116 7 {A quart of SAE 30 ol at 68 F weighs about 1.851b. Calculate the oi’ specific weight, mass density, and specific gravity i V = 1/((4)(7-48)] = 0.03342 f° y= W/V = 1.85/0.03342 = 55.4 lb/ft” p= vl = 55.4/32.2=1.72 slugs 5.8: = Youl Ynz0 marc = 55.4/62.4 = 0.888 The volume of a rock is found tobe 0,00015 m. Ifthe rock’ speci gravity is 2.60, what i its weight? ! Youn = 2.60)(9.79)=25.5KN/m?——Wraa = (25.5)(0.00015)=0.00382 KN or 3.82 ‘A certain gasoline weighs 4.5 b/f. What are its mass density, specific volume, and specific gravity? Ui p= ig =46.5/32.2= 1.44 siugs/f? ——-V,= I/p-=1/1.44= 0.694 °/slug 44/1.94= 0.782 se. If the specific weight of a substance is 8.2 N/m", what is its mass density? ' p= vig =8200/9.81 = 836 kg/m? ‘An object at a certain location has a mass of 2.0 kg and weighs 19.0 N on a spring balance. What i the acceleration due to gravity at this location? ' F=Wema 19.0=200 a=9.50m/3! fan object has a mass of 2.0 slugs at sea level, what would its mass be at @ location where the acceleration due to gravity is 30.00 ft/s"? I Since the mass of an object does not change, its mass will be 2.0 slugs at that location ‘What would be the weight of a 3-kg mass on a planet where the acceleration due to gravity is 10.00 m/s*? ! F = W = ma (3)(10.00) = 30,00N Determine the weight ofa S-slug boulder at a place where the acceleration due to gravity is 31.7 A/S 1 F=W=ma=(5)(31.7)=1581b Tf 200 ft? of oil weighs 10 520 Ib, calculate its specific weight, density, and specific gravity. ! y= W/V =10520/200=52.61b/f p= y/g =52.6/32.2= 1.63 slugs/t 8.8. = You! Ynyo at arc = 52-6/62.4 = 0.843. Find the height ofthe free surface if 0.8 fof water is poured into a conical tank (Fig. 1-1) 20in high with a ‘base radius of 10in. How much additional water is required to fill the tank? 1 Voom = 27/3 ™ x(10)'20)/3=2004in? Vigo = 0.8 ft? = 1382 in? Additional water needed = 2095 ~ 1382 = 713in*. From Fig. 1-1, ,/10= h, /20, oF r, = hy/2.0; Vent top one = (h,/2.0}*h,/3= 713; h, = 13.96 in. Free surface will be 20 ~ 13.96, of 6.04 in above base of tank. Fig. 1118 149 1.20 1a 12 123 12s 125 1.26 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 2 3 If the tank of Prob. 1.17 holds 30.5 kg of salad oil, what is the density ofthe oil? 1 Veoue = 2094 in* (from Prob. 1.17) = #78 (0.3048)° = 0.03431 m* p=m/V = 30.5/0.03431 = 889 ke/m* Under standard conditions a certain gas weighs 0.14 Ib/f. Calculate its density, specifie volume, and specific, gravity relative to air weighing 0.075 1b/ft. ! p= ylg =0.14/32.2 = 0.00435 slug/tt? ——_V, = 1/p=1/0.00435 = 230 f°/stug, 0.14/0.075 = 1.87 Ifthe specific volume of a gas is 360 f/slug, what is its specific weight? ' p=1V,=sto= 0.002778 slug/te? y= pg = (0.002778)(32.2) = 0.0895 Ib/te 'A vertical glass cylinder contains 900,00 ml. of water at 10°C; the height of the water column is 90.00.cm. The water and its container are heated to 80°C. Assuming no evaporation, what will be the height of the water ifthe coefficient of thermal expansion (a) for the glass is 3.6 x 10°**C" I Mass of water= pV = pisVio=PmxVeo _(1000)(900 x 10-*) = 971Vay Vio = 926.9 X 10°* m? = 926.9 em? Auo™ Vile = 900,00/90.00 = 10.000 em? Aw= rio 10.000: roo = Ful + (AT) a)] = (1.7841){1 + (80 — 10)(3.6 x 10°] = 1.7845 em. ‘Au = y= (1.7845)? = 10,004 cm? go = Veo Axp = 926.9/10.004 = 92.65 em ona = 1.7841 em Ifa vessel that contains 3.500 fof water at 50°F and atmospheric pressure is heated to 160°F, what willbe the Deroentage change in its volume? What weight of water must be removed to maintain the original volume? 1 Weight of water= WV = yiVio™= YuoVieo _(62-4)(3.500) = 61.0Vieo Vin = 3.5803 40° Change in volume = (3.5803 — 3.500)/3.000 = 0.027, or 2.7% (increase). Must remove (3.5803 — 3.500)(61.0), or 4.901b, ‘A vertical, cylindrical tank with a diameter of 12.00 m and a depth of 4.00 m is filled to the top with water at 20°C. Ifthe water is heated to 50°C, how much water will spill over? ' Viaus = (Viso)a0 #(12,00/2)°(4.00) = 452.4 m? Wrzo = (9-79)(452.4) = 4429 KN (Vio)s0 = 4429/9.69 = 457.1 m? Volume of water spilled = 457.1 ~452.4= 4.7 m* ‘A thick, closed, steel chamber is filled with water at 50°F and atmospheric pressure. Ifthe temperature of water and chamber is raised to 100 °F, find the new pressure of the water. The coefficient of thermal expansion of steel is 6.5 x 10° per ‘F. I The volume of water would attempt to increase as the cube of the linear dimension; heice, Veo = Vad + (100 — 50)(6.5 x 10°*)]* = 1.000975V.g;, weight of water = YV = Y:0Vin= YoVin, 62-4¥io= “7e{1.000975Vig), Yoo = 62.34 lb/ft". From Fig. A-3, Pye = 1300 psia (approximately). {A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1000cm? at 1 MN/m? and a volume of 95 cm? at 2MN/m*. ‘What is its bulk modulus of elasticity (K)? 80 =) aon apa - k= Aviv (995 = 1000)/1000 ee Find the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid if a pressure of 150 psi applied to 10ft ofthe liquid causes 8 volume reduction of 0.02. ' _ 450 - 0)044) 2/10 10 800 000 Ib/ft? or 75.000 psi4 0 CHAPTER 1 127 1.28 129 130 131 132 If K =2.2 GPa is the bulk modulus of elasticity for water, what pressure is required to reduce a volume by 0.6 pereent? ' a 22-27% p= 0.0132GPa or 13.2MPa Find the change in volume of 1.00000 fof water at 80°F when subjected to a pressure increase of 300 psi. ‘Water's bulk modulus of elasticity at this temperature is 325 000 psi ' AV = ~0,00092 4° 325000= ~ Ap aviv From the following test data, determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of water: at 500 psi the volume was 1.000 ft’, and at 3500 psi the volume was 0.990 8. 500-3500 e 1.000 — 0.990)/1.000 300.000 psi A tigid steel container is partially filled with a liquid at 15 atm. The volume of the liquid is 1.232001. Ata pressure of 30 atm, the volume of the liquid is 1.23100 L. Find the average bulk modulus of elasticity of the liquid over the given range of pressure if the temperature after compression is allowed to return to its initial value. What isthe coefficient of compressibility (8)? (0~15)(101.3) AVIV~ ~ (123100 =1.23200)/1.23200 872X10°kPa or 1.872GPa B= UK =1/1.872=0.534G1 A heavy tank contains oil (A) and water (B) subject to variable air pressure; the dimensions shown in Fig, 1-2 correspond to 1 atm. If air is slowly added from a pump to bring pressure p up to 1 MPa gage, what will be the total downward movement of the free surface of oil and air? Take average values of bulk moduli of elasticity of {he liquids 28 2050 MPa for oil and 2075 MPa for water, Assume the container does not change volume. Neglect hydrostatic pressures, 0 oo 1-0 3 : “""aviv = — a7 Teanxeaayyay AV ~20600 1-0 2075 = AViyo™ ~23850 mm? ~ AV go/7000 (300) 74] 44.540 mm? Water 300 min WHEL Fig. 12 A thin-walled spherical tank is filled with water at a pressure of 4666 psig; the tank's volume is then 805.407 in’. If the water is released from the tank, how many pounds will be collected at atmospheric pressure? 