ase Va are oy PSS a a SYA AA aS THE NATIONAL = ©. GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE MARCH, 1916 yey Pr ira TFS fee CONTENTS Panorama of Lhasa 9}x32 Inches KS ‘ 16 Pages of Photogravure Great Britain’s Bread Upon the Waters: ‘Canada and Her Other Daughters With 6 tlustrations WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT The World's Strangest Capital Wun 29 thestftiona JomN cLAYDR worre Voice Voyages by The National Geographic Society: A Tribute to the Geographical Achievements of the Telephone With 16 Ithstrations Tera RS Py re PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL 'WASHINGTON,D.C. % Veeder agerNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON, 0. O. He TITTMANN, Phedioent JOHN E. PiLLSBURY + VICE PRESIUIENT SOHN JOY EDSON TREASIENER au a : ‘ LBERT HLGROSVENOR. AURECTOR ARD EDTTOR OEM CTO at ee JOHN OLIVER LAGORCE - associate EDITOR GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Assistanr SECRETARY ©. P AUSTIN Z SECMETANY WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER , assistant Entrom BOARD OF MANAGERS 1914-1918 sts-1917 iate-isie ALEXANDERGRAHAMBELL (CHARLES J. BELL Francis K. Lane rrentor of the fa Vierident American Securi Secrutary atthe snd Teast Company S#etmary arty Nowak Gower Heney P. Bout Prof. Exveritun Matt Joun Joy Epson Vige President American Se the dee, Westnet President Washineian Loan & evelyn Thuat Commariy AW. Grreiy Trust ompasey Gh Clasaree Davin Farrer iar Adel teal Roe, In Charge af agvicuities! Fix formerty. Supt il. aval ‘larallone, Dept af Aah Observatory CHART MeRatam FRemmnicx V. COVILLE Meinber National Aéndeiny of Patmerly resiien maton Academy Sctemces Growae Oris Sarr Etisnees ea Director of U. 3, deologice OQ, PF, AUSTIN Joun E, Pinusnuey Soevey aioe Bese Admin! US Nava ©. Hh Torealaniy lee ace TSS Chast und Gosdetis ar” RupoLpH KAUPPMANN Managing Ethar Vhe Exeaing Henke Werte Grokar Stinas, 30 _ Sar Faeyr US. Ambaseaoris’ —Pormeriy ember Us csi; TL. MACDONALD aly etce ures anal abarabst oe ¢ aa Wists Phctorrupber Mn Se he Se Be nase M. WILSON a S.N.D, Nort He caddver Gasseral Army, GRANT SQUIRES Pormariy Dieestor 1, 5, Bus Vernier Chielettingmesr? New York ‘om of Cena Tocarty out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-seven years zo, namely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts trom the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs irom members of the Society, or other friends, ure desired, For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- tion is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed re- lurn envelope and postage, and be addressed: GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Eortor CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: A, W. Greeny ALexanpne Gmanam Beit C. Marr Mepriam DAVID FAIRCHILD O. H. Trrtasann Huot M. Sart Ronaer Hoists CHAPMAN N. HM. Danton Walter T. Swinaue Prank M. Chapmas Ehteredat the tht. Oitice at Wilsbiugtion, D. Cas Seeoud-Claas Mall Matter Souytiett. ut tly National Geographie mockery, emalinguon. 1 CALL rights reservedHave You Ever Owned a Truly Accurate Watch? Do you know the comfort of owning a watch that tells the true time all the time? It's a genuine pleasure to carry such a watch—one that you are not always setting or mentally adding or subtracting a minute or so to or from the time it tells. Remiltond atch “The Watch nf Railroad Accuracy” When you buy a Hamilton you made in many models at $17.00, buy Accuracy that will endure. $25.00, $28.00, $40.00, $50.00, You get 1 watch so-accurate, $80.00, and so on up to the durable and beautiful that a Hamilton masterpiece at generation from now it will $150.00 in 18k. heavy still be a source of pride to gold case. Movements its owner, alone, io fit your present Hamilton watch case, at $12.25 Watches are ($13.00 in Canada). Write for Hamilton Watch Baok— “The Timekceper” 1 pleturesand duscrthes the varimws Themafton raodels fr we uk Wake at Ch Fate WebrN awirur atoG veatcliew MAMILTON WATCH COMPANY Bont. 35, Lanouster, Pesinaytyania ~*Mintion the Geogramhic—tIt identifies you,'*knows a good All of the new Britannica ——in a convenient form ——at a low price —shipped complete for only $1.00 down ill monthly payments hen very sr ction guaranteed, or your money back ickly the e had 1ents we counted to move 1,000 sets. Now we are finding out that the public appreciates this big bargain more the: we expected. The first da pers we got 60 orders; the next 100, and in the sale inc . until it now stands at We ha © this point in our itions for § that we 8 that num ibout six fimes as much are use up our stock of thor Id last almest the whole year, will nouncement is publ bokS very at we Mention the GeograpSS SEE Many who have been putting it off will order their sets as soom as they see this advertisement, And the tens of thousands who have already written us for information—an inereasingly large number of them will now be ordering by every mail. Besides that—there’s going to be difficulty about the India paper. It is this famous Britannica India paper that makes possible such light, compact, convenient books as thése “Handy Volumes"—each_one containing over 1000 pages and_yet weighing only 21 ounce ‘The war has made it nearly impossible for foreign mills to make India paper or for the publishers to import the foreign product i uill_in_the United States making India paper (its whole output being utitized by the publishers of the Britannica) reports that it will soon be unable to import the necessary raw materials, These Are “Reasons Why” if you haven't a copy of our booklet about the ‘Handy Volume” you should write now—today, before you forget it—for full information. Sign and mail to us the coupon at the bottom of this page. We shall immediately send you the required information, with a fair chance of your getting in your order in time for one of the small remaining Sears, Roebuck and Co. Sole Distributors Chicago U.S. Senator Martine of New Jersey which "costing, one-third as much’ Pience send me, free, {ill information abewt tue “f beliere, had the “Tandy Voltome’ size “Handy Vatnn thin ita in om the market aud f hat the choice to pample ps make jvheeon it und the Cambridge iste, blaitt Tahroutd have selected tee former regs Naitie ist the samé opinion in given: by many who see the new “Handy Volume" igsue and know the Cambridge Atlee “Mention the Geographio—Tt identifies you."The Red Side Wall and Black Tread The Distinctive ieee of I "HIS cate and color combination is an added feature to the many “extra values” which have meant “Most Miles per Dollar” to Firestone tire users during the past 16 years. Tt combines appearance with sturdiness and adds a touch of eleZance to your ear, The Fire- stone Tire j is the product of spee ialists in buying—specialists in building—specialists at distribution —and in this concentration of pur pose you find the fundamental reason for Birestene: lestleniliy Firestone Tire and Rubb ‘Akron, Ohio e Com: pam fale" pany’ ealers Everywhere ‘Mention the Geographic—tt you"?WINTON SIX Just so Long as People have Eyes $2: $3500 Complete Information fom request. We submit individual deslans on approval, Mention the Geo they will always pay admiration to hi it isa great error to buy a car lacking th ction. % Beauty never requires apologies, nor explanations, It is accepted everywhere at face value, as proof of quality, hecause e/y those makers who take the tme.ta huild exce r take the additional time to make them ly beautiful. % Commonplace ears look monotonously alike, and that monotonous repetition defeats beauty. But the genuinely superior ear, designed and finished to meet the exclusive personal taste of its individual buyer, stands out cheerfully as the well-built and carefully selected possession of one who is accustomed to the good things of life. “The visible beauty of his car is in harmony with its mechanical excellence, % You can have every- thing that is desirable in a motor car when you order a Winton Six. % Let us talk it over with you. The Winton Company 12 Berea Road, Cleveland, Ohio sraphle—Iv Identifies yPower—Ample to take this car, loaded, anywhere fhat any automobile can go, Speed—More than 999 out of every thousand car owners would ever want or dare fo us Motor—The Marvelous Chandler Motor, built in the Chandler factory for three years past and famous the world over, FREE FROM ANY HINT OF EXPERIMENTATION. Most Beautiful of All the New Motor Car Bodies VERY ONE knows the Chandler now, from the mechanical stand- E i yone knows how the Chandler, the pioneer light six and the first high right from the beginni Chandler bodies rade six to sell for less than $2000, has made good Now we want you to know the handsome new The hig Chaniloris a real sevenepastetiget car. other nicctics of finich and Completeness, fefleet 1 Wre—a comfort-margin, our thought for your corifort and your sense of The sears are wide and 1 ono to see thi a bin, and every : EQUIPMENT one speaks of the “leg room. Tn grace of fine we do not believe there is any Adture of the Chana * ethce carte match it, The picture gives you Hock High Tension Magarte, just a hint of its beat ic Starting ami L the rich Chiller Bh which is enhanced by finish, The interior finish, too, “The deep, pillowy, hair cush- ed In the mew For in keeping with the Fy cM ind the walhus-gandled) sonners: wl, and all the ell phe wsrae? iowtolemtad dems The new Chandler Cataloewe 1 ‘the new tht Touring Car the Foor sassenner Raalater, other ody Woven andallsackaaal atures lly, yen do tt noe bo Choaaies ene. wrk a ans CHANDLER MOTOR CAR CO., 1403 to 1433 E. 131st Street, CLEVELAND, O. NEW YORK CITY OFFICE, 1886 BROADWAY CABLE ADDRESS, CHANMOTOR “Mention the Geographic—tt identities*you."?The Centerpiece at Breakfast It’s the Flowers Says the lady of the house, What would hreakfast be, at any season, without blos- soms on the table? It’s the Fruit Says the man. ‘The fruit, the eggs, and the coffee. And many men, they § make a centerpiece of the newspaper. But the Children to a unit, agree on Puffed Wheat. "That is proved wherever people try it, With cream and sugar, or in bowls of milk, Puffed Grains are their breakfast hanbons. Look at these floating bubbles. Fach is a gram of wheat puffed to eight times nurmal si Each is flimsy, Vach 3 Think of serving such b » Chil- dren revel in such thiey “ | Puffed Whea Bae 12 | Puffed Rice “= 15c Bubbles of Corn Hearts—|5c Pafted Ri This is done for case of di vever was half-way done be Add to all the de! You'll agree, we ¢, that these three cereals should largely be served as Puffed Grains Wheat, ie whole grainswith every fo to make every food arom ai “There are no other like foods in existence, The Quaker Qals @mpany Sole Makers eiray ‘“-Montion the Geegraphic—it identines you.'*of the Hartford Fire Insurance Company and the 4 comprehensive INSURANCE SERVICE TWO ee oes a fen Indemnity Comp Hertford Fire Insurance Co. Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. Hartiord, Conn. COUFON-CHECK—TEAR oy (Service Department NS} 125 Tr tian the Geosraphic—It identifies you."{£0 FORTRAILOR PAVEMENT Biljoantar, DENBY F YOU are as thon gation as we are in ow h in your investi- onstruction, your truck will be a Denby. ELEELEEA a Denby Frame—for instance generously dir », deeper channel fac : pe load with confidence—inspir- ing ease and permanence. Sturdier, mo: Just one of a hundred points of superiority in Denby construction. have become noted for a super kable freedom from expensive replacements or exasperating breakdowns. That is because Denby construction is thorough. The of safety in the smallest bolt or rivet is as great in proportion as in the wonderful Denby internal-geat axle itself u look beyond mere specifications ta" that the reasons for Denby 5 dominance become clearly apparent. ELELTELET! Your local Denbyman has some data that will interest you. DENBY MOTOR TRUCK COMPANY 414 Holbrook Ave Detroit, MichCapture the color, hold it in your photographs VERY bit of charming color that you see, whether at home EK or abroad, invites you to use the Hicro Camera. For by no other camera can you capture the color of the subject and fix it permanently on paper prints, as many as you want. The ess-lves Mi icro Camera Wiite for 3 copy of our bookles, HESS-IVES CORPORATION 1201 Race Street, Philadelphia | ee ee Holstein Cows’ Milk Has Low Fat Percentage Tear enn TTB steres caret The Magic Name SLOBE-WERNICKE HOLSTRIN-FRIESIAN ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA L, HOUGHTON, Secretary. BF American Bullding, ATTLEBORO, VT, "Mention the Geogriphic—te identifies you2 minister prayed for rain, only one little girl brougat Weare like the rest of that congregation. We knew the rain was coming, but we didn’t expect it so soon. The extraordinary service which Kelly-Springfield Tires give made it inevitable that the demand would increase by leaps an unds, but we thought we could increase facilities to keep pace with it. We couldn't. Will you excuse us while we get our umbrella? Believe us, this is some shower, Kells-- Springfield Automobile Tires - Hand Made W: gret th plan an equ have been tra to be ready this would keep pace with yout ferent from 0 If yield extraord) tires when yo machine cannot and carefully asa build the tories factories, we could keep than that. you. But itis m : nds which Tire Co. ssary ta make them. Ordinary workmen Faetorie cater, hia I not de. We have bought a factory. We are about to build another. We Broalw: ‘Mention the Geegraphio—tt dontifies yon.'"_ His Favorite Remedy— ‘These days physicians prescribe Home Billiards to keep the whole family ing in health? All that the doctor calls for now is to take his own medicine | on the Brunswick “Baby Grand This famous home table brings 33 carom | and pocket billiard es, -round sport that banishes brain fag, aids digestion and puts new blood into folks wha work alt day! j Send for our catalog at once, and join this movement for "home preparedness,” BRUNSWICK | Home Billiard Tables aad $27 be 10c a at < CU Pr ‘ The! Hirani ‘Balke-Collender Co. aH ks ae Billiards—The Home Magnet” Sod tell about your line teal cifor ‘Mention the Geopriphic—tt (dentitien yon."Your new home Shall it be beautiful? 