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  • National Geographic Magazine 1916-02

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    National Geographic Magazine

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    35 visualizações152 páginas

    National Geographic Magazine 1916-02

    Enviado por

    Ray Frausto
    National Geographic Magazine

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    ea VI al re LA aa NAL aS “| GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE |: FEBRUARY, 1916 CONTENTS PAS f 16 Pages of Photogravure beh How Old Is Man? ‘Wild 15 Mhasteations ‘THEODORE ROOSEVELT wate iam. tant The Cradle of Civilization Historic Lands Where Briton Is Fighting Turk With 22 Wastrations JAMES BANKIE, aa Sia 4 4 Pe NE Pushing Back History's Horizon With 30 Mhateatzons ALERT T. CLAY PD e we To a PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C, eS 5; oe NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIMTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON. RC 0: H THT MANN <= PRSSIBEHT JOHN E,PuLLsBURY + WeepaesioenT a tRECIaK A JOHN JOY EDSON. |. «TREASURER param epee ve neneg FcB-EICHELBERGER .. “xehistans TREASURER JOHNMOLIVER LAGORCE . Associate enrroN GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, ASEINTANT SECHETARY OPAUSTIN JL. seewevany WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER’. assinrawr earron BOARD OF MANAGERS 1914-1916 15-1017 ie1818 ALEXANDER GRAWAMBeLL CHARLES J. BELL PRangun K. Lane Inventor of tte teleptione Praident American Secunty ” Secretaty of the Interoe J. Howarp Gore . Henry F. Buounr Prt si Joux Jov Eoson ‘Vice-tresidemt Amerions See Vie (loa. nonin President Washiwgnin Lam de carty and Trane Corepany A.W, GREELY, Seat Coane cM. Chester Arie lnplorer, Malor Gent DAVID FAIRCHILD Rear Admieal U.S. Nery, Tis. Any Wh Charge a Aariculturs!, Bae Fermesiy’ Sus US, Naval Giger H. Grosvenor iogations, Dept of Aaries Observatory ute © Hap Merriam Eeppamice 'V. Covitts ‘Mane ‘Mymber National Académy of Papaissly Reasiden tof Minute Geonog Ons Sart Siences ISeen Aendeny of Scenes Director of Us S. Oseletical ©, Py AUSTIN Jon E. PIuisauny ‘Sirvdy blihae Rome Aamirat O08 tress . cen Chie Cente dene or GEORGE R, PUTNAM Nevis “ER eactamtentencsure weU.S.Buresuot RUDOLPH Katia: ver sae Mgnaging Editor Thi Evening ny WHIT George Suiras, 3p ar Grmiviy U.S. Ambansatarss —— Farmti) Member Ul, toa. TL. MACDONALD Hiance, Haly, etc- MO, ALCS fidcirme Mhotouronior JOHN M, WILSON Sa saree S..N. D. Norrit ile Senora, S.Army, GIAN Parsierty, Direslar U.S. Bae Toren chistelenenects NewYork aenteocue To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-seven years ago, namely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All recaipis from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography, Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- tien is made, Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed re- turn envelope and postage, and be addressed + GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Eniror CONTRIBUTING EDITORS A.W. Garevy ALEXANDER GRANAM BELL ©. HaRT MERRIAM Davin Farce ©. H. TirtMaNn HoH M. Sarr Ropert HOLLISTER CHAPSAN N, H. Darron Watrer T. Swinoie Peank M. CHAPMAN | Balered al thks Fab Oficeat Washinton, 1 © wessecomiCoaus Mas Copeighit tat hy 3 eagapitle Sct an Bs GAM ihe in a Handy Volume’issue at an amazing price Ts latest (eleventh) edition of The Encyclopacdia Britannica has now been republished in a “Handy Volume” issue at one-third the price at which the Britannica may be bought in its larger form, known as the Cambridge University issue. On receipt of a first payment of only $1.00, the complete set (29 volumes, 41,000 articles, 44,000,000 words, 15,000 illustrations and maps), printed on the famous India paper and bound in cloth, peceater 6, 1m ‘Will be shipped to your address. If for a (Ab ter fromm am eminent and practical eficuter) UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI OPrice OF THE PRESIDENT o belived it possible to ee) ¢ the Enoyelopaedia Brita reason you are not sal isfied with the books, : c zs you may retum them epaniot Fie ents : within three weeks, and p more convenient to handle and’ still we will refund all you have paid, including Poem aersr yd shipping charges. If Sagbioees semesCorts Sen SECS Gecrertecgyi ns YOU ors atest Ot giacecaieieieas monthly instalments of ZZ, : $3.00 each pay for the = set, printed on India President. paper in cloth binding. Sears, Roebuck and Co., Chicago Sole Distributors (Ser the next pore) CHARLES M. SCHWAB ANDREW D. i Petwan Aa entealica ALBA B, JOHNSON Prealieat ct th Baldwia Lowvetiee Weak muntaatpalo HESE successful men, —and 75,000 others,— paid three times as much to get the Encyclopaedia Britannica as you need to pay now for the new “Handy Volume” issue with exactly the same contents but in a more convenient form. A.C. McGIFFERT RUDOLF BLANKENBERG Pen = Fars Mayor of ullagaiag 1912-2988 es And after using the new Encyclopaedia Britannica they recommend it and the “Handy Volume” form. We will be glad to send you copies of their letters—and of many others—about the — cusv txomsoy popular “Handy Volume” = issue of the Britannica. MUNROE SMITH Mente ot Compares Ieutatene, Satara Ui You can see sets of the “Handy Volume” Eneyclopaedia Britannica in the different bindings at any one of the following places, and you can leave your order there with a first payment of ovly $1.00, ‘That is all you need pay to secure shipment of the complete set. NEW YORE cHicago SAN FRANCISCO ee ‘THE Fare “Tue Warre House” (Becadway.. ST. LOUIS (Raraas. Went @ Co., Inc) ‘Cuaries Scarmvmn’s Sous BUXTON & Sknoven PROTTING Los ANGELES Pifth Ave. at dich Street awp StaTionery Co, A. Hamnurcee & Sows, Inc, ‘Fourth, bet, Olive and Locust Haxey Matkan Ciavaane SALT LAKE CITY (@ Broadway, ‘Tar Buarows Bros. Co. ‘Kete-O'Brigx Co, WASHINGTON CINCINNATI bebe a 5. Kas Sows «Co, Stewart a Kinp Co, ‘eae PHILADELPHIA Stee pt ~ Gnee. Brommes OMABA DALLAS J. L. Branonis & Sons ‘Sears, Rommticx & Co. rae Co. ‘ST. PAUL gegen Hoe & Co, St PAG BooK & STATIONERY kansas Gir¥ BALTIMORE Ss vast & Dovctas Book Ap: NokMan, Resmcray Co, S10 Baw a St StanionsRy CO. sober Chane $e Lounvinie ea Geand ave io Wen Sang Deanin's, INCORPORATED: zs8 South dh Se DETROIT noston jon V. Sirexnayy & Concraste BN pes Gx INDIANAPOLIS ant Woodward Ave 38 Teemoat St ‘Tae Kars Stantoxeny Co, TEN, Feanayirenia Se PORTLAND PHrTsuuRcit han Calais ‘Tae J. KGa Co, Josue Home Co, eS dea add Thea $e aL MILWAUREE ek men x ‘LowMAn & Faattoap Co, Tae Ws. Hencuane Co. Giving Beormers: Sem fist Ave Or you can see sets and leaye your order in the business offices of these newspapers HARTFORD (CONN) UNION HILL x, 3) BERKELEY (CAL) CoumaxT DALY GazeTrs ‘Hupson Disparcu MERIDEN (CONN) AUBURN (N.Y) BLMIRA (N, Y9. Recon, Grex ‘Stan-Garerre (BW LONI POTTSVILLE (PA) LOCKPORT (N.Y) “iat ane ‘REPUBLICAN ‘Usion SuN and JounNaL WARREN (PA) LONG ISLAND CITY WN.) MensSran Evanine Ties ‘Stan ATTLEBORO (MASS) COMANCHE (TEX) ‘Sun VANGUARD FALL RIVER (MASS) HARRISONBURG (VA) NIAGARA FALLS (N.Y. HERALD ‘News-Keconp GAZETTE NASHUA (N. HL) BNID (ORLA) TeLEGRAPE EAGLE ‘SEARS, RORBUCK som Co. NEW BRUNSWICK (N.2) LUNN MASS) ‘Home News Item ‘Pleaee amd me att ieformatiin aboce | STAUNTON (VA) MABOUETTE (MICH r = ‘DatLy News MinivG JovmnaL pane ese ha yp oPaanar a ri ROGET MOUNT (N.C) GREENSBORO (N.C) ages, bindings, prices, terme, «i= aaa renee : 2 Onder form, which I will sign onreceipt. A pamphlet describing the work in this popular and Reserve ooe act forme Shencined | attractive form has been prepared for free distribution. ss fr payment Check "1" on the coupon and we will send the booklet as soon as we get your coupon. It contains sample pages, color reproductions of bindings, details of prices; tims of payments, ete, Check "2'’ on the coupon and mail it with $1.00 to reserve a set. Concrete Industrial Buildings You wa Inwest. rey , Ventilation, and sanitation. Ys forced. conere 1 do you want in your next buildi nm. with lov ins oe. Tate quick const sn at low fi rmost imu and mA 7 ruction, all these advantag It is the most ece and efficient Atlas Service the most 4 forced « fend the coupon t ra copy ‘The Atlas Portland Gi ment Ge npany wiengo Fiizdeljtia Bowe ‘(Mention the Geographie—tt identifies you.'