805.4069 in?PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 9 5 when the pressure i 4666 psig, Use 305 000 psi as an average value of the bulk modulus of elasticity a 5 ' By 3500 ~ as a0 805 407 W = (62.4)(817.73/1728) =29.5 1b 17.73 in 1.33 Water in a hydraulic press, initially at 0 psia, is subjected to a pressure of 17 000 psia at 68°F. Determine the percentage decrease in specific volume if the average bulk modulus of elasticity is 365 000 psi. ae 700-20 av au Kev —““awi = 0.0465 or 4.65% decrease 134 Ata depth of 7km in the ocean, the pressure is 71.6 MPa. Assume a specific weight at the surface of 10.05 N/m" and an average bulk modulus of elasticity of 2M GPa for that pressure range. Find (a) the change in specific volume between the surface and 7 km; (b) the specific volume at Tkm; (e) the specific weight at 7km. 1@ (8). = py = gh. = 9.81/10 050 = 0,0009761 m'/kg 2 Om mat AV) =—0.0000259 m'/kg, o V.). + AV, = 0.0009761 ~ 0.0000299 = 0.000846 "kg © 17 8/¥s= 9.81/0.000846 = 10370 N/m? 135 Approximately what pressure must be applied to water at 60°F to reduce its volume 2.5 percent? ae, = P20 = ' kash mom= BP p= rs psi 1.36 A gas at 20°C and 0.21 MPa abs has a volume of 41 L and a gas constant (R) of 210m - N/(kg K). Determine the density and mass of the gas. BF p=piRT =0.21 x 10°/[210)(20+273)]=3.41 kg/m? m= pV =(3.41)(0.041) = 0.140 kg 1.37 What isthe specific weight of air at 70 psia and 70°F? I y=pIRT. From Table A-6, R= 53.3 f1/°R; y = (70)(144)/[(53.3)(70 + 460)] = 0.357 1b/f. Note: p/RT gives p (Prob. 1.36) or y (Prob. 1.37), depending on the value of R used. Corresponding values of Rin Table A-6 differ by a factor of g 1.38 Calculate the density of water vapor at 350 kPa abs and 20°C if its gas constant (R) is 0.462 kPa -m*/kg - K. ' p= pIRT = 350/{(0.462)(20 + 273)] = 2.59 kg/m? 1.39 Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) occupies a volume of 4.0 ft” at 2500 Ib/ft® abs and 750°R. What are its specific volume and specific weight? 1 R= R,/M = 49 709/28 = 1775 ft Ib/(slug -°R) where R,, the universal gas constant, = 49 709 ft: Ib/(slug -°R)] p= A/V, = pIRT = 2500/|(1775)(750)]__V, =$32.5 £°/slug Y= pe = (IIV.)(R) = (1/532.5)(32.2) = 0.0605 Ib/t* 1.40 One kilogram of hydrogen is confined in a volume of 200 L at ~45°C. What is the pressure if R is 4.115 kS/kg- K? ' p= pRT = (m/V)RT =(1/0.200)(4115)(—45 +273) =4.691 x 10" Pa or 4.691 MPabs LAL Whatis the specific weight of 1 Y= p/RT = 410/{(29.3)(30 + 273)] = 0.0529 kN/m* at a temperature of 30°C and a pressure of 470 kPa abs?6 0 CHAPTER 1 1.42 Find the mass density of helium at a temperature of 39°F and a pressure of 26.9 psig, i atmospheric pressure is 14.9psia. i p= DIRT = (14.9 + 26.9)(144)/{(12.420)(39 + 460)) = 0.000971 Ib-s/ft* or 0.000971 slug/te 143 The temperature and pressure of nitrogen in a tank are 28°C and 600 kPa abs, respectively. Determine the specific weight ofthe nitrogen. ' Y= DIRT = 600/{(30.3)(28 + 273)] = 0.0658 KN/m? 1.4 The temperature and pressure of oxygen in a container are 60 °F and 20.0 psig, respectively. Determine the coxygen's mass density if atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. 1 P= pPIRT = (20.0 + 14.7)(144)/{(1552)(60 + 460)] = 0.00619 slug/te? 145 Calculate the specific weight and density of methane at 100 °F and 120 psia. ' {Y= pIRT = (120)(144)/(96.2)100 + 460)} = 0.321 1b /t? p= y/g = 0.321/32,2 = 0.00997 stug/ft” 1.46 At 90°F and 30.0 psi, the specif weight ofa certain gas was 0.0877 Ib/f?. Determine the gas constant and density ofthis gas ' Y=p/RT 0.0877 = (30.0)(144)/[(R)(90 + 460)] R= 89.6 41/°R. p= y/g =0.0877/32.2 = 0.00272 slug/tt? 1.47 Acylinder contains 12.5 ft of air at 120°F and 40 psia. The air is then compressed to 2.50 ft’. (a) Assuming. isothermal conditions, what are the pressure at the new volume and the bulk modulus of elasticity? (®) Assuming adiabatic conditions, what are the final pressure and temperature and the bulk modulus ofelatcty? 1@ PiVi=p:¥; (forisothermal conditions) (40)(12.5) = (p3)@2.50) P3= 200 psia dp ____ 40-200 VV" ~GZ3-2.5)/125 (©) p.Vi=p.V$ (for adiabatic conditions). From Table A-6, k = 1.40. (40)(12.5)" i= 381 psia; T/T, = (p3/p.)*-*, T3/(120 + 460) = C3), (4.40)(381) = 533 psi = 1104°R, oF 644°F; = (p9@.50)'*, kp 1.48 Airis kept at a pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 30°C in a 500-L container. What is the mass of the air? 1 p= p/RT = {(200)(1000)}/{(287)(30 + 273)] =2.300 kg/m? m= (2.300)(i88) = 1.15 kg 1.49 An ideal gas has its pressure doubled and its specific volume decreased by two-thirds. Ifthe initial temperature is 80°F, what is the final temperature? ' paiV,=piRT — p¥.=RT — p(Vv=RT, ——pAV,)2= RTs (ple MWe! V1 = (R/RVTIT) —2))= (80+ 460) Ty =360°R or ~100°F1s 12 133 154 1.56 4s7 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 0 7 ‘The tank of a leaky air compressor orginally holds 90 L of air at 33°C and 225 kPa. During a compression proces, 4 grams of air is lost; the remaining air occupies 42 at S80 kPa, What isthe temperature ofthe remaining a Fox pul RT, = 225 x 107) /{(287)(38-+273)] =2.562 kg/m? m= (2.562)(0.050) = 0.2306 kg P2™=P2sRT, (0.2306 — 0.004)/0.042 = (550 x 10°)/(287T;) T,= 355K or 82°C In a piston-and-cylinder apparatus the initial volume of air is 90 L at a pressure of 130kPa and temperature of 26°C. If the pressure is doubled while the volume is decreased to 561, compute the final temperature and. density of the air. 1 p=plRT, Ps 130 x 10°)/[(287)(26 + 273)] = 1.515 kg/m’ ——_-m = (1.$15)(0.090) = 0.1364 kg IRT; 0.1364) = (2)(130% 107/287) =372K or 99°C 1p = 0.1364/(0.056) = 2.44 kg/m? For 2b mol of air with a molecular weight of 29, a temperature of 90°F, and a pressure of 2.5 atm, what is the volume? 1 PVInM=RT —((2.5)(14.7)(144)]{V/1)29))} = (53.3)000+ 460) V=321 te If nitrogen has a molecular weight of 28, what i its density according to the perfect gas law when p = 0.290 MPa and T =30°C? ' R= R,/M =8312/28= 297 J/(kg-K) [where Ry =83123/(kg- K)] P= PIRT = 290 000/{(297)(30 +273)] = 3.22 kg/m? fa gas occupies 1 m* at 1 atm pressure, what pressure is required to reduce the volume of the gas by 2 percent under isothermal conditions ifthe fuid is (a) air, (b) argon, and (e) hydrogen? I pV =nkT = constant for isothermal conditions. Therefore, if V drops to 0.98V,, p must rise to (1/0.98)p., or 1.020p,. This is true for any perfect gas (@) Calculate the density, specific weight, and specific volume of oxygen at 100°F and 15 psia,(b) What would be the temperature and pressure ofthis gas i t were compressed isentropically to 40 percent of is original volume? (e) Ifthe proces described in (b) had been isothermal, whet would the temperature and pressure have been? 1@ 2 = DIRT = (15)(148)/[(1552)(100 + 460)] = 0.00248 slug/t? = pg = (0.00248)(32.2)=0.07991b/f —V, = 1/p = 1/0.00288 = 403 £/shog ©) pulWot=palWo_ [25)(148)|403)'* = [(p_)04)](0.40(403)]* ps = 54.1 psia P2=PrRT, — (54.1)(144) = (0.00248/0.40)(1552)(7; + 460) T, = 350°F (6) Ifisothermal, = 7, = 100°F and pV = constant. [25)(4144)](403) = ((p.)