1 it be comfortable—warm in winter; cool Shall it be economical—not Ay d repairs? sidered stucco? Atlas-White Stucco A well-built stucce home is fe—easy to heat, easy to keep cool, and econonss » painting and almost > spairs. It has dearety, charm and individuality. When hed with Atlas\White Portland Cement, ina pure | white or a warm mellow tint, the effc iS exqni: Information for Home Builders ! for home huilrors ill help prepar n below for a copy, gon,ie Defense Defense used in at strongest invewment def good tines or in bad—in tim dive meats preparedness against lose, “The J which is sure to pay in isa Mumespal Ih world war or b | Bonds alo only enhani of Circular N3. Thisywill Phe Premier Lnvestment,"” of Municipal Bonds, howmg isswes yielding from stment def iMlustrated booklet, we way with all classe: Sunicipal Bund List, Write today, as Municipal Bonds are selling below their real value and are steadily adcancing in price, Our advice is free and correspondence in invited. William 2.Compton Company on : 5 taal atin Semen Munic 48 Site Street 111 Wektentoe Bonds 109 Ufnta Yrut Ady Anes neo aoa neem nn hE noone Lay EAA 52% Investment in Chicago’s Business Center Security over 2 to 1. Actual present net earnings over 2'% to I. First Morrgage Bonds of denuminations seeured by one paying, modern office buil ness center af Chicaga, payments provik Ask for Circular No, 910D. Peabody, Houghteling & Co. (Established 1865) 10 So. La Salle St, Chicago “Mention the Geogeaphic—tt identittey you."The Best Investment Now west to advantage br- x centered upon certain are right, and sai es David and desirable have been negh Upon « efor Circular AN=: will send our pamphict, “Trend of the Bond Market,” and fully sclected Munic Bonds yielding from 44 first and mest important in- aly Railroad, and nd then. fo ahead.” in the N. W. Halsey & Co. Make certain that your invest- ment is protected ayainst the 49 Wall Street, New York least possibility of PHILADELPHIA —_ CHICAGO. SAN FRANCISCO you consider the inte BOSTON ‘BALTIMORE ST, Lous or any other feature. % imterest. you have am at= tractive investment combina tion, Both features are fo in the Fire Martgase S. Real Estate Bonds we offer The bent proaf of their safety is the fact that no investor has Don’ the troubled because use takes F the new look from your ever lost adollar of principal or interest on any security pur sa siaea, tas House d 34 yours ayo, We have prepared a special hook yiving the reasons for ia record, and telling how to money safely ta net 671. today for the Straus vestors Magazine and Booklet No. C-656. Tiree-te-Our OU CA. 42 UW. Bley. ¥-, “Mention the Geouraphic—tt identises you"?F your furniture has become dull and discolored you will be interested in the following letter from the manufacturer of perhaps the finest furniture made in America: “We make a lanié amemt of bedroom furniture and « considerable quantity af it in the lest few years has been finished in different shade of enamel. As acme of this furniture ti very fine it sequires careful attention aid we have found bt neces sary te isue the following instructions covering ita cate: "Use a woul solution of Ivory Soap muds, lukewarm. “Apply with a soft cloth and dampenonly about one square foot at a time, dying promptly with a chameis sein." The above recipe practically is the same as the one we have published for inary years in books of directions for the general household use of Ivory Soap. We recommend it for furniture and woodwork of every kind. ‘This booklet. “Unusual Uses of Ivory Sosp."* contains aver a hundred reeipos helplul especially at bouse-cleanitig time, You may have a copy postpaid. Address The Procter ch: GambleCo,, Dept. 23-C, Cincinnati, O. IVORY SOAP | 998% PURE “Mention tlie Geographie—tt Identifine you,"*VoL. XXIX, Na. 3 WASHINGTON Marcu, 1916 «| NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GR (AT BRITAIN’S BREAD UPON THE WATERS: CANADA AND HER OTHER DAUGHTERS® By Winuam Howaro ‘Tarr LE strain of the great war now raging ié a test ef the character of the peonies ensaging in it, and of the instinmtions to which they have com: mitted themselves and in behalf of which for decades and) centuries they have labored, Tt plaves their ideas of govern ment and their philosophies of the life in a crucible der the intensest heat. It is no respécter of preconceived theories, and it lays hare w that were not suspected. The war has shown a igh spirit of piitriotism and seli-sicti- fice as the :commpn trait of all those es- gaged in it. In England the avar has betrayed the delays and blunders in the beginning of a war which it sees imprssible 19 avoiil itt ® parlineentary government. England's course in this war has com firmed the view that if war iste be a nermal condition of national amd inter- witional fife, popular government, with a free press and unrestrained pubhe opin jon, is not the best form adapted to act quickly und tn overwheln an enemy. Its inherent disadvantage in the outset of a war js not only a reason why. it shoul! ayoil war when it can do so with honor and without national sacrifice, bint it is also @ reason why it should in time ‘of peace make every reasonable prepara tion for national defense. consistent. with individual liberty and the control of the people, *An address to the: > it is not true that popular government unlits @ people for war, their un- selfish patriotism, or duils their willing- ness to make the sacrifice, The armies of ised. in the wars of the French mteftite any such notion. Gur War shows that participation in governmiert and the consequent sense of ownership in it prompt the highest spirit of sacrifice for the countrs Many counsels in a demncriey tm confuse or may prevent the needed ¢o1 centration of power in ane competent leader or liody of leaders to produce wise and quick action, but the fault is not in the willingness of capacity of the citizens to make good soltiers. ‘Training in pop- ular government and traditional love of civil fiberty stir the souls of men. to costly canifiict, even when their material inter- ests andl their opportunities for evading pe peccalicet: tempt them to withhold their aid. CHEE LESSON WHICH TH AMERICAN HEVOLUTION TACGHT GREAT MRITATN MAS MEEN WONTH ALL IT cost ER We find such an instance in the con duct of the people of Canada, Australia, anid South Africa, under the wise and feticrous treatment of them by. Great Britain, their mother country, for half a century, [1 is a pleasure for a stident of popular constitutional government to ional Geographic Saciery. Felemary 11, 1906GREAT BRITAIN'S BREAD UPON THE WATERS dwell upon this and trace out the reason: for it. dt is possible for ws, who. are not in- volved im this wer and who occupy a neutral position, to do justice to the nate worthy exhibition of admirable qualitie in all the belligerents without exposing: ourselves to the charge prejudiced sympat attitude and from that standpoint that | invite your attention to the consideration of the vindication of Erigtand’s poli the autonomous governments tiider her, whi onstitite a part of her so-called empire. ‘Through the blindness of George LT, and against the judgment of the more ‘Bberal statesmen of fusereign, the Ameri- can colonies were lost to England. ‘Phat they had originally, all of them, a. warm affection for the mother count il pride in their relations to her ts that the course which George TT and hi inisters toak in dealin with them was advised and unjust and altogether kack- in prudence arid the modern English historians are now the first to admit: that the grievanees of which the colonics complained were perhaps-tiot as geute and oppressive as we have been taught in our school histories to believe may be true: I suffices to say that, however weighty or otherwise those grievances were, they awere at least enough to instil in the minds: ofa people wha Had enjoyed practice in selfgovernment, through tiegleet af the imather country for 100 years, a vision of independence and a desire fur One developed. preckuded the possibility of a resumption of British control. ‘The les- son) which the war of the American Revo Jotion taught to Great Britain has been worth all it cost her. OLD GHTEVANCES ARE NOT FORGOTTEN ‘The spirit of revenge in which we dealt with the Tories who were laval ta Eng- land int our struggle, and the confiscation and the swifering to which we subjected them, drove a hody of people into Nova Scotia ani into Upper Canada nitmbering 0,000, England sought by the appro- priation af 3,000,000 pounds to salve the wounds of these United Empire loyalists. 219 ‘Their feeling of cumitytoward.the United ‘States, handed down by tradition, has had ‘a real effect 1 prevent the union of Can- ada with this country. Theirattitude was confirmed in the War of 1812. Wer the Constitution of 17gr, which divided Canada into two provinces, Upper and Lower, euch had a legislature witl council which the legislature did not con- trot, jinder a Brinsh gavernor, ‘This state Tnsted far so years, but it proved unsatisfactory, A “family compact” of ultra: ‘Tories in the comment ruled Upper Canaia and defied and bullied the legis lature. In Lower Canada, where the French fived, England had, by the Quebec Act of 1774, Satisfied their race and religions sentiment, by assuring to them a continu ance of their civil law and customs andl the maimenance of the quasi-political statiis of their church. This prevented the French from joining the American Revo- lution and retained Canada for England, A BRILLIANT stArEsaLae ‘The promise has been faithfully kept. Still the constitutional act Wid’ not work well with the French any more than with the English. So it was that in 1837 the Frenchman Papinean in Lower Canada and the Scotchman MacKenzie in Upper Can sought to overthrow their re- spective governments hy force. These rebellions were easily overcome, but there remained for the home government the burdensome task of solving what seemed an insoluble problem of restoring peace and order among 9 dissatisied people, half Ruglish and half Frencl Loril Melbourne and his associates pre ‘vailed om the Earl of Durham to und take the tusk. ‘The selection was fortu- nate for Canadi-and fortumate for Great Britain, although the immediate result of his short inctimbency was apparently a humiliating failure. © Lord Durham was ue of the great. statesmen and the great radical refarmer of his day. He entered Parliament at 21, and Tong hefore they really hecame the burning, issues he was ailvocating Catholic eman= ¢ipation, a reform of representation in Parliament, extension af the franchise, and a repeal of the corn tax.GREAT BRI He was the souinlaw of the great Earl Grey and was the real draftswian of the great reform Jaws of 1832, He was hotlempered, vain, impatient of criti- i entirely wnrestrained in the ‘expression of hig real opinions and in that diplomacy which would have given him far gteatet infldence in the polities: of his day. He was regarded hy the people of England as their friend and representative, when the people were not as pewestal ‘as they are now, Fle was excluded From ministries becuse it was thought that io ministry could get along with » however much their policies agreed in general outline with his. When Lord Methourne and Lord John Russell asked the Earl of Durham to xo nada be was most reluctant to do t the ministry, Lord Methourne, thers pledged themselves to. hack him in every way and Ps him almost unlimited. power to deal with the situa tion, ‘When he reached there, he found it impossible to convict the tebiels among Papineau’s followers before a. French jury, and finally they were induced to admit their guilt. He pardoned allt Papinean and x dozen others, against whom he entered a decree of exile to the Bermudas, with a penalty of death if they returned. position of the eases was: well received! in Canada and was approved in private letters of Mefhourne and. the otlier ministers, Lord. Brougham, how= ever, who was then in the Hone of Lordg and the bitter enemy of Durham, contended that this was contrary to the British constitution and wholly beyond Durham's authority, Te was supported hy Lord Ellenhorongh. The ministry ignnnriniiously deserted Durham, repa- action, and sequiesced in Brougham's demands, Durham at once resigned and returned to Enghind after five mionths’ service, The government studiously refused to give him the ordi- nary courtesies that retarning governor neral was in the habit of reccivi His figure was-a pathetic one, but 48 years of age, with an ability sec- ond to none in England; Tut lis life seemed a complete failure and within two years he died —a broken-hearted man. IN'S BREAD UPON THE WATERS 221 A WAAWEANLE STATE ParER During his five months, however, he liad seen! clearly into the ditficuities af Canadian government, and left a report which has been pronounced by high au- thority to be one of the greatest state papers in British history, and which really has been the basis of the highly successful policy pursued by Great Hrit- ain since in dealing with those peoples whe have remained a part of her so-called empire, but who have inherited, because of their Anglo-Saxon origin, their love of popular government and of individual Hern He recommenited that the Upper and Lower Canadas be poverned by a single Elliagieal snd wil: eal seeayerie ment for each province, and tye fore shadowed the union of all of the British provinces in North America. He urged the adoption of tesponsiile govern ment—thit is, the executive coutral b the leaders of the majority in the legis lature. Te sald: "The-Crovin mast sub. mit to necessary conseqhenées of rep reseiiative institutions, aid if i has to earry on the government in union with a representative body, it must consent to carry it on by means of those in whom, that representative body has confidence. He said: “The constitution of the giv ation of foreign ith the other tions and of tride try and the other British. colonies ancl foreign nations, andl the disposal of the public lands are the enly points on which the mother country requires control.” Local municipal: government, in Dur- hham's view, bore an important relation- ship to general government, He had noted the absence of adequate municipal irutions in Lower Canada. He sad? ‘A general legislature which manages the private business of every parish, in addi- Hon to the common business. of the coun- try, wields a power which no single hody, however popular in its constitution, ought to haye—a power which nist be destrise- tive of any constitutional: balance." He thoughe that by. establishing an adequate system of local government the general governinent would he telieved of these matters which are not its properPhecograplt de eopytight by © i eset REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA ip, and erieral alTearourih it a Northwest Mounted Py concern, Moreover gpartinthe and a. legistati i 84 mem- responsibilities of Jocal government, eiti- bers and 4 cis would secure i (raining which woutd fit them for the berter discharge of the é adiinistratin the report of Lord wed by the Frith Ack of yield to Dur- recommended the h Canada, ad- the post-offi stitution of the terference by the é andthe all rovinee merce, including the previ impier legislation which had imposed duties ls imported from into the colony a free dealing between Can nations Lord Durham was succeeded by Ie iam, and after him came lord These states emt ur ALL THE CANADIAN PROVINCES’ jecuncE UNITED 5, t Canada proceeiled to egislaqure vil ist in Frain all i= thods that y P the Quet stot departed The first Parliament of the United Canadas met in 1841. The act provided for a legishtive council of 20 members858, bil it te he members had cleatl deliberation WINTER BATH An) ai ordinated qempe 1 advant the come tain a Etienne Cartier, and Ge While Cartier and MeDonald 1RODS > MELDOURN' Australia, which island oF the small cane lesites ta refer fe habitat of many curios tim pethaps is the kangarom ‘The webtht of this n 200 wninds when full grown, apd’ in wast uy was ter oF (ine of ite peculiaritées is a pouchtike which the t rouse This. Ot etitirely cath Inte i sent OF TKN tw nf the martina, nr hetween the forward aml tear quarters of the kangaroo, the all and the Wi il sttenath, With these latver, of tremendous leaps across the qr dio ity way by me was Fotandl im sere The British North Amer- his opening #emarks at the Quebec Con- an opportunity: forthe ference s mn when ott western provinces to come in as the Toe itution was fr H government should permit and hore were 13. individual sovereign- ties, qutite distinct the ane from the other, ‘The error at the formation of these ¢or stitutions was that ©; seryeil to require wade oe itself. all sovereign rights suye small por framers of the Constitintion tionsdelegated. We must reverse the de thought it cision