WV) a Pe | A MAGAZINE FEBRUARY, 1917 CONTENTS 16 Pages of Photogravure Our Foreign-Born Citizens 39 Tilustrations Prizes for the Inventor—Some Problems Awaiting Solution 7 Mustrations ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Little Citizens of the World 16 Photogravure IMlustrarions Bohemia and the Czechs With 25 Hlustrations ALES HRDLIGKA PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C. PVs aNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS. WASHINGTON, D.C. H.TITTMANN - PRESIDENT JOHNE PILLSBURY. . Wnce-PResiDENT GILBERT H,GROSVENOR, cinzcromampcpiron JOHN JOY EDSON . |. . THEASURES JOWN OLIVER LAGORCE . Associate colton GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, asdistant secneranr O.P,AUSTIN ©... SECRETARY WILLIAM J, SHOWALTER. assistawr corron BOARD OF MANAGERS ransa3t7 yere-t818 1917-1919 CHARLES J. BELL FRANKLIN K. LANE ALEXANDERGRAHAM BERL President Amurcim Secitty Seerelary'ef the Hotter Inventar of the tstephans Henry P. BLouNT J. Howarp Gore Joun Joy Epson Vice-President American Sex" Prot, Bimuntitus Mathematics, f t Washington Loan de ity and Traet Company "Fhe Cia, Wasttngeon Css leseosad C.M. CHester ACW, GREELY Davin Farcritp Rear Admiral U.S. Nava ‘Arctic Explorer, Major Gen"! In. Charge of Agricottisral x= Formerly Supt U3. Naval Us S Army EAM. ee Gnserr Hl. Grosvenor C. Harr Memaian Pesoenics Vs Conde. Eioy of Satana! Onaeraphic Member National Asademy’of Pereteety Cee sation Tnaion Academy of Sch Scions ges aie Georck Ors Smitn Sonn B. Puit-eatny Director of U.S. Geologicn! Rese “Atma! US. Navy Survey Vormery ireats @ ¥ 5 iigatlen . TIT MANN Georan R. PurNam Nivigat 6-H. Trermany, Commissinoer U.S. Buresust RUDOLPH KAUFFMANN ‘G, Se Caastand Oeodenic Sur Uphmotses Nanacing Tiditor Thetivening ve Georde Smias, 30 es: Henry Watre T.L. MacponaLp Formerly U.3. Ambasiadar 0 M4, Dye FLA. CS Wrance, aly. ec. anal S.N.D. Nort Joun M. WiLson Granr Soeride Parmerty Director Us. Bue Brleallier Guyeral 8: Army, New York fen of Census Wormerky chietol To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-eight years ago, namely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,”’ the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine, All receipts from the publication are inyested in the ei eeie itseli_or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles er photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- tion is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be addressed ; GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, EpIToR CONTRIBUTING EDITORS A.W. GREELY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL C. Harr MERRIAM Davio FaincHiLo O. HL Trrrmans Hear M. Sarr Roster HoLLisTER CHAPMAN N. H, Darrow Water T. SWINGLE Rank M. CHAPMAN Histered at the Post Office at Washington, D, C., as Second Clase Mall M0 vy “ations! Geographic society, Warkingtom, D.C. All righth reservedYes, a Monopoly IN HUDSON SUPER-SIX But Note How We Employ It It in trae, as some a monopoly. wet it. out-performs We must expect that every Bostible sogurment will be ued syainat the Super= The arguments uned a year-ago have all been diapraved and ahandoned. Over PA000 Super-Six ownem have proved ‘every suspicion hateln Now some say." We also. have en im- roved Six” “Soma argos Eights and ‘wolves. And some reflection the Sup Six monopoly, Mark the Hadson Value Bot remetaber that Hudson bas won by eformance the pitinacle place in Metor- ‘The Super-Six motor hay added 60 per east to the car's efficiency. It hax proved un enduraziee which ie pet bend prenmire —pevbahiy. «doubled ‘a year hax bean spent to-make this avery detail, worthy, af ite {rome fe naw many rivals—ell without the Super Six motar—acll alsevs the Hud- son price. Every buyer af the Hudson Super-Six, geis m value of performance which can't be matched, Why Another Type? Then why consider another typeof motor in buying « high- ear? Not because of performance. The ree- eee of the Super-Six prove it supreme in that $180 Limousine re Prices fo. & Detrnie 7 that the Super-Six motor constitutes. a Hudaon We control it by base patents, One must Hut note how far the Super-Six undersells many cars which it ‘buy a Hudson to Not because ofendurance. The Super- Six excelled—as high ax 