* as agreec ‘ onone thing el Lee €r > INSURANCE SERVICE TWO HARTFORDS 5 Hartford Fire Insurance Co. ee \eex” Hartford ace = Indemnity Co. Hi ‘Mention the Geograplite—It identities vou." “Of 250,000 Corporations in the United States nearly one-half do not pay—Why ?” + af the Féueral Trade This Course ans “Actual Experience of Thousands of cenenful Business Men ‘Mention the Geographic—tt identifies you,"* These, Mother, ‘Fast _ As You Predicted—” Ae i thond of the pocket ts emly one of the whimsical It's part of the frolic to twit the familly hold their own a6 that Brunswick Carom and beat nity ves thie dally sport au Pocket Tatiles are providing Sead todey for our coloedimserated book of deiaile. [i's fee. Brunswick “Baby Grand” “Grand,” “Convertible” and “Quick Demountable” Billiard Tables New, $27 Up—Pay 10c a Day sO Day Trial —Outfit FREE Caos. Rack, Mathers. Soirft La swick-Balke-Collender Co, = Y G23.033 3. Wabash Ay. Chicago Soa sree, ‘Mention the Geosraphio—It ftentifies srou."" WINTON SIX Most Beautiful Car And As Good As It Looks Two Sizes 3 33 s: as ‘3 Complete information on request We submit individual designs on approval. ‘Mention the Geaiteaphic ¢ mere utilitiee—like boats. 3 They ure buile to eurry passengers; they lack the fine qualities that go ta make life delight ful—beautifully nrtions, pleasarit calor hare monies; smart leathers atwries, scrupulously correc finishing details, and. the ovision for bodily. comfort. These essentials belong n erry-boats, but to priv, yachts; not to ordin cars of real individua Declared at every 1916 motor show to be the most beau tiful car in the world, the Winton Six is as splendid in its mechanical excellence as in its visible charm, 3 Its good— ness is inbred. 3 And, best of all, you can have on 5 Winton Six precisely the body you want, finished ew: as you most desire Recause of our purposely limited ouput, the Winton Six is an exc For the same reason, we suggest that you let us have y reonil specifications mew, so tha we can make delivery to you on the very day yau expect it The Winton Company 12 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio identifies you”? Photographs in color with the Hicro camera OU know that your black and white photographs lacked soul—naturally, for the soul of a subject is in the color. And this vital spark that so enhances the value of your photographie work, you may now hold and fix on paper with the ess-Ives Ai icro Camera re Camera and proces. HESS-IVES CORPORATION 1201 Race Street, Philadelphia ement Correct Evening Jewelty Band Tere Attout Twa Weeks Before sects Appest, to Got Dest Keaulta Newark, Ne J y, eeee For Tree Surgery Sold by All Firs THE O, & W. THUM COMPANY 126 Straight Avenue Grand Rapids, Mich. tasiactarers of Tanaieoat Py Faowr wad Trev Taxed + Mention the Geagrapiiio—it identities you! Send for This Book You send out form lett hundreds issued at great expense this sort of thing is unprofitable, letters ought to pay, have paid, ers at great expense. You receive by others, You feel that yet you know that real and will pay. The book, “Why your Ferm eon after another why the usual form letter does not pay. we make the payer we have said nothi Hampshire Bond. Letters'do not pay.” points out one rea Although jing in this book about Old |All that we ever expected this book to accomplish was to shed @ light ‘on some of the major the average form letter principles of letter writing— principles which religiously and consistently violates. ‘The book is free, We want yeu to have it. It can be read through, with the more forceful paragraphs read twice, in half an hour. Every person in your business who writes letters for the firm will proft by reading it, Send for it. HAMPSHIRE PAPER COMPANY, ‘The Only Paper Makers In The World M: South Hadley Falls, Mass. ia Bond Paper Excluxively “Mention the Geographio—Tt identifies you." NO Exropean'*Cure surpaises and few compare with this luxurious American Revort Hlotel— so. wonderfully situated in the midst of « happy combination of land and accenible from every point in the United States From North and South, East and W sea diversions, and gather the guests of the Hotel Chamberlin ta “Take “The Cure.’” Electric, Nauheim, and Radio Baths are prescribed for some— others get well by using Nature ex alone—the Sea, the Sun, the Salt San Goll, Tennis, Riding, and Mototing await the devotees of there sports The cuisine of Hotel Chamberlin is famous are found in the waters around Old Paint Comfort But perhaps the most fascinating side of all is the Social Life, for here the Army, the Navy, and Society mingle as nowhere else on this continent. illustrated booklets apply at all Touriet Bureaus or Transportation Otfiens, ax uci en GEO, F. ADAMS, MGR., FORTRESS MONROE, VA, any af “Raymond & Whiteerb” or” Matetors” Officen N.Y Gites, Martha Halles Hai me ods in the world the finest “Cou! Tours, or reas, Mesatskn Ha Fe el TILA Timely Questions for House Owners What Painter? Wo ss: painter in town to figure aus He eun't. What Paint ? Cater nate wh and pire lince hat to you. aekthed Sas in What Colo poritolia af fol aide inn Perntanently pleusin WF i samt to bo OV da) od | rd Wate = Pl UE “*Meution the Gaopraphic—tt (dentifies you,'* Carter White Lead Co. TRO Sess St, Chicngs foman | I you would have the wood which possesses ail the virtues of other woods, and has-none of their shortcomings, for the outside of your home, insist on WHITE PINE Three centuries of building experience in America have proved that White Pine wi stands rhe k of time-and weather more ssfully than any other wood. suce Ic does.not shrink, swell, eracky twists warp_or ror—and once in phee it “stays p years of exposure, even in the closest: fitting iiresand redehcn moulding and earring Tr takes paint and stains perfectly, after ehimber dealer is unable to. ply White Pine, we being helpful to you in recuring rpporsunity: fddress, WHITE PINE BUREAU, 223 Merchants Bank Building, St. Paul, Minvi | |]: aesbiststiey, spat ines a ment of the teetin — Send for it raw, The Niner Pane’ Rlanutaensees? age for itt reer Mention the Geographic identifies you."* weak crotch—hidden decay— a winter storm—RUIN! —and yet this tree seemed perfect Davey Tree Surgeons THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CC Bust Sr, Sh ee ae HAVE YOUR TREES Lh a fel ee ! RECOMMENDATION FOR MEMBERSHIP National Geographic Society to the National G. = phic Mage: Go the Secretary, National Geoxraphie Society, Sicteeath and dM Srerata Nevthwen Washington, D.C, | I nonninate Address for membership in the Society. ‘Mention tho Geographic—It 125 Million Food Cells In that Grain of Wheat y snets of food eells—about all w ye valuable elements which t de withour Nie miostly im the wheat kn, bv mike cells, you tone it Puffed Wheat = 12c | Puffed Rice “= 15c Corn Putis—Bubbles of Corn Hearts—|5e The Quaker Oats Gapany . Sole Makers “Mention the Goographie—tt sdentittes -you."