by strengthening the general gov- ernment jul conferritig on the provincia that the defects which the latter was sup- bodies only sich powers as may be re- posed to have shown in the Civil War quired for local prirpe were car Sir Jolin McDonald in E think it is th neral opinion nowview of the Constitution of the ited States was a mistaken one, The option of the rth, ath, and 15th amenihients stretigthened somewhat the restraint upon State legislatures enforce- able in the Supreme Court af the United States, but generally the division af power between the States and the general gav= emment remained the same. And yet, as our Congress has exercised powers which she always had, but wh she had not before exercised, the strength af the central government is seen to be quite all that it ought to be. There is dinger thar a great wilening ef the tield of Federal activity and a substantial dim- inution of State rights would in the end threaten the integrity ef our Union in- stead of promoting it, However, the Quebec Conference, feare ing secession, took the ather view, fol- lowed MacDonald's recommendation, and agreed that in the division of powers be- tween the Dominion government and the provincial governments. the residuum should be in the Dominion. government, and not be reserved either to the prov inces or to the people, as with us. The T ion Parliament is made up bf @ Senate composed of Senators ap- pointed by the government of « poptlar Honse of Commons, Another very great difference hetween cur Constitution and that af Canada is: that, while the guaranties of civil liberty in our own Constitution are all express, as insisted on by Jefferson and Madison, though riot thoaght necessary by Hamil: toti, they find such sanetion as they have in the ‘iitwritten British Cottstitiution, amd are'ledt not to the courts, but to the protection of an executive veto of Vineial or dominion legistation. This really gives an opportunity, for inuch more radical legislation in Canada with reference to vested. rights than we have in this country. This.ahay not he so im- portant ow as it avill be later, when revulsion agninst. the danger of cor porate political control and plutocracy, which is likely to threaten Canada in the future, shall give rise to not only needed regulation and restriction, but ilsa to such excessive and indiscriminate attack upon capital investment such as we have seen in some parts of this country, THE NATIONAL, GROGRAPHIC MAGAZINE AESTHALIA LIKED OUR CUXSTITETION METI THAN THLE CANADIAN Tt is a noteworthy significance that when the Australian Commonwealth was formed by the union of the various Aus~ tralian States or provinces, about 1900, the Constitutional Convention followed amare closely in the division of powers be- tween the government of the Common- wealth and its associated and caustituent States the principle of otir Federal Con- stitution. Tn other ways that Commonwealth fol- loweel out furidamental law more closely than Canada. [ts Senate, is made up by the equal representation of all the can- ‘stituent States, and in the reserving to the States and to the people the residuum ‘ef power; so that the grants af power to the Federal government in Australia are to be construed as they are constried in our Constitution. The framework of the fundamental law of Australia ts based: tore on popu lar control than is that of Canada, and it is tore independent of the mother coun- iry, in that the construction of its Constiy tution in the matter of the distribution of powers hetween the States and the Com- monwealth is left to the Supreme Court ‘of the Commonwealth, without a right of appeal to the British Privy Council ex- sept upon allowance of the Supreme Court, while in Canada a tight of appeal im such cases is absolute. SOME DUFERENCES IN THLE GOVERNMENT DE CANADA AND AUSTRALIS A reason for the difference in the constitutions of Australia and Canada is doubtless found in the fact that the Canadian Constitition was adopted dur- ing the Civil War, when our Constitu- finn scemed to, have failed in securing: power enough to the central govern- ment; and the Australian Constitution was adopted at the beginning of the 20th century, when our Constitution had shown itself able to weather the storms of secession and to authorize a central governmett continually increasing in strength with the growth and settlement of the country. The difference in th ing the Senate, wh nianner of select hin Canada, asTOWER OF BABEL, MO ached by a drive of ten miles fr © itles in the Valley of the Ten he ‘of mountains chat give t r The Tower of Babel ia a cliffBLUE, OR TUMBLING GI FROM. THE VAST SNOW SLOP! ROBSON o the lake bee very large a ie glacier as it is The tong name—Berg LakeALBERTA Louise over M. at Hunyabe 7 287George Vaux, Jr., and Mary Vawx Waloott RITISH COLUMBIA Upper Yon Valley nding it, is & wonderful place for the {0 VALLEY, FIELL , the stream feeding 1 pes above it. Th ich mountains and glacie 238GNNOWOMOVE AHL NUNIVLNOON AVE NOSGAH ALIA 'VIEWO0100 HSLLRIG ‘SWAHLINS dO HLXON 'SONWIAVHAMERICAN F that region.Photograph try Mary Vaux Walcott ILLECILLEWAET GLACIER, BRITISH COLUMBIA The Mlecillewact Glacier is easily resched from Glacier, British Colurnbia, over a beautiful trail one and three-quarter miles from the railroad. The ice fall is very picturesque, and in thia view the chatacter- istic blue banda are shaws, as well as the senics, with thelr separating crevasses, 248GREAT BRITAIN already said, is by appointment of the existing government for fife, while in Australia it is by election for i tern, i explained by, the more democratic spirit in Australia, and also becanse of the elti- ship of two races in Canada, while Australia the people are hamagencous and all English, In Canada there was doubt as to who siould possess the greater viuing power as the country grew, the English or the French, This situation was thought to require a conservative Senate, which ‘ould mitigate the power and possible injustice and prejudice of the popular majority af either race. ‘The “fact, too, that the constituent States in the Australian Commonwealth hid Ioig exercised indepencent atid sep arate power, am! naturally Jeaned toward. a retention of as inch power in the sep- arate States as jas consistent with an effective Commenwealth, reproduced the situation which existed at the time of the Framing of our Constitution, On the other hand, in Canada, when the Dominion was formed, the dominant States or provinces of Quebee and On- tario had n united under a complete and all-inclusive government by a single logislaiure since 1843- ti the case af Australia, it should be noted that the niaking of the Common— wealth was not left only: to delegates, as in the Quebec Conference, but was con firmed by referendum to the people of all the constituent States—a procedure indi- cating the greater insistence upon the rule fhe people arhony the Australians. THE CONFEDERATION a SOUTH AFRICA Some ten years after the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia the South African Union was formed. fn creating this, the conditions calling for the union were quite different from those hichvhad existed when the Dominion of Canada and the Commonwealth of Aus- tralin were established. In South Africa the British domatn in— elnded Cape Colony, the Orange Free State, the Colony of Natal, and the Col- ony of Transvaal, tagether with an ex- tensive hinterland, The bitter and blondy conflict in the Transvaal War had mat BREAD UPON THE WATERS 29 urally left a condition which required care in the making of the new g mnt and presented different pr from those of Canada and Austral Tk was necessury to strengthen much the central government at the expense of the federating States. Indeed, the lireadth nf the powers af the central gov- eroment in South Africa, as compared with these of the Dominion or Common- wealth, is su great thal accuracy in calle ing-the South African Union a iedera- tion at all may be questioned, The central government has a general grant of power “to make laws for the peace, drder, aiid good guvermmetit of the fnion.” No other power is conferred, and this is because any subsequent cou meration af powers woul hive only weakened the grant. __ The powers of the constituent pray- inces hardly exceed those that might be granted to a county council in England or to wxeneral municipal carporation in this country. There is equal represen tion’of the provinces in the Senate and a popular district representation in propor- tien to the electorate for the lower hitse. ‘The powers of the executive are much enlarged because of the presence within the jurisdiction of a lange number of na- tive races, ‘The Union government today has under its entitrol 3,000,090 natives within the territory af the States making up the Union, and ouside of the States 2,000,000 more Tn spite, however, of these differences in favor of the: power of the central gov- ermment, the goverment is a papnlur one, and representative directly ar indi rectly of the people. Invall these associated, Bilis govern ments of which [have heen’ spealing— in Canada, Australia, and South'Africa— degendent js ry like that of the her colintry has heen provided by ap ent Of the executive and a tenure In this respect the new State makers wisely followed the British and Ferteral Constitution, ALU TMUSH AAW ENGLANNS ORIGINATED wrTte mH eHOrLE: first fundamental fact that we note in the organization of these governsWhoroeraph Boom Lieirt. WR! Mar CAMDAGE TATES ON TIE SOeTI COAST OF NEW SOCTE WALES occupied Austratian sol] wher, it 178%, A al in Phitlip, W captain in te These cone Australia. be hie uti tiem 15K, wheel th AL atin State refn ere by the {reehol len The conviets, mee anPisbera Ident, W. Karrie ATION AL PASS, (NOTING NLR MOUNTAINS, NEW arTHt eeiferous faction enlicely disap- there liad teei. as i CREAT UTAIN. IF NOW-REAMING ILM val War and the RIA RD h ¢ it was solved like defini England, has’ te quired frome th 0 with the question under Lord Milner and others ince th ously generous t time sso th namar- of hi ithe her other di Fingland done in the Whatever | the construction of a telt eleri navy by Australia and whater ngland proposed atively few, if wean regard h.-COLLEERY WeSOUTI WALES Austtal is rich in natural resources, and not lense t valued yields of New South Wal mag ther is the total area ‘af re miles Much m Fort Hi Its total ‘The truth is relationship. be ind = nih that mother conntry mather conntry cou! control than niider the thee which U have thus inadeay OF course, i resented Ly fl war-of th n_Revoltition, learn- ing in her dealings with her people and their government ig the furthermost OF the romnte their their low ritain is now reaping her rew Canada has sent gbr to reinforce 125,000 more ready t rarely now is to inerense t imperial will probably be car sid, an me number—and jt f Canada. over $1,000,000 a day in support of this South Afri ed in the Austra 2c luis existing heavy obligatic experiences iy the curred in the ceGa FauM IN At it whar the nel thinsee yw miler, ‘The pomp « ed 50 iety, movemer and frien Tit on cy to almost ing up of com railway of political in disputes of fit in its relati In one ense itis nota has little of nor is a prot af the hirth of a. matic m newlected obseu romantic anid at its Pinto 2 THE NAPTISM. OF FIRE Voday Canada baptism of f differences in the histo that af the United Sta s, there are many reeemblar if nothing comm ma contin Civil Wi ste that h of the two Te great ¢ th showed themse ullimate sacrifice o and of all their m that Civil War the peo found themsel ve Lee 1 to theotiercd, them up as pe wltar of their » the mothe happening am dren in Awatralil aurTnC ind South Ss equitable y T have not at ished) ta I the New Engl Mis of the Gallipol ewhere bear silent bu mony to the that th Ragland. Canada is. from 2,000 14 have hand the number of Australia and Sou ‘ces, but th sume in the Peninsula a eloquent te is thent to oll troops fu Africa to sv graves of thos ttle niles different conditions, ilifferent government. ‘They They have must. perf stance, have rem much anil affection and rent ¥ The tance and eonditinn ha rdestroyi loyalty. Wh do so, when the arses throtgh the ¥ ni it does not thrill between [ rts; we Wo Vit in th neratisl ser and we to f gland in dealing loyal affection bj rHMent 3 bersee ney — ad net tha redit id foresight af with the daughteTHE WORLD'S STRANG IST CAPITAL By Joun Cravpe Warr Adri Aurion oF Ca: IHASA, the Place of the Gods, well | deserves its name, a. anything more beautiful can hardly be im- agified thin the vision of the sucred city set agairist its magnificent backgrounil of snow-capped menntains, Whether scen con a brilliant day, snder x clotudless sky, during a thunderstorm, painted in soft, glowing tints by the wonderful sunsets seen only in Tibet, or by moon- light, when with outlines softened and toned down, the Potala stands out like a phantom castle jnaghastly splendar from amiung. the shadows of its surrounding trees, nfl aspects are equally lovely. My readers are referred to the pano- rama of Lisi, published as a. supple- ment to this number of the Gkoursrire The Motala is by far the finest ‘build- ing and eclipses all others in the beauty af its nppearance. The present Potala was commenced in 1fg5 by the Grand Lama Nag-wang Lob-sing-eva-tsha, on same site as a former building: erected hy Sromg-tean-gam-po, the king who founded the Jo-kang. in the sixth cotituty | and there is no doubt, | think, that the city is an-ancient one and wits ji existence more than 1,200 years ago, although we can find nm records: giving any authentic historical acount. A DOMINATING sTHDereRE ‘The Potala dominates everything it Lhasa, The enormous amiss of huild- ings, partly: mongstery, partly palace, and partiy fortress, i lilt an a rocky ridge which stands out in the center of the valley. commanding the town and demi: the whole situation. Its architec ture is magnificently grand, botd in out- Hine and design; it tawers above every thing, with its gray white walls and but. tresses, ite immense flights of steps anc ten dotted with red-robed monks ascending and descending from religious ceremonies: its dull madder-red temple Ss THe Ai,” is VRE Natioss. Cyocnarnic Macazing, 114 walls, with carved and painted windows, showing behind black brown yak's hair hangings, surmounted hy its gilded roofs and set in almost yurk-fike surroundings ‘of trees and meadows, with snow-capped mountains on all sides and the Kyi-chin, the River of Delight, rinning clear in many channels through groves of willow ‘or poplar. Ii is indeed a fitting shrine for the heart of any religion, and with such sure roundings it is difficult to understand how the present form of Budd (Lamnism), a8 practiced in Tibet, cotild ever haye sunk to the depths of degra- dation it has reached. Tt is devoutly to tie hoped that-some reformer may arise to cleanse it of its many superstitions and to reinstate the simple tenets of its founder, S SAPMENTISG INTERIOR Hot the interior of the Poiata is cai y disappointing, as it consists prin. ly of w amass of dark passages and cells, a certain taimber of halls and Hights of steps. ‘Among the larger halls were-several siriking oties, especially that in which Was the gilt’ tomh of Nag-wang-Lab- sang Gya-tsho; the dome of this hall ex- tended upward throngh several stories, (On the tomb there was a great deal of metal omamentation and the whole formed a fine piece of work, On each side of the principal tomb were similar cones of sttaller