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  • National Geographic Magazine 1916-01

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    National Geographic Magazine

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    104 visualizações116 páginas

    National Geographic Magazine 1916-01

    Enviado por

    Ray Frausto
    National Geographic Magazine

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
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    GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. | LEXIE RAMA Ht pe ey se J BZ Rts, FOTOS f ae CONTENTS 16 Pages of Photogravure ¢34| How the World Is Fed 4) A Practical As od Supply of the World, of the tica’s Gi riution to Human at WILLIAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER With 85. inns ISHED BY TH PUBLI E NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HAL! ‘AS! ooo NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIRTEENTH AND M STREETS. WASHINGTON DC 0. H, THTTMANN ‘ pessioent JOHNE PILLSAURY viCk-wmesiDENT H.GROSVENOR. timectae ano rojo JOHN JOY EQSON series GILBERT H. 6 FB EICHELBERGER . ass/sTaNT TREASUNEN JOHN OLIVER LAGORCE . ASFOCIATE EDITION GEORGE W. HUTCHISON. assistant stceetany 0. P. AUSTIN . ss) SREMETANY WILLIAM J SHOWALTER ASSISTANT EDITOR BOARD OF MANAGERS ra1eto16 19151917 tore-t918 ALEXANDERGRAHAMBELL CHARLES J. BeLt. FRANKLIN Ivers ofthe tlepbaine mt Amerian Setiity, Sacra Howarp Gore Hexry FL BLounr Prof, Emeritue Mathematicr, JOHN JOY EO8¢ ‘Vicw-Presiden! American Se ‘Tha tie, Wachingwon Unie,” Prenkdent Washington Loans» snl a That! Coonan A.W. GREELY Tees Coraeaay, ©. M, CHESTER Inectic Esniorer, Malor Gen'i DAVID FAIRCHILD Rear Adimical U US. Aney In.Chases of Agrinetues! Ex: Formerly Supt ditaees Fe Guaaewon arabian Ope oF a oon Editor of Niationat Geographic C. HART MERRIAM Faepenice V. Covinie uaa Member Notions! Acatemy of Maetirty, Prmxiont at Wash Grorae OTs SMH ‘Setentas E. i or Digsctoe ot Geoleeal QO. DP. AvSTIN Jonny af emmy mare Staines per Nia 0. H. TerpMann Kegan Formerly Suominiendqi? of TEORGE R. PUTRAM pat ear ire en RuDOLDN KALFEMANN ter Manazing fdiior The Henin Henry Waire Geonde Sturas, 30 ‘Sur Former U.S. Awmssuiorto Parmer Member U. T. L. MAgnONALD ‘ramen, Vin eke a. autnal Naturalis ‘WidtGsie Photowen TucSAtmy, GRANT SQUIRES fottinginects New York Formerly Dirsctoe Ul. S. Bue ff Certs ‘To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-seven years ago, namely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine, All receipts from the publication are vested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of Beography Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- tion is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be addressed : GILBERT H, GROSVENOR, Evtron CONTRIBUTING EDITORS A.W. Greety, Auexanper GRAHAM BELL C. Marr MERRIAM Davin FAIRCHILD Q, He Trrtmans Huan M. Sarre: Roserr HOLLISTER CHAPMAN N.M, Date Wacter T. Swinane Prank M. CHapaan a ieternd at-the FustOdice nt Washingion, DC, a= Secoqd-Clawe Mall Matter Goppright, tt ty National Seciety, Wathington. 1, AtL rights feasted VoL. XXIX, No. 1 WASHINGTON JANUARY, 1916, NATIONAL _| GEOGRAPHIC. MAGAZINE | HOW THE WORLD IS PED By Winriaat Josue Suowaurer present juncture, while greit issues of world politics hang critically upon the effort of the Entente Powers in the European war to force the Central Howers into submission ty drawing around them the steel ring of war and the gold ring of hunger, it is more than interesting to take an inven- tory of the world’s market basket, and to pause for a passing monrent tosee what effect war has had on the world's food. in the fiast, what effect it is hay ing and, If possible, to forecast its fect upon ‘the future food problems of the earth, [if we go back one hundred years it will he discovered that France was facing al- most the same problems then that Ge ne today. England's fleet ded Franec’s ports then just as thhey Hockiste Warmaity'stbdig and aver foodstuffs had-litile chance ty reach Freneh. How far this went, and how great atr effect it had on conditinns in Napaleon's ‘Empire, is revealed by phe fact that sugar sold for two dollars a pound, And thar the world is not sugar-hungey today ie. 49, i shept take fer Nea creome the effect of the blockade on Years before, some [*russian ntists had been trying to get stgar from the beet, and, under the patromige of the King of Prussia, Frederick Wil- far TH Seconded tntheir task. Nupoleon borrowed their ideas, Set ty ngar factories aronnd Lille, and gave to the bect-sugar industry: that im- petus which has resulted in its develop inent to a point where it yields half of the world's supply of sugar (see page $6) Wan AxD CANS Goxiba The Little Corporal saw himself seri ously enibarrassed in the matter af food supplies for his army. Le wanted some- thing for his men besides things that were dried or smoked—a desire that was enhanced hy his knowlege that millions of dollars in valuable hut perishable foods: were wasted because of the: Lack of artes quate means of preserving them, He therefore offered a prize of twelve thotsand francs to any one who would devise q practicable method of preserv- ing such foodstuffs. Such a method was quickly evaived, and out of it has grawa the world’s canting indistry—one of the important steps thal civilization has taken in the direction of insuring nrankind inst famine (see nlso page 6). Tt is not improbable that the presetst war will bring to mankind new methods: in the feeding of the sace that will prove s important as these brought out by the poleonic wars, It has been ann lately that the Germans have dh ie method of producing. pow eed! yeast with fat of sugar and nitrogen from: and thus secure that most im- fall of the elements that: enter ‘oteln. Examples hites of eges. the portant Into the werkd’s dict: af protein are the | eee GR By HOW THE WORLD Is FED 8 muscles of ments, the casein of milk, the gluten of flour, and the nitrogenous fats. Tt may also happen that as a result of the war will come the utilzation of other plant products thin those now entering into direct use as human fond. There are approximately half an i ‘of plants in the world, and thousand of them are used at all for food, while only a few Iimdred of these arc used to any important extent. Some of the plants which we now grow ure ex- pensive food—prodicers, sortie produce food that is dificult to digest, and some give o small yield per acre. EVELOPING NIW FOONS We are comstantly develop foods, It is only fitthe more tha centuty since the tomato was a of the South, known as the “love apple.” ant sed to scare the staves, who thought it poisonous. Corm came ta us from the Indians, and has-hecume one of the lead ing cereal crops Of the world, Tt is less than & century age that te lima bean came to us from South America, and the fiotato was tinkniown to civilization be- fore the white man went to: Her and Colombia (ite page 42). Todsy ‘representatives of all of the leading natinns are scouring the remote places ff the carth for erops which prot ise to increase