(144)]{(0.40)(403)]__ p2= 37.5 psia Calculate the density, specific weight, and volume of chloride gas at 25 °C and pressure of 600.000 N/m? abs. ' RT = 600 000/{(118)(25 + 273)] = 17.1 kg/m* 17.19.81) = 168 N/m? V, =1/p = 1/17.1 =0.0585 m'/ikg y= 98 If methane gas has a specific gravity of 0.55 relative to air at 14.7 psia and 68°F, what ar its specific weight and specific volume at that same pressure and temperature? What isthe value of R for the gas? ! Yar DIRT = (14.7)(448)/[(53.3)(68 + 460)] = 0.07522 16/te° You ™ (0-55)(0.07522) = 0.0414 16/8 Up=aly Von 32.2/0.0414 = 778 f° /stug Since R varies inversely with density for fixed pressure and temperature, Ry, ~53.3/0.55 = 96.9 f/°R.8 0 CHAPTER 1 138 139 1.0 161 18 1.63 164 1.65 1.6 A gas at 40°C under a pressure of 21.868 bar abs has a unit weight of 362.N/m?. What is the value of R for this gas? What gas might this be? 1 Y=pIRT 362 (21.868 x 10°)/[(R)(40+273)] R= 19.3m/K ‘This gas might be carbon dioxide, since its gas constant is 19.3 m/K (from Table A-6). If water vapor (R =85.7 fY°R) in the atmosphere has a partial pressure of 0.60 psia and the temperature is 80°F, what is its specific weight? ' Y= pIRT = (0-60)(144)/{(85.7)(80 + 460)] = 0.00187 Ib/f Refer to Prob. 1.59. Ifthe barometer reads 14.60 psia, calculate the partial pressure of the weight, andthe specific weight of the atmosphere (ar plus water vapor). 1 Por = 14.60~ 0.60 14.00psia y= p/RT Ya = (14.00)(14)/[(53.3)(80 + 460)] =0.0700Ib/f? Yam = Yar * Yruoom hon) = 0.00187 1b/F° (from Prob. 1.59) Yume = 0.0700 + 0.00187 = 0.0719 b/t? (a) Calculate the density, specific weight, and specific volume of oxygen at 20°C and 40 kPa abs. (b) If the ‘oxygen is enclosed in a rigid container, what will be the pressure ifthe temperature is reduced to ~100°C? 1@ p= p/RT = (40)(1000)/[(260)(20 + 273)] = 0.525 kg/m? 7 pg =(0.525)(9.81)=5.15N/m? —-V,=1/p = 1/0.525 = 1.90 m’/kg, (®) p=1/¥,= pIRT. Since ¥, and R are constants, V;/R = T/p = constant, (20 + 273)/40 = (—100+273)/ps, P2=23.6KPa. Helium at 149 kPa abs and 10°C is isentropically compressed to one-fourth of its original volume. What is its final pressure? 1 PVi=paVS — 149Vi%= (p.)(Vi/4)" pa = 1488 kPa abs (a) If 9 of an ideal ga at 75°F and 22 psa is compressed isothermally to 2, what isthe resulting pressure? (6) What would the pressure and temperature have been if the process had been isentropic? 1@ PiVi=pa¥e — (22(9)=(p)2) p2=99psia Oy} PiVimpaV$ — 22X9)'=(p:)(2)' pr = 155 psia TIT = (pap — T/(TS + 460) = (3 Te BADR or 380 (a) If 12m’ of nitrogen at 30°C and 125 kPa abs is permitted to expand isothermally to 30m’, what is the resulting pressure? (4) What would the pressure and temperature have been if the process had been isentropic? 1@ PiWi=p2¥s — (125)(12)=(p3)G0) —_p2= $0.0 kPa abs PiVi=paV$ —(125)(12)'*°=(p3)(30)'" py =34.7 kPa abs TIT.= (pap —T/(B0+273) = G4.7/125"""" T= 210K or ~63°C If the viscosity of water at 68°F is 0.01008 poise, compute its absolute viscosity (1) in pound-seconds per square foot. Ifthe specific gravity at 68°F is 0.998, compute its kinematic viscosity (v) in square feet per second. 1 The poise is measured in dyne-seconds per square centimeter. Since 1 1b = 444 800 dynes and I ft= 30.48em, 1 Ib s/ft? = 444 800 dyne - 5/(30.48 em)? = 478.8 poises 0.01008, _ we _pg_ (2.11 10-9(32.2) 3788 ve (0.998)(62.4) 2M x10Ib-s/f? v= .09 x 10° f/s ‘Convert 15.14 poises to kinematic viscosity in square feet per second ifthe liquid has a specific gravity of 0.964. U (from Prob. 1.65) b= 15.14/478.8= 0.03162 Ib s/f v= wg/y = (0.03162)(32.2)/[0.968)(62.4)] = 0.0169 #/s1607 168 10 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS J 9 ‘The fluid flowing in Fig 1-3 has an absolute viscosity (1) of 0.0010 Ib /ft and specific gravity of 0.913. Calculate the velocity gradient and intensity of shear stress at the boundary and at points lin, 2in, and 3in from the boundary, assuming (a) a straight-line velocity distribution and (6) a parabolic velocity distribution. ‘The parabola in the sketch has is vertex at A and origin at B. I (a) For the straight-line assumption, the relation between velocity v and distance y is v= ISy, du = 1Sdy. The velocity gradient = du/dy = 15. Since w= r/(du/dy), «= u (du/dy). For y =0 (i.e., atthe boundary), v=Oand du/dy = 155"; t= (0,0010)(15) = 0.015 Ib/ft. For y = Lin, 2in, and 3in, du/dy and tare also 15 3" and 0.015 lb/ft respectively. (b) For the parabolic assumption, the parabola passes through the points v = 0 when y = 0 and v = 45 when y =3. The equation of this parabola is v= 45 ~ 5(3~y), dv/d) 1 =0.0010 (dv/dy). For y Oin/s, dv /dy = 305", and r = 0.030 1b/f¢, For du/dy =20s", and r= 0.0201b/ft. For y =2in, v = 40in/s, du/dy = 10s", and v=45in/s, dv/dy =0s", and r= O1b/ft, 010 b/f. For y =3in, — Fig. 13 A cylinder of 0.40-ft radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of 0.42-ft radius. Both cylinders are 1.00 ft long. Determine the viscosity of the liquid that fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of (0.650 Ib - tis required to maintain an angular velocity of 60pm. I The torque is transmitted through the field layers to the outer cylinder. Since the gap between the cylinders {s small, the calculations may be made without integration. The tangential velocity v, of the inner cylinder = rw, where 7 = 0.40 ft and @ = 2x rad/s. Hence, v, = (0.40)(2x) =2.51 ft/s. For the small space between cylinders, the velocity gradient may be assumed to be a straight line and the mean radius ean be used. Then, dufdy = (2.51 ~ 0)/(0.42 ~ 0.40) = 125.55". Since applied torque equals resisting torque, applied torque (#)(area)(arm), 0.650 = x[(1.00)(22(0.40 + 0.42)/2]{(0.40 + 0.82)/2], r= 0.615 I/F = u (du /dy), 0.615 = (W)(25.5), w= 0.00890 1b- s/f. Water is moving through a pipe. The velocity profile at some section is shown in Fig. 1-4 and i given mathematically as u = (B/4u)(d?/4—°), where v = velocity of water at any position r, =a constant, 4 = viscosity of water, d = pipe diameter, and r = radial distance from centerline. What is the shear stress at the ‘wall ofthe pipe due to the water? What is the shear stress at a position r = d/4? Ifthe given profile persists a distance L along the pipe, what drag is induced on the pipe by the water in the direction of flow over this distance? ' v= Blau@la—P)—— dusdr = (B/4p)(—2r) = ~26r/4p, =m (dv/dr) = w(-2Br/4u) = ~28r/4 At the wall, 7 =d/2. Hence, =26(d/2)__ Bd a 2BUd/4)__ Bd 4 4 Tena =" 8 Drag = (tyas)(atea) = (Feua)(tdL) = (Bd /4)(dL) = Ba mL [4 Velocity profile Fig. 1410 0 CHAPTER 1 170 un in 3 A Large plate moves with speed vp over a stationary plate on a layer of oil (see Fig. 1-5). Ifthe velocity profile is ‘that of a parabola, with the oil at the plates having the same velocity as the plates, what is the shear stress on. the moving plate from the oil? Ifa linear profile is assumed, what is the shear stress on the upper plate? A Fora parabolic profile, v? = ay. When y =d, v= up. Hence, v= ad, a= vb/d. Therefore, w= (Udy) = (9/4) v= veVy/d — duldy =[(ve)(VVEYO)] r= (duldy) = alvod(V VA") For y=d, r= l(vo)(1/Va)(3)(d-")] = wvo/ (24). For a linear profile, dv/dy = veld, t= w(vold). » Assumed protie » Fig. 15 ‘A square block weighing 1.1 kN and 250 mm on an edge slides down an incline on a film of oil 6.0 um thick (see Fig. 1-6). Assuming a linear velocity profile in the oil, what is the terminal speed of the block? The viscosity of the oil is 7mPa-s. ' = 1 (dv/dy) = (7x 10" fv /(6.0x10-)] = 1167, Fy = tA = (1167v7)(0.250)? = 72.905, At the terminal condition, equilibrium occurs. Hence, 1100 in 20° = 72.9vp, vy = 5.16m/s. aks 19kN somm Co ‘ocosomm Fig. 1-6(2) =r Fig. 1646) ‘A piston of weight 21 Ib slides in lubricated pipe, as shown in Fig. 1-7. The clearance between piston and pipe is 0.001 in. Ifthe piston decelerates at 2.1 ft/s' when the speed is 21 ft/s, what is the viscosity of the oil? 1 =p (dv/dy) = wfv/(0.001/12)] = 12 00040 Fem tA = 12 000p0{(2)(8)()] = 7854u0 EF=ma 21 ~(7854)(u)(21) = (21/32.2)(-2.1) w= 1.36 10-*I- s/f? mA | Tiel Me sin | Fig. 1-7 ‘A piston is moving through a cylinder ata speed of 19 /s, a8 shown in Fig. 1-8. The film of ol separating the piston from the cyinder has a viscosity of 0.020 Ib s/f. What isthe force required to maintain this motion? I Assume a cylindrically symmetric, linear velocity profile for the flow of oil inthe film. To find the frictional resistance, compute the shear stress at the piston surface. pSeoclerg re|aay aie 5 =ea=ea(222)(2)] Pa) {__Cuner* Carbon tetrachloride ] Fig. 2-41 Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-42. pa (62.4)(66.6/12) ~ [(13.6)(62.4)](40.3/12) + (62.4)(22.2/12) = [(13.6)(62.4)1(30.0/12) ~ (62.4)(10.0/12) = pe Pa-Px=A362Ib/fE or 31.7 Ib/in?® Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-43. ' pa~(0.79)x ~[(0.8)(9-79) 0.70) + (9.79)(8 = 0.80) = Pp Pa Pa = 13.3 N/mm? Calculate the pressure difference between A and B for the setup shown in Fig. 2-44. ' Pat (2A) +4) ~[03.6)62.4)]4) + (2.4) 0-2) = Po Pa~Pa=270810/f or 18.8Ib/in*42 9 CHAPTER 2 658 in Mereun ¥ Ge D6) Fig. 2-42 Oi 6g. = 08) LL xm +070 m~ 150m = (x 080) m | ale Fig. 2.43FLUID STATICS J 43 Mercury 66= 139 ig, 244 262 Vessels A and B in Fig. 2-45 contain water under pressures of 40.0 psi and 20.0 psi, respectively. What is the deflection of the mercury in the differential gage? H (40,0)(144) + (62.4)(x + h) — [(03.6)(62.4)Jh + 62.4y = (20,0)(144). Since x + y = 16.00 — 10.00, oF 6.00 ft, head ldte : 63 For a gage pressure at A in Fig. 2-46 of ~1.58 psi find the specific gravity of gage liquid B. 1B (-1.58)(144) + [(1.60)(62.4)](20.50 ~ 9.00) ~ (0.6750)(11.25 ~ 9.00) + [(6.8.ug2)(62-4)](11.25 — 10.00) = 0 Sng = 1.0044 264 2.465 2.66 a CHAPTER 2 In Fig. 2-47, liquid A weighs 53.5 lb/ft’ and liquid B weighs 78.8 1b/ff. Manometer liquid M is mercury. Ifthe pressure at B is 30 psi, find the pressure at A. ! a= (S3.5)(6.5+ 1.3) + [(1.6)(62.4)\(1.3) + (78.8)(6.5-+ 10.0) = (30)(144) ‘Pa = 2334 Ib/ft? or 16.2 Ib/in® tan Ta osk oor Fig. 2-47 ‘What would be the manometer reading in Fig. 2-47 if pp ~ pis 165 kPa? I. Converting to Ib/t, pp — p= 3446 Ib/f. The mercury level wil rise some amount, x, on the left side of the ‘manometer and will fall by that amount on the right side of the manometer (see Fig. 2.48). Hence, taking ight densities from Prob. 2.64, p, ~ (S3.5(6.5 + 1.3 +2) + [(13.6)(62.4)](1.3 + 2x) + (78.8)(6.5 + 10.0 ~ 2] “T6Ade + 1986 = py — p= 3446, x = 0.89 ft; manometer reading = 13+ (2)(0.89) = 3.08 ft Fig. 248 In Fig. 2-49, water is contained in A and rises in the tube to a level 85 in above A; glycerin is contained in B. ‘The inverted U-tube is filled with air at 23 psi and 70°F. Atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia. Determine theFLUID STATICS 9 45 difference in pressure (psi) between A and B ify is 16 in. What is the absolute pressure in Bin inches of mercury and in feet of glycerin? ' Pa— (62.4)(8) = (23)(144) p= 3754.010/f Pa ~ ((1.26)(62.4)][(8S-16)/12] = (23)(144) py = 3764.1. b/ft? Pa— Pa = 3754.0 — 3764.1 = —10.11b/f? or -0.070 Ib/in? 3764.1/144 + 14.6)/{(13.6)(62.4)/(12)"] = 83.0 inFig (3764.1/144 + 14,6)/[(1.26)(62.4)/(12)"]=895.4in or 74.6ft of glycerin Fig. 249 267 Gas confined in a rigid container exerts a gage pressure of 150 kPa when its temperature is 7°C, What pressure would the gas exert at 67°C? Barometric pressure remains constant at 719 mmHg. ' Pam = {(13.6(9.79)|(0.719) = 95.7 KPa Pyyy=95.7 + 150= 245.7 kPa PMIT=paVsIT — (4S-1)(V)I2TS +7)=(psN(V)I(273 +67) [V (volume) is constant] P= 298.4 KPa (absolute) = 298.4 ~95.7 = 202.7 kPa (gage) 266 In Fig. 2-50, atmospheric pressure is 146 psia, the gage reading at A is 6.1 psi and the vapor pressure of the alcohol is 1.7 psi. Compute x and y I Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, (6.1 + 14.6)(144)}/(0.90)(62.4)] — x = (1.79(44)/(0.90)(62.4)], x = 48.72; [(6.1 + 14.6)(144)}/[(0.90)(62.4)] + (y + 4.2) — (4.2)(13.6/0.90) =0, y = 619K. Fig. 2-50 2.69 In Fig. 2:50, assume the following: atmospheric pressure = 858 mbar abs, vapor pressure of the alcoho! = 160 mbar abs, x = 2.90 m, y =2.10m. Compute the reading on the pressure gage (p.) and on the ‘manometer (2)46 0 CHAPTER 2 4H Working in terms of absolute pressure heads, [(?)aye + 858](0.100)/[(0.90)(9.79)] 2.90 = {160X010 9040.7) (Pade = 42 mbar, [CA + 85810 10) (0 90)9.79)] + 2.104 2)~ (2)(13.6/0.90) = 0, z=! 2.70 A pipeline contains an incompressible gas (y = 0.051b/ft?) at rest; at point A the pressure is 4.69 in of water. What is the pressure, in inches of water, at point B, 492 ft higher than A? The change in pressure in the atmosphere must be considered; assume, however, that O76 byt is constant. (Pal Yam (Pal Yam + 4.69/12 ft of water @ (Pal Yan = (Pal Pon +¥/12 fof water @ Subtracting Eq. (2) from Eq. (1), (Pal Pe (Pa! Dam (Pal Yam ~ (Pal Yam + 4-69)12~ x [12 @ (Pal Yam (Pal Pam = 492K of at = (492)(0.076/62.4) = 0.599 ft of water (Pal Pan (Pal Pan = 492.1 of gas = (492)(0.05/62.4) = 0.394 fe of water Substituting these relationships into Eq, (3), 0.394 = 0.599 + 4,69/12—x/12, x =7.15in of water. 2.71 Determine the pressure difference between points A and B in Fig. 2-51. pa + {(0.88)(9.79)](0.21) — [(13.6)(9.79)](0.09) — [(0.82)(9.79)|(0.41 - 0.09) + (9.79)(0.41 0.15) ~ (0.0118)(0.10) = pp Pa=Po=10.2kPa 2.72 InFig. 2-52, if pp pa =97.4 kPa, calculate H. ' Pa ~(9.79)(H/100) ~ [(0.827)9.79)](i&) + [(13.6)(9.79)](34-+ H +17)/100] = py 1.234H + 66.53=py—p,=97.4 H=25.0em ted ol 3g = 0827 Mercury Fig. 2552273 2 205 2.6 FLUID STATICS 0 47 For Fig. 253, if uid 1 is water and fluid 2 is mercury, and 24 = 0 and 2, Pa=Pam? 1 0+ (9.79)[0 ~ (1/100 ~ [(3.6)(9.79)]{22— (-1)100=0 2 Open. Pate =11.cm, what is level zz at which fava 2 Fig. 283 ‘The inclined manometer in Fig. 2-S4a contains Meriam red manometer il (6. = 0.827). Assume the reservoir is very large. What should the angle 0 be if each inch along the scale is to represent a change of 0.8 Ib/ft? in gage pressure p,? I From Fig. 2546, Ap = yAz, or 0.816 /8 = [0.827)(62.4 16/f€)] (i (sin 8) from which @ = 10.72°, w Zt wee ox eo hz Reservoir Fig. 2-54(a) ‘The system in Fig. 2-55 is at 20°C. Compute the absolute pressure at point A. ! a+ [(0.85)(62.4)]() ~ [(13.69(62.4)]() + (62.4)( (5) = (14.7)(144) p= 2691 Ib/ft* abs Fig. 254(6) Very small pressure differences p ~ pp can be measured accurately by the two-fiid differential manometer shown in Fig. 2-56. Density p, is only slightly larger than the upper fluid p,. Derive an expression for the proportionality between h and p~ pp if the reservoirs are very lage. pa + ough, ~ posh ~ prg(h ~h) = Pa. Pa~ Pa™ (D2 prgh. If (p2~ ps) is small, h will be large (sensitive). Mig. 2-5648 0 CHAPTER 2 2.77 Water flows downward in a pipe at 35°, as shown in Fig. 257. The pressure drop p, ~ p2is partly due to gravity and partly due to friction. The mercury manometer reads a S-in height difference. What is the total pressure drop p,—p:? What is the pressure drop due to friction only between 1 and 2? Does the manometer reading correspond only to friction drop? ' Pit (62A)(6sin 35° + x/12+ 8) — [13.6)(62.4) 4) — (62.4)(2/12)~ pr Pi=pr= 1129 1b/ft? (total pressure drop) Pressure drop due to friction only = [(13.6)(62.4) ~ 62.4](%) = 327.6 1b/f Manometer reads only the friction los. Mer % Wig. 257 2.78 Determine the gage pressure at point A in Fig. 2-58. H pa~(9.79)(0.50) + (0.0118}(0.33) + [(13.6)(9.79)](0.17) — {(0.83)(9.79)](0.44) =0 p= —14.17 KPa Pe Adem Water Mercury Fig. 2.58 2.79 In Fig. 259, calculate level A of the il inthe right-hand tube. Both tubes are open to the atmosphere. 