dimensions, those of Dntai Lamas loss otal Invauother room of fairly large dimen- sine the walls were lined with shelves from floor to ceiling, eael shelf closely packed to its mitermost extent. with im ages of Bnddha, ‘There must have been thousands of all metals—gold, silver, copper, hrass—and many were of very hentitifal -workmanship. In _ another chapel there were hundreds of golden intter famps. ou:TH Tr would be: quite imporsible to give even a semblance of a plan of this con- glomeration of buildings, aud it would take weeks, perhaps months, to visit every part of the enormous structure, capable of holding thousands of peopte. The Treasure [louse was-said to be full of gold and jewels at the thie of out stay; but we had no opportunity of ing spécting it, nor dil we see the Dalai ‘Lama's private apartments, in the forth- east corner of the building, as we were icularly asked by the Tibetans sot to enter this part of the building and. of course id not do so, PAPORING Laxbscanies From the flat roofs of the Potala the whole valley lies mapped out belaw—the town te the east, a mass of low, two- storied, substantially built hoses inter- spersed with temples: the Jo- Khang, the most holy shrine in. Tibet? the Chagpo- Ti, or-schnol of med the Turquoise Hridge (Yutok Sumpa), so ealled on ac~ court of its green-hine tiled roofs the inany channels of the Iiver of Delight (the Ky-ehha), beyond which Ties tie Arsenal, and ta the north the Monastery of Sera under the hills, containing 5,000 thonks (ace page 281). Further on the Debung Monastery, with 1,700 inmates : the gilded roufs af the Nee es 10 kyong fxee page 286); and the Ling- Kor, the Sacred Road (see page 288), along whieh all devout Buddhists: piross teate themselves in the hope that all their carilily sins may’ be forgiven, could be seen ip places PICECHESQUE. PRIESTS: Thete tine monks everywhere ba) or near Lhasa. The three Jat Hots tenes af Seta, Debang, and Gahan alone contain about 20,000, and with all the other temples and tmanasteries the fnntiiber qatinat fall far skort of 40,050, while the lay popilation ef Ehnsa only amounts to about £5,000, of whant 9,000 are woien, who, strange to éy, practically the whole nf the trade done, The remaiting Goo males are. about 3,000 Tibetans and 3.000 foreigners— Chinese, ‘Nepalese, Kashmeris, etc. The monks arc very picturestpie. fit their somber red robes, perhaps nat quite WORLD'S STRANG f CAPITAL, 275 so much in evidence in the town itself, as there there is more bustle and Tife and people are more occupied with trade than with the saving of their sonis, The streets are full Of laden ‘animals, bring gin the every-day supplies, and cara- vans arriving irom Mongolia anid east- cen Tibet. “The people look well and cheerfiil and the town is not early so dirty as might be expected f the other buildings in Lhasa, the Schou! of Medicine, situated on a smaller hill on the same ridge as the Potala, stands out prominently. ‘There is very little of interest connéeted with it, and the inmwtes or students hardly knew even the names of common tseful herba. ‘Une of the prettiest spots in all! the valleys was the Lit-Kang Gacden, where a beautiful pool of water sur- hy lofty trees and willows half fing act island in| the center. ‘The legend runs that the island is the abot of a shake, which must be pro- tiated or the waters of the underground ke which lie beneath the Jo-Rhang will overilow and submerge Lhass. Doubt- legs the legend is founded on the fact that water Ties clove under the city and no well need be sunk more than G feet to reach the water level, (When I visited the gar- dens the clear, brown water was ex- tremely peaceful and reflected with added effect the heautifal coloring of its sur- roundings, ‘The quarter of the beggars, scavengers, and ontcasts showed in what extriori nary hovels these peuple ean and do liv Many-of the walls of the huts were built of yaks’ horns set in mud, and P need. hardly say were most insanitary, THE TUMQUOISE RIDGE oF LIEASA Not far from the Cathedral is one of the sights of Lhasa, the Turquoise Bridge, so called on qecount of the lovely calorme of the green blue tiles of the roof. Eneireting the buildings is the Sacred Road, metely to walk along whieh ahsolves the mortal from all earthly sins, and many pilgrims prostrate for its entire length, thus securing ever- lasting happiness in their future life, lie must imeresting portion. of the Sacred Road is where it nears the Ky ehhis and rans through some sharp Time-OY THEE OFTICES ATTACTIED TO.THE WORLD'S stone rocks earved! deeply with fg ot Pindidha ent imo, the rock and painted in igany colors (see pages 280 and 288), ‘omt the rocks prayer flags are sus~ pended on lines ruining to an island in the river, ‘These prayers are universal in Tihet, and so long as they are moving they are recording prayers Tor the benefit ‘of-those who put them tip All devutees, men and women, walk, always turning a small hand prayer - wh filled with: minute prayers, printed on_ thin pupers an) larger prayer-wheelk, filled in some cases with tens of paper prayers, are set revolving by the devomt, of are sametimes worked hy water-power, Smaller ones turned by the hot ait rising fron nutter lamps. THY FAITH OF THE LAMA Single prayers, printed on thin loth, are string vertically on poles or stretched ‘actoss open spaces’ 10 flutter. tiv the wind! and this send millions of prayers vilrsit- ingioward the Omnipotent forthe benefit of some one’s soul. They are most pic tiresque An old Lama Lonee auestionet on the subject told me "that Ht (uring the wheel truly believed that by doing so he was accumulating merit, tt woul certainly count as a meritorions action” ‘Vhe three great) monasteries round Lhasa, Debung, Sera, and Gah-dan, Known as the Sen-de-gye-sum, exercise very considerable power: Twas asked to visit two of these mon- ‘asteries—Sera and Debung—by special invitation of the Lartas, a very great honor, which I thoroughly appreciated, and | felt highly flattered to fined myself known to these Tibetan monks as-a te- it of my intercourse with their core ists during the years | had spent in Sikhim, Dehung, with its huge Lama popula tion, is Tike a small town, with streets, alleys, and temples, The streets are steep and paved with granite blocks and the alleys are starrow and dark, and were filled with crowds of monks surging up to sce the foreigner. My attendant Ab- Twit, accompanied by Hictors with large, wy whips and under-lamas carrying irom maces with heavily embossed copper STRANC CAPITAL 4 plates: ormamenting. the sides, tad con- siderible ilifficalty inv keeping order, and lash Gf the Whips reseunded as they: Hon with mo light hand to these who not obey. orders. The Heid Abbot and Lamas were in every way superior to the vast crowd of leseer monks, many of whom were of very low type and. standard generally, feces (ooneda illatybis ancl fevene tent lot, who, I fancy, tequire a rile of iron to keep them in-any kind of order. 1 was entertained ait each of the four sections of the monastery with a repiist of tea, dried fruits, sweets, and murwa (a lind of beer), and E was shown sev eral of the Lamas’ cells, which, thongh small, were quite clean and tidy, anvl bad cach a window. The monastery has a bad reputation for lwlessness and in it all manner of plots are hatched and rime witkedued® goes on. “Hy far the-most charming of the mon- asteries near Lhasa is that of the Chief Orncle and Magician, the Ne-chang-chis- Kyong. It fies in a small valley near Debung, with a good supply of water, and is Consequently surrounded by beau tifil groves of trees and lovely gardens with streams running through’ them. Comfig upon it in the midst of a sandy plain enhances the chatm af this delight ful spot, and the relief H #8 to leave the glare and dust for ite cool, shady walks. AtOpCH OF FAL IN ‘tine ‘The entrance takes one through a street with houses ditt either site, Italian in coloring and style, and then apomny steps to the principal gate. Passing through the gateway, the green Inxuri- ance Of leafy trees is in strikinyy contrast against the whitewashed walls of the houses and the madder rod of the tetyple itself, with the brilliant coloring of its dose pays aud callats and tae gold of the fantastically: «t roofs glittering it the Mazing sunshine against a clear hive sky, with fines af prayer flags shuttering in every direction. ‘Turning up a fight af steps, the main temple is reached, passing on the way throtigh a cloistered courtyard and a eor- dor sopunrted by carved and decorated ifs, hung with ancient arnis, leadingTHE WORLD'S STRA ‘up to: the principal deorway, Behind great hangings of black yak's hair, to screen them from the sun, are the mag hificently carved doors, brilliantly colored in cafmine and vermilion, Pence reigns, the courtyard is full of flowers, and everything i= quiet and or- derly, conducive to the meditation which forms so large a part of the Buddhist religion. Entering the great temple itself through the wonderful doors and passing through . the Inner Sanctuary was reached, In it was the Golden Throne of the Chicf Oracle, and on it lay his Robes of State, Sworl of Office and Shield, and on all sides were the jeweled paraphernalia re- quired for ceremonial processions antl danves, so essential to Lamaism. It was evident great care had been bestowed on them, and they were specimens of beaut tiful workmanship. and adorned with many really fine turquoise, One in par: Heular, a circular “Mirror af Purity” of polished silver, set in copper gilt repoussé work, ornamented with turquoise, was exceptinnally good. THE MAGICLAN'S PRIVATES DWELLING Leaving the temple and cotrtyard, we ascended to other temples, all elaborately: decorated and beautifully kept, and then went ott on the roof immediately below the Golden Roof for 1 nearer i of it and its exquisitely designed head finials, We next visited the ma- gician's private dwelling-house, situated at the back of the main temple in st benu- tiful miniature garden, in wlieh fam- boos, hollyhocks, rtitims, stocks, and roses were all growing Iuxuriantly, watered by a tiny stream of clear water, ‘The windows were protected by de- lightfit white awnings, and inside every. thing was scrupulously clean, the floors and woodwerk so highly polished ome felt one should do as in Japan and re moye one’s boots, and the walls. charm- ingly decorated with fresco painting. The religina inculeated by Buddha had certain cardinal points—the, © ment of the ascetic life, the maintenance of Virtue, the exhortation te persons of all castes and both sexes to aint at deti etance fram the evils of existence, and lastly the attainment of Nirvana, \GEST CAPITAL 285 But in ‘Tibet Buddhiem has been grafted onto the earlier devil worship of the people and a religion has been evolved etter expressed ay Lamaism, or modi- fied devil worship, so: that in addition to the Buddhas and Hodisats there have alsa come to be Tautelary and Guardian dei- ties of a terrifying and mulignant aspect, whose duty it is to defend the faith and the faithful people from cxterital attack. These deities. are depicted in. grotesque and terrible forms in all the monasteries, generally in violently colored fresco paintings at the entrance, CREDULOUS PEASANTS ‘The credulous peasants, steeped in sit- perstition, Jnok up te and pray to these monstrosities for their deliverance from evil, from the lures and persecutions of the demons and sprites, by which eve “Tiketan regards himself as surroun ‘The common folk believe, too, in mis- chievous and malignant gods, ‘some. in the shape of gnomes, some hobgoblins, others with such long stender necks and. emall mouths they can swallow nothing, and in (helt attempts writhe to such an extent their struggles cause earthquakes. Another, belief is that rainbows are formed by innumerable sprites, oF small folk, sliding down into water, sprites who live only om sinells and twang. gui- tars as they slide; and that drinking the awater will give fever. Others living on the tops of hills or passes send down avalanches and -give travelers mountain sickness, and perhaps the most dreaded of all are the “shri,” who attack children. All these beliefs are more or Tess the Teligion of the common people, combined with the hope of being perhaps reine nated into a higher sphere and of uli. mately being admitted into Nirvana, CHAMAS COULD SOT STOP NICKIY, NULLETS: ‘Tibetans have absolute faith in charms protecting them from all dangers and © and once during our stay when a prisoner was being treated for wounds and was asked how he, haying the requi- site charms from the Lamas, cottld have been wounded, answered that he had no charm against u nickel bullet, such metal being unknown to the Lamas, hey are strictly forbidden to take life,es ne bat ina fom in sen for the eldest aksva 18 ‘TIREY froin here, thew s throw inst removing several layer} of ditVOIGE VOYAGES: BY THE NATIONAL GHOGRAPHIC SOCIETY A Tribute to the Geographical Achievements of the Telephone ERHAPS never before im the his~ tory of civilization has there been such an. impressive iMlustration of the development and: power of human mind over mundane matter as was dem- onstrated at the annual dinner of the National Geographic Society, at the New Willard Hotel, in Washington, on. the evening of March 7, the fortieth anui- versary of the award of the patent for the invention of the telephone to Alex- ander Graham Hell, ‘The occasion was in itself itispiring, Science, art, diplomacy, statecraft, and business had sent their most distin- guished representatives to join with the Society in honoring thase whose services to civilization had been so. far-reaching and which were to be so dramatically demonstrated during the evening, From the four corners of the country had come a nation's clite'to join with the Society in crowning with the laurels of their af- fection and admiration, the briliiint men whose achievements had tinde possible the miracles of science that were to be witnessed, And if the occasion was impressive and’ its setting: inspiring, the events of the evening were dramatie beyond meas ure, for it xcvined indeed that at Inst fact had outrin fancy, and. that imngination had! acknowledged the. supremacy of actuality, LATFERDAY MIRACLES Sinall wonder was it that at the even- ing’s close the men who help guide the tines of the nation had in subdued emotion declared that they felt “hum bled and meek and overwhelmed !" What der that they in amagement ex- claimed tone another, that in view of the things their eyes had seen and their ears had heard, “no man cam say that anything is impossible!” What’ wonder, indeed, was it that men declired that it might yet be possible to talk to Mars if it were inhabited: what wonder that they had come again to be- Fieve in fairies—only that these fai were no-longer creatures of the tnseen workd—bur men. with auper-minds. like Mareoni, Vail, Carty, and Graham Bell; what wonder that men pronounced what they beheld as latter-day miractes, or that many men and wemen present felt that they were dining amid seenes clisely hor- dering the supernatursil! For had they not heard thé living voice across a continent! Had they not had brought home to them the fact that in the twinkling of the eve their voi had swept from sea to sea, across his smountains, law plains, pra id pl teats! Had they not heard the Pacific's surf eat upon its rockbound coast, while they themselves were on the very threshhold of the Atlantic! y deed, heard anil added their own voices to the strains of the Star Spangled