52 per cent—in the feata which prove tha. ‘Not becausmat enocihnes, The whole Supet-Sixsupromacycomesthrough maini« mized vibration, Not because of anything. If any other mator tyne were better, don't you, know Hudnon would adopt it? Rival typee fre net controlled by patentae The Friction Question The only question is, Whit motor best reduces friction? Farthat isthe mim of all. Tria motor frietion that wastes power that limits performance, and that causes wear. Friction wns the limitation of the old type Six. Friction cauerd the trend to. ward Eights and Twelves. And the solution of this problem is what stopped that trend. The Super-Six invention, by reducing friction almost to. nil, gave the stewn to anew-type Six. Iian’t speed, or power, or hill-elimbing ability which ‘makes the Super-Six_ au Itis endurance, dus to lack of “That in what won thase records, important, the Super-Siz is im A New Gasoline Saver The Intest Hodes have a new gasoline which adda greatly ta their eeanomny, They have bodies which show our final attainment in beauty, finiah, and Kixury. To owa a Hudson Super-Six means to mulethe toad. And this ear.inanyerowd, ew Car nt Car Langinilet wunine Lansiualet $235 38 Saas HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY, DETROIT, MICHIGAN *Meution the Geoyraphic—It identifies you.’Elude Winter’s Grasp On your trip to California by traveling through the sunny Southwest. The freedom of observation platform and open windows increases your enjoyment of the journey through the balmy climate of the SUNSET ROUTE New Orleans, San Antonia, Los Angeles, San Francisco Oil-burning locometives, no dust, no dirt, no cinders. Dining Ger Servite unexcelled, Passengers on this route may enjoy the ctor fvip ever the Apache Trail of Arizona at slight additional cost. Literature on request. SOUTHERN PACIFIC LINES New York City: San Francie BermehSy PTET ensalien Henk wide. Soosnern Pare Da, $4 AEA A I | ‘"Montion the Geographtc—It identifies you.’$ i 1 5 Fre.b. Racine Mitchell Junior—a4@h. p. Six 120-inch Wheeitase year we bring out Mitchell Junior maller Mitchell Six. Bur The wheelbase is 120 ine it too small. the motor 40 ho vantages of Mitchell be had in two sizes of ears, at tu More Extras Both of the Mitchells embody hundreds sll the ad- ney can AoW cof extras, paid actory. savings. “They give you at per cent over other cars in their valu All because John W. Bate, the great e has cur our factory « ‘There are 31 e: features things which other carsomitr, On these this year’s outpy alone w ut 54,000, 000. Que new body plant fiebelh Ato si ati TWO SIZES Mitchell [4,127.3 pri. renaoeiral 68 ar een eni'8 weats and cata wea rks 81100, hes be Race Mitchell Junior gS2c¢" i nectae, k inch nal 1150, 9, D. Racine ses of earlobe wad tone ‘Abo demouatable tps $ 1 460 Racine 7-Passenger—48 Horsepower 127-inch Wheelbase SIXES, cost of finish, upholstery and trimming. And now, for the first ti hounee double strenmh in ¢ part. Our marg per cent—are in See the Results We ure you our factory eff ‘They are numbered by the hundreds. ry. important of safety—once 50 wed to 100 per cent. see the extra values cs you. ale car offers: any: near such value. You can easily, prove that, Andthe factiswin. ning tens of thousands to this Bat-buile car. There is not a singh Mitchell extra which you don’t want in a car, hace Thar thaa teteet MIPCHELL MOTORS COMPANY, Inc Racine, Wis,, U8. A ‘Mention. the Geographic—It identi you."After Meals—Billiards! Of all the hours’ in the day the Dnill care vani swhen Billiards “Hilliard Hour” is best. ‘Then _ starts,andsportis King till bed time fathers and mothers gather with % brood around the and leisure Brunswick Carom or Pocket Table, for health and happiness— now the life of thousands of homes, your home needs btdliards? ‘BRUNSWICK, HOME BILLIARD TABLES sles, fast ever: Write for Colar-Catalog ‘Tables your A Size for Every Home intaties'” can be net up and folded awa; Sv N ANE OVA A ‘Mention the Goographie—Tt identifies you."