1 0+ (9.799(0.110 + 0.240) ~[(0.83)(9.79)](0.240-+ h)=0 = 0.1817 m= 181.7 mm = h ‘tomm ou, 59.2003 | 240mm Water280 282 FLUID STATICS J 49 . 2-60a the inclined manometer measures the excess pressure at A over that at B. The reservoir diameter In £832, calibrate the scale in {is 25in and that ofthe inclined tube is in. For 9 =32° and gage Quid with s. si perf. Pa=WAh+Ay)+P» (see Fig. 2-606) p4—py= (Ah + Ay) From Fig. 2-606, (A,)(Ay) = (Ag)(R) or Ay = AgR/Aa, Ah = R sin 8, pa ~ po = ¥(R sin 0+ AgR/A,)= YR(sin 0+ AnlA4), An/An = [x(2)*/4\/Lx(2-5)/4] = hos Pa ~ Pa = [(0.832)(62.4)](R)(sin 32° + 9f)/144 = (.1947R. The scale factor i thus 0.1947 psi/t Fig. 2-60(6) Determine the weight W that can be equilibrated by the force acting on the piston of Fig. 2-61. ' Pimps RlAv= Bla, 1.25/{a(35)/4]=W/ln250)7/8] W=63.8KN 250mm giam 38mm aiam mr v sain > ES oi Rig. 261 Neglecting the container's weight in Fig. 2-62, find the force tending to lift the circular top CD. ' Peo ~ ((0.8)(62.4)(4)=0 peo = 199.7 Ib/te? F = pA = (199.7)[(2.5)*/4] = 980 Ib 1 as,50 0 CHAPTER 2 283 2.84 2.85 2.86 287 2.88 2.90 Find the force of oll on the top surface CD of Fig. 2-62 if the liquid level in the open pipe is reduced by 1.3m. F co ~ [(0.8)(62.4)]{4 ~ (1.393.281) =0 peo = -13.241b/f?(i.., a downward pressure by CD) F =pA=(~13.24)[x(2.57/4] = ~65.0 16 ‘A drum 2.25 ft in diameter filled with water has a vertical pipe of 0.70-in diameter attached to the top. How ‘many pounds of water must be poured into the pipe to exert a force of 1500 Ib on the top of the drum? ' = FIA=1500/{(2.25)/4]=371.316/f2 = ply =377.3/62.4= 6.05 ft Wage = (6.05) -x(0.70/12)*/4](62.4) = 1.01 16 In Fig. 2-63, the liquid at A and B is water and the manometer liquid is oil with s.g. = 0.80, hy = 300 mm, ‘fiz 200mm, and hy = 600 mm. (a) Determine p~ Pp. (6) If pp = 50kPa and the barometer reading is, 730 mmHg, find the absolute pressure at A in meters of water. 1@ Pa (9.79)( 2) — [(0.80)(9-79)] fe) + 9.79)() = Pe Pa~Pa= —1.37 KPa o Pa ~ (9-79) ~ [(0-80)(9.79) (BR) + (9.79) (8) = 50 Pa=48.63KPa_ (gage) = 48.63/9.79 + 224(13.6) =14.90m water (absolute) Fig. 2-63 In Fig. 2-63, 5.g-1= 1.0, 5..2= 0.96, 5.g.5= 1.0, hy = hy = 269 mm, and hy = 1.2-m. Compute pa — pp in rillimeters of water. ' Pa ~ (1.0)(269) ~ (0.96)(269) + (1.0)(1200) =p» pa ~ Pe = ~673 mm of water In Fig. 2-63, 5.9-1= 1.0, 5.8..= 0.94, 5.8.5= 1.0, Ay = 300mm, hy= 1-1 m, and pa — po = ~360 mm of water. Find the gage difference (h,) pa (1.0)(300) ~ (0.94)(43) + (1.01100) = Py Pa Pe 3 800+ (0.94)(h3) hy = 468mm. ‘What isthe pressure difference, in pounds per square inch, of a 1000-ft water column? ! P= yh = (62.4)(1000)/144 = 433 psi Find the pressure at a point 9.5 m below the free surface in a fluid whose density varies with depth h (in m) according to p= (450 kg/m’) + (11 kg/m‘ Wp = ydh = pg dh =(g)(450+ 11h) dh, Integrating both sides: p = ()(880h + 1147/2) For h= = (.81)(450)(.5) + (11)(.5)2]= 46.807 kPa If atmospheric pressure is 29.72 inHg, what will be the height of water in a water barometer ifthe temperature of the water is (a) 50°F, (6) 100°F, and (e) 150°F? ' P= yh = ((13.6)(62.4)](29.72/12) = 2102 Ib/#t? or 14,60 1b/in? (a) At 50°F, 7 = 62.4 Ib/f and Pras = 25.7/144, oF 0.178 Ib/in*, hyo = (14.60 ~ 0.178)(144)/62.4 = 33.28 (8) AL 100°F, 7 = 62.01b/f and Pega = fl, oF 0.938 Ib/i’, hyo = (14.60 — 0.938)(144)/62.0 = 31.73 ft. (©) At 150°F, y= 61.2 lb/ft and prays = fl, oF 3.78 Ibn’, hyo ~ (14.60 ~ 3.78)(144)/61.2 = 25.46 ft.FLUID STATICS 0 51 291 A bicycle tire is inflated at sea level (where atmospheric pressure is 14.6 psia and the temperature is 69°F) to ‘65.0psi. Assuming the tire does not expand, what is the gage pressure within the tire on the top of Everest (altitude 300000 ft), where atmospheric pressure is 4.3 psia and the temperature is ~38°F? I Let subscript 1 indicate sea level and subscript 2 indicate altitude 30 000 ft. (Pan =14.6465.0=79.6 psia ps Vi/T = p.VlTs (79.6(V)/(460 + 69) = (p.)(V)/[460 + (—38)] (Vis constant) (Prdan= 63.5 psia —(Pa)jge = 63.5 ~ 4.3 = 59.2 psi 2.92 Find the difference in pressure between tanks A and B in Fig. 2-64 if d and d,= 230mm. 330 mm, d;= 160 mm, dy = 480mm, 1 Pa + (9.79)(0.330) ~ [(13.6)(9.79)(0.480 + 0.230sin 45") = pp pa~ py = 82.33 KPa 293A oulindrical tank contains water at a height of $5 mm, as shown in Fig. 2-65. Inside is a smaller open cylindrical tank containing cleaning fluid (6. = 0.8) at height h. If» = 13.40 kPa gage and pe= 13.42 kPa gage, what are sage pressure p, and height h of cleaning fluid? Assume thatthe cleaning fluid is prevented from moving to the top of the tank. ' Pa (9.790.055) = 13.42 pq = 12.88 kPa 12.88 + (9.79)(0.055 — fh) + [(0.8)(9.79)} = 13.40 4 = 0.00942 m= 9.42 mm Ri Orn Water 55mm +t | h mia 1 Kerosene Py Pe Fig. 2465 the tube, 234 An open tube is attached to a tank, as shown in Fig. 2-66. If the water rises to a height of 800 mu ‘what are the pressures p4 and p» ofthe air above the water? Neglect capillary effects inthe tube. i Pa — (9.79){(800 — 300 - 100)/1000}=0 p,=3.92kPa Pa~ (9.79){(800 ~ 300)/1000]=0 py =4.90KPa52 0 CHAPTER 2 Precometer PT Pree! 2.95 For the setup shown in Fig. 2-67, what isthe pressure pif the specific gravity of the oil is 0.827 ' Pa + {(0.82)(9.79)](3) + (9.79)(4 ~ 3) ~ [(13.6)(9.79)](0.320)=0 py, =8.73 KPa 2.96 For the setup shown in Fig. 2-68, calculate the absolute 101.3 kPa, pressure at a. Assume standard atmospheric pressure, ! 101.3 + (9.79)(0.600 — 0.200) ~ [(13.6)(9.79)](0.140) + [(0.83)(9.79)](0.140 + 0.090) = px a= 88.44 KPa 2.97 A force of 460 is exerted on lever AB, as shown in Fig. 2-69. End B is connected to a piston which fits into a cylinder having a diameter of 6 mm. What force F, acts on the larger piston, ifthe volume between C and D is filed with water? I Let Fe = force exerted on smaller piston at C: Fe = (460)(%8%) = B43 N. Fe/Ac= Fo/Ap, (843)/{as8)"/4] = Fol {ex()/4], Fp = 15 830, oF 15.83 KN, 260mm —F,CHAPTER 3 Forces on Submerged Plane Areas 34 Ifa triangle of height d and base bis vertical and submerged in liquid with its vertex a te liquid surface (see Fig. 31), derive an expression forthe depth to its center of pressure. 