Banner i by a. pho t Arlington. Virginia, and ear- ew York by wireless and back Itington by wire, in all Hts sweets ‘ith all its inspiration, aud breath- ing patriotic faith—earried there at a speed that made the “wings of the wind" a misfit metaphor! Think of a diner iw that banquet Wall Iwaring the strains of that music, after they had traveled four hundred’ miles, half way by wire and the other half hy wireless, before they could reach the ear of a person at the very foot-of the tower whence they started! ‘The dinner was given in honor of the achievements in the att af telephonyMAY SHOWING VOICE VOYAGES SAME UY THLE. WASHINGTON FACREONVILLE, AND ES through the forty years that have passed since Alexander ‘Grahams Bell first solved the problem of sound transmssion by electricity. The telephone paid tribute to Dr, ell, its father, by tranaritting with equal fidelity the sonid of music, the roar of Useakers, and the intonations of the hu- Tt paid its tribe to Presi dent Vail hy ate img that i indeed tad grown to he a mitional institution in its geography, in its use, and-in its possibitie ties, Ey paid its triliite to the great engt neoring staff, headed by John J. Carty, iy demonstrating that it” had,” throng ‘them, ceased langer to be dependent on w ines, but coulil now make the Hortzian waves its thessengert—tnessengers which cat travel eight times atound the earth lctween the beats of the human heart, big hanquet ball of the New Wile Jurd is nearly a ity block Long amd per laps sixty feet wide, Eight hundred peaple wert seated araund. Mie teller of the linge gridirun, exch with a telephone SEUEGH, CHICAGO, OMAITA, DEN SAN FRANCISCO, PORTIAND, SEATTU AHORA, GIUGRAHIIE SUCHE FRONT SALT LARE CITY; Fi PAs, (TAWA, THRMEDIATE, Pots! Teceiver at his elbow. At the one end: ‘of the great hall was a late map, with i electric lights marking junction, station on the transcontinental voice highway, trem Florida to Puget Sound and from Ottawa, Canada, to EY Paso, ‘Texas, VOICE VOW AGES ‘TO 'sHAr TE After the courses had been served, the chief of the engineering stafl of the American ‘Telephone and ‘Telegraph Cémpany, Mr. Teun | Carty, announced that the assembled guests would tale a Voice voyage to. Seattle, ‘Washingian. Eight hundred receivers ‘went to eight hundred wonde ears and the trans- continental roll-call began. “ello, Washington, 2. .C.." said Mr. Carty. “Hell, M < Washing- ton; Tritendale speubi une the a swer. And the bulb indicating the Na- tion's Capital on the electric map grew Bright.VOICE VO¥ “Hello, Pittsburgh,” called Me, Carty, “Hello, Mr, Carty: this is Pittshiurgh; Meighan talking,” came the re “What is the temperature there quired Mr. Carty, "and the weather SVANNENG Tit CONTINENT One by one, without a moment's Ise of tine, they came in—Chicago, Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City, Pocatello, Baise, Walla Walla, Portland, and finally Seat tle—and tn the time that it takes to tell it the guests hid swept on an ear voyage to the Northwest Pacific region, and It twinkling lights aghow on the electric map showed in haw many places the diners bad been transporteil as hearers in thse few minutes. In truth, the. hu- man voice wis sj from «ven to) owean, stirrityg the electric waves from one cnd of the country t the other. greeting every ear that was on the line to hear, GREETINGS THOM CANADA After thas sweeping across the conti- nent, the dinner party started upon an invasion of foreign soil. In less time than it takes to tell it, the voice dis- patchers had perfected a through route from the capital of the greatest nation to the capital of her greatest neighbor. Washington was in whispering distance of Ottawa: Ani from Ottawa came messages of infermational amity and good-will that awere heartily reciprocated by all present. “The Postmaster General of Canad sends greetings,” came ‘the voice from Ottawa, “to the Postmaster General of the United States, and trusts that for the common good of the two neighbo peoples the cordial relations which have: always existed between the Iwo depart- ments.will ensure for all time,” ‘And then from the Rt. Hon. Sir Rob- ert Barden, Prime Minister. came hearty grectings to the National Geographic Giety, a trilyute to its work, and aw hope and forecast for ite future. My greetings,” read the messige ational Geographic Society and tty congratulations on their a ontesoF | THE sEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY 200 another successful year. In speaking through ward of mouth across so many imiles, it is a pleasure to reeall that the distinguished scientist and inventor who: has nude this wonderful feat possible ad who has been ome of the eniding: spirits.of your Society has also had ties af close association with Canada, One af the objects of the National Geographic Society is to increase Gur knowledge and comprehension of the various countries of the world, The value a such know!- eilge is inestimable, and 1 would bespeals for your efforts an even greater influence and appreciation in the future," FROM TH MEXICAN BORDER “There shall he no North and no South,” declared a patriot years aja; and there was not at the Geographic dinner, for as soon as the voice-visit to Ottow was over the party proceeded to the Rio Grande at El Paso. Flashing by Pitts- burgh, Chicago, Omahn, Denver, Trini- dad, and Alimqnerque with a word of greeting to cach, Washington was in a minwte speaking iuto the edrs of men hundreds of miles apart and heaving a chorus af voices from five different States, “Js Getioral Pershing there 2” inquired ‘Mr, Cary of El Paso, “Yes, sir” answered Mr, Roach, sev- eral thorisand miles awa: “Hello, General Pershing!" “Hello, Mr, Carty!” How's everything on the border?" “All's quiet on the border.” “Did you reilize yom are talking with Boo people" “No, E did not.” answerel Gererl Pershing. “LF Thad known it, F might have thought of Something worth white wo sa “Well, you know it vit,” udvised Mr. Carty ly, grectings to the Nationdl Geo- graphic Society. T have attended some Of its arent dimers aml knew what im- por fynetions they 3 am am ver of the Society and esteem it a rare privilege to help further its splendid ork.” ) 80 yout can300 THE NATIONAL ¢ As there were cheers at the sunti~ ment, just as Though the words bad come from the speakers’ table instead of from. Paso, eiieral Scott, Acting Secretary of y thief of Stull, is here, Geiteral Pershing," said Mr. Carty, “and he will talks with you." Bur General Seatt was too modest, Me cunld fight Indians, pat at army through: it maneuvers, and macch into the “in~ ferno of a fight” without tarning a hair, but he could not talk to one of his gen- erals over a telephone qn such ati acest sion as this, After El Paso, Texas, came Jackson- Florida, and while a chilling March in was falling in Washington ity Tnilny summery night in Jacksonvi with the thermometer registering zo-odd. ‘And then the tide tumed again. A switch in Washington moved and the voice-tide timed from the far Southeast lo the extreme West, To Salt Lake City the rotite was the sume as we. had taker to Seattle, but there a switch was thrown sud we were routed to San Francisco. When we got there lights were shining fii the electric tiaph at 20 places in 17 States and one foreign country, We haul visited! them all on eur dash around omintry on the wings of the electric waive. When we arrived in Sari Francisco, the toastmister, Secretary of the Interior K. Lane, informied that city that Geographic Society veil there. ‘anitain Gilmer, U, S. telephone, and envied these w’ And then came N., to the San Frincise soon the heal of the Navy at the Atlantic heard was conversing with one of his Mains on the Pacific seaboard as nigh they. were fn adjoining offices in- stead of thomsands nf miks apart. ATE os voter: Babe Te Gene And thet the voice of war yiebled place to the voice of filfal affection, and out of the Washington receivers floate i “Hello, mamma! How are daddy? Tm just Tt Larry Harris. five years old, in San Francisco, calling to his mathet, sho, GRAPHIC MAGAZINE visiting in ington, was one of the guests attending the Sccicty’s dinner. Mes. Lawrence W. Harris: "Where is King? Te King there?” King: “Lam, mame!” . Barris: “Hello, King you, my boy? Who are yin with 2” King: “Tam with ygrandina.” Mr. Harris: “Well, you tell your-grand= ma thar tis is np time for ler to be out, Good-bve, boy.” Mr. Carty; “Mr, Harris didn't realize that itis now only half-grist sever in San Francisco,” The voice of the fit fellow and his brother King, age three, captivated Boo people and bronght earnest applause as they at half-past seven in San Francisco ‘suid good-nijtht to their parents at half qast ten in Washington." ‘After the coniversition was done, Washington: began to say. good-night to all of the stations with which it had starting with Sam Francisco and east, “Gond-night, San Francisco,” said Mr, Carty. Good-night, Mr. Carty,” answered San Francisco, as her light on the electric map became dark. And se we said good- night to all of them, TSLRING WITHOCT wrinls And then came a new series of demon- strations, Up to that time we were tal fing over wires. ‘The messages were not free 1p move anywhere but along particu. Inr wires to particular plices, Now soonds were to he mounted on seeds of inconceivalle: fleetneas and ise yatelied through the cireumambient to everywhere in general and New York in particular, * This was fit the frst time that a youngster trad tallied actos. the continent, howeser,, for the wery first child's: voice Mashed throusl: the transcutttinontal 8 was that of Melville ell. Groseener, aerate Dr. Alexaniler ham Hell. dt the wnenme of the New K- San Francisco twhephone, January 23, s § "Hit ARLINGTON WIRELESS siiarlox Lin the air the echn,-se r 1rin FROM WITICIL GENERAL T OF THR SATION At, Grnewan ¢ than: the arteid aga snail erie ssatils aft onils aflatiic hy patriot red a followed minute was stretched acros -hall, a moying-picture welerd into a the flashed its thrilling ‘ t Arlington wireless fore he invented the telephone shonograph began te play Tr was fess than i vibrant throat leaped i f be ism exp to the Hert sind: that 1 imo theVOICE VOYAGES BY ‘THE soal to song) and the bunireds present jomed ip our national ait: “And the Sur Spangled Banner in triainph the free aril the homie of the nent, quickening: the pulse, electrifying the mind, nnd caus ing waves of enthusiasm to sweep over the banquet-fuill as billows over the sea Tt was then that Dr. Bell exclaimed: “We have just been hearimg “The Star Spangled Banner’ by wireless and the audience Bae joined in singing it, Tt e- eure to me that by means of the tele- phone the millions of people of the United States may soon sing “The Star Spangled Banner’ all at the same time. And then came the speect-making; but it wasa subdued, an overwhelmed, a roy- erent audience that the speakers ad- dressed. The spirit of mirth and levity hacino phice mong people whe Iuel seit ‘nessied such marvelous exhibitions. OF ITE TOAST: FUANKLEN KLAN OF THE INTERIOR J do not laiow how you feel after the exhibition that has just been given to Us, but for myself Team say that T feel hum Died and meek and overwhelmed, for no, man can sty, after the things we have seer, alter the things that we have heard, that anything is longer impossible. ‘They tell me that this isa cynical age— an age that is muterialistic and without faith-—but, standing in the presence of these miracles, these wonders, I say to ‘you that it is, above sill ages, the age of faith. ‘No mai can say that it will not be pos sible at some future time to tall, as T threatened to talk tonight, to the plinet Mars. ‘There is probably or wotnan here who, forty-five years ago, would have said that it would ever be possible to talk across this continent by wire, much less to talk ta New York and hack gain to this hotel by wireless. This age is not eynical, is not without faith. ‘The motto-of this age might very well be the words from Peter Pan, We do believe in fairies. ‘The only difference is that we fave changed the kind of fairies that we {OGRAPHIC S0C believe in, and instead of believing in Hop-o'-my-Thumb and Jack of the Bean- we believe im fairies like Marconi 11 Pasteur and Carty and Graharn Bell. ‘We live in a city that is-studded about with statues of mien who have made large sucrifices and done great service for ute country, statues of our generals. crowned by thar wonderful monument that pierces the sky, to the man that ted us in our fight for independence ; and-soon we will add to that the great Greek temple that is to be forever a montment te the man who kept this Union for ss. But where are the statues te the ment who have made-America? Where are the statues to the men who wre the inventors and the eayitieers and the discoverers of this continent? Out of my office every lay go 250 patents. Our people have the greatest resonrces of any people in the world, not i their soi!—although that is weithogt equal; oot in their misterals— though fio other tations cin rival us 98 to miticrals—but in the inventive genius of the American mind, whieh we honor to-~ it, Other countries do honor to men of this class. They may commant a knighthood or a baronetcy. We cannot indulge in such lusury, but the National. Geographic Sheiety ean hold a banquet in honor of stich mon and crown them with the Jaurels of our affection and admiration, pny INGENUITY OF SIAN The men who make this world and the tnen who serve this world are preémi- nenfly the men who work in Iaboritories and i workshops: ‘The boys across the water may believe that theirs fs the real conquest of the world; but it is not so. The world is heing conquered by the mind and the ingenuity. of man, Tn Paris thete are twa monuments that fiave always attracted my attention—the Tomb of Napoleon, whieh every one sees: Int hehind the dome of the tomb there is a modest statue to Pasteur, aman whose name will be remembered when the names of generals and monarchs and emperors are forgotten, and on the front of that monument there is a picture of a girl, the statue in relief of a girl just rising from her bed, leaning against her806. mother, and the mother is Inoking: wp in gratittide in Pusteur's face above, while in front of her the figure of Death slinks around the corner of the stattte, To sach men should our monnnents be given, be- cause they are those who conquer t world, DATEALIONS Gb Gost sURRCH Lut it is not for me te talle to you 10- fight, bat to give you an opportunity ty who have done things. ‘This is a city of almost perennial talk, and it is proper that sich an exlibitien of the telephone shoul be given here. But it is not often that we have an opportinity to sve those men who have throughout half a century given their genius to our coun try and made it distinct an the fave: of the earth, One of the rarest qualities iv man is the genius for organization, and [ want to presen! to you a inan whe has under his direction tonight 230,000 men and women—the man who came from a department of this government forty years ago, and who Has organized the greatest. telephone systern in all the world—Mr, Theodore N. Vail, ADDRESS OF ML. THEONORK N. VATL, WEESIUENT OF TITK AMERICAN Vetaibrease ANU TELIA COMPANY splendid coniplinient to phony" and to those identified with it, coming as it dues on the affieial birthday: of the telephone, is most highly apiire- ciated by us all, and recalls to me many points of mutuality. ‘The home of the Society i tiful “Hubbard Memorial” Mr. Gardi- ter G. Mubbard, the father