* Klaxons Change Shifts in Big Munitions Factory note of the Kk JHE United Stites Cartridge Ca. of shiney, fiipell n | Lowell, Miss, have eliminated waste | cuts through the din of this heavy inohle motion in the uperation af their big | ery just ax it cute through the wolke and machines Hirowsh the ase 6 fish Of street traffic, In both cases it able burns never fails to get instant ation and Fur ne Ihoniths they Rave been works hours a day an war anders, ‘Three shifts this peculiar pesieteating quality that f new are employe — each is changed | has made the Klaxon the unt w ised cry elght hour automobile siz je. Ute use i 90 en = The din of the machines wiuso great under | eral that most automobile horns come the inerenseil mctivities that the gn aiid | to be spoken ef as Klaxens whistles that ware formerly used to signal | Jn reality there is but one Kinson and the changing of slitts could nat he | that i made by the Lavelle McConnell bite harms | Mfz. Co, of Newark, No J. ‘The installed way to be sure oa siguil ig a Klaxou ix In thet ples Klason aut Wien it ts tinse for the sbsft ty lngk for—aad find—the Klason name Operators take up their posit plate men they are to replace. Did the traker of your car equip it the sound of't nek It Unnecessary to tap the huge mis tatde | sith a Kawi pose y 5. will tell yew. c Klan the chang nstant of time: and male ra cheup imitation? Sup- u look aid vee. The same-pilate Ininunssbinaapei/sn gueuteneseemensteeer Lot identines you," A Century of Exposure to the Weather Did Not Rust These Iron Chains After standing for over dred years in rain, fog, snow, their covering of rust was no thicker than a coat of paint, Remarkable? Y: But the record could be surpassed with Armco (Americ Ingot) Jron, because Armeo Tron is purer in content and more uniform in textu chains that lasted for so many years. Se These hand-forged chains resis made of nearly pure iron, ARMCO IRO Resists Rus Iron Roofs that as no other ordinary Armen I ucts {rom yaur ti see th. youl ge ‘The American Rollin: Branch Offices in Cheam, irott cany-not a ause it is nee ‘made — bur becautne it is the must. se thence of gases and all the other quit 6 rist-resihtunice pu emost in the minds of manufgcurers and users of sheet metal products of durability Write today for “Defeating Rust” ‘This book gives scores of produc head manu Ti you have difficulty in gettn Armee Iron ¢ Mesa Ha ure than the iron in these d rust because they were hy bs ta Mill Company, Box 787, Middletown, 0. Pincareh, Debt, New Yor, pase etoaer aun sa =~ ie aati The Conservation of Wealth icentive you have to acquire wealth eet wpon you, fess method ta cone present wealth in its paatest, most give a satisfactory return upett that w Municipal, } tequire the minimum of thought after they chased—an item of the utn importanc thowe depen f your disability, 1 they are free from considcration of increasing To obtain strength and whe isacq venient form; in addition curity, consulta Bond House Question. Our ju aul us in reward to your Write today for our mew boahiet, "The Premier Mavestment,”’ and Circular N-2, describing eur list of alferings, Address nearest office. William R.Gmpton (Company St. Leute 408 lire Strect Clnelaath 1a Union Prat Bhs, native ate atinecateoene UREA AE LE New York Ma Walt siret M 111 Wikianree St, | Holstein Cows’ Milk The Final Choice Moon’ 's Trees Will Hide Unsightl Views If Planted Like This en by thin unique aa way that has of the planting's purpose. mrelfecte with: Moon's ‘Trees are casly pomible on small arene, for this wuburban Broperty is hut 90x 200 ft. © This is bot onc of the innumerable effects hut can he bod with Moon's Trees and Shruls. Our profusely Mustrated extning contuina much infocmative data an what to isnt end here to plant, and ia gladly HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA F. LL HOUGHTON, Srerrtary ALP American Buildline, BRATTLEBORO, VT “‘Mention the Geographie—It identision yor “Che Heart of the Home” 6% INVESTMENTS For $100, $500, and Larger Amounts Firat Martgage Bands aa Chicare Real Extate Improved with Modern Buildings sears’ successful experielite in handling investments. upon Chi propery, we recommend these in the terms to investors ‘requiring safety and attractive yield, Peabody. Houghteling & Co. ‘Establiahed 1895) 10 South La Salle Street, Chicago forlanye institution every mix mdnthe, Thou: are learning this ¢ year, and ane ate founde vestors Magatine, Mention the Gesgraplite—tt identifies pout."* Have You $1,000 or $100 to Invest at 6%? Many have the. mistaken idea mly for the wealtl be farther from the truth. Safe bonds are investments forevery one, Ac num as small as $1,000 or even $100 will buy a mfe bond, which will yield 66 a year—396 ds of thrifty Americans an. attractive in= int Mortiige 6" No Income Tax Certificates Required With Coupons These bonds are convenient invest menia vinder the Income Tax Law, tine Income "Tox certificates are ae regiietiventiog tairareboet pt on interest payments of than $3,000 each yeur). Tt wall be worth your while sweatigais carctully the taaetts re pesurities im the light of this faet— No invertor has ever Jost a dolluraf principal or interest on any sti pure! chased of ue since thir House was A years ago. Tosiided, aed sbiraving hate aden? tage under the Income Tax Law. Write today for the Straus In- Booklet No. B 656 rching could ng safety and for BANKERS ecw Yom Purity ] VORY SOAP is ' pure, Tt contai i no materials « than those needed making of i pik i ntiains #o bleach i make it white; & no filler ta give ‘ weight. arade Ivory Soap is pure Its materials. are re= fined so thorowrhly that there: ig, no. dire or foreign matter i the finished product, i i Wory Soap is pure, a The fat and alkali are combined +0 i skillfully thar there is no free alkali or un- saponified oil in a single cake. 7 wont Les S RNS pert ' } peers “Mention the Geographic—It identines you,'* VoL. XXIX, No. 2 WASHINGTON FEBRvary, 1916 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE HOW OLD IS MAN? By ‘Treoport Roost RECENT years scientific writ- ers have for convenience, sake. distinguished as prehistory that ‘of mac's Longe history on this earth: fy precedes the period for which we Pmssess written records, ar at least ree= fords that may be treated as in some sort their cntivntent ¥ nis, of cours immensely longer than what cin, by on stretch ad langnnge, by: galled! his true his tors. At present our historleal records Lewin in Egypt and Mesopotamia, using the fxtter word to include the entire coun- -y adjacent to the Tigris and Euphrates; und the fitst dim indications of anything that can properly be called hiistory:do not #0 ek seven thousand years, while it it ot until some five thousand years. ago that we begin to he of continunusly firma historical ground. At that time 7 rape was sill in the ee. ani sts inhabfiants knew y nothing af either metals or ag. Doing in, the neolithic or polished stone cultural stage, In America history camtnt be said to have begun much before the advent of the white man, although there aire extraordinary architectural re- mains of ol and strange. civilizations. in Mexico, Central America, and Peru. “Cid,” however, is a. reliitive term. ‘The catliest mouuments beside the lower Nile and lower Euphrates, ike the ea Jiest monuments on the high plateaus or in the dense tropical forests of the new: world, are purcly modern—are things of yesterday—when measured by the hoary antiquity inte which we grope when we attempt to retrace the prehistory of tan, the history of his development from an apelike crediture struggling with Iris fel- low-biites, to the being with at Teast Tongings and bopes that are half divine, All our knowledge of man’s slow p ess during the iramense stretch of time covering this development has heen ob- tained during tle last two generations it Tk still if a sketchy, and fragmentary kind, and we cannot lope that it will ever be caimpléte: but already we kmow enough to indicate the rough outlines of some of the most important of the devel- opituental stages, anil_as regards certain of the later stages to Gi] in varius details, TA KITTEL ES INSAPPRAR ANT SEASEM ALS foray, barra ut Tn geological or paleuntalogteal par- lance, the Age of Mammals ix how as the Tertiary period. At the beginning of tihis period the gigantic creatures with which the Age af Reptiles, the secundary period of the earth's history, culminated, had all died aut, ‘The mamnnls, which forages kad ex- jsted as small, warm-blooded beasts of low