*Taste Them They’re Like Bubbled Nuts Puffed Wheat and Rice are whole grains puffed to bubbles, They are eight times normal sree, Refore we explode them theyre taasted in a fearful hew. “This gives.anut-likee taste. $o they seem like nur meats made airyand flaky, made flimsy and thin and crisp. If you ate them with your eyes shut you would fever gaess them grain foods. They are Foods—Not Bonbons ay them Tike confecthin ni foods. By Prof, Anierion’s process every food tll inexpinded, Sy Don't be ton sparing of these dainty riarels. Every food eldnent fs in them. Ail ii this forrm thane #1 Don't eunfine thes va breaklas “They are liltal foods for ins ural suppers, tivated li bowls af mile. f ehlidre et yy tether ex three eo Let themest tin displace theay with, faoike which wre jghtful. And wh y restrictions we ohild in tet eeve gets clube Of the tinerale wored. in while wheat, Puffed — Puffed_ Wheat Rice and Gorn Puffs Each 5c, Except in Far West | Hite are three grini—sheat, rice, and cl in the perfect way. Every (ooul weil very granule [a fitted te feed. rent Hav, i can be served in a dosen ways A eupply of each gives you Andl all sre -fucinating, excels fn nutlike favor. Corn Pulls exiels as a dainty, And Pulled Wheut excels at a foo Keep all threr on hand, The Quaker Qals @mpany Sole Makers “Mention the Grogtaplic—tt identities you"?In the Wake of WEED TIRE CHAINS In any Bi Armaricnn Cty A TATCH—over there—that pulsing, hovering bawk of the streets—tt A doar man’s shrill whist Suddenly the hirakes and the chains grip out a slip for a's plit-seeond stop, racks—whip- aque ‘of being an ir reputation they won't gamble—you can't Jois Luck does nat play sistent. ““Montion the Geographio—It identifies you.The best light for the eyes is X-Ray Lighting, combining beautiful fixtures and efficient illumination. . KRY Lighting Concealed Sources is indirect lighting, But it is far more. Ik is diffused light—light without glare. The wonderful evenness and softness of X-Ray Lighting is due to X-Ray Reflectors—a patented idea. XCRay Reflectors are enrraguted and silver coated. The earrugations break-up the light sree: cor manly ind diffuse them. ‘The silver coating reflects all the Thus in X-Ray Lightin ing bright spots nor deep shadaws. Rooms are foded with beautiful Hight. Tires Eyes Less Than Direct or Semi-Direct Light You can work or read by it without the slightest stalled by men who, know. Investigation will antify eyesaitalt,, Mtg absence of glare keeps the pupil af you that X-Ray Lighting means 100 per cent hight. the eye relaxed. The oyca do not tire. ‘Arid it casts vox mare——1'0 per cent leas to maintain. In alBices, achaots. cl ilding + Architect of have. the. nearest homes—peaple eeermber XR we you, Their lightisg knawled ing—the only engineered fight prove valuable, “How to Know and Have Good Lighting”—FREE fal fone ak of Uateat develersenenrs in iat ssbnaunal chores **Mention the Goographic—tt identifies you."*This Great’Car Leads All Sixes Because of Its Marvelous Motor [1 ately al Labor, higher than re Not a feature Art ether cars tx the vane set mend us dirree doanutred a either Sroanae af necessity aes thet at af operation Chitwidder Lae: Price ts Pmphirbant You whi While with so many he. que mand quite an diatinietly ait bi of prive f FoursPavsompre Boe Fier-Pasvetye puswewe Xn TOWNS ARM CET Cusahrgae Boiled U Adress Bige O CHANDLER MOTOR CAR COMPANY CLEVELAND, » Ofice, 1798 Biaadany Cable Addo Chan CHANDLER SIX-$1395 “Mention the Geographio—Tt identities you.'*You can't afford ™ to turn down this great offer .Read This Eleventh Hour Warning We would like to imprede upon you one very important fact, and that is that the few sets we hi 1 of The Eneyclopaédia Britannica, "Handy Volume" issue, printed on India paper, are the last th n be had. We simply cannot get any mors because the publishers cannot get any more India paper; the war has ruined thet industry as far as this country i ou have not It ave you e matter Please understand that thi entirely wrong. If you are going to purct ritannica, printed on I me te India paper ennica to do what the telephone and the automobils have done—!o broaden t of eve n Who pos Make up ne Britannica or that you 4 if you meke up you do want the The new Britonnica (consisting of 29 volumes and including an index of 500,000 facts)isa Library of universal knowledge, It is the most authoritative, most modern, most readable work of its kind ever published—most authoritative because its 41,000 articles present fir! hand