of the tele- phone Itisiness, was the sponsor and father-in-law of Dr, Bell, meentar of the telephone, wns one of the yod- fathers of this great Society, and grand- father-in-law af Gilbert 1H. Grosvenor, the man who has done sp great a work in the development of the Society and of its_Magazine, devoted to the: spread- ing of geographical information, ‘The parttaken by Mr, Aubibard im laying. the Foutdation of the existing telephone Tusiness, in opening up the vista through which we could all see its future, and the the beau THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE contribttions made by him to the gén- eri business policy which hus bad so essential x part. in the grenthess of the Tusiness can never be overstated. As general superintendent of the rail- way mail serviee, 1 was brought into. jii- timate personal cotitict with Mr. lab bard. who was the chairman of a com- mission created by Congress to jvesti- gate and report upon the then aspects of the always-with-us controversies aver the compensation of the railroads for trans- porting the mails. Congress had recently made a horizontal reduction. On. the trips of the conimission aver thé country Mr. Hubbard carried with him a few telephones, and without neglecting the work of the commission, he at every op- portunity exhibited and explained this marvelous invention. We discussed the business, its possibilities and potenti ties, and the policies which should v derlie its dere apelin 40 that my: cori- necting with the telephone may be said to-date from its inceptis Tit GLORIOUS CARmiN OF AN we DUCKING ‘The apparatus’ was extremely crude and very unsatisfactory. A child, never was born with less apparent promise of the destiny it has attained. Vel there never has heen & discovery or an inven- tion that in the short life of forty years has so revolutionized thay with whieh it has td to do (see page 310). The fotir axsociaies—Hell, Hubbard, Sanders, and Watson—who were hehind the telephone, imder the leadership of Mr. Habbard, started the business in 1877. The first “corporations ich brought capital and organization to prag- tiealy and systematically exploit the business were formed in 1878. To look hack on those days, Ht seems as if they had covered ages; yet it wae but three years, from. 1876, the siatal year of the telephone, to 1879, the. year in which the settlement with the West- em Union was made, and the first big hill jn the fife journey of the telephone was crossed. At least two of these three years were employed in. teaching the ielephone itself how to tall intelligently ancl satisfactorily; for not until 1878VOICE VOYAGES BY THE GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY awas a practical, commercial, dependable, able instrument developed. From the settlement with the Western ‘Union the history of the business is well known; its progress is familiar to you ‘all, and this evening you have had a dem- cnstration of what gan now be done and jiications of future possibilities. THE BATTLE OF DAVID AN GOLLATID ‘The most important single event in the history of the telephove Iiisiness may be af interest. ‘The telephone patents had heen offered! to the Western Union, bur the offer, was declined. Through the Gold and Stock Telegraph Company, the Western Uni was doing a prostable local priyute-inne usiness, asin printing telegraph insten- ments. ‘The ‘first rlevelopiment of, the telephone was fur on private lines, replacing the printing sotramsents When the Western Union realized this, to. pro- tect its business, it entered the telephone business in. competition with the Hell operating ander varios patents. whic it claimed wert independent of the Bell its he Bell inteeests Were Mévoting their energies todeveloping telephone-cxehange tsiness. The Western Union, through had for a little its prestig anil pow while a seeming: ad e. “Phe fight was a Dayid and Goliath affair, The ‘Western Union was the largest and tin powerfal corporation of the time—reli ely greater than anything that exists tol Eventually a compromise was pto- poe. The Western Union believed the ureat future of the telephone to. be in vrivate-line ase; the Hell believes it to he in the exchange service, which is in fact a system of private lines from the cen- tif office to each sulsenber, Ry means ef switehbourd and trank lines any sub- seriber's private fine nected other subscriter's. private yea private Tine from subseriber ta subscriber, ‘The negotiations hung an the condition siying (o the Bell interests the right to vmnect their exchanges by meats ai toll lines. Few hail faith in the future of the ‘toll lines or their value as compared with sun the private lines, lat if lone-distanee con- versation should be developed the West- ern Union feared it might fhe a menace-10 the telegraph business. 'Tinre bas detnon- strate! tit) the telephone can never be substitute for he telegraph tmstreament ; that the long-listance telephone is not competitive with telegraphy, ut has a distmict field of its own; that the tele- phone system is -supplementiry to, not competitive with, the telegraph system, ‘The prospects for the future of tall lines or distant speaking—the idea of carrsing the voice any geet distiace— met with Tittle serions consideratias, and the idea of speaking aeross continents wet with fdienl Our engincers, at a. considerably Iatee period, thonght it might be possible to talk to Chicago, if we had a big ehongh wire: but the big: ness was prahibitive ‘Phe conferecs of the Bell were divided about the toll business; some of them tired of the contest, preferred half a loaf in peace and comfort, rather than a struge gle fora whole Joaf; if yielding would bring about a settlement, some were wil ing ta yield, ‘To me the idea of yiclii the tollline ase meant the curtailment of our futnre, the ubsottite interdiction unything Hike a “arstenn” At the end ofa nearky all-night sesvi on nme of the Senn beats en roate for New. York, we had a unanimous commit tee, whe determined the Bell should re- tain the exclu i telephoues for exchange servic qsmile rading, and for conversational purposes. any distance, but willing yield to the Western Union the exclusive Tight to the telegraph business and to private tines, ‘On thits the [tell stood, ex- cept that the private-tine right was made non-exclusive, and the settlement ade ‘on these Jines determined the basis for the telephone development. Fie HeWARD OF weSTARETE ‘The present developnient of the tele phone is not due to disinited effurt, ale thongh many and valuable sngeestions and inventions have heen either cancur- rently or independently developed outside the Helf'system. Tt is dite to the central izeil, cosperative coordinated worl of the210 departments of operation with the de- partments of engineering, experiment, re search, and. developmem—oi the whole Bell system, Research, investigation, ex- periment, comprehensiye and thorongh, are maw necessiry to hak any position in any industrial af utility enterptise, and. those on a large, comprehensive scale ate etormausly expensive. ‘This centralization his produced a high and most completely developeil system: beyond every point fhat has heen reached there vaye beet possibittities of something greater. and these possibilities have been the goal af every ane connected with the business, It isia unique coincidence that the two epoch-making inventions which created the art of electrical transmission of in- telligence were made hy men a gutsile the ficl of electricity. Professor Morse was aul artist. From his reacting of Professor Henry's iliscoyery of the amagnet and the possibility of contrallin, its-action fram 4 distance,’ he conceived the idea of transmitting combinations of signals, to be imterpreted inte figures, tet- ters, words, sentences. He had ta seten- tifie or mechanical education or training and little money, He found in Alfred Vail an assistant, one who had « seientife edutation, mechanical Iraining, shall, and ingenuity. whe had a father with com- mon-sense enough to believe in. the idea money and courage enough to finance ft ONLY OST MAN ON THE RIGHT TRACK There were many working ot the miul- fiple telegraph, but fron lifferent stand- points and for different pstheses—among thein Professor Bell, [He had in Watsar atrined mechanic, and in Mubbard and Sanders Welievers and. capitalists, Bell was tol an electrician, but was trained in articulation and the science of speech His powers of observation, and partic larly of perception and dednetion, were great. In his telegraph studies and! exe periments he observed some phenomens, from which he evolved the idea of th telephone, and when he recognized in the vibrations of the reed the peculiar timber of vocal speech he knew he had the sole tion There Was no one workifig on the THE NATIONAL GROGRATHIC MAGAZINE speaking telephone, except Professor Bell, who could have invented jt, They were approaching the subject from the staud- pomt of electricity without: the knowl cdge of acoustics orthe requirements of speech production, Gr the character of voeal yibrations, of which Bell was the master, This kniwledge was the key to the invention, Tt was so simple that afl wondered at it aii! $0 seemingly impossible thu all rirli- culed it; but so soon as it beeame of util- ‘ity many claimed, copied, and pirated ere was hot and tieyer has there heen, any telephone made which is mat fu Bell's patent, and, with the exception what Berliner contributed, invention, contained all that is essential in the ine strumtient in ase today; aad vet the only me when Bell the unilisgmated in ventor of the telephone and the Fell Cam- pany without opposition was during the yent 1876, hefore its commercial vul was recognized, althongh every one ac- knowledged its Scientific importance. GEOGRAPTIY AN TI WUMAS: WORE ‘The Geographic Society has a symbalic picture with the inscription. “The Geo- graphic brings all the world to It might be std that the telegraph brings all the world into immediate conmmuni= cation, and the telephone fetches your voice and conversition to the world. Geography establishes pesition and de~ inex wistances ; discovers the poten- Nialities of the world amd reveals the paths of intereommuntijeation, Geograpliy may be termed the anat- omy, transportation the veinous er arte: rial system, and telephony and telegraphy the nervous aystem of the world and (ts economic and social stractur Intercommunication, of whieh the teh phone is the Tutest exponent, binds this Worl together, draws its interests claser, and will in tinte erente a condition where: in all interests will be common to all people, Common interests, bases of all communities. commnnwealthis. or matiune— only perminently exist whete there is common langwaye. Nat ural and permanent boundaries of na- tints are so established, te patriotism —thea312 Geographic science is fast revealing: the world and its possibilities and poten tiatities; intercommunication is fast util izing these discoveries and making nec- essary to. all people common langue or common understandig of Tanygeages, and when that common understanding comes, which is bord to came with free exchange of thodight and idens, then will come a-common brotherhood, GUNGKAPHY PISSIDATES SUIT TION It will tike tite to overcime the forse of inertia. which binds the man to the inherent, inherited, inbred idens, tradi- tions, prejnilices, habits, conventinnalities, which endure thraugh generations and are overcome only by new experiences, new knowledge, Some term this cot servatism, but it is nothing Im the iner- tia that comes from lack of a new knowl: cige vivified by new experiences. Geography reveals the world and makes it real; it dissipates the haze and fog of superstition and t jon, attracts and encourages the travel whieh brings expansion. Yn this vast. field there it altindant room for practical, constrax tive imagination to work. The immedi nite future is only dimly outlined by the light of qmist experience and) present inowledge; the distant future is still in the shadowy haze of tnvertainty, specu- lation and doubt; bit, theugh it may be ton optimistic and too hnpeful, there stems to me ne donbt hut that progress in the future will be as marked as in the nat ' There ean be but few great develop monts in the future of which the besin- nings have not heen made or have not een foreshadiwed. Each age tas be Tieved it had reached the acme of evolit- ni in. economical) comesercial; and Hines, and that hut Tithe more was possible, In “transportation” the newly introduceil atagecoach nf the eighteenth century, gave way to the steam railroad expresses of the nineteenth century ; atl electrical and aerial transportation are dawning in the twentieth, In “i ion” the simal fights of the Mid- lle Ages gave way to the semaphore of he eighteenth century—the electric tele- mr THE NATIONAL GROGRAPHIC MAGAZINE graph of the early,-supplemented by the telephone in the late, nineteenth century. And in the twentieth comes the dawn Gf ‘transcontinental, transoceanic, and cir- cumtamundane electrical itercommumica— tion am conversation When Mr, Bell apd Mr. Watson first talked in public over the telephone, or Mr. Hubbard. first tried to interest con- structive interests in the new “Yankee toy," if either had prophesied as possible what actually exists today, he wold have been laughed at, Those who laid the fonridation of the husiness could well define the structure, but ats magnitude fias far’ surpassed cxpectition. When my connection with the telephone was one wha was then a Repre- afterward @ Senator and a Cabinet oF, atest naine -sitways: comumands respect, said to me: isn't a big enough business fer you, Consider that in the light af today SOMEDAY WE WI TELIPHONE ‘fe or rae Ts it too much to thine that iw time’ it will be possible for any one, at any place, to immediately communicate with any one at any other place in the world by reasonably available methods: that dis tance will be annihilated and the whole world will be united in common inter- sis, common thought, common tradi- tions, and prejudices? ‘Thon and only then can there be a common people, The wonderful work that geographi- jeal research did in operting inp the un known, world in the Tate seventeenth, eighteenth, and eatly. nineteenth ecnti= ries presented a new field to the people ‘of initiative and enterprise, of an Old World! already bursting its confines hy its overdevelopment. This world development, for which geographic research ix largely resporisi= Be, is in tire responsible for the marmi— tude of present Operations, exotiomtic and social. ‘This immensity i constructive, not destructive; is something ta he wel- comned and etionuraged tather than per- sented and destroyed. Tt is something He AML TO HVERY pater WOREVOICE VOYAGES BY THE CEOGRATI possibility of adjustment in the rapiity anu immensity of the develapment Whett the true understanding comes, ail will ane fn, directing and guiding and protecting; then and only: then shall we reap the full benefits of man’s devel- oping po and understanding and of man's initiative and enterprise. ADLEESS OF Di, ALEXASDRM GRAE AM TKI. Tam really. overwhelmed by the realiza~ tion of the greatness of the demonst tion that has been given us tonight. Won- derful!” Wonderfal! St brings back to mind the significance of the first message ever sent by the Morse telegraph, “Whit hath God wrought!" Tam averwhelmeil in more ways than ‘one, Ida not see what 1 bave had to de with this thing, Many, imany minds have contributed to the developament ef thie telephone of today, an army of workers organized under Mr, Wail and Mr. and the researches of the telephone telegraph company have been required in arder to bring these marvelous results, When T try to find ont what [ have done and look back to the long vista of years, I see only this (olding- aloft the first telephone instrument which denman- trated Hie possiblities, of, transmitting the vice by electricity), the original Bell telephone, Mr. Watson and myself work= ‘ing hard at it to make it speak. It was a. most disappointing introduction to this wonderful art. Mr. Watson could always beara great deal better than Dcould. He could hear pions speech sounds and ceca- sional words, and I tell yor it, was a great Way, on the auth day of March, 1876, when at fast there was no doubt about compléte words anil sentences were ‘understood both by Me, Watson atid my= self, [can remember very well talking into the instrument, which was connected with the next foot, stil said! “Mr. Wat- son, come here, T want to see you.” And he instantly came into the room, and I was delighted to know that he had un- derstood. Tt was anily a short time ago that T was talking from New York to San Fran cisco—Mr. Watson in San Francisca and Tv New York—and Twas asked to re- peat the same sentence which was the {IC SOCTETY 315 first to be trav&mitted over andl through this instrament itself, and [put my mouth: is ol telephone in New York and out to Watson in San Francisca: Mr. Watson, come bere, J want you." de replied: “It would tke mea week to get there how" (see page 258) - Now | cannot claim very, much eredit for all this wonderful development. 