type, iow had the field mueh to them selves. They developed alomg many d ferent lines, incharding thar of mates, fron which cite the monkeys, the authropoid apes, and finally the half human predecessors of man himself, At about the tine wher these hist appeared Elephan for mee mount tis in France t worn down and others thrust records of pr AN OUTTISE SCAM were widely extended, cannectitie Africa and free migration nivttes for animal gil, records which show a continious huniat occupation of the region for at least a hundred thousand years: and) French archwalogists have ‘taker the teil in deciphering these records. The coun tries of Europe immediately sirrainding France also yield invaluable records ; an in consequenice our knewledge af the pre- history of mar i almnst, bit not quite, confined to his develojiment in Europ All the earlier divisions of this prelis= tory, .stretehinge over an. immeasurable period of time, are included in the ext! ture stage known as palentithi becatise during these many hundreds of centuries the successive races of men used only chipped stone tools and imple- ments. Following this immensely tong Old Stone Age came in quick sticcession AP OF EUROPE AT APRON WITEN THI DRETisit TLS AND SAVIAN IENTNSULA WILE A TANT OM THE MAFNEARD. Etirope teas then in the period of maximum continemal elevation. in which the const: Hines Europe ina single vast peninsula and affarding Rives horth and south, as well as east and weit the relatively short ages known as those of New Stone, or polished stone, of Bronve, and of From. THLE Mast IEPORTAN'T BOOK ON THR: LUTION OF MAN SINCE NARWIN’ “DESCENT Or MAST ‘the best book dealing in concise form with the hoary antiquity of man as he was up te the end of paloolithie times has jost appeared and is by one of one gellow- countrymen, The author is Henry Fair- field Osborn, of the American Museum of Natural History. De. Osborn's book covers in masterly manner the Old Stone Age of Europe. It therefore covers substantially all that we now knoWw-of the development of nt ay Srint MRE HL tT ovind fossil in the nt examples of whi yas auch as ro feet Ine acl anit feet were wmall in ‘This dese first ay of man vent deer. ( before the adven manity® from the days of tlie am of Java, throtigh the sands of years during which the chinless pre-men dwelt in Europe, to the time When, men. of substantially the present type hunted the mammyitis and the bisem north and south, of the Pyrenees, and drew and painted the great beasts on the walls of their home caverns, Th is the crucial period in the e¢oli~ tion of man from a. strong and cunning brite into a being having dominion over ull brutes antl kinship with worlds lying outside and beyond owr own. In Mr, Oshorn’s hdok this period i for the first time covered asa whale and treated) as fully as our present krinwwledge pernits, ts the important work on the “Men of the Old Stone Age: ‘Their viranment, Life, and Act.” by Beaty F: on jew York: Charles Seribier ry Frum 3 aries R finigta ESTOCENE ROwONE Irish peatsbogs) was not a trie efk, hut a0 chy still in Burape). Tho spread af the some cases. The animal stood 7. feet at th proportion to. the genetal balk. “The females furope durimg the Bret imter-Giacial ave; ution of out red since 1 ies that ha “Descent Many works of high merit Ihave dealt with phases ef what is 4 vered, and some suggestive hoaks of larger scope have beet written. he Whole subject as now been covered a writer whose exhaustive and many-sided knowled: whose long scientific training, whose 1 ural insight, ularly j to first full, clear, and! critical presen and interpretation of all thnt has been discvered and soundly determined since Darwin wrote that one of his master= pieces whic dally dealt with aman, his is a strong statement. Yet it is an examination of the multi tudmons. works treating of the matter. There are books of the highest value MAP OP EUROPE, SHOWING THT GREATS UANDLN AVIA, GRIMY I ret OF tel waa Coven ivi aertise AMD ELALIE OF RUSSIA DURING. THE SECOND GLACIAL, AGE The dee Gelda and, glucérs, ciowe in white on thik mip, then reached thoir greatest extension, und varrern Enrope vais cleprisstil () aiiclan. extent that the Black and Caspian and Aral seas formed dnt contingoms froily of water an appeared, an immigrant from Asia, probably stow) years ago (see Pate 19). dealing with the archivologieal side, such as that of Dechelette, recently killed. in battle (for, incidentally, the French ar- chaolagists do not permit theirstudies of the dead to shrivel their patriotic deve: tion to living duty), und the magnificent volumes of Cartaillac, Brenil, and. Ober mailer, which we owe to. the generons scientific enthusiasm of the Prince of Monaco, ‘There are other books on the geologi- cal sirle of the period, such as the notable volunies of Chamberlin and Geikie, which could have been written only by special ized experts, ‘There are many stuities of human reins and of the remains of the accompanying beast fannas by After the ice retreated! the Heiilulherg Frinch, English, German writers All of these are inillspensable to, the scholar; hut each covers only one facet Of the erystal, Finally, there are books dealing. with the general subject—excellont hiwks— hut none of them possessing all the quali which are essential to the fall unde anding of the probleni. Lard Avebury Prehistoric Times” was written when it was still neeessaty te argue with these who dishelieved in the antiquity of man, their reasons being subsiantially similar to those of the ather conservatiges who a couple of centuries earlier treated as impions the sistement that the earth went round the stm. sleaincae by Charles 1, bentyht crt Tin Woon ber ext A CONTEMPORARY OF THE HRINELIMING MAX, LONG RHINOCEROS TICHOWMINUS, PLEISTOCENE The woolly thinogera ene), a European form fund fri fields: This s hook for the first tine lowly the land rose and fell. fs was put tegether—goulogy, com ted by narrow When the land lin Ost everything. palcograph known climatic changes; lan the plant life, including the successic British Is aiid migrations of the vations floras; the rend animal life, including the st the Rhine and the Sei migration of the varios great mammal. compared to whieh the jiresent-day Rhine ian faunas; and finally what is known af anil Seine look like brooks... The Balu water lake. wered its own and exte ts present limits. ‘These not cataclysms; probably NEES a great are At this moment going om in the world. But to bumant perc tions such earth movements are sn grad notice by any cient wlan Hittself in these surraund- became the oge. THE UMITISH ISLES WERE PART OF SNCH AND TIE BALTIC A VWESH- WATHR Lane During the immense period of whens the Old Stone man ilwelt in west ual as to be impossible ern Enrope it was, as now, a peninsula individual or generation. f the huge Eurasiatic landm: Again. 