facts and information; most modern because its 1500 contributors. are among the foremost men and women of the present day; most readable because its style appeals alike to college professor and high-school student. No person can hope to know ail about everything, But the demands of our complex civilization are such that each = of us must know more and more every day. And this egos we must know where to find out about what we Library don’t know. ‘This is where the Britannica serves its greatest utilitarian purpose—it is a ‘nevet-failing store-house of infor- mation. Not merely a book toHere are the Facts— The stock of India paper sets of the Britannica is nearly exhausted. When the last remaining set is gone, no more can be offered. India paper makes the Britannica as light and easy to handle as this magazine. War has completely stopped the import of the flax fibre for the making of the genuine India paper. No more can be made—the unsold sets of the Britannica on this superb paper are the last. Act immediately. Coupon on next page will bring you a book giving all information about the Britannica and its practical value to you dustry, great merchants, leading financiers, famous scholars and scientists, and thousands of others who are still in the ranks. be read as literature, or for its absorbing stories of men and nations: but also a practical book to be used in connection with your every-day work, whether you are engaged in manufacturing of business or scientific purstit cr before realized, the Britannica is cosmopolitan. Each article was written by the highest authority available. irrespective of where he happencd to live. The contributors included 214 American scientists, engineer. economists, historians, university presidents, manufacturers, an business men To an extent ni One of the most convincing evidences of the practical value of the Britannica is the fact that it is owned and used daily by 170,000 Americans including 100,000 business men and women, These include captains of in- The Britannica never has been published solely as a commercial venture, but rather for the wider diffusion of knowledge. In the splendid "Handy Voltime” futin, printed on genuine India Paper (selling for about 60% less than the “rich man's” Cambridge Issue) it is within-the reach of every one. And you can obtain the entire set (29 volumes) for a first payment of only $1, the balance payable in small monthly amounts, But you must acl al once. Act to-day—NOW. tenaEnters a new business at $100,000 a year ‘The Board of Directors of « gigantic wholesale grocery concern | had gathered to select a new president. ? A keen, brond-minded director arose pnd said: “Tknow the man want.!’ Henaniéd one of the officers of a great National Bank. “What cticd ‘one aston "What intl eXperienet. AI depattiteenta af does a banker know abot one Ovsiness several and presented toy in iter “This wag tical form the “answer 5 only The kind of men enrolled ‘one hase af imiited | to any one field, He knows all the departments Presidents of big ‘of Iiusiness—inanee, economics organibation, vel. ralled ia lexand lng, accounting.” They discussed the matter fram with ambitions clerles in 1h all uundpoints, Finally they sntanimously agreed go.000 subscribers are such el ‘Multigraph. Sale € ident of the Dodge M fy. sident of the American alti Ingersoll, Marketing Manager of the bigueat watch company in, the w Hawking, Getieral Matihiger to.get him if they could, President, ville i ‘The banker accepted, tho presidency of 4 wo wbolerale grocery concern “ak i $200,000, He knew business fundamentals Ta surptisinily short diitie bie tesd eiripletely “ment roorganized the whole concer ew, well-plamed of the old, rowndaby 38 and estvcational authority: of the hish- ni! distribution were completely revolutionxed, est standing are represented i the Advitacy Coun. Today the company ix reaping the benefix of Cll of the | Ale Maras Lea Dividends have beet increased ny — Gouned ji jr uf this hier, in a bus "was the result His wreatmess lay neatals. Eah Advisory Council iy ame the A this tiroad ‘grasp of the Tu business thut the Alexander Ham giving to more than 50,000 lust The Modern Husiness Course a the Institute you a Jew whieh ta build your dinnare bur ALEXANDER HAMILTON INSTITUTE 562 ASTOR PLACE, NEW YORK, N.Y. Send me “Forging Ahead in Business! —FREE Jamentits of Poop of wit Boxinew Addres Ako Business Positions... a “Mention the Gaographie—tIt tdentifies you."