1 ean see this whole telephone away in the distance and extending from it an army of workers laying wires and extenling the influence of the teleyihone, headed at first by the first President of the Nae tional Geographic Society, Mr. Gardiner Greene Hubbard! ‘Then, as this army of workers extended 10 this great general, Vail. who has brought the telephone system itt America to completion, DREAMS TUAT CAME TREE, Away back in the old days T dreamed bf wires extending all over the country and of peuple ia one partof America talking to people in another part af America, ‘It was the dream of a dreamer, but Mr. Vail has made it come true, and today we have been witnesnes of the inet that there is no part of this continent that is inaceessible to the human woe. Me. Vail has brought this instrument into. every home. What would bisiness be without it? It has even gone into war- fare und into the trenches in Furopes in fact, Mr. Vail is evidently trying to make the telephone rst in peace, anil first in the countrymen,” He has covered this continent with a net work of wires, millions of miles in ex tent; he has amplished the dream of my youth of the wires that should cover this hind. But our good guest of the evening, Mr Carty, is going further than this. and he is getting out all the wires. It was only fa few weeks ago that Mr. Carty and his associates demonstrated the possibility af wireless teleyihony by talking from lington here to the Hiffel Tower in France, and a man in Honolua overheard the conversation, Where are won ‘Why, that isa distans mal to one-third of the cirenmfercce of the globe 1s there any purt of the globe that Mr. Carty going to cea26 THE may not reach by telephone and without wires at all? Lam struck to the heart ta meet my olil friend, Mr. Vail, for we nave not met since we were young men, ard we are not so very old now. Yet we look for Ito see what Mr. Carty and his bril- Jiant assacintes of the American ‘Tele- phone and Telegraph Company: will bring forth im the future, ADDKESS OF SER JOIN J. CANTY, CHE ENGENREN AMERUC AND TELEGHAFEL COMANY ‘There are many who are tous, and as I have already spoken s0 many times this eveaing and to so many places, I must be brief in what 1 have 10 sy tow. ‘These demonstrations in which you have all taken part tonight are not the result of the work of any one man; 1 are made possible by a long line of in- yestigutors, beginning with Dr. Bell hin- self, For my own putt, I'am fortunate fn being the ehief of the lange stat ni engineers and scientists which has put into practical form and placed at the se ice of the public these marvelous deve opments whieh have been exhibited be- fore ux tonight Some of these men, 1 ant glad 40 say. are present wih us. ‘There is) Mr Shreeve, who, at the Eiffel Tower, heard the first words spoken across the Atanti ‘Mr. Espencchied, who was stationed at dL atrlington talking to hreeve at Patis, ts on duty ton heard his voice speaking to ime. thereiare Mr, Gherardi, Mr. Jewett, Mr. Mills, Mr. Drake, Mr. Thompsem, Mr. Blackwell, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Arnold, ‘Mr. Colpitts, Mr, Campbell, Mr. Heising, and Me. Engtand. TELRCHONY 18 AN AMERICAN ART ‘These vonng men all illustrate very well the character and make-up of the staff. ‘They are all from American col- foges and universities; some of them trained under Dr, Pupin, whose lassie invention, the loading coil, is employed in the San Francisco line, One of these young men is a graduate of the Univer- ATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZ sity of North Dakota and another is a pias of the University of South Da- ta, and each has taken his postgraduate studies in another university. Instead of foing to Germany, France, or England, which was formerly pecessary for such advanced work, they did not have to go any farther cast from the Dakotas thin to the University of Michigan and the University of Chicago, where they to ceived postgraduate scientific training equal to whut they could get in the best European universities. It ts.2 most interesting and encourage : merican seentific develop of these youre men are from universities in North and South Da~ kota, States which were inhabited largely by savages at the tine when General Seott was on the fronticr candneting In dian warfare. There was a time when it was necessary for ns to go abroad to study the arts, but in respect to one art at least the tide has turtied, for in order to study the art of telephony it has long teen recognized by the nations abroad that their engineers must go to America, the honse of the telephon This splendid i National Geographic Society Tm ed to American telephone ach: will be received with feelings of deep ap- preciation by. American telephone engi- neers; and, speaking on their behalf, 1 can assure you that in the future, as we ltave always done in the past, we will i all things pertaining to the art of tele- phony keep secure for onr country the foremost place in the world. ADDRESS OF HON. TI MOSTON Tam very promt and gla that Tavis chosen by the fates to be the associate of Alexinder Graham Bell iy all the ex- periments by which the telephone wis perfected, Ta tell you onetalf af what Dr, Bell did during the three years T was asso- cinted with him would take me the rest of the night, co Leannot doit, However, Lwant to describe the ane incident which was very i at in the history of the telephone, the night when Dr, Bell and T talked over a ceal outdoor telephone wire WAS WATSON, OFHAW VEEW OF KMD! OF TIKE sWrtcitnoAnD Jf New York ant Feliu, tral two States of Great Britain, Fr many as Germany, Aus rst time. I male with my own or ever havi been sine’ Dr. Bell, tnder his dire up the te me to Tisten t veaking nals I could tat hear t en, but after that his tuby was bh enough to tall On the 9th day of October very important day in the hi telephone, I hlackest, that we were J had almost me inecct the t Ht th well f pete will oN inst T think Twa: in Lever was before in my a7hened it bef 4) ing our of 1 , Lar. Bell's woige was waist wit instriment, and he was saving: “Watson, ave you’ there? Are you listenitie? What is the matter?” 1 shouted back, tind then ensued the first tion that ever has been he legraph wir Son oF Dr. [Hell's pessimistic friends 4 had beet objecting: and that the phone would never compete with graph business even if he did gevit to tullkeover an outdoor wire; sohe made 1 went fo ( we 1 hes telephone T weot cm siany sany down, atid him he would write dawn at his end of the wire, so thit tH 1 could be put side by side to prove to the eroakers tht the telephone could really transmit intelligence accurately. ‘That was done; so that first conversation was preserved, word for word After he hed making the record, which ps took a coupile of hours, we wer scinated with the jay of talking over a real telegraph fine that we kept up our conversation, without recording i titi. the stnall hours of the morning assure you, Indies and gentlemen, a very happy boy who wended his ck to Boston ly the next morn. x with a telephone under his arm, wrapped up in a iey A LAS AD WHO COULD NOT APPRECIATE ScuRNCE, Dr, Rell wasnot'at the kiborntory, when aw T got th or he had gone to the news: }itper office to tell them about the wo deriul occurrence of the evening; but might le when he came in, 60 enthnsed and juli AStrurn. ected lant, we really danced e other part of the When Dr. Bell tised toceleh wentldd do so with a war-dance, and [ really vot ding there so that T could war-danve nearly as well 1 That night we hat hilee and a Wwarslance that lasted for some time, and hen our landlady met me the ne moming on the stairs she made the re mark that if we did not stop making so much noise in the rooms of nights we REVAIKING ‘HHL DAMAGE DUNE RY 3X another tele in the eine that | was in crazy, shouting int and) expecting ) hear me, Lasked tim 10 show the wire entered th so, [traced it thraus innilding found another telegraph: relay in the « circuit. My heart gave 1 realized that there was another cha I got it ont, mashed back to the telephone, ani Histene s the beginning of this st hat was thy sole cause of the trouble; pendous thing we call the Bell system far louder anid niore distinct than I ever day, and it alinest takes my breath away Hd have ty vacate. Our landindy was es, and E nid not at all scientific in her vw thin Temember we were a little belVOICE VOYAGES BY THE GE fo see what it has passed thratigh. ‘T have hen out of the telephone dervice ior go years, but 1 say it almost takes my breath to seé what has heen done in the years that T have been away from it; and when I think of the men in charge of this—Mr, Vail in charge of the busmess organiza tion and Mr. Carty and his associates fol- lowing up the technical scientific patt of itt must say that I have found bound- less hopes for the future, and f can only ask in amazement what they, will next do: 1 thank you. ADDRESS. OF UNION NOBLE WETHTELLy 1K VICE-PRESIDES FOF MERICAN TELEMONH AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY. While Tam in entire accord with Mr, Carty in his characterization of the tele- phone art as am American art, when he was talking J could not hut think of something which is said tw have hap- pened recently in the capital city of Pennsylvania. A number of citizens af that great Commonwealth were gathered wther, and were congratulating them-~ selves upon the greatness of their State and the mimber of its sons who har at- tained prominence thronghout the nation and throughout the world, At length one of the number said to his brethren: “Gentlemen, I desire to prrapose a toast to that greatest of Pennsylvanians, Beti- jamin Franklin, of Massachusctts.” A FITING TOAST So] think it entirely proper and fitting for us on this occasion to extend our congratulations and. felicitations to. the foremost figure in the creation of this Anierican art, that distinguished Amer jean, Dir, Graham Hell, of Scotland. We all know, though, that Dr. Bellis an American as much’ as any Pilgrim Father over was, Ainerivans of his type, who could nat control the accident of birth, have helped to transform a wilder~ ness into sovereign States, and to create great industries, important cities, yast fires; and al] that sort of thing. They are proud of America and America is prowl of them. Th this age of achievernent and iency it is very difficult for us to realize the significance of what we have seen and heard tonight, We are so apt to SRAPHIC SOCIETY a9 take things as a matter of equr It is only by contrast that we chit get a right perspective and form true conceptions. WHERE THLEPTONES WOLD HAVE, AVERTED A GREAT BATTLE When Cornwallis surrendered hie sword to Washington, a swift ae mark you, a swift ship—wus dispatched to England to carry the news. Tt was bad news, and we all know that bad news travels fast. Yet 37 Sars elapsed before George TIT knew that fe Had fost sorte colonies and gained some cousins, Atthe close of the stcceeding war, that of 1812, the transportation ob news was still so slow that the battle of New ‘Orleans, the bloodiest battle of that war ‘or the preceding war, was fought fully two weeks after the treaty of peace wis signed at Ghent, and some time later the news of the conchision af peace and of luckson’s victory reached the eity of Washington about the same time, In 1843. when the Oregon bill, was under discussion in the United States Senate, leading Senators declared that we could never have any interest in # country so remote as that with which we have been conversing: So ensily and fas miliarly this evening. “Why,” declared one Senator, “it would require ten months for the representative of that faraway lant to caine to the Nutional Capital and get hack home again. We can never have any interest in a country so remote, so difficult 10 reach, and: 0 difficult to ceatmuinicate wath.” Tht in the-very next year there came across the wires those thrilling words, “What hath God wrought!” ‘The art of transmitting intelligence by electricity twas borm—a new era was he- gun. A network of w ower the Innd and cubles were laid across the Athintic Still, only places, nor people, were joined together. After a time those very practical, come monplace words, “Mr. Watson, epme here: F want you," faintly came acrnes the electric wires! That great bnge— the telephouc—was. now. given to man kind, ‘Then there began that tremendous deyelopinient and wide expansion, which culminated in igrs, when the human320 voice was thrown across: the continent and across the seas. And tonight the strains of the “Star Spangled Banner,” borne on ethereal wings, are ou their way to countless havens throughout the uni- verse. ing FETURE, Aen I hold in my hand a wonderful docu- ment. It is nota speech, only a. prospec- tis, T should like tu read it all, but there istime for only a small part of it. Ty is dated awayshack 38 years ago. A young man, then at Kensington, Engkind, was asked to say something about the furure— the future—af the telephone, and he pre~ pared amnst remarkable paper, 1 wish U bad time to quote it at length, word for word, but, coal i that the hour is late, I shull give you only a small part of it, and even that mot in his exact words. He says: “It is conceivable that cables af telephone wires could he laid ground or suspended overhe: ing up by branch wires pri VORECASTING FOUTY YRARS country houses, shops, marntifactiring establishments, ¢tc., ind also connecting cities and towns and various places ry. He says fur- hit such ideas may appear te you. Utopian and out of place, but, believing as Ido that such a scheme will be the ultimate result of the intra- duction of the telephone to the public, | impress tipo you the advisability of keeping this end ia, yiew that-all present arrangements may be ultimately realized in this grand system.” Then he goes on with further details, and finally says: “Although there is a great field