the world's total yield of for, as avell w= its per-acre production, In our own Department of Agriculture we hi division whieh bas Ironght perhaps 4o.000 different kinds of plants into the United States, many nf them to be placed on trial as food-producers, The Mission Fathers of our Southwest, yy ik eR olive and the date from the fornia some of the rich orchards in the world, wl 4 wont missionary, traveling in Brazil, sent os. cuttings from which the great oringe- growing industry of our country has been developed (see page 71). WHUIT AND VeeIrARLeS nave mens WONDEREULEY DEPRAVED Not coly is mantsind gradually inereas- ing the possible acreage for the growing of foodstuits—and statistics indicate that only the mast fertile whitd of the world’s potentinl food - proiiticing acreage is under cultivation today—but the erops themselves are being constantly impraved and their natural per-acre seta increased. It is a fat éry from the Tittle old knotted and-guarled apples.of a few een: tries ago to the magnificent Stayman winesaps, York imperials; and Albemarle Pippins of today; and it is also a far ery from the tinimproved, small and hard peach of the olden days ty the bi, Ius- ciots Albetta of the jmeserit: nar is the change that has come over the potate since Burbank hegun his experiments any Jess nated. Both in the animal and inthe vegetable world a marked. improvement is constantly taking place. Whether there will be further improvements asa result ‘of the wat in Europe remains to be seen: WILT OF THE FUTyan? Many men are inclined to sound apes: simistic note ae to the adequacy of the world's food supply for future genera tions, and, Tike Malthus a huridred years ago, are inclined to predict that the da has at Inst come when the biman race mst cease to expand its numbers, or else face inevitable hunger. And when we consider how tany mouths there are in this world to feed. and how much foud it takes to satisly them, little room is there to wonder at this note of pessim ‘The earth's population today reaches a grand total of alout 1,700,000,000 somls: TE they were all. set down at a banguet it would require sixteen tables reaching around the globe to seat them. For ounce of food they ate, the dinner-giver would have to provide $3,000 tons of pro: visions, and if the dinner were no more than. a democratic dollar-a-plate affair, it would cost, in the aggregate, as much us it costs to ran the United States govern ment a year and a half. Expressed in terms of annual eon stimption, the world's market hasker is one that defies portrayal in weight and size. One is forced to cast around for new units of measurement to give a proper idea of its proportions, Assum- ng that the average inhakitant of the carth uses two pounds ef provisions a HOW THE WORLD TS FE cereill crop of 9,000,000" Linshelt, Were all of our arable land under culti- vation and producing only. according to ont present standaril, which fs Tess than hal as high as that.of western Europe, we could add enough cereals to take care of an additional population the size of that of Europe (see also page or). LITTLIP KOO ME NOK Wess! Stree When one has tived on land, as the writer has dotie, which, at the end of the “wil War, did not produce more than ‘ht bushels of wheat and twenty bushels of corn to the acre, aud] has seen this land produce as high as forty-five bushels of heat and a hundred bushels of carn, iL is dificult to take any other than an opti- mistic view of the possibilities of Amert- ean agriculture. Not only are there infinite possibilities yet untouched i our own country, but also in most of the other countries of the earth as well, For instance, Russia, that land for which nature has done so.much, endowing it with foudl-prodtcing possi- ‘bil such as few. other commtries pos- 4055, has 4 whicat yield of only ten bushels: to the acre. When the day:comes, as come it cer- tainly will, that Russi produces as much per acre as Germany and England, and when the untold niilfions of acres of tin- developed land are opened uy and settled, as they are destined i be, alone she ca Supply the world’s present needs in cereals except rice and corm (sce pages 24 amd 25); TROPICAL. POSSINULE Nog is that all. Any one who has trav- eled through the tropics, studying the pre- duction of foodstutfs there at first hand, cannot fail to understand that vast po- tential food sources still tie untouched, ‘The wonderful discoveries of Ross and Reed and their coadjutors, of the meth- ods of preventing matiria and. yellow fever, followed by the mastery of the seorets of the bubunie plague and heri- beri, and the application of these lessons in Cuba, at Panama, and elsewhere in the tropical warkd, have made it possible fur ewiized ime to open ip galore GE plenty of which he never before dreamed. Untold millions of acres of densest es Jungles arc, so far as man is concerned, nothing more than fands of infinite rich= ness wasting their sweetness tpen the desert air of unutilized opportunities, Not long ago 1 visited the mins of Quirigua, in Guatemala. The United Frait Company: had set apart several hun- dred acres, asa reservation for the pro tection of ihe ruins, ‘The jungle forest of the teservation, bordering the banana clearings, towered like a green wall a hundred feet high, and the undergrowth was so dense that 46 tian could penetrate it save by cutting his way through with a, machete. ‘There T saw the! contrast between the past and the future of the tropical werk he banana plantations, strewhing for milesand miles up and down the Mota River valley, were producing millions of bunches of bananas, where but i few years before ne | the same sort Of jungle as that at Onirigua, BS W PODTETS AVA Nat Noll only are there vast millons of acres of potentially tich agriciiitiiral lands still awaiting development, and not only is it-certain that the production per acre of those lands now under cultivation will be vastly increased, but new products are an inevitable prospect of the future When one travels in tropical countries he finds that banana flour makes an excel Tent substitute for wheat flour: and if the day ever comes when the whent ated the rye and the barley crops do not yield sufficient breat, there are hundri millions of acres of potential bari which will produce many-fold as much banana flour to the sere as we are able to get today of wheat flour from our wheat Janes, ‘One might go omat length showing the wonderful possibilities of agriculture that lie in the future. Even if there should be no other developments than those which, hy-experience atone, we are able to fore: cast, there is no sl estion, but that the prospect of the world's sturration is to all practical purposes as remote as it was im the days of the pessimistic Malls, But just as the forveasts of Malthus failed to consider the possibilities of the age of agricultural muckinery, the age ee x coe a small piece) of turnip, pickled in brine, as a relish, Fram our stand point, the Asiatic is a tly inderfed being; and yet wherever men are employed tribute is paid to the pliy durahce of the