— = = BEE MAN’S PEPSIN CHEWING GUM Many Illnesses can be traced to Indigestion It is the lack of a sufficient quantity of the gastric juices of the mouth that causes many cases of indigestion. Improperly digested food, as everyone knows, interferes seriously with the functions of all the vital organs, and frequently leads to serious illnesses. The chewing of Beeman’s Pepsin Gum, into which I have put pure chicle and pepsin in nicely balanced proportions, releases the gastric juices of the mouth which make up largely for what was lacking when the food causing the indigestion was eaten. Pippa KS SRE Dioman/ DactorE E Beeman AMERICAN CHICLE COMPANY Mention the Geographie-—Iy sdentitios you."es Cried JOHNS MANVILLE ASBESTOS ROOFING these JOM A g 3 for nlopin uted Asbeaic 2h cut exclusty JM Asbestos Racfings wre examined, €P- proved, and fabeled by the Underarites” : Labonatorita, Ine... nde the dtrectlom af’ tha J-M Branch for comp al Notlonad Board haye not been rir) twenty-six ve i 8,000,000 people of G rth and immediate ai er subjects of t mpare it omewhat sta of birth or residance rica behind th ynote the 2 one alien out-of America during more up of Ai 76. What a wealt rfl lithe 1 pe of blood that we toned, hues Germar shows a the United Kingdom pportion. rucinveech toipopulation of Repalatton birth uin- Sutes. whe umong them Massacha- tana, Idaho, 03Washitigton, anil Catifornia—in all States! We have con: faibly aver 60,000 men of military age in the United St (THE TMAMIGHAST's “pier LIFE e FOR city ther striking fact of our immigra- 1 fittiation is the uiusial preference of the forcign bora and their chililren £ the chies, “OF the 3 fore; stock living in prox? In onl the centr tive parentage eat of the tntal pay of the population of New York is of mative white ancestry. itd of the pomulations veland, Pittsburgh, Detro! ti Francisco, Milw Minneapolis, Jersey dence, St Pater and lgeport aire of native ancestry Conditions have played sume curions inks in the i of the ie grant population in the United Sta é than {wWo-thirds of the Germ live between the Huson and the Mis: sippi and north of the Obie, ‘The is trne of the Austrinns, the Belgiiins, th if the 50 Jeadin do the whites af full na tilite as much a fon, C Hungarians, the Halints, the Dutch, th Russisns, and the Welsh New York, Pennsylvania, and Ni ersey have 47 per cent of the Austrian per cent of the English, 30 per cent of 54 per cent of the Hun- cent of the Trish, ¢8 per ns, 36 per cent of th ‘of the Dutch, e Welsh in the Ui garians, cent af th Russians aH per cent of States. SESETERN-ATWENTIETHS. OF OF CARPE FHOM COUNTRIES A Wan An amination of the data at hand shows that nearly nineteen-twenticths of ott foreiga-hern population come from the countries ‘in Europe now at wa With such a surprising number of peopl uihong 1s who | the light of ch flying over ages not speak well for on chi ut th Pristomrapl few Frederic C2 Hew IN MATTERS OF COSTEMIE AMEMICANTEA- TION OFTEN PROCES ALL aut TOO RAPIDLY ism than the past thirty months have dis close Th war in Europe has targely closed s of that continent to the emi- But three short years ago Ellis Island, the greatest inniigrant gatew i the world, was one of the Unsi places. on the free of the earth. ‘Th be great machine that curried ig alien through the doors of rica turned fast arid'long. Mor noon, and night, the men whomKISH DANKGEARD A cae labored as sel order to keep 1 reel work lem men ha: the machin s1_cnoug od of humanity for in ection and Now all is di Military, neces- and Inndreds of of those who pur ever t still surviving the fire and steel, and 106 others, alas, a where the ur stilled the ent Vela day Iundred. thou: THE WAR'S RELATION ‘TO the morrow of American Will the war, whose milie stopped the immi= followed bya fer tary nece: grant ti ities all but from Europe| [1 tannin Bnnme — beseITTY m1 IY] | TT “TTT woe OT — ITALY, CANADA. IMMIGRANTS TROD RITSs TRATION SHOWS WITRRE OUR TMMtaNPeon wy hteeath cer sent then and tens Of thousands of French Hug German Protestan ind