4 sa ao = and again it was partinily covered | te VASO TUE AMERICAS. CAGES tects fram iliflerent centers of di PG ROW ORIGIN NTE, HEISTS OM. MEX persal, chiefly the Alpe and the texio ‘These cliniatic and geographic that inclutes what is now the Balie tions perliaps explain the apipe Peninsula, that Europe was not a center of origin n6 W CONTESPORARY OF YiE HF MAN LEG fortions of the globe, the partics th American orgin. bt many wa sand sliort tail being rather bearlike than ne and were arnicd with many powcrtal elzws 1 the brute inhabitant thither in great waves from Only for sh ° TrLeniemiainy heen reviving iriigin’ to Europe in the senge that other trace their severs nand worth een ial center of disp men who sed overmn the world, is without if could, ner doubt the lower gain within eon nt geblogic times northern en almost ed ot Lif periods has it been dispersal, and even during these it has merely. dispers feveloped types, of ere nt them sin and vaders fram trove souithem ‘Enrope tif his mixed-blood he last five ee get scale avernin the earth, and of the parasitic mixesebh the + sors who during hive hits the riots wee rent cultures. and great cultive in prehistoric times ¢ hwee, dowhtless Asi als. who owt The th flock that 1, pesible to cl who grew « whom it wan AA = a po ToT. i aN \ far mo historyand prehistory i what him: in twos ar thowsind wry dawn nicl on lirmatti Toth temper: ture} Mt the ch tines Europe posseseed a es, Lipp ther-toath tigers, wild oxen, and hes ciation which ashe drove these animals restricted inter-Glucial pe " During tht tive types of men ith the great sonth Once more th HOW OLD Is MAN? 1 more advaticed, but Iawer than any. ex iting savage, ‘and apectcally distinct from amudert man. ‘This race dwelt in Europe, without, other human rivals, for an immonse period of time: jirabably: at least fifty thutsand years; certainly an everal times as long as the. period tidied in the intereal bet ween the ear liest po! stone tien arid ourselves in utber words, several times a long as the ages of poli iron aiid the total of bistoric times all pug together (see pictu These Neundertbal hig-headed, thick-skulled savages, fh brows projecting over cavertiotts hiettt, und jaws < were al nt the prurtions wich repre- agg good size, sent the higher intellectual attainments were poorly develaped. ‘The type skull af the race was discov- ered sixty gence from existing type, its large bra to doubt its exac scale. Darwin practically thotgh it was exactly the “missing lin he hoped to find. The perverse ingenuity: of the great anatomist, Virchaw, who, wath wre; declared, its pecuilisritis delayed for a generation the full understanding of its inipiort Other skulls and skeletons were found, however, and there ts now: mo mare doubt of the taciat existence of the Neander- thals than of the raciyl existence of the ancienit Egyptians. They were a low race of men, distinctly human, but fir nearer the beast than any existing race. ‘They were widely distribured, began to five in Gives ‘when the Glacial epoch really opened, and assidyously practiced the in dustey of making tools, implements, and weapons of flint. They lived by the chase of the great game with which they were surrounded, Some of their favorite hunting grounds were frequented by them for untold gen- craitions, and the skeletal remains of thonsands of bison and reindeer and tens of thousands of will horses, mingle! with the bobes of mammoth and rhinoc= eras, show how the game abounded. jears aga: but its wide diver- ombaned with ise student= the human ignored it, al Some of their favorite caverns were fived iu by them and by their successors for fifty thousand years. They were widely, although thinly, spread over Enrope, and the development of their flint tools and implements is everywhere so uniform as to show that the various stages in the evolution of their culture in different places were setitially contemporary. During the im- anense perind of time when they were the only hnman beings in Europe the climate changed from warm-temiperate to glacial, and the ane tea like fashico ‘one set of beasts supplanting another. ‘They hunted all these creatures, but es- qweially the horses, oxen, and reindoer. Yet how small a factor man then was as regards the extermination of the big game may be gathered from the fact that the changes in the faunas were evidently due purely to climatic alterations. Whit tlie climaie changed, so as to favor the mmoth, woolly thinnceros, musk-ox. reindvér, and steppe hore, they all ‘saviarmnice ito the jand, where hitherto they had stot been found, and fonrished and inereased preau Tr is evident thas the presence of the Neanderthal hunter had yo effect npon them. Fle could ny even prevent their increase when climatic conditions javored such increase, OUR ANCESTONE, A RAC Ss ES OF TALL HUN TER- An ce toROE At Isat the fife term ef these pi ive litinter folk drew to a lace, they: were not our ancestors, With or present knowledge, it acems prolable thar they were exterminated as completely. from Europe as in our awn day the fiaas were exterminated from Tasmania. ‘The most profound change in the whale ravial (mat cultural) tistors of western Europe iwas the sudden and total supplanting of these savages, lower than existing human type, by the tall, finely built Cri-Magnon race of Inmnters, who in intelligence evidently ranked high as compared swith all but the vere fore: most moder peoples, and who. belonged. to the same species of man that we do— FTomo sapiens (see picture, page 122 Geologically, these were modern im= migrants intoestern Eurape; for there 126 THE NATIONAL GE fs reanomalily good. ground to believe that they entered that region only twenty-five or thirty thousand years.agn, They pos sessed really noteworthy artistic ability, and their carvings, drawings, and paint- ings af the mammoth, bison, anrocks, rhi- heceras, horse, reindeer, cave hear, and cave fio are of high merit, THe WHITE MAN TEAS NUT BREN AN 1M PORTANT PLEMENT IN TeESFoRY a MUCH MORK THAN 3,000 VEARS One or mpre A’iatic rices reached centril Europe somewhere about this time and thay have influenced their eul- ture. For a time thete was another race associated! with them in southern Europe, and, very curiously, this was a rave akin to the negro pyymies of present-day Africa. But these small negroids soon van- ished, and the tall IMenter-artists re mained the sole masters af westem E pe for what, judged by all historic standards, was an. immerse period of me—perhaps ten thousas ainly mueh Nosiger thats the cts the éntire known history of the white race which now dominates: the world—for the European white man has t been a, porderable clemont in civili zation or history for much more thas three thansand years. ‘Then the Cr-Magnons: in their turn succumbed. There are inilications that they had plready begun to fall off some- what, both physically and cularally, in accordance with that strange law which seeins to apply. to every Social and paliti- cal organism, jnst as it does to every in- dividual, and whieh ordains that growth shall be followed by decay and death. Be this as it may, this fine race disap- wared, almost or quite completely, aind its place there came, seemingly trom Asia iv Hi population he extreme difficulty of determining in prehistoric times the extent of corre= lation between tnefal invasion and: onl- tural change and the effect upon ane race coni{uest or infiltration hy. another may he measured by comparing it with what IGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Wwe know Of these matters in connection with the comparatively modem and his- toric case of the Normans, These were Scandinavian ‘sea-thieves, who conquered and settled in a province of France to which they gave their name, the name being merely the rofmance= speaking peoples’ eifurt to pronounce Northmen, as both Norwegians and Danes were often called. In tts carly stages the conquest was precisely: like those which other Norsemen mide in England, Scothind, and Ireland. In these countries the invaders were ulti nuntely assimilated with the original in- hubitints aud became Englishmen, Trish- men, and Scotchmen without producing any tiew racial type. But the conquerors of the province in northwestern France so influenced aud were 36 influenced by their surroundings, including especially the poople they. con quered, that an ntirely new and extruor- dinsty race sprang up—a race that for a centity or In was, on the whole, the leading force m the development of west- era Europe. This race lost almost every particle of its Scandinavian cultyre— apeceh, religip L. weapons, industry, haw. It becatne completely French in sill these matters, and doubtless mainly Freneh even in blood. But it produced a totally, new and ex- ingly able and formidable type of ‘renchman. Noernyins conquered Sicily, England, and Freland, putting nilers om the thrones of the two former, atid estnb- lished earkdoms or principalities in places is far part as Scotiand and