3d : a f— b a Fig. 3-1 32 Ifa triangle of height d and base b is vertical and submerged in liquid with its vertex a distance a below the liquid surface (see Fig. 3-2), derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure. when le +22) 4 b#18___(, e ' hema p= (03) + erauany” (3) * ae aa) $+ ad/3+ 4/9) +d° _ 64+ Bad +302 18(a-+ 24/3) a+ 24/3) a d — | bob mse 33 Ifa triangle of height d and base bis vertical and submerged in liquid with its base at the liquid surface (Gee Fig. 3.3), derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure.54 0 CHAPTER 3 Ld ns 3.4 A circular area of diameter dis vertical and submerged in a liquid. Its upper edge is coincident with the liquid surface (see Fig. 34). Derive an expression for the depth to its center of pressure. whe tent, m/e dd 5d ' hoo hat UA 3* Gad) 28 8 35 A vertical semicircular area of diameter d and radius is submerged and has its diameter ina liquid surface (see Fig. 3-5). Derive an expression forthe depth tits center of pressure 1x e)- ; tr {x18 ~8/08)K-) Ts) Gs) terete oo” ' hemhat jit he els 3.6 A dam 20m long retains 7 m of water, as shown in Fig. 3-6. Find the total resultant force acting on the dam and the location of the center of pressure. HF = yhA = (9.79){(0 + 7)/21{(20)(7/sin 607) = 5339 KN. The center of pressure is located at two-thirds the total water depth of 7 m, or 4.667 m below the water surface (ie., hay = 4.667 m in Fig. 3-6).FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS [7 55 37 A vertical, rectangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig. 3-7. Determine the total resultant force acting on the gate and the location of the center of pressure. Fa phgA = (9.79)(3-+ 1.2/2)[2(1.2)] = 84.59 KN ah + = (3442) @a.2yn2 harhatgp= (0422) og -200 Fig. 3-7 38 Solve Prob. 3.7 by the integration method. ' Ff naa [om 925)= 09.39] +Z] =o ies yea [omersveay _09.58)19y +37? +9312 ws 59 39° A vertical, triangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig 38. Determine the total resultant force acting ‘on the gate and the location of the center of pressure. 7 F = phegA = (62.4)(6+ 3/3){(2(3)/2] = 13101 oe 23)736 hag heat eG (6+3)+ Crs hg= = 3.633 m, 07 fe RISTO Fig. 3886 0 CHAPTER 3 3.0 3a. aaa 33 Solve Prob. 3.9 by the integration method. ' F = phgA = [(0.82)9.79)][4-+ (1+ 1.2/2)(sin 40") (0.8)(1.2)] = 38.75 KN B= [ (624464 (2-293) ) = [(62.4)02—2y ~ 29/3) dy = (62.4129 —y?— 29/98 = 131018 fru [encrve-we [eon-o-yod F 1310 1310 (62.4) 72y = 29" = ¥' 168 - ait 7.07 ft ‘An inclined, rectangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig. 3-9. Determine the total resultant force acting on the gate and the location of the center of pressure, 1! F = phegA = (62.4)[8 + 1(4 005 60°)]{(4)(5)] = 11 23010 ee 4), ana sereat = (Sart) * Gomer rT Fig. 39 Solve Prob. 3.11 by the integration method. rT Ff riaa~ [624y8+ycossorisy)= @ra[8y +2] = 11230 fora [eoaesyensrrsay [omers rye aa, T1230 11230 _GI2yI64y + 4y2 + yy oe =9.04 ft Note: /iy isthe vertical distance from the water surface to the center of pressure. The distance from the water surface t0 the center of pressure as measured along the inclination of the gate (z.,) would be 9.04/c0s 60°, or 18.08 ft. ‘An inclined, circular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig. 3-10. Determine the total resultant force acting on the gate and the location of the center of pressure. Ui F = thagA=(0-79)[1.5 + \(10sin 6°)][x(1.0)7/4] = 14.86 KN wreath ee DS (1.03/64 =2.260m a nar] mar cE?FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS J 57 Mig. 3:10 344A vertical triangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fig. 3-11. Determine the total resultant force ‘acting on the gate and the location of the center of pressure. 1 Fm phcgA = (9.79)[3 + H(1)NC-2\(1)/2] = 21.54 KN 0.290736 Brolaz@A 8" haga hat = (3+ OO Fig. 311 SAS Solve Prob. 3.14 by the integration method. I Fa yhaa, From Fig. 311, y/x = 1/12. Therefore, x=1.2y. (627990 + 1137 d7)= ['41.75)0y +7? 4p = (1.79) E42] =n. s4nN fra [omarvazay [01799 +67+y ra fem F 21.54 21.54 (= (11.75)199°/2 + 2y" + 148 ars 3.68m58 0 CHAPTER 3 3.46 A tank containing water is shown in Fig. 3-12. Calculate the total resultant force acting on side ABCD of the ‘container and the location of the center of pressure. 5 Fr yha = (62.4){(0 + 6)/2I[(20)(6)] = 22.500 Ib ha = GX6)=4.00% (vertically below the water surface) Fig. 3:12 3.7 The gate in Fig. 3-13 is 4 ft wide, is hinged at point B, and rests against a smooth wall at A. Compute (a) the force on the gate due to seawater pressure, (6) the (horizontal) force P exerted by the wall at point A, and (©) the reaction at hinge B. 1@ F = tha = (6417 ~2){(4)(12)] = 30 106 6 oO yg Ths LOAD _ 9 5370 hed OT OOD) TMs=0 —— (PYT.2)~(30106)'12-6-0.537)=0 P= 22843 1b © De=0 B, + (30106)(32)—22843=0 — B, = 47791b DR=0 —_B,-G0106)%$)=0 By = 240851 Pat Wal Seawater y=64lb te we Fig. 3413(a) Fig. 31306) 3.18 Repeat Prob. 3.17, but instead let the hinge be at point A and let point B rest against a smooth bottom. F(a) From Prob. 3.17, F = 3010616. (6) From Prob. 3.17, y= ~0.837 46; E Ma =O; (8,)0.6) ~ (0 106)(6+0.537) = 0, B, = 205001b. © DA=0 0106) (%8)—4,=0 A, = 180641 TH=0 A, ~G0106)(48)+20500=0 4, = 3585FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS J 59 ‘A tank of dye has a right-triangular panel near the bottom as shown in Fig. 3-14a. Calculate the resultant force ‘on the panel and locate its center of pressure. 1 P= thgA = pphegA = (S20)9.81)(6+ 88 + 168+ 4)] = 16.22 MN b — 2s)(hy/72 = (4-4 8)[(4 +8) — (24 + 8)|(8 + 1697/72 = -1152 m* mhysin @__ ~(-1152)(sin 30°) hed "GF 88+ 168+) Xe = +0.286m (The resultant force acts at 1.143 m down and 0.286 m to the right of the centroid.) \t bh? | Due er \i La I 4@-28) Pepe Pee Fig. 3-14(6) Gate AB in Fig. 3-15 is 1.0m long and 0.9 m wide. Calculate force F on the gate and the position X of its center of pressure. ' F = YhegA = [(0.81)(9.79)](3 + (1 + 1.0/2)(sin 50°)(0.9)(1.0)] = 29.61 kN her sin __=((0.99(1.0°/12Isin 50") hee BFC +1.0/2¥(sin SOH[O.I)C.0}} 015 m from the centroid 1.0/2 +0.015 =0.515 m from point A60 9 CHAPTER 3 321 322 323 ‘A fishpond gate 6 ft wide and 9 ft high is hinged at the top and held closed by water pressure as shown in Fig 3-16. What horizontal force applied at the bottom of the gate is required to open it? 1 Fa yhegA = (CLAY8 + 4.5){(6(9)] = 42 12010 hy (oyna ine Gasooi” Oo" TMa=0 (PY) ~(42.120)(13.04~8)=0 P= 2358716 ag hag + Em (B44.5) +: Fig. 3:16 ‘A vat holding paint (6.g. = 0.80) is 8 m long and 4m deep and has a trapezoidal cross section 3 m wide at the bottom and 5m wide atthe top (see Fig. 3-17). Compute (a) the weight of the paint, (6) the force on the bottom of the vat, and () the force on the trapezoidal end panel 1@ W = WV =[(0.809(9.79)](8)(4)(5 + 3)/2] = 1002 KN ) Fa YhgA Fone ={(0:80)(9.79)\(4)(3)(8)] =752 KN (0) Fons Fane RF = [(0.80)(9.79)} (0+ 4)/21(4))] + (2)(0.80(9.79)] 1419/2] = 230 kN Fig. 3:17 Gate AB in Fig. 3-18 is 5 ft wide, hinged at point A, and restrained by a stop at point B. Compute the force on the stop and the components of the reaction at A if water depth h is 9 ft. ‘ F = phaA = (62.4)(9 — 3)[)(5)] = 7020 Ib Jog a8 _ SIE) ekg O= 3 DMa=0 — (BG)—(7020)(1.5+0.100)=0 B= 3744 1b DA=0 — 7020-374-A,=0 4, =32761b If gate weight is neglected, A, = 0. 0.100FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 1 61 ver Fig. :18(2) Fig. 3-18(5) In Fig. 38, stop B will break ifthe force on it reaches 9000 Ib. Find the critical water depth, = thyA= - 7 UEP /24sin HP) _ 1 Fo the = (624) heg(BVS)= 930 Yo FG eg VSN) mM, (9000)(3) ~ (936h)(1.5 + 0.750/h) =O LTB ft hg = 18.734 1.5= 20.23 In Fig. 3-18, hinge A will break if its horizontal reaction becomes equal to 80001b. Find the criti water depth. I From Prob. 3.24, F = 936, and y hg = 17.59 fhe = 1759 + 1.3 = 19.09. 0.750; E Mp = 0; (936h,.)