codhie (see The food of the 180,- 900,000 peaple who: live in) Africa is-ahnost as simple as that of the Asiatic. Tt is lnrgely vegetable, although roasted elephant foot is still one. of the fayerite dishes’ of the jungle dine ner. South Africa cats lngely as while'the sal with that of south. western Asia. It is probable thar less than one-third of the earth's. population gets what an American would call three square meals a day. Adding to the na. tive population of Asia and \fri¢a the Indians nd half-breeds of South America, the alior of the islands of the » nil of Australia, and 1 then adding the wider i lation of cnist- population sit down to a seanty menu. k WORLD'S MOENT Taking the ‘world’s supply of cattle, hogs, and shee 1 making proper illo for the jess improved) methods of ing ont other parts of the globe as Compared with those the United States, it ap: pears that mankind at Phiviouraoh by Miler Pi UCH-REDER: REGIMENT i Mexico. but tm ELIGIUUE TOR MEMMERSHTY IN TITE is hetter sport, and of oc! apart Fiding in Oregon ix less hrutal than toull-fightin e cawhay who herds our funire heef supply ie nothin pounds, the German G7 ywainds, and Frenchman 2f pounds: at 7/4 pountls of veal shman eats 4 pounds, the 4 pounds, and pounils; and we ton and Lumby whe (see pages 26 pounds, 1 imam ¢ mn these fignires it will be ‘renchman eats less than hy He eats ax much beet as the ail fasmich pork 33 porinds of meat would be an average of per capita throughout th were eating 172 |pow which is more than four as the av for the r 1o aml 15). Next to the Australians, the Ameri cati people are th staf all meat the eaters. In butchers’ meat, the latest sta. hee! we ¢ s showed the yw he eating German, bar le 2 pounds, the Englishman 11 pounds, the German 13 pounds, the Frenchman T SCERLY GP CENTRAL RUMOR and the Gelwian So pounds, the Aust It is intoresting to study the apita jan Gy pounds, the Rivestar product in the counties and the Central Powers at the present time \meric sof the States De 5 pounds of veal, 78 pounds partiaent ulture reveal the fi and. 644 pounds af that Germany, Austria-Hungary. ib a year. sarin, and Turkey bad a, total of approxi ounds Of be mately $0,000,000 cattle before the war ounds, ren 7 pounds, and the German 36 pounds. “Where we eat 78 pounds of eluding lard, the Englishman eats lure tal sunt aughtered an f Agricn mt one-fidth of the HOW THE production of meat, omitting horse and Boat ment, of 837 pounds per capita amoing the Central Powers, ‘Mhe Depart mont of Agriculture gives the averige German consumption a bry pauinds, and the average Austria-Mungariin consump- tion as G4 pounds, ft is probable that Hulgerémn and Turkish: consumption a proximates that of the Ritssian, which is 50 pottnids. WE AME RATING LESS EAT In the past few years the United States: has shown a tendency to reduce the vol ume of meat it consumes pereapita. ‘The high cost of itchers’ meats tas forced Americuns to find substitutes, and. it is not improbible that in the course of un- other generation meat eating in this coun tey will fall far below the mark it has hitherta held. Not only has aur home consumption of teat fallen off, Wut our exports of ani- mal products have declined immensely in ten years. Tf it were not for our erior- moss exports of Tard, we would be ip (lnger of having out foreign meat trade become a neyligiile quantity: But in spite uF the slowing up of per capita home constimptinn ahd of our de- lining moat export trade, the meat-pack- a industry today ,- 960,000 founds of mutton and Lams, and 6,856,000,000 pounds of pork. THE IMPORTANCE OF LANE Lard is one of the principal items at animal products exported from the United States today. “Our total prodyc- tion of this commodity annually amounts 10 approximately. 1,200.000,000 pounds, WORLD Is FED in ef which more than 300,000,000 fiotnds eo to other countries” Cetnany hereto: fore hiss taker the bulk of the lard we have exported, and the cutting off uf this supply has been one of the hardships the Central Powers have bad to face (see pages 21 and 23). We use more than 10 pounds per caipitn in the United States, sind it is generally betiewed that the German, demand for this oduct is larger per capita than cur own. f the 41,000,000 hogs sliughtered within, the confines of the Central Powers an ually produce as imuch tard pir unimal a§ otirs, tie per capita supply of the Cen: tral Mowers will approximate a Hitle less than & pounds, While many substitutes for turd: have heen found, among them cotton-secd: oil and olive cil, there is 10 prospect that the world will ever he able ta do without a very large supply of this product of the hog. The necessity of some fat or ail in the human diet is borne witness to no Tess by the experts in dietetics thay hy the universality of the use of fats and oils ir cooking thronghont the werkd, One camtot go far enough satiell—eviti in the remotest corners of the earth—to. get beyond the reign of vegeiahle oils and animal fats im the lnmhan dietary, Fats are the greatest of alli of the heat and cnetgy producers with which natiire pro- yides mankind. ‘The man fed on a diet from which all fats and oils are exelnded ‘ery soon has seriuus disturbances af digestive processes, TUE EVELUTON OF THE PACKING HoUSK ‘The meat-packing business is the de- velopment of the present genetution. Where once there were: staughter-houses in every commitinity, and, the business of slaughtering live sock for food was idely scattered, today the industry is narrowly concentrated, anda half dozen packing towns do perhaps three-fourths of all of the butchering business of the eountry. When Gustaves Swift first eonecived the idea of doing the butchering near the centers af animal production. and ship- ping the dressed ment to the centers of consumption, he saved to. the American sonstmer one af the heaviest freight bille 6 wrontlit be ab tinder thy romies that have! been ef. fected th the packing-homse i m roximately analy: bh tn What the prices for our st ts would be if the margin of ton the hoof and meat rts it wed to THE RISE .OF REM H ng to thie unter p whole fal he ‘hot ory now the del A CHICAGO PACKING: HoUst prepare for yow if the hi Onige thete a only the fave fresl entire nations where cd Few ey the re a cole drink, an pyened thie these nat the: the fannie HOW THE WORLD IS FED in the vegetable garden and the truck patel by reason af a luck of facilities for taking care of the surplus, will readily understand what a saying there could he aia cold-storage plant were convenient. Gradually these plants are comitig closer and closer to the farmer, many of whom already are making use of thers to store their perishable products, like fruits, etables, and eges, «until the higher prices of the winter months xet in. THE SH SUPPLY As the world fills up-with pesple, the more humanity is bound to look to the sea for food, and a rich held will there be found. ready the United Staves has a fisheries industry the value of whose product nearly offsets the value of -the product of its wonderful apple orchards, Our fisheries. yield a return wf $70,000, ooo a year, Which almost exactly’ duplt- cates the returns the United Kingdom ives from her fishing industry. France's annual catch teaches a value of $33,000,000, while that af Russia amounts to $$0,000,000, Austria - Hungary and Germany: tigettier Tave a total caich of only $12,000,000 yale (see pages 26-27) Tt has been conservatively. estinuted that the world’s fish supply exceests twenty billion pounds. Japan's fisheries roduce about six billien pounds a year. What our western grazing land= have eet to our meat supply, that has the sea heen to Japan's. census of the sea would reveal more animal life tw the square mile, peters, than the land itself possesses, “There are all sorts. and shapes and varictios of agqmitic Fife to be fotmd, and the eich treasures of food which the rivers of the earth carry down to the oceans defy measure, Gradually new fishing grounds are be- jog opened up und new varieties of fish: introduced to the public. Just now the: efforts of the (United States Turcan of Fisheries ta restore the tile-fish to: the American dinner tahte, and its a campaign af education in faver of 1 bdlibility of the dogfish, are straws which show the direction of the wind in the utilization af the vast food treasures: of the sea, CHINAS GHENT FIs RAT ees, The Chinese are among the: test fab eaters of the war a0 they hive iceepted si. many varieties in their fist of edible fishes that they can have a dif ferent kind for breakfast every morning in the year. Not only are their seas filled with fish, but their rivers as well, and while no other nation has gune as fur as the United States in scientific fish propa~ gation in fresh waters, the Chinese have eared for their fish supply through a hun- ddted generations. All sorts. of methods for catching fish have been developed hy the nations of the carth. Tt isa far cry from the big steam trawler of the North Sea to the hook and line of the small hoy on a coun ire creck hank, Hut most picturesque of all the ways of fishing in the world is that fesorted to hy the Chinese—fshing with cormorants. The eprmorants are hatched under chicken hens, and when about three months ofd are tavight te fish ‘The trainer ties a string to one of the bird's legs and drives it- into. the water, He then throws out some sntall fisty which the bird pramptly catches, ft is taught to dive ait come buck at the call of a whistle, When trained, collars are put abant the hind's neck, so that it cannot swallow the fish it catches A fisherman ges out with the rail of his hoat bned with string-hitched cormorants. At a given signal they dive, and the fish that can outsivim them under water is as rare ag a-small fish in an angler's description of his cateh, THE CEMEAL CROPS That the vegetable kingdom has more to afer the workl’s market basket than, the animal world ix revealed by a com parison of the animal products and the vegetable products of the food. factories of the United States—the greatest. ant tual-food producing cauntry of the globe ‘Although a smaller portion of the vegetable products of the country passed through factory processes than of the meat products, the vegetable manufactur- ing processes employed, at the lest. cen- sis, 292,600 people and timed out a product valued: at $2,237,000,000, while ub THE N. AL. GR the animal product factories employed f19.600 people anil yielded an output valued at $1.700,000.006_ "The total produrts nf the farms of the United States that year amounted to more than all the wold mines of the world have yielded in six centuries (see page #). BUMPER CHOPS AND BHICES The world’s normal yield of the six reat cereal crops—oats, wheal, corm, rye, MTS gtd tie -Fanges tele aenck billion and nineteen billion bushels, and statistics show that the farmer gets less ordinarily ‘for his big erop than he re ceives for bie small one, Exelding rice, we find that the iit ercal crop atoiiited to 13,786,000,000 Hale te areas + Tinskel, trased on th: average farm price for the United States on Devember 1, was 72.9 cents, giving a total crop valite of $10,- 030,000,000. The crop of 1912 was the Dumper crop of the world's histe reaching: a total of 16,175,000,900 bn cls, ‘The average farm price.on Decem- ber t, 1942, in the United States, was $4.7 cents per Iushel, showing a world crop valtte of $9,814,009,000, In other words, the farmers of the worl handled 2.329,000,000 bnshels more of grain im ror than in ngit, anil yet they $1,216,000,000 less for the big | one, show it a comt- parison of the statistics for ino and 1yo7, Although the world’s farmers pre: duced: three-uarters of a billion bushels of geain less in the latter year than in the former, they received nearly two billion dollars less for the large crop: of 1906 than for the small one of rg07, Tine woRt’s WwITEAT cHoD Though man shall not live by bread alone, western civilization would find it very difficult to get along withet wheat and its products Although the wheat plant is nor ef western origin, it has be- come tainly a western product, ‘l ing band in hand. with western civiliza- tion. ‘The world's. total production of wheat approximates 44900,000,000 hush- elien Sear Tt would take 4,000,000 of ORAPHIC MAC INE the largest freight cars, making @ train reaching amore than one and one-half nes aroused the earth, La move this great anual yiell, Moving at twenty miles an haus, this train would tke thirty-odd’ days to pass a given point, he wheat crop of the United States is approximately one-fifth of that of the entire world. [t would seem that, with the developiment of the narthwestern part of this country, wheat had at last reached its limit of cultivation on American soil hut those who have studied the question mast closely tell us that the wheat-graw- ing industty has heretofore simply fol- lowed the fines of least resistance, ing out here and there the tands best canted for wheat growing; and that since all the choivest land has heen opened up, the wheat growers will gradually drift Tuk andl take a the leha a calinbls ates thot they: passed over in looking for the best (sce page 34). Not only will the trent of the wheat fick Ie east and south, but it is certain to reach farther and farther into. what is How the semi-arid regions of the West, Between its extension into the desert through itrigation and its. adv the semidésert thraugh the ihttoduci of dronglit- resisting varieties, America is afar off from the time when the potential acreage and yield of her wheat fiels is reached, It is estimated that it will be easily: site for the United Sintes to double wheat-growing area. Thit would give us an average which, when we approxi- mate western Enropear. standards in wheat growing, will yield very nearly as much wheat as the whole world produces today. It has been strikingly said that he who ean ndd a grain of wheat to each head in the world’s wheat fields can give bread io millians of people, and when the United States extends her acreage to its: maximum anil develops the yield 10 its limit, nations yet unborn can rise op and secure bread from her flour bins. hvssia’s WHEAT Hninps