Syria, Everywhere they therged in the mass of the peaple whom they had conueted and dominated. Everywhere their advent prodiiéed a profound and lasting effect on the enltare af the congtiered people, and yet nowhere did they leave a trace ye culture of their awn forefathers, and they left only a trace of their blow. Tf we had nat the written records we would be utterly unable to make a guess nt the curses of the revolutions and to- tally new types of evolutionary develoy ment in civilization. whieh they Dro shout. ‘The merest glance at their tory explains why we find so many pre~ historic problems insoluble. HOW OLD Is MAN? 127 HUROPE mp NOT cIve, RISE Td 4 SINGLE SPECIES OF MAN Mr, ‘Osborn’s conclusions are stated ventatively — that is; scientifically — as strong probabilities, not certainties. ‘They re us follaws, and they represent the nelusions which aré tt accord with our present knowledge. From the eithest Palenlithic to Neo- Jithic times western Europe was never center of human evolution, Tt did tot give rise to a-single species of man, nor did there occur therein any marked evo- Jution oF transformation of human types. The main racial evolution took place to the eastward, whence at first primitive and afterward modern types of men found their way westward, OF all the races of Palcolithic man THE CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION which appeared in Europe, no ote was anecstral to any hers they all sueres- sively arrived fully formed. Therefore the family trees or lines of descent of the races of the Old Stone Age consist of a number of entirely separate branches, which had been completely developed in the eastern mass of the great Rurasiatic continent, ‘The suiiden appeiram sotie 25,000 years ago, in Eurdpe, a buman race with a high order of brain was not a local leap forward, but the result of a long process of evolution elsewhere. Through ont the whole period there was a long, slaw process of checkered progress, marked hy the rise and fall of races, af cultures, and of industries, It is a fasci= nating subject, and 90 one has dealt with ivacably as Mr, Osborn, The Historic Lands Along the Ruphrates and Tigris Rivers Where Briton Is Fighting Turk By James Barge Auton on “ N. THE -southwesterm corner of the at continent of Asia, hetween the ‘ersian Gulf and the border of that great elbow known as Asin Minar, which the continent thrusts ont westward, there lies a land whose influesice upon the his- tary of the human race it would seareely he possible ta overestimate. This is the place which is generally recognized to have been the original home of the human race, where, in dim and misty ages before history began, men first ittempted to form themselves into organ sae communities, where the Hebrew ree found its rigin, and whence their first leader, Abraham, went out in search of the fand which he should aiterward re- vive for an inheritance. It is.a long and comparatively: narrow stret country, running up from the Persian Gulf toward the Tauris Moun iis and that lofty tableland which we now know as Armenia, On its northern ov Ascites? Reyer” NE i and northeastern side it js bordered by a fringe of mountains, gradually sloping up toward tite great northern ranges, On the southern anc southwestern side it fades away into the great Arabian desert (see map, page 216), SOURCE OF MESOPOTAMIA’ BMY MUTY up in the tableland of Armenia, about Soo miles in a straight line from the gulf, rise two groat rivers—the Ti- gris and the Euphrates. The former breaks through the mountain wall of the tableland on its eastern Rank and flows: I, @ Southeasterly direction throughout almost its entire course. ‘The latter breaks through on the west- ern flank and flows at first westward, ax though making for the Mediterranean. Iv then ttirns south and flows directly southward for awhile: then sweeps around ina great bend to the southeast TH CRADLI and follows x colrse gradually converg= iug upon that of ite sister stream, I= nally, pear the sea, the two tine and teste bt to the Persia LE. The land traversed by these two rivers has, like the sister river-land of Egypt, beet frome time immemorial ane of the yreat historic centers of human develoy— ment. ft divides into two portions of fairly, equal length. For the first 490 iniles the country geaidually descends ita gentle slope from (he miuntains. forming: an irregular triangle between the two divers, within ayhich the land beeamies less and less hilly, as it sinks southward, dill, as it nears the Euphrates, it becomes a broad steppe, whieh, beyond the river, rolls off into the desert. This. portion is strictly the and called by: the * Mesopotamia.” JHE GREAT ALLUVIAL PGA _ The second division is totally differes in character. Iv is -sinypl like that of the Nila fat whieh has been entirely iorm ns the silt brought dawn from the mountains by the two great rivees ‘The process af landemal going on, and the waters of the Petsion Gulf are being pushed back at the rate of about 72 feet per annum. What this stow process may achieve in many cen tures is evidenced by the fact thar we know that the ancient town of Evidit was still at about ooo B.C. an! important seaport on the Persian Gulf. I ts now 125 miles from the set Roth lands were entirely dependent for theic habitability and fertility on the rivers which traversed them, “In Meso- ptamin the ‘Tigeis nnn the Fuplirates have for long stretches channeled deep inte the soit and flow below the level of ‘the Iand: In the lower distriet-—Baby- Jonia—the prdinary level oi the rivers Frequently above that of the stirraumdinge pin so that inundations are nf frequent occurrence, and large tracts of the conm- try are now unhealthy marshland. Tn hoth cases, therefore, though for opposite reasons. the hand of man was needed to make the rivers helpfal In Mesopotamia the water was controled ‘by dikes and dams, which held it up until it was raised to the level of the Jand, over OF CIVILIZATION i which it was then distributed by canals, In Babylonie the surplas water was drawn off directly by a grewt canal sys tem, the hanks of whose ancient arteries still in formisible ridges across FLOWING WITH SHLK ASD HONEY Under the system of irrigation both lands were astonishingly fertile. Even today tt can be seeti that only welledi- rected work is needed to bring back the ancient fertility, After the spring rains the Mesopotaniian slopes are lothed with rich verture and are gay with flowers. But of oli these lands were the wonder of the world for their rietiness, OF Babylonian the Greek histeris Ilerodatus wrote 2.350 years ago: “This territory is of all that we know the best for producing grain: as tn trees, it does het even atteript to bear then, hee fig or vine or ohye: but for pros ducing grain it is so good that it returns as much as two hundred fold for the average, and when it heats at its best. it prrvduices three hundred fold.” You bad, then, a tind which, in con~ stant human ocenpation and. cons stant and organized attention to the de- tails of itrigation, was capable of almost anything; hut at the same time it was a Tand which, Jeft to itself, went back quickly to wilderness. The parching heat of simmer withered everything on the Mesopotamian aplinis : the low levels of Rahylonia very speedily became marsh if the waters were not regulited. the hand of man heing withdrawn or checked, hoth Mesopotamia and Bahr- lonia went Tick to the state in which they: inally atid in whieh we see them became great barren w the Mesopetamian slopes clad in sprin with a brief beauty, then parebed am ilesolate for the rest of the season; the Fabylonian plains covered with swamp and jungle, where fever and malaria Iireed continually, The desolation is only accentuated by the melancholy: remains 6f omar ae Aty—canals choked and sihed up till they faye become fever beds instead of arter- ies; huge mounds of rubbish whieh once 180 were great historic cities, towering