(1.5 ~ 0.7507) ~ (8000)(3) = 0, Calculate the resultant force on triangular window ABC in Fig. 319 and locate its center of pressure. ' F = YhtagA = (10.08)[0.25 + (3)(0.60)}1(0.40)(0.60)/2} = 0.786 kN ug bh*[36 = (0.40)(0.60) /36 = 0.00240 mt ota sin 8 =(0.00240){sin 90°) Ye gA (0.25 GY(0.60)]{(0.40)(0.60)/2] 31mm (ce., below the centroid) ny = b(b ~25)(h)"/72 = 0.40f0.40 ~ (2)(0.40)](0.60)7/72 = ~0.000800 m* Hla sin =(--0.000800)(sin 90°) aA [025+ HO.60)]{(0.40)(0.60)72} a =+Homm tight of the centroid) 2c ‘y=10.08 N/m? F:62 0 CHAPTER 3 327 328 Freshly poured concrete approximates a luid with s.g. = 2.40. Figure 3-20 shows a slab poured between wooden forms which are connected by four comer bolts A, B, C, and D. Neglecting end effects, compute the forces in the four bolts ' F = thaA = (2.40) 62.4](B)(0)12)]=97 44> sin 8 —[9)(2)"/12Ksi0 90) 20K A (eAIONaZy— ~~? TM=0 — OMAII-C704)6+2.0)=0 Rak =323481 LMc=0 (97 044)(6-2.00)—(2)(F,)(12)=0 Fy = Fy = 1617416 +1 Bin Fig. 3.20 Find the net hydrostatic force per unit width on rectangular panel AB in Fig. 3-21 and determine its line of action. ' Fo O.1)2414D1QNU)=78.32EN Fey, = (12.3641 + 912M] = 49.44 Fac Figo ~ Fae = 78.32 ~49.44-= 2858 RN son ee _al@eynaisinsoy Come ee1 +H) ~~ may = =LDANAGIN9) 5 66 (a+ DIQO1 =M,=0 ((78.32)(1 ~ 0.0833) — (49.44)(1 — 0.1667) = 28.88D D=1.059m (above point B, as shown in Fig. 3-21c) a + A we th ae cyan * ae TATOOS TTT 2 : Fig. 3:21(@), Fig. 3:21(6) Fig. 3:21(c)FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 3.29 Acylindrical, wooden-stave barrel i 3.5 ft in diameter and 5 ft high, as shown in Fig. 3-72. It is held together by steel hoops atthe top and bottom, each with a cross section of 0.40 in’. Ifthe barre is filled with orange juice (6g. = 1.04), compute the tension stress in each hoop. ' P= yhgA = [(1.08)(62.4)\([.5)(5)] =2839 1b _rhesin OIG. 2N6in 90) 20 A F(a ST Mp0 —— 2839($— 0.833) —20Fege)(5) =O Faggr = ATID SMa 0 2Fnn)(5) ~2839(4 + 0.833) 0 Feng = 94610 Supe: =473/0.40 = 1182 psi Span = 946/0.40 = 2365 ps fe hey 2 Fy a ses 25 ome — 4t4.— : asee | TS Jerre wer ier B Fig. 3-22(a) 7 Fig. 3:22(6) 330 Gate AB in Fig. 3-230 is 16 t long and 8 ft wide. Neglecting the weight of the gate, compute the water level h for which the gate will start to fall. ' F = phegA = (62.4)(4/2){(8(h/sin 60°)] = 288.247 Iu sin @_ ~[8(h/sin 60°)°/12\(sin 60°) Yee = -0.1925h hha 2B sin 60] TMp=0 ——(11000)(16) - (288.247)[(h/sin 60°)/2-0.1925h]=0 = 117K64 0 CHAPTER 3 3.31 Repeat Prob. 3.30, including the weight of the 2-in-thick steel (s.g. = 7.85) gate. (See Fig. 3-24.) Wye =[(7-85)(62.4)]1(16)(8)(4)] = 1045016. From Prob. 3.30, F = 288.247; Mp =0, (11.000)(16) ~ (288.245) [(h/sin 60°)/2 — 0.1925h] ~ 10 450(4# cos 60°) = 0, h = 10.7 ft. 000 te aa zoos co Fig. 3:24 3.32 A horizontal duct coming from a large dam is 2.5 m in diameter; itis closed by a circular door whose center or centroid i 45 m below the dam's water level. Compute the force on the door and locate its center of pressure. 1 P= phgA=(9.79)(45)[x(2.5)7/4)] = 2163kN = r'/4= x(38)"/4 = 1.917 mt sin _-(.917)in90°) Pe Tg ONS IAN Line of action of Fis 8.7 mm below the centroid ofthe door. '= ~0.0087 m 3.33 Gate AB in Fig. 325 is semicircular, hinged at B. What horizontal force Pis required at A for equilibrium? Farin) =(4)4)/Gx) = 1.698 F = yg = (9.79)(6 + 4— 1.658)[22(4)?/2)] = 2043 KN 8 _ -{(0.10976)(4)"](sin 90°) G+ 4—1.68)[x(4772)] (2043)(1.698-0.1347)—4P=0 P=798kN 0.1347 m = rera F Fig. 3-25(a) Fig. 3-25(6) Fig. a 334 Dam ABC in Fig. 3-26 is 38m wide and made of concrete weighing 22 kN/m°. Find the hydrostatic force on surface AB and its moment about C. Could this force tip the dam over?3.38 FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 65 HF = yhgA = (9.79Y$){(38)(80)] = 952371 EN. F acts at (2)(80), oF 53.33 m from A along surface AB (see Fig. 3266): For the given triangular shape, the akitude from C to AB intersects AB 5.2m from A (see Fig. 3-266). Hence, Mc = (952 371)(53.33 — 51.2) = 2028 550 KN. Since the moment of F about point C is ‘counterclockwise, there is no danger of tipping. = . a Water 20°C I oS, SZ 4a Zo) BLES: i 7 “ac k--4em Fig. 32640) BK sem tS Mig. 32616) Isosceles triangular gate AB in Fig. 3-27 is hinged at A. Compute the horizontal force P required at point B for equilibrium, neglecting the weight of the gate. FAB =3/sin 6 =3.464m P= hag =[(0.82)(9.79) 2+ 1.00){(1.2(3.464)/2] = 50.05 kN DMy=0 — 3P~($0.05).464/3-+0.1924) =0 P= 22.47 EN Fig. 3-270) Fig. 3-2706) 336 The tank in Fig. 3-28 is 40 em wide. Compute the hydrostatic forces on horizontal panels BC and AD. Neglect atmospheric pressure. ! P= th pac =[(0.84)(9.79)](0.35 + 0.40) + (9.79)(0.25) = 8.615 kPa F=pA —— Fyc=(8.615){(1.20)(0.40)] = 4.135 kN Pav = ((0.84)(9.79)|(0.40) = 3.289 kPa Fy = (3.289)[(0.55)(0.40)] = 0.724 KN66 J CHAPTER 3 wf | ; ali alae “1 FHt0em jabem Solvent sgs086 water abe -+-———120cm—_+4° Fig. 3:28 337 Water in a tank is pressurized to 85 cmHg (Fig. 3-29). Determine the hydrostatic force per meter width on panel AB. Hn panel AB, pag ={(13.6)9.79 (0.85) + (.79)(6-+ 9) = 167.0 kPa, Fay = (167.0){(3)(1] = 501 kN. Fig. 3:29 338 Calculate the force and center of pressure on one side of the vertical triangular panel ABC in Fig. 3-30. i F= yh = (62.4)(1 + 6){(9)(6)/2] = 11794 Ib Tog = (6)(9)°/36 = 121.5 ft Jasin @ sin90)_ Jer RA "d+ H1@KOr ~ O°" ASO iggy gw ria, ~(-40 5650507) by Th en oe heA (1+ 6)f(9)(6)/2} ae ‘Thus, the center of pressure is 6 + 0.64, or 6.64 ft below point A and 2 +0.21, or 2.21 ft to the right of point B. 339 Fig. 331, gat AB is 4m wide andis connected bya rod and pulley toa massive sphere (6g. =2.40). What is the alles radius that wl Keep the gate closed? ’ Fa thgA = (.79)9-+ 31003) = 12344 (3)N2H5iN 7) 6 om ora@ay 7° ST Me=0 —— (Weyaee)(7+943)—(1234)3—1.5-0.071) =O Weynre™ 92.8 KN Woynace ™ Y(400°/3) 92.8 = [(2.40)(9.79) (4277/3) =0.98m340 FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS J 67 ate : NN Fon 44° Fig. 3302) Fig. 33006) Spherical Fig. 331 ‘The triangular trough in Fig. 332i hinged at A and held together by cable BC at the top. If cable spacing is ‘1m into the paper, what is the cable tension? 7 F = phe = 0-1)(NB-TTD] = 213.3 N he sin 8 -[Q8.7177/124in 35%) re hgA HEA) IM=0 (TY + 5) — (213.3)(4.359 - 1.453)=0 T= 88.5KN = 1.453 m. Fig. 3:32(0)68 0 CHAPTER 3 341 InFig. 