Hut 25 full of possibilities ag the wheat growing industry of the United Sts may be, they sre few in comparison with of Russia, Th: ilerful country, wheat as these of Englan sing more latent agriculur ire facts well known ia like have dered hier world’s future in Sprite mook ever atest workd We ordinarily think of theexpertation t prowduic hte 10 he I that the average farmer_of the ne ars will dh oda vent hf today will be it probably isn Ik for beyond a. Hirtke jonal loaf of bread of the masses. ‘The bar- ley and rye crops of the earth together would fill more than two million freight cars, enough to more than belt the earth at the guator, Tn Japan, when the people get 10 pnor to eat Tipe the resort to barley, and it is said that there is & social distiie- tint draw hetweet the tice cating and the barley-eating natives. Barley formerly was more froqnently used im west- eri Europe than it is today it war the cereal from which the goose pie w lu in the oF world, though in weight it ix arpassed hy several others. Te was Doctor Jotnisin, | the- liene, who said that they fed oats to horses in England and ten in Seothind. The re tort was that Scatiind was famous for its men and Eng land for its horées. ‘Though oats figure mainly in the worli’s diet as a breakfast food, still the total nse as himan food is an important one. As28 WHLH TOME OF RICH ri Now, Kate Although the United Si “Sywols coarrax y's JNCIDENTATEN. A WITRAT-FIGED provinces more thin 7p0,000.- couwrsante 600 pounds of rice, this is hut a drop in the bucket as com; China and Japan the contie laborers ace the production of Asia, ‘That continent. although making a remarkably pe showing in its production of live 4! atl those cereals which we most exten ively grow, has almost a monopoly of the production of rice. Out af the total world's. production of” tba, mounds, it grows. 139,000,000, haps uine-tenths of all the ri the world i eaten by the Asiatics. the great masses of Asia’s mnnumbered niillions it is largely hoth bread and meat page 38). ‘The rice crop must be grown in water, elds being kept flooded the greater time until it matures. ‘This a system of canals or other means of irrigation, In many parts of always kept busy pumping water forthe rice fields. In some cases they rise the water by hand from one level to nother by buckets: in others, primitive wat wheels are equipped with treading-hoards, so that the men enn tim the wheels with their feet ; stil other wheels are turned by animal power (sce page In the Philips jos: southern Asia thousands of water buf faloes are used ta drag the plows and harrows through the niud in: prey the seed bed for the crop, ‘In’ the chief rice-raising countries the harvest. time és an imperrtant ~ At the beginning tives often have picnics; in Java ct little temples, shout the sf i-house, containing an ulfering of M4 Thig machine sew! ameter who eat hand Hirestios, Tiare, the fifteen ti aii egy. some fruit, a bit of su and some cooked ric ‘The husks of rice stick so tightly tothe grain that the lamer. is left rough when the husk is removed. ‘The grains are thrown upon rollers covered with sheep: ski and polished just as we might pol ish silver or gold. Medien! science has learned tat the abserice of the elements contained in the rice husk produces the disease known as beriheri when an ¢ clusive rice dict i8 eaten, just a8 a too exclusive dict of corn produces pellagra These two discoveries open up anon tirely new field in the investigation of the sation of little understood iliseases. They rank with the discovery of the method of teansmitting malaria, velloy fever, bubonic plignte, and slecping sick ness by mosittitess, fleas, and tsetse flies, respectively THE PLACE OF THK POTATO: It has beet the honor of Aseriea to contribute to the world its greatest crap in point. af yield —the white potato, Making its baw to clvilization fron the nd ni the Incas, in Pern, the potato has girdled the globe, winning the esteem of every land and every people No other plant in the entire range of BONANZA PARMING IN THR NORTITWEST and weighe the wheat in a lurty Tiaraues ei romraps ara rinnele: ope ation ands dt the vegetable kingdom has ever gone so iar or met with such tmiversal favor in short a time as this apple at the curth Today North Amerie produces 1 than half a billion bushels, while Europe produces approximately. ten times as monopoly of the potate-growing , producing nine ontof every ten els grown in the werld (see p, 106) \ NEW BEAST OF TICRNES Figuring to-sugh a large extent in the dice of the race, the potato affers a solu tion of one of the important prob thal the farmers of the barth are facing, ‘There are more than ene hundred million Horses in the world, most of them being found oil the f Tu pravide these horses with a1 y anit pasturage requires several hundred million acres a the world's best land. It sa happens that the potato is am ad- thitable material ‘out of which to-make cohol for motive power. Under mod- ern methods of distitiation, a few acres a yield enongh alcohol to «rive the farm-tractors of an crdinary farm. ‘The average farmer has held ty the horse as a means af transpor- tation because he could use him without of potatoes cin Ike made ¥ EDT 8 NESTS ARE WORE THIRTY DOLLARS A rotsD WITIT 48 sfeash for his be overlooked, In the slone we anda gallon an Tag y ‘af labor nearly one 1 would ssaty aleohol for chisive of the milks and cream cousin au tract than world: he the farms of the country (which, tr reqptriredd to the the tractors the y nt vecnlil Many advinced far duetic mers in s Sex substittited the horse w In other y driven moters, and. with to build a F ssiul results, It iteninee of the American army and most revolutionary deve man history if the humble potato shoul (Oy Bieamand food. The duce ta crop is » fill twos hoa ily exci ts total prod States is around 1 er in’ the 30/0010, 0089 VALE MILK PRUDLER, CARACAS, VENEZUELA pounds: While ten Got of every seven: lou te admit of the keeping of many teen pounds of utter is produced on ¢ the farm, heese is inaide in factories (sce page 67) MUTEMR ASD CHEESE “tm Ant Little Denmark tcads all the countries SIE EROM SUAS: MD: Of the world in. the exportation of dairy Milk: i products, ani Dan used everywhere that 1 dit is neeured From meiny differ butt nije ent kinds.of animal nangl the Arctic nen have been impor ‘Oeean the Laplander milks his reindeer the temperate world anil Freezes the milk inte blocks to keep seerets of lass dairy needed: in the desert regions of 45) tL Niriew the mat}y ink the "The valume of butter which in,norm: of camels and donkeys: in w times: reaches the channels of intern ‘Tatar tribes tional, trade amounts to 72%.000.000 “smilk. In many pounds, which is less than half of the wor man's cow, lntter production of the United State iely used in the alone. “The per eupita consumption « manufactnre Wutter in, the Unite s is nlout In recent ye {upa pownds Of the sume basis, Germany large industry nd be= wonlil consume 1,139,000,000 pounds. In fore the war great ex veep 1913 tit country fported 122,009,000 ing ac