mp above the plain, shapeless and aaa aha, Before man-came the land was waste. When he had learned to bridle its. rivers amd to develup its capi became “as the garden of the Lord.” | N he has lost: the-grip of his first inberit= ance it has gone buck to waste again, Yet there can be no denbt that here is a country of almost infinite possibilities, and that in the future, possibly not a very distant future, the first home of the race will agam be one of the most fertile and perhaps one of the Iitsiest spots in the world, CLILE WITHERS AS EVE-WrEcrssKs ‘There are few things more remarkable than the way in which this kind which had once been supreme in the history of the world, and which for centuries was one of the great molding forces of human story, passed almost entirely out of the thought and memory of civilized man, We know it, of course, from our Bibles ‘The name of Nineveh. “that great i and the story. of Nebuchadneszar’s pride, as he looked round upon palace and tem- pleand tower, and said: “Ls not this great Babylon, which T have buil getiahle impressians. of history The men who wrote the history and the ptoplieey of the OM Testament did so. when these lands were living and at the height of their glory. They witnessed ‘Assyria. trampling down the mations and gatliering their treasure “a4 one gathereth ewes that are forsaken,” and they sw fall, exulding over the overthrow of Nit evel, whose ernely had passed spon all nations, They si the sotond rist of Nebuchadneszar, and lived in the midst of its splendors and beheld ther all pass aw “THES caste wioxtent” Then camedown midnight. So uterly had the local habitation and the name of these great cities vanished front the metn- ‘ory of mun that 400 years before Christ, when Xenophon and the Ten Thousand mirched through the fand after the battle ‘of Cunaxa, they passed the ruins of Ninevely and never knew of them, and eiicamiped beside the ruins of Kala, an- THE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, other of the mighty cities of and spoke of them as “an ancient city named Larissa.” Wonderful stories and legenils, of course, still found their place in the minds of men abotit thest aucient cities and monarchics—legends of Nimrod, of Ninus and Semiramis, and of the wan- derful palaces and hanging gardens of Babylon. Tut where these cities stood and what had beeomé of their glories, these were things utterly forgotten for clase on 2,000 years. “Babylon,” Said Isaiah, long before (saith: xiii 219-22), “the glory of ki doms, the beauty of the Chaldee’s x Teney, shall be hs when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. Tt shall neyer be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt from generation to generation, neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there. Ubut the wild beasts of the desert shall there, and their houses shall be full of doleful creattires; and owls shall dwell there, and satyrs shall dance there.” THE WORDS OF A PROPEET And Zephaniah (iiz.14) writes thus of the sister city, whose fall was earlier: “He will make Nineveh a desolation, and dry like the wilderness. ‘The corr and the bittern shall lodge in the lintels of it... .. This is the rejoicing city that dwelt carclessty, that said ib her heart, Lam, and there is ‘none heside nic; how is she become a desolation, a for beasts to Tie down in; every one that passeth by her shall hiss wind wag. his hand. Layard thus describes the emotions ex- cited hy the first contemplation of the desolate heaps which now represent cities of Mesopotamia. After speaking Of “the stern shapeless mound risin Shit feom the worshed plate, the fag: ments of pottery, and the stupendous mass oF brickwork oecasioially Jaid luire iy the winter rains,” he goes an “He és now at a Inss to give any form to the mide heaps on which he is gazing. Those of whose works they are the re mains, unlike the Roman and the have left no visible traces of their civili- zation or their arts; their influence has Tong since passed ‘away. The scene around is worthy of the ruin he is con syria, © SCENE ON THE EUPHRATES BABYLON at delta Tike that of the Nila flat alluvial pla town Y which has been Ivers. ‘The é great Tikris mi. What ths 482 THE NATIONAL Gl templating; desolation meets desolation ; a feeling Of awe succeeds to wonder; for there is nothing to relieve the min, 10 Jeail to- hope, or to tell of what has gone hy. ‘These haye mowids of Assyria made a deeper impression upon me, gave rise te more serious thonghts and more ear- nest reflection than the temples of Baal and the theaters of Loma.” DARKNESS OF CLCTUNES amis ‘The darkness of cemniries has since heen broken, and broken mainly, in the first instance, hy the man whe wrote these sentences. Let us therefore seek to omt- Fine what we have gradually come 16 know. of the carties story of The tin race in these fands, which seen, as far as ean be judged, to Ie possibly the ear- liest story of the human rice the. work tat js tp say, as civilized and organized bei Seripture, nies, places the first he- sianings of huntam story in this dand, je Garden of Eden is described in a way that leaves the actual i whieh the writer was aiming to very vage: at certainly it is ncighhorhood if the Ruphrates, whic definitely named as one of the rivers which water it: and the word “Feien" it- LADS So the Garden of Eden gimply meanr writen of the Plain, and the first forefathers of aur race were belteved 10 have had their home in this most fertile spot. Thé story of the Deluge moves in the seme region, and the Babylonian ree ors preserve a tradition which corre sponds almost detail for detail with that of Noah and the Ark, In Genesis xi we have the Hehirew 1 ilittn of the beginnings of organized civilization, with the rise of the first.city, and the origin of the strifes and jealous: jes which haye separated the warions ma- tions from one another, It isoof course, lescribed, hat the place where tings nccurred and the meth ods adopter! by there curliest organizers ‘of the race are stated with perfect clear- OGRARHIC MAGAZINE ness, id they correspond eXactly with the Cohditions existing in Babylonia, “Tt came to pass, as they journeyed iromthe east, that they found a plain the linil of Shihar' and thicy lel there, And they said one to another, 40 to, bet us make brick, amd tarry them thor- oughly,” And they thud Brick for stone, aod'shitne had they for mortar. And they sail, ‘Go to, let ux build aeity and A Lower whose tup may reach ante beaver and det us make us a tame, Jést we be scattered abroad mpott the face of the whole earth, Here we have the terse and vivid stare— mont of what narst necessieily have hip jrened wher 7 st began to realize their powers and sciuiae themsel in sch a lanl The writer of Genesis pots in two sentences, as if it were a single act, wiiat no donbt, in actual fact, took hondreds or perhaps thousands of years to attain, Bar there and in that fashion thire i no doubt that cites took their rise cud civilization bern todevelop. ‘The fertile plain invited habitation, Men felt the need of gathering for mutual proteetion against heir hnman enemies onthe yelld beasts whieh abomided; and wheir thee east about as to how to tnd they found themselves faced ly the fact that Baty lontia produces no bhikding stone, ‘Their buildings had to be reared of the mul of Which their land was composed > and, from the dawn of history to its clase, buildings in Babylonia were of brick, Hoge makes of eruile ftui-dried. mud, case] on the ourside only with the lander infarct brick: A UPY Fok MOYECHON AND A TOWER FoR WORSTHIE HA city atid a tower,” says the writer, and again he is true tothe facts: ‘The for protection ant the tower for ip. For the chatacteriste feature fonian temple architecture, dis tinguishing # sharply from the Egyptian temples. with their suecessinni of chant bers an the ground Tevel. is the “Zig- gurat,” or temple tower, rising in sm cessive