333, gate Ais Aft wide and opens to lt fresh water out when the ocean tide is falling. The hinge at A is3ft above the freshwater surface. At what ocean depth will the gate open? Neglect the gate's weight. Bo Fa yhgA R= (2ANCRICN)]= 179 —_ = [C.025)62.4)}4/2914)0)] = 127.944 TMe=0 — (1279KIUZ+3-H/3)-(1797G+8)=0 ha LS 4 BFF ye ag [SSP 12 L Fr fo ait oe Fig. 333(0) Fig. 3:33(0) 3.42 Show that depth h in Prob. 3.41 independent of gate width b (perpendicular to the paper). I Areas, and hence pressure forces, are directly proportional to b. Thus b will cancel out of the equation ¥ My =0 that determines fh, 343 Compute the force on one side of parabolic panel ABC in Fig. 3-34 and the vertical distance down to the center of pressure. ! F = yhegA = (9.79)(1 + 6)[()(10)(6)] = 2741 kN, = A(AAY = (OH?) ~ [OHIO = GXOAOY ~ [XG IGA) = 274.3 m* fa sin 8 _ ~(274.3)(sin 90°) 20 hg T+ HNEIGOVE)) Hence, the center of pressure is 6 + 0,980, or 6.980 m below point A. 0.980 m, Parabola Fig. 3:34(0) Fig. 3:34(6)FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS J 69 344 Circular gate ABC in Fig. 3-35 is 4m in diameter and is hinged at B. Compute the force P just sufficient to keep the gate from opening when h is 8 m. 1 F = YhcgA = (9.79)(8){(4)*/4] = 984.2 kN d*/64 = x(4)'/64= 12.57 m* 257609) o5m A @le@maT Os DMa=0 (PY) (984.2)(0.125)=0 P= 61.SKN Yom Water h ave ie —_ 2m 2m cer F = | P Fig. 335(@) are Fig. 3:35(6) 345 For the conditions given in Prob. 3.44, derive an analytical expression for P as a function of h. i F=yhgA= phala(r)] Ing = mr /4 yup e888, =U P14 sin 907) _ =P? ena MNT TMe=0 Pr [hal aMFMOP MAN] = 0 P= yas (Note that force P is independent of depth h.) 346 Gate ABC in Fig. 3-36 is 2m square and hinged at B. How large must h be for the gate to open? The gate will open when resutant force Facts above point B—i.., when |yq1 <0.2m. (Note in Fig. 3:36 that yy is the distance between and the centroid of gate ABC.) _ Tha sin 8 _ ~[2(2)°/12\(sin 907) _ -1.333, ThA FLOOR) hes For |p| <0.2,1.333/(4h + 4) <0.2, h > 0.666%. (Note that this result is independent of Nuid weight.) rT sett am He te abn ee F Fig. 3-36(6) Yor Fig. 3:36(0)70 0 CHAPTER 3 347 — Gate AB in Fig. 3-37 is 6 ft wide and weighs 2000 Ib when submerged. It is hinged at B and rests against a ‘smooth wall at A. Determine the water level h which will just cause the gate to open, Fo Fe thgA R=Mh+ DIINO] =37Hh-+ 14976 = 62.45 + H[(10)(6)] = 33.6961 clasin@ Gy _ fOr) _ ~67 Ihe te GOO" BHA _rlouoyn2y) : Ooe= “Se HG] ~~O7E DMs (B144h + 14976)[5 ~ 6.67/(h + 4)] ~ (33 696)(5 — 0.741) ~ (20003) "0h =5.32ft Fig. 33710) Fig. 33700) 3.48 The tank in Fig. 3.38 contains oil and water as shown. Find the resultant force on side ABC, which is 4 ft wide. ' F=YhgA Fan = [(0-80)(62.4)](F)1(10)(4)] = 9980 Ib Fp acts ata point (3)(10), or 6.67 t below point A. Water is acting on area BC, and any superimposed liquid ‘can be converted to an equivalent depth of water. Employ an imaginary water surface (IWS) for this calculation, locating IWS by changing 10 ft of oil to (0.80)(10), or 8 ft of water. Thus, Fac = (62.4)(8 + §){(6)(4)] = 16 470 Ib. a ahesin® _ [4NO"N246sin 90) peek NOC gece Fac acts at a point (248 + § +0.27), of 13.27 ft below A. 5: My =0; (9980 + 16 470)( lt.) — (9980)(6.67) — (16 470)(13.27)=0, iy = 10.78 ft from A. Thus, the total resultant force on side ABC is 9980 + 16470, or 26.450 Ib acting 10.78 ft below A. (ie., below the centroid of BC)349 . a1 ase FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 71 Gate AB in Fig 339s 4ft wide and hinged at A. Gage G reads ~2.17 psi, while oil (5.2. = 0.75) is in the right tank, What horizontal force must be applied at B for equilibrium of gate AB? ' Fa tha Fu {(0.75)(62.4) (){(6K8)} = 337010 Fa acts @)(6), oF 4.0ft from A. For the left sie, the negative pressure due to the air can be converted to its equivalent head in feet of water. h = p/y = (—2.17)(144)/62.4 = ~5.01 ft. This negative pressure head is. equivalent to having 5.01 ft less water above A. Hence, Fy.o = (62.4)(6.99 + $){(6)(4)] = 14 960 Ib. ta (6.99 + S{(6)(4)I Fiyo acts at (0.30-+ §), oF 3.30. below A. 5 Ma =O; (3370)(4.0) + OF ~ (14 960)(3.30) = 0, F'= 5980 1 (acting leftward) Jer = 0.308 AA vertical circular disk 1.1 m in diameter has its highest point 0.4m below the surface of a pond. Find the ‘magnitude of the hydrostatic force on one side and the depth to the center of pressure. ' F= phgA=(0.79)(0.4-+ 1.1/2) a)(L1)/4] = 8.84 KN Se Ln (21.1) 164 at ii” (04+) THOTT = 1.03m ‘The vertical plate shown in Fig. 3-40 is submerged in vinegar (s.g. = 0.80). Find the magnitude of the hydrostatic foree on one side and the depth to the center of pressure. : nee (0.80)(9.79)](2 + 3){(3)(7)1 = 905 KN hat Saas = ant rg a (0.80)69.79)][2-+ 3+ 4/2124] = 439 KN (ayn ue: een 2434401 Say” om = 905 +439= SHEEN 1344.5 = (005)(6.24) + (439)(7.19) hag = 655m surtace 4m Fig. 3-40 ‘The irrigation head gate shown in Fig. 3-41a is a plate which slides over the opening to a culvert. The coefficient of friction between the gate and its sliding ways is 0.5. Find the force required to slide open this 1000-1b gate ifit is set (a) vertically and (6) on a 2:1 slope (n= 2 in Fig, 3-41a), as is common,72 0 CHAPTER 3 354 HW (@) F = phegA = (62.4)[14 + (f8)/21[(1)(€8)] = 25 740 Ib. Let T = force parallel to gate required to open it. YE =O; T — 1000 —(0.5)(25 740) =O, T = 13870 b. (6) See Fig. 3415. F= (62.4){14 + 8(1/V3)/2112)()] = 23 $84 Ib. Let N = total force normal to gate; N= 23 584 + (1000)(2/V5) = 24478 Ib. EF, = 0; T — (1000)(1/V5) — (0.5)(24 478) = 0, T = 12.686 1b. “ Fig. 341(6) {A 65-i-square floodgate, weighing 2200 Ib, is hinged 44.5in above the center, as shown in Fig. 3-42, and the {ace is inclined 5° to the vertical. Find the depth to which water will ise behind the gate before it will open. ' Closing moment of gate about hinge = (2200) (*(sin 52] = 71 Ib f F = tha A= (62.4) (h/2M (8)(5)lc08 5" = 169.64 TMi 0 (169.642) (65 + 129/12 - Choos St/3]-T11=0 = 0.8264 "2 Fig. 3-42 Gate MN in Fig. 343 rotates about an axis through N, If the with ofthe gate is 5 ft, what torque applied tothe shaft through IN is required to hold the gate closed? Fo Pa thgA — R=OA6-+G+4)/211G+4)(5)]= 207481 = (62.4)(4)[(5)(4)] = 24961 (5)(3-+ 4)*/12}(sin 90°) _ wea OMG GrHMTG+ HE] Oe Facts at (3)(4), or 1.333 ft from N. E My = 0; (20 748)(3 + 4/2 ~ 0.430] —(2496)(1.333) — torque = 0, torguey = 60 369 1b ft achasin3.56 FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 73 Find the minimam depth of z for which the gate in Fig. 344 will open, ifthe gate i (a) square and (6 isosceles triangular, with base = height. 1@ F=yhgA Fugo = (62.4\(z ~ 33)(3)] = (561.6)(z ~ 1.5) ‘asin @ 3)(3)"/12\(sin 90°) _ -0.750 fA OMMO~"G_ HEY F-15 Moment due to water = [(561.6)(z — 1.5)][3 + 0.750/(z — 1.5)] = (561.6)(1.5z — 1.500) Free pA=[S)[(3X9) = 480%, Fr aca or 15 blow ge, Moment eto gas (680)(.5)= Yo= ‘7201 - ft. Equating moments gives (561-6)(1.52 — 1.500) = 9720, z = 12.54 ft. ) Fao = (62.4)fz — (@)M@)13)/21 = (280.8)(2 — 2.000) [3)(3)"/36)(6in 907) __ 0.500 Ohio GYAIGYB)/A] z= 2.000 ‘Moment due to water = (280.8)(2 ~ 2.000)][3 + 0.500/(z — 2.000)] = 280.82 — 421.2 Fone ((5)(144)]{)(3)/2] = 3240 Ib. Fy, acts at 3, or 1.000 ft below hinge. Moment due to gas = (4240)(1.000) = 3240 Ib - ft. Equating moments gives (280.82 ~ 421.2)= 3240, z = 13.06 ft et frsven Fig. 344 ‘The triangular gate CDE in Fig. 3-45 is hinged along CD and is opened by a normal force P applied at E. It holds a liquid of specific gravity 0.82 above it and is open to the atmosphere on its lower side. Neglecting the ‘weight of the gate, find (a) the magnitude of force exerted on the gate, by direct integration; (6) the location of the center of pressure; and (¢) the force P needed to open the gate. H (@ F=f yhda=f yly sin ed). When y linearly with y. Hence, =y~8. When y = 14, x with y- Hence, x=20~y. x =0, and when y = 8+ %, or 14, x =6, with x varying ‘and when y =8 +12, or 20, x =0, with x varying linearly F -[ [(0.82)(62.4)](y sin 30)[(y — 8) dy] + [v .82)(62.4)}(y sin 30°)[(20 ~ y) dy] ~102ny62.(6nan{[2-07]"+ [197-2 ]}-a0n sengin® Sie y= 0,290 ah sin 8 __—{2(6)(F)*/12\(sin 30°) Me pg [E+ BY sin IP 12)(G)/2} (he resue emeris048 flo te ened eased inte pln of he). 0.43 tt © TMeo=0 OP = (128948) P= 429816