vneth- poainds gore that it exported Tmt. dairy 1 striking: It will he seen from this thar if she object-lesson of the worl + for normally uses as mich butter as we de, mutter and cheese Ko- her shortage would be to.7 per cent. reans, nd However, Norway, Sweslen, Denmark little nil and) Holland have about 326,000,000 uy VeaeuOH, AMERL Sw EEF "Fy sho bs vet HOW THE WORLD IS FED puis to export annually, white Ansteia~ fungary hms a surplis of 4,000,000 pounds.” In normal times England takes three-fiiths of the world’s surplus of futter: in 1912, out of 728,000,000 pounds. ieving ‘in international com merce, the United Kingdon took 435,- 009,090 pounds: There are no world statistics of the production of cheese, except of that part moving in international trade. The United States annually produces about four pounds per cipita, ‘The total amount imported by all the countries af the worlil is 5g1,000.000 pounds, of which the United Kingdom takes 250,000,000, Ger many 47,000,600. and Nnstria«Tungary 13,000,000 pout, Bulgaria exports 7.300.000 pounds. anil Tolland anil Swvit- Zerland have 190,090,000 pounds to give acheese-hungry werk, VICKNANEIS AND FRUPTS The Department of Agriculture mates that one-foutth of our country’s dict consists af vegetables—products of the truck garden, Tf this is true of the United States, which, next to Australi, is the world’s largest per capita iment ‘eater, it is more true of other countries: Our ccnsus. returns show that we pro nee, exchisive «af po faitoes, vegetables tod ‘nine of nC} 2003 ‘The tomato tkes first rank, with a $1,000,000: production to its ereilit ; the onion contribntes exactly one-half touch to the tot! as the tomato, while sweet corn makes a suc ful bid. for third place watermelons get fourth place, with a production vyilued at $5,000,000, and cantalonpes aitd $4,000,000 more to the total Green beans: anid green peas care $3,900,000 crops, "These higures deal almost entirely with the production thar gets to the city marker and nat with the veyetalles raised far consumption on the farm (sce pages 4 amd 107). VIL KITCHENS GARDE: There is prohably no farm-house in all the Lindl so ponr as to he without its vege- table garden and its truck pateh, and be- tween the dried beans. corn, peas, ete., 65. aml the earned chettnbers, beets, to- matoes, ketchup, and what not, the rural housewife takes her family into the win- thi the assterance that, high eost of living or no high cost of liviig, there will be ne earth of vegetables on her table. If the products af the vegetable garden figure extensively in the world’s diet, they play no. greater tile than the products of the orchard, vineyard, amd berry patch, ‘The toval yield of the latter, according te the last census, is worth $222,900,000 a year. Orchard fruits are produced to an an— mal vile oF $149,000,000. We produce a bushel ani a half of apples per capita, athind of a bushel of peaches, two quarts and a holi of strawberries, and other qhings itt proportion. Grape-vines and citrons trees each yield $22,000,000 worth of {ntit a year, while our berry erop is valued at $49,000,000 (ste page 73). While most of our frams and vege- tables come to us in their mitural state or canned, the country annually produces millions of dollars’ worth of rie frnits— a production which figures more largely an other parts of the world than in our own, IEE ict OF CANNES Tris only a litte more than a century sihee the fritit-jar came into use, Before that the only way of keeping the fruits and vegetables that are now canned was to dry them or put them away in siigar tir salt, ‘The invention of the moder process of canning is credited to Nicholas Appert, a Frenchman. His method was to put the foo to be preserved in ghiss jars, set them in boiling water, and, when the contents were thoroughly heated, seal the f F (kee also page 1), Although Napoleon gave Appert tivelve thonsind franes for his work, he simply Juul inthe on foundations well Inid hy Spollanzani nearly « half century before. ‘The apparatus used by Appert in His can- ig processes was very crude, but his caveries Inid the foundation for one of the important industries of modern times, anil havé proved a boon-te the urban pop- ulation of the earth, While Napoleon Bortaparte paid for the discovery of the canning process, his THE 60 NATIONAL © enemy, England, was quick tw take ap the discovery and to utilize it for her own irposes. About 1815 Ezra Daggert romght to the United States a prncess r canning salman, lobsters, and oysters hhis process was gradually extendell to pickles, jellies, and sauces. MOUSEWIVES ADOIY se DISCOvERLES It is rather striking to panse and reflect that in a single century humanity has pro- gressed. to such an extent that the most ignorant housewiie in, America can now do work were formerly defied the best scientists of the world (see 107}. Giiy the. fret contoctial tas Cotes of William Underwuoil's invention of process of canning tomatoes, and it only seventy=eight years sitice Isaac Winslow earned how to can corn at Portland. Maine. ‘Today the glass jars af Appert have been succeeiled, exce in the householt canning art, by the un can, and many wonderful machines have been devised to save libor' in the canning industry. There are hulling machines which wilt take green peas out of the pods at the rate of a thousand bushels a day; there are sejsitators which will grade the peas according ta size? there are carn-cutters whieh remove the grain from the cob at the rate of four thousand ears an hour, and silking machines which work at equal speed; and there are attomuatic machines which will fill twelve thousand eans a day If Nicholas Appert could came to life and go through a modern cannery, with its wonder fil ejuipment, he woulil doubtless marvel at {he mighty oak that grew from the tiny acort of lis discovery. Srrte THe PLACK oF POULTRY There are no Statistics showing the number of domesticated fowls the world possesses, hut if the United States’ ratio fof three per capita were the rile, there would be some five billion of thent, Tt is probable, however, that there are not half that many. ‘The annual proditct of the American chicken yari is estimated! at $369,000.600. ‘During the last cerisus year (he American hen prodiced nearly taventy billion eggs, fOGRAPHIC MAGAZID of which eleven billion were sold. Tr will te seen from this that the American farmer keeps a liberal supply of eggs for his own table and for hatching prrpases: His receipts from the sale of eggs totaled $20,000,000 (see pages 86 and Br). We annually raise nearly a half hilton chickens inthe United States, Out of 488,000,000 raised in the last census year, the farmer kepit all Hitt 153,000,000 for his own purposes, which again shows that the farmer's table is neat skimped in order. thar his urhan neighbor may eat well, {Hie INbUStRIOUS met Nowhere elée in the world is the maj- esty of small things more strikingly re- vealed than in the story of the peodue- tion of honey m the United States, That great decenniil interrogation mark which: jaarches svery ten years through the homes