stages, cach stage a little less in i than the One heneath it, wmtil the ie on the summit is reached, FUPIRATES, WHERE MIEN 3 the mils ¢ The science of irtigatinn was developed ver ennials t the plain, all tie ithe of abirty centuries | it was Jmifle, bat we dy ke with, hundred Wher Pervian (ul heen able © Underwooa ev HEMAINS OF UM OF TH CHL ice out of whit © the patriarch Nraham. mit thotisatid sears before Chriit. they were in great cities, possessed of a complicated established civil an religions dynasties and TITE MOUND COVERING "TH Chaldeck ie beat known ad 4 the Bubyinniuns, some of writing, dnd. go arclties (ice page 1351. When, then, dill this first gathering of — spans, such as 2.400 and human beings into organized commmmities is easy to ridicule such wild take place, and what was the race which not so easy to put facts in their place, yook this momentons § As to the etty much all that can be said i that imestion of when, we are hopelessly ig- somewhere about 4000 1. C, we do seem norant. “Berosus, the old historian of to get into touch with actual and unm Babylonia, tells us of kings before the wkable historic facts, ‘That date is at Deluge whi reigned for incredible pe- least 1.300 years before the date at which riods — 36,000 years in one instanc cved to haye pone forth hile some of hip kings after the Deluge from the lan! in search of his inheritance ‘ome wlown to ‘comparatively midest — But the pionieers had been at work long it neies, but 134 TE before that; for the: people whom we meet at 4000 B.C. are already a highly civilized and organized race. Already they had. towns of considerable size and importance, each with its own great tem- ple tower rising high above the houses and dedicated to the town god. LIFE 6,000 YEARS AGO ‘They had a system of governnient whose unit was not the kingdot, but the city-state—the city, that is, with as much territory around it as it could conye- niently Tey hands on and protect from its. nearest neighbor, the adjoining city, At the head of each community was an official who called himself, in his inserip- tions, the “patesi.” of his own particular state, and who scems to. have been, like Melchizedek, a combination of priest and ing, ‘Thedtthabitants of the city were Skilled in various trades and professions; their social fabric was already sharply divided into a considerable variety of elusses; and their pottery and the fragments of their. sculpture which have survived show ts that they were by niy means tumskilled dan the fine arts, Most important of all, they had already evolved a very complete and highly de veloped system of writing, which in itself mtist have taken centuries to reach: the ‘sige at which it is first found. It began, no doubt, with pure picture-writing, as nglyphic systent began ; Seyptians maintaineil the pictorial clement of their system to the end, developing alongside of it the hic~ ratic and demotic: systems of writing for ordinary purpases, the race in question had already. when We first meet with their writing, got away from any trace qi the picture stage, Their writing is al- ready the arrow-headed or enneiform script which persisted right down to the all of the great empires of the ancient ast (see article by Professor Clay in this number}, WHEXCE CAME TIE SUAERIANS ‘The wonderful Feople who tind setts plished all this we call now by the name of Sumerians, from their own name for one of the divisions of their land, Whence they came is nnimown, CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION 185, it has been suggested that they drifted across the mountains. from India, and, after settling for awhile in. Mersia, finally found their resting-place in the Muby~ lonian plain; and that the form which they gave their temples, towering up like mountains into the sky, may have been dye to & remembrance of early days among the hills of India and Persia; but that is searcely more than guesswork, In fact, we only see this people through: the mists for a short tintie at the very be~ ginning of things, and. then they dixap- pe mout of theif land, or brought into ‘subjection by a stronger and more warlike race—that Semitic people from whom Abraham and the Hebrews sprang You are to imagine the land, then, a& dotted all over at pretty frequent inter- vals with fairly important towns. Round: each town rises: a high wall of brick, very thick and strong, faced on the outside with the harder Kiln-burnt brieks, In the center of the town rises the Ziggurat, or temple-tower. It may have any number of stages, froma three to seven, according ‘to the wealth of the town or the devout- hess of its pricst-king. Reside itis the palace of the latter, and urider the shadow of these two great buildings crouch the stiller hoses. WANT OF STONE. SAKES NARMOW KoOMS Even in the palace the ropms are long and narrow, for the wast ef stone and timber limits their breadtlr to the length cf Such roof-teams as can conveniently he procured: and although the Babylo- inns hed already learned the prin of the arch, they did not yauit their buf ings save on @ small scale, In the town you would find tnsiness thoroughly well organized. documents were writen in cunciia seript on clay tablets, and when they had, ficen-read over, the parties to the contract each signed by pressing his thumb-nail into the wet clay, which was then dried and preserved. Later engraved seals came into use for the purpose of aithen= ticating documents. ‘Outside the walls lay a ring of fields, some of them private property, some of them common land, bot all abke paying tithes to the city-god. Beyond the THE CRADL vated fields lay the pasture land, whieh war all held in cammon, The fields were. i whieh Aistribueed the precious ri at the whole system of irrigation was care fully regulated and snpervi KINS-PEOPLE OF HIE JEWS Not natch! Tater than yooo By C. we: find the whole fand i the power of the representatives of the same Semitic rave ich Ins given tm Abraham, Moses, and David, and also Mahomet and. Ist ‘The Semitic nile takes its appearance in the person of an iipressive and romantic figure, one of the first of the great found» ers of world-empires, Shargani-sharali, better knowi as Sargon, King of Akkad. Fortunately we know, with a fair amount of certainty, when he reigned, for the fast king of Babylon, Nabuna‘id, stutes that when he laid hare the founda: Hon-inseription of Naram-Sin, son of Sargon, in the temple of Shamash, at ‘ippara. he was informed that Naram- Sin had reigned 3.200 yeais before his ime, Thic fixes Naram-Sim at about 4730 8. C.and Sargon about 3800 I. C., 30 thit he belongs to about the time of of settled guvernment in Egypt. A GARDENER BHCOMES KING many: of the greatmen was of hitmble anu obscure Chronicle of Kish states that |. Sharnukin, the gardener, warder of ihe temple of Zamama, e= came King.” But, whatever his origin, the Impression whieh he made on follow- ing ages was great and Tasting, When men looked back to the beginnings, they saw the figure of Sargon standing, great and vague, the fire man who teally courted im their history: and they hon- cored him, accordingly. One of the greatest of Assyrian cone querars called Dimeelf Sargon also, after this. carly king, anal around the name of the first unifier of the land there grew up a legend aehich presents a curious parals Jel to the story of the infancy of Moses, ‘The Assyriim scribes of the eighth cen- tury B,C. make him relate. the story of his early days, ay follows: OF CIVILIZATION way “ini, the poletid ie, Ki of Ai, am te My miathér wan oi Tow degree, my fatlier | Mid tot Rng ‘The brother 9 mm tai ‘My city was Amnpinuni, the Euphirazes, humble mother coredived shes id secret weit is (ort, tne in ah with patch ale ehised ti Father ety ekt inn the ite on the hank of She gave mie over ty the river, which dil wot tise over_me: The fiver Dire tie abies tb Alek, the tre ator. it

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