for the telephone in the immediate present, 1 be- Heve there is still greater in the future. ‘By bearing in mind the great object to he ultimately achieved, | believe thar the telephone company cannot onby brill 4 a Temunerative husiness, but stso bene the public in a teay that has newer pre ously been altempted. Adocument like this, if written in cnt Her yeurs, dealing with subseqtient events of general human interest, would have entitled its writer, when {ts piredictions had hecome realities, to. a place among the prophets, THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINT: This remarkatile paper closes in this way: “Tam, gentlenien, your obedient servant, “AngxanpeR Grattast Ben” AAs the telephone art isan American he telephone habit is an Amer A few days ago I asked one of one youny met te give mea few sti- fies. I thought that an qccasion, like this would not he complete without some ties; hut T asked the young man for stutistics without fixaires, and this is what he has friven me: STATISTICS WITHOUT MIGURES, States of New York and 3 have as many telephones as the whole of Great Britain, France, Relgiem, Haly, Serbi come bined, while Ohio and [Hnois have as tany as Gerthany, Austria-Hungary, Unlgarin, and Toskey combined. ‘This cautions young man puts in this note: “This alignment of States is for comparative purposes only, and is not in- teaded to have any other significance.” The city of Chicago, with substantially the same popniation as Paris, has four tities as many telephones as the French capital, ston and suburbs, swith about one-third of the population of Berlin ana Vierma combined, have as many as both ofthese Eurnpean capitals, San. Francisco, with substantially ‘the same population, has eight times a5 many telephones as Edinburgh, while Wash ington, with only twe-thirds of the popa- fof Edinburgh, has more than three as miny telephones as the Scuttish, Here the young man inserts this note: “Apologies to Dr. Tell, Edinburgh still claim to the honor of being: his hirthphice, Let Edinburgh beware! New York City and its immediate suburhs have as many telephones as Lon- don, Brussels, Paris, Petrograd, Rome, Relerade, Tokio, Berlin, Vienna, Bida- pest, Sofia, and Constantinople ail com- ined, Nore—"Here there is no indication of anything bur the strictest neutrality. The comparison is between New YorkS22: ion that we have a wholesome respect for our trade. We like to think of it-as a high and noble calling. We like to think that our army of men and women is do- ing a good work, making the work bet- ter, advancing ‘civilisation. It is a most exacting work, so exacting that at tires we feel like the jirisomer of Zenda, whose watcliful guards never let him fall asteep, even for a thoment. ‘Though exacting, it is fascinating: fascinating because each one uf 3 stes the relation of his individual work to the work of every other one in the svstent and the essential relation ai the whole to all othur activities which, together with it, noke wp the work of the great pulsating. world. Last—and this is the end—it is saris- ig. Wt is satisfying liccouse throwgh it all there is the Spirit of service, than which there is tiothing more. and uplifting, hecanse it is mani preeminently of distinet and definite value to mankind, a factor in the advancement of civilization—breaking down the bar riers of local. prejudice everywhere and spreailing nuttial understanding, pence, and brotherhood throughout the world, AWHIESS OF THON. JOSFPHTUS DANTELS, SECURE AMY OF THE NAVY ‘While we live in a day when there are soime things yet to he righted in the world and some problems yet. to solve, it nevertheless a privilege of men of thi generation that we live at a rime when the dreams of -pocts, scers, anc peophets have heen translated into realities, The finest things in the world are dreams. “Where 00 vision is the people perish,” wrote one of the olil seers, and another, whose vision scemed to overleap centuries and even millenniums and focus ‘itself upon our own times, suid: “Many shall. run to and fro, and knowledjfe shall he increased, Tt is indeed wonderful what some: of those ancient wise men fares. Did Nahum get a foreglinpse of automo hiles when he wrote; "The chariots shall tage in the streets. ‘They shall jostle one against another in the broad ways: they shall sect like turches; they shall rut Tike the lightnings.” THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE vHOP Bey ACFHLee Coming down, the ages to some of the later men and women. af vision, dil Mother Shipton foresee railrisd trains, automobiles, wireless telegraphy, subma- rines, and fying machines when in 1481 she wrote “Carriages without horses shall go ¢ Ake ts Hill the world with, woe Around the earth thorichts shall ily, in the twinkling of an eve. This Worl upside dawn alll be, And gold be foun at the ropt of a trees Through hills man shail ‘ide, And no horsey be at his side. Under water-man shall walk, Shall ride, aball slecp, shail taf, An the aif-man stall be sce An black, in white, tn green.” Dit! old Jeremiah get a foruglimpse of the aeroplane as an army scout when be wrote (Ch. 48:41): “Behold be shnll fly 88 ah cagle and shall spread his win over Moab, Kerioth is taken, and the strongholds are surprised,” But there can be no doubt as ta what ‘Tennyson was prophesying when he said: “Suw the heivens fill with commerce, argosies ‘of migic sal Pilots of the itple twilight, «dropping down the costly ules; Heard the heavens fil wills pho there rain'd a ghaotly dew, From the mations’ airy navies grappling In the ‘central blue.” Jules Verne a few years ayo stimulated the imagination when he permitted his fancies to, tam riot and thrilled ug with whitt séemeil stories uf the fmpossible in his “Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sex,” What royil fiction it was-and how we reveled as te gave us eyes to see ships anchoring upon. coral reefs and. speeding on thelr missions without mak- ing a ripple mpon the sutface of the ocean! New discoveries and twentieth cemury genius have translated ‘Vérne's dream into the most (leailly instruments of de- striction. In the “Lay of the Last Minstrel,” Walter Scott sang of another wizard: “In these far climes it was my, lot To meet the wondrous Michael Seat, Avwizard of ench dtreg ‘Thar when, in S: ail siagen’s cave, Hine fist hie mingic whnd to wave, ‘The bells wonld ring JnTHE FIGHTING Tor WETIL 1out ‘Truly the miracle of the twentieth cen= tury has been the discovery of radio transmission ; it is the marvelows ful ment—a fulfillment which we eonld n Believe unless we had heard it with our own ears—of the story. of Michael Scott waving his wand in Salamanea'’s Cave aml thereby ringing the chimes in the aithedral spire. THE SPEED OF KLUCTRICITY ‘The haiian voice, projected by wires loss telophony, can travel around. the earth about seven times ina segond. One ean spedk tow place half way around the earth in one-fourteenth of a second. What 2 marvelous thing is the human Yoice! ‘The Seripture Itself deglares to us ‘that the Almighty inearnated in the fore- runner of the Christ, the human Voice; so that we are tol! thut the strange prophet of the Judean deserts, who wore camel's Inir anid whose food was the honeycomb and the fruit of the wild locust, was “the Voice of one crying in the wilderness And now what a wonderful thought ir is, that the human voice, with all its power, with, all'itinfluence, with all it wis meint to literature and life, has, under the power of the wizard genius of man, heen mace to overleap continents tind oceans t "a WRATEN HEACK ‘To HLS DOOR” Ti i 10 American engineers that the world owes the perfection of wircless telephony. Purswing his studies quietly and smknown to the world for many years, Carty hns writtem his nate on the Il of honbr of science, Emmerson said: “If a man can write a better hook, preach a better sermon, or make a better eeae than his neuhbers, theugh he build his house in the woods, the worlid will make a beaten track ta his dopr.’” While the world is indebted to the en- incers and scientists for the invention, tis dne-a further debt of gratitude to Mr, Theodore N. Vail for its avlaptation to the needs of commerce and 1 ization and perfection af a sy rendering it uscfal jin this way built upon the work of Marconi Marconi Unite upon the sark of Bell and Watson the wonderful the fers THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC tie brain of Conan Doyle, had his ubiq= uiteus and ever useful Dr, Watson, so did Alexander Graham Bell, the Sherlock Holties of morlern science, have his Wat- son, In capturing the matyclows secrets of nature we can hear Graham Bell give the acc ever heacd over the tele- phone: "T want you, Watcan ; come here.” Only last year scientists from the ald country came to Washington and, at the Naval Cbsctvatorg, stinfied. and worked with American scientists to determine the difference in latitude. Wircless mes sages exchanged between Maris and Washington, a distance of 3,000. miles, demonstrated the perfection: reiched in that wonderful field of science. It seems but petteiday that we were incredulous, as the papers brought the uncanny sto, Fics that messages could he sent from coast to coast without wires. PERrecriNa tin sYsTio The Navy has been a pioneer ina gonquering of the waves of the air, and its Nigh-powered stations at Arlington, San Diego, in. Panama, in. Honglulu, Guam, Manila, Tutuila, Alaska, etc, will shortly in very. truth puta girdle around the carth, fulfilling Puck's promise “to put n girdle around the earth in forty scennds." Working in codperntion with Mr. Carty in his vertarkalile achievement, was Capt W. HG, Bullard, U.S, N., now superintendent of the Nayal Radio Serv- ice, who placed nt Mr, Carty’s disposal the facilities of aur stations at Arhogton anid other places for perfecting his inven= tion, To the Bureau of Steam Engineer- ing of the Navy Department is ise the credit of the planning and equiy it of these stations ina manner which has made the radio service of the American Novy the greatest radio service in the United States or the world today. Aniong the officers who have been con- spicuous in bringing the service ta. its Bet state of efficiency are Capt. §. S_ Robison, Lieut, Commander Az J. Hep- burn, and Lieut. S.C. Hooper. ‘To the latter more than to any one else, under the lirection of Rear Admiral Robert §. Griffis, is due the credit for the Nayy’s feseat system of communication. ‘The Navy has opened 25 sintions to cammer- v's WIRELESS:cial Inisiness, and besides thar every ship of the Navy is herself a commercial stz- tion, a5 all private messages hnnclled are paid for by the senders Un addition to the paid commercial business carried on by the nyt rid stations, the system renders a free ser ice of inestimable value in the daily transmission from Arlington and other stitions of the time signals from the Naval Observatory, this enabling ships at sea, even though far beyond the range of transmission of their own equipment, to determine their exact chronometer correction, Eve sailing vessels, which habitually make long voyages and which have no power with which to operate w radio station of their own, may at tiff Expense be equipped to.eatch this signal Our own naval ships have carried it far to the Mediterranean. In addition tn this, over 300 jewelers. throughout the country are now receiv= ing the Navy's time signal by radio, and there is little double but what this aumber will grow to 3,000. WHEN WAR'S DIGHTNINGS FLAME THE SKY During. the in Mexito, when all Tand wire and. cable communication: b tween the United ‘States and the south- ern part of Mexico was interrupted, the naval vessels om the west coast afforded the only means of communicntion. The ir has. been put under contriftion and is now the fleet-assigned servant of mui) The S$. OS. call has reduced the terrors f the deep, Another interesting feature of this free radio service. wh ald be of incalculable benefit to shipping, is found dn the radio compass now under con- struction at the Fire Island station, near the entratice ta New York harbor. This device is intended to’ send out’ radio sig- mus of sucha character that a vessel in a fog may get a close approximation of her “bearing.” ac compass direction, irom the station, Dy means of observ: tions taken 5 or 10 miles apart, it, shold fe possible for the vessel to determine her actual position with fair accuracy. (NOTE TO Owing to nmprecedemted condi to postpone until the autre for the March mmr. fans in the i color work, together with the very large increase Grocrarmic Macazcxe, due to ft continually gro S vil number th the article on “America’s Playgrounds,” which was announced ‘This is the first installation of this type to be made in this country; but.a second. installation pf different type. though an- swering the same purpose, is undergoing tests at Cape Cod. TIFR WIDE WOULD To COME, WITTEN eaR- Suor ‘The signs sent ont by the radio com- ass al Fite Island, will necessarily bye mited as to range; but the Cape Cod nstallation will allow of = coasting ship. calling the station in the usual manner from any distance within the ship's ordi- nary range and receiving a definite reply. as to Her beariny: from the station, In the case of Fire Island the ship will de- termine her hearing fron the character of the sigals continuously emitted; for Cape Cod the station determines. the Dearing of the ship front her calling sig- nal and sends the information tack, If these installations prave as anecessfinl as anticipated, the tadin operators of ships Will heeome an important part of the tmigating. Fores. Tn the tall of last year the human voice was cessfully transmitted by radio from the Naval Radio Station at Arling- nm clear across the continent to the sta- tion at Mare Island, Cal,, 2,509) miles sway; and several months tater, sitting: at his desl in the Navy Department, the Seeretury of the Navy sent the first order ever issued hy the Nary by wireless jephony to Rear Admiral Usher, eam- lant of the New York Navy Yard. The radio system of the Navy Has been so thoroughly and. completely organized and the Navy's system of commmien— tion, under the efficient organization of the Office of 1 ‘Operations by its present chief, Rear Admiral Derison, is now so, effective that messiges to every part of the world can be sent at any titie of the day or night: and this division has heen put under the supervision of a thoroughly tained naval officer, within 50 feet of the desk of the Secretary of the Nawy, and in itmmediate touch with the officers and officials of every depart ment. MEMBERS portation \af special inks for the edition of the Nattomat, uw popularity, it has heen thirty-two pages of four-color.REGULAR “Bow of Promise” for perplexed housewives— A good part of the labor and worry cut out of the every-day din- ner problem. Time saved, Fuel saved. A hearty, wholesome, satis- fying dish ready on the minute for any meal or any emergency—You have all this in Campbell’s Ox Tail Soup ‘There is real nourishment in’ every spoonful of this tempting Campbell “kind.” We make it from medium-sized ox tails, specially selected far this use, The sliced joints with their meaty marrowy substance, are combined Fab Sik vomits riesia yeh Ulver cares aad yelling niae Belay and celery. We complete this appetizing combination with delicate spices anid a slight flavoring of dry Spanish sherry. You'll eay you, never: tasted more delicious soup. ‘Why not enjoy it teday? 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