of the American people and asks them a thousand and one questions, has ascertained for us that the Tees of the country annually produce twenty-seven thonsand tons af honey. ‘That means fifty-four million pounds. ‘Truly the bust Hitle bee must’ improve exch shining howr to ive to the Amer- ican people fity-four million paunds of honey, in addition to providing for its own needs, ‘The number of trips. from hive to flower aud from flower to hive with their tiny toads of honey-making materials that The bees must have taken to bring us these fifty-four million pornds of honey defies estimate, tut they afford ‘us an inspitimg lesson of what the faith- ful doing of stiall things may accomplish, THE steam txDUSTRY When one writes of honey his mind tums to sigar—a crop which eceupies a very important place i the World's mar- ket basket. Humanity always has had a sweet tooth, aud the diy when sugar was first made from. cane is so remote that history is not certain that it can fix the date. And fone generation the world has increased its sugar production imore than pine-fold. Forty years ago it took only 2,200,000 tons to satisfy the world’s sweet tooth ; today it tikes more than 20,300,000 tons, And still the world is hungry for sugar (see page 87). HOW THE WORLD IS FED ‘The Ametican people have increased their annual per capita consumption in thar time from eighteen pounds to eighty nine prounds. ¢ Australian Common- wealth has the sweetest tooth of all the gountries.of the world, its per capita con- sumption being 109 pounils. Denmark has second place and Canuda third: the United States comes fourth, The suyur industry is 1 profitable one to the grower; it was recently estimated that the value of the sugar’ crop ta the grower ix $81,000,006, while the price paid therefor by the consumer approxi- mated §2,000,900,000, ATHADE WIth Cbs ASD now ‘The sugar consumed in any. conntry fluctuates quite appreciably with financial conditions: During every financial de- pression the per capita consumption de- chines, and whenever prosperity. reaches: high tide, sugar constmption approaches itsclimax, One might write the financial ups and downs of the workd in terms of sugar. The world’s ‘production of sugar is divided half and half herwees sugar-cane. and) the sugarsheet. Sugarcane is avery ancient crop, and in many parts of the world one of the most profitable grown. ‘The cane has a preferunce for the trop: ies, although it is able to wander as far north as the southern part of the United States, The sugat-beet, on the other hand, loves a cooler climate, and consequcntl aulds immensely to the world's poss sugur-praduciig area, While Maggrat disenyereil that sugar conkl he mare fram the beet many years before the Na- poleonie wars, it was not until that time that his discovery was put th an commerciil wise. “There is na dit between the sugar derived from cane and that extracted from beets (see page 86), A TAST# Fou CANDY The taste’of the Amerignn éitizen fur sweet things Is emphasized ty: his re surkable cousnmption of candy. We eat a half billion dallirs’ worth cvery year, which is sai to bo more than half the work!’s total production, The candy od habit is one that is not easily changed, and people are inclined to do without sweets unless they can secure their fas vorite kinds, The candy impurters of New York find it necessity to puiretinse candy, from the most remote regions of the world in order to satisty the demands ‘of immigrants who come from those re~ gions. ‘The Chinese appear ta have first estab- ged. the: athiot candy making. Most interesting of their candy products are the candy oranues and the candy eggs. the former the peel of an orange ‘lled with native candy, and the latter the shell of an egg filled i the: same way. These have been manipulated im such away thar the purchaser cannot find the opening through which the original contents were ejected anil the sweets inserted. To reach ‘the contents of the orange, it is necessary to peel it, and one has to break the cg to jret the candy ont A noted physickitt hos declared that sweetness ig to the taste what henuty is to the eve and ttisie to the ear. He Says that mire than one-half of all the fools in the world have a sweet or sweetich taste, iwhile only one-third passers a salty taste and one-tenth a bitter or sour tuste. He.also points out thut man is not the only creature with a sweet tooth, “One can win, the affection af a horse quicker by feeding him segar than in any other way, while the bear and the fox, in. their ravage on the wild honey of the forest and field, probalily experience a satisfac tion resembling that of a hungry child who surreptitiously gets sweets from mother's cupboard, Sugar is manufactured from raisins in prmetically all of the countries of south- om Europe and western Asia. There ate two forms of raisin sugar imported into New York. one principally: from Asia Minor and the other mainly from Spain. ‘The Turks add to the delicacy of grape sugar by the use of small quantities of rosewater. CIVTAZATION'S COPTER ccT: ‘The people. of the worhd annually ¢on- sume mare than two and one-half billion pottnus of coffee—enouzh to toad a train of ears reaching from Philadelphia to turn crimson ou ripening. picked, the pulp is taken off by machin: ery, and the byo hnsks w fried before the husks can be takin off ‘of concrete fhors for th and the: coffee crate them and bag them at PRODUCTION OF F .ofiieco lel rat ty her reon shrub, ing from 42 to i5 wilil state, bu It prefers the rainfall a After the 4 are picked the tea reaches its slate by to romtes—one producing bkiek v preen. The Yeaves are first dr fi lilaeck tea, and the sun in the ease 1 puns over fre in the ¢ase of gr Th both ¢ the leav ¢ roller) until Black te imented, then Green tea is he rolling pro- . and then slowly In € hina me of the tea garilens are 74 sinall, each farmer producing. errough for the commurhption of his own family, and a litle surplus which he sends to the market, The Department of Agriculture has interested itselT in the production of ten in this country, and has tescted a ulbes tin, which reveals the fact that in South Caraliny and elsewhere on the southern tic seaboard America has proved a I grower of this plant. sucess ‘THE BANANA EXBUSTRY Tt is not 30 many years ago thar the banana was a tropical erop, grown orily for home consumption, hy. residents. of the river valleys of the tropical countries. It was sold mminly by street venders in the villages amd towns, and only in ex: ceptional cases di any. reach Amierican and European markets: but today we are importing more than jo.oce,oo0 bimches of bananas inte the United States every year, and! the value of these importations Tatges arounrl $14,000,000, The first bununas ever importél came in 1869, anct in innay parts of the comutry it was twenty sears later hefore they came tostay. Lt has been only in recent rs that the banana, pacha Europe, ae: land. now lniys hort 7,000,000 Tintehes a year (see page Sy). “A visit to a banana plantation isan ine teresting experience. The banana tree wants i Fieh soil; but given that, ne other tree known can grow faster, 1h prepar- Inga baie plantation, the jungle is first ent down, aml sprouls are planted: in tows about six feet apart. By the time the tree is ready to bear, every bit ef the jungle debris has tlisappeared, except that here art there an occasional hardwood tree still lies prone upon the grounil. One can scarecly believe his eyes when he sees how quickly the processts of decay so pearly obliterate the. bist vestige af the felled tenpiea! jumrle, Fach [fee grows one bunch of hanna’ When they have reached maturity, but are still green, the tree is cut about half ay yp ite trom, anal the mpper wrt. alls Jy into the hands ef the banana gath- crers. ‘The bunches of gruen bananas are post on hancd-cars and hauled to central places, where the banana tras come along and pick them up. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, SINGING AS THEY WORK T have seen 35,000 bunches of hangnas loaded into the hald of a ship in i single night, the West Indiay negroes: singing ifter the fashion of the hand-drill gangs on rallroail and other construction work iw the United States. The people who Kandie baanas on the big plantations of Central America und the West Indies so lose their taste for this fruit that they seldom Keep them on their tables at all. ‘Once Iwas on one of the biggest plun- tations in the world, in Cuatemala, and, although there must fave been. several hundred thousand bunches on. the trees that were in sight, there was mot otte ripe banana around the entire setilement of the platitation headquarters. The banana apd its comein, the pkin tain, are fmanel in most tropical countries, To the hative of Central Africa they yield net only a part of his food and. same of his drink, but he gets from then his string, bis soap, and his clothing, He cooks the con fruit of the plin- thin ax a vegetable, aid serves the ripe Fruit as a dessert. With the banana he makes his flour and sometimes his coffer. He ses the leaves te thatch his hoitse. snd also makes them serve him for paper, table-cloths, and napkins. He often uses the stems for fences, the pith-as a sponge, and the filer as a string. THE PENEATP Another native af An won favor in every part af the world where it iskiiowi iS the pineapple, Jack Frost is its slendly enemy: therefore it grows tropical and subtrapical communities: but the refrigerator ship has enabled it to wander to every point of the compass where men and “women who fove good things to eat are to he foun. ‘Hawaii leads the world in the prod tion of pineapples. It has bronght to fields y variety of this Ingctous fruit that might add, by cross-breeding. to the, size and flavor of its product. so that to- ied Hawaiian pineapple and raw waiian sugar serve largely to keep the American flag on the high in Pacific waters (see page 88), ie that has lancl region, the i t he than any HOW THE WORLD fs FED ‘Tunis, France, Spain, Greece, anil Asia ‘Minor still give important contributions: to the world’s crop. ‘The olive tree has been imported to Atmerica, and has thrived well in our southern: Pacific regions. There are trees w California which were planted before we signed our Decluration of Independ~ ence, and they are still bearing-well. Cali- fornia's ‘contribution to the world’s olf crop is about 56,000,000 pounds a year. In southern Einrope there is a. saying: that the man who. plants olive trees Lays. up riches. for his grandchildren, and many of the prope clin that ‘live trees oiten live a thonsand years. ‘The trees are planted fram cuttings. sprouts, or the gnarled wouden tuilbs at the base ofthe trmk. ‘They are set about: 4o feet apart and begin to hear at two or three years of age, although it requires seven years for them ta become commer- cially profitable, ‘They de not reach their masimmm bearitig qualities witil about thirty years old. A ten-year-old tree may have six or seven gallons of olives an it, while one thirty years old tnay produce as-many as fifty gallons. In southern Eviropit and int other kands sround the Mediterranean Sca, olive oft ton large extent takes the place of butter. ft is used not only in sakufs, but upon bread and for cooking vegetables. In ‘ome localities ripe olives and green oil Ke the place of Hoth bread and méat. Many a Spaniard, when upon a long jour- ney, ties a wicker basket of olives tp his saddlehorn and cats his meals as he travels. ‘The owitig of ‘ts comparatively new industry i the States, yet it is ome that promises to des velop into an important sure of food in the future, At the last census: there were five million nut trees in bearing in the United States and more than three million more approaching a bearing age. They produced a total of pouriis of nuts, having a valu “a five million dollars—approximately a dol- Tara tree. glish walnuts took the lead in yeight produced, giving nearly one-third of the ia total Weight anil ode-half oF dhe total value. The pecan led it the miniber of trees, with nearly one-third of the total in bearing and more than one-half of the total too young to bear; bur they con~ tributed only one-sixth of the total pro- duction in weight and one-fifth in value. Callfornia’s supremacy as a grower of the newer crups is shown all along the line. Out of 6,703,000 pounds oi al- monds grown in entire country, (iat State grows 6,693,000 pounils; Gut of 4,156,000 bushels of apreots, it shows a production of 4,066,000 bushels: out of 35:.000,.000 pannils of figs for the entire country, 23,000,000 belong to her credit; out-of the country's total af 2,571,000.000 pounds of grapes, California t credited with 979,000.00 pounds, Practically all of the conntry's lemons come to us from that State, as does nearly half of the total mat production ; nearly all of the country’s 16,405,000- pound olive crop; more than two-thirds of the total crop of ornnges, amounting to 19,403,000 boxes: a fourth of the penclies and nectarmes, and 9,317,000 shels of plums and prunes ot of the country’s total yield ef 13,480.600 bushels. SUNTLOWRE:SEED OT, In Russia the people have found the seeds of sunflowers a substitute for the making @f oil, ‘The tative vats sunflower seeds as we eat i ing a handint or so in his pocket and nibbling away at them frotit lime to time. Each sunflower has from eight lnindred to.one thousand seeds and show forty million pounds of them are raised every year. An acré Of sunflowers yields about sixty bushels of sees, and these, when pressed. prodnce about fi of oil, “The Rtissiins nse almast exactly as we use cottonseed. 0 only they make a greater use af it ax a sulistitute for olive ail than we de, Much Of the ail is used for lighting and making candles and soaps. ‘The date is largely an aronnd-the- Mediterranean crop. It is grown hy irti- tion in the oases of the Sahara Desert, in the valley of the Nile, im the fertile dbl Wy Wnslerwuid & Wale time the the trade and tried uae HUSY TINNY ASD ITER BROT of the Hells, "The pod toa meal, ripe and the seeds nd-sent th s pith riicted flour, whet dre comes the pearl

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