English Puritans t s. One Americnn- essel to have made ind Liverpool in nineteen years, during trips between New York > America ‘The first colon England for the nent \ rent, ‘This the lind: exten: Halifax, the ren fifth of the net produce of and copper. The land ari. from: Capi of which was vold, promoted by the provision that a tight add fifty additional acres of land for every petson he would transport int Virginia at his own cost. When the Erims were outfitting. cach immigrattt de for nifican| het 1 1p debt its financial nothing af th I 2 continent, of its brains or maimed, and hat, over wheln yn under $ e early days t nf the st of them c te, While trinst re able todo so only The transpasitic America came bility of id \ gr dewastat $40,000,¢ with mueh of anil brawn cither dear vast tive territory in ruins, facing a ttebt whose interest #88 i citremni ys will 1 the am of six Panama, canals! And that comti- OUKT docume nent one which, re the war, sent am ery year I rish empowered terms with the narrow var was the margin cr wrote the sheen said that at th rt of the British Empire co portion: of wr ix por cent ¢ ants above sixteen en) miscellane tenn their th the Germ acritice it hi Jo deen: a poly de fin: tame to America int t twenty eighteenth century mi 1OUR FOREIGN-BORN Different comminnities: tobk different jews as to education in. thoge early times, In Connecticut every: town that did vot keep school for at Kast three che year was liable to be fined. ‘zinta, (Governor Herkieley thanked God that there were rio free schools, nor priming presses, awd expressed the hope that they would nut arrive during his wentity, sine We beli¢ved that learning brought disobedience, heresy, and sects: into the warkd, printing develaped them, At ore time in Virginia, ont of 12.435 mule adulis who signed deeds and depositions, 40 per cent thade their mit Immigration t0 the United Stares was hot large in the early history of the cour try. Europe did: net look upon the young republic with any favor, and the peopte of that contment did not regard America. as offering attruction for the ambitions: home-seeker, Between’ 1776 and 1820, 3 period of 44 years, lese’than 250,000 immigrants are believed to have arrived fn the United States—an ayernge of fewer than 6.000 a yeat. ‘The students of immigration differenti~ ate between the immigrants from north Western Europe td those ftom southern and eastern Enrope by calling them “old” and “new” respectively. The “old” jin migrant arrived with tis family and came with a desire to make America their home. Chily sixteen out of every hun- dred of the “pl” immigrants returned to Europe, am! more than two-fifths of those who came were females, On the other hand, thittyseight out of every bu dred of the “new immigrants return to their native lands, while pnily one-fourth, ‘of thase who come are fern Te will be een from this that proportiqnately mote thin tiviee as many of the “new” immigrants return to Eittope as of the “old,” while the number of women among the “new” is vastly stmaller, LApoR's VENT TO IMMORATION Northwestern Europe has given us 17,000,000 irumigrants, where southern and eastern Exrape have sent 1s 15,000,- 00, The labor supply which immigrants have brought to the nation constitutes an CITIZENS a inealetilable debt. Seyen out of every ten of those who work in our iron and stecl indtstrivs are drawn from this cliss: seven/out of tet of ott hitumiinens coal miners belong to. it ‘Three ont of four of those who worls in-packing towns were horn abroad, of are children of those who were baen abroad; four ont of five of those who make our seven bur uf eight of those empl our woolen mills, nine out of ten of those Who refine cnr potrolenm, and minctee out of tiventy of these who manufacture our sugar are immigrants or children of immigrants. The stury.of Calwmet, jn the northern part of Michigan, shaws how much of a moni the immigrant hus in the min- ing industry in America, Tt is a city of 45.00) awh Jive and work in the capper mines under Lake Superior. Twenty dif- ferent races share in its population, and not even Babel heard more tongnes. Sixteen nationalities are represented on its school-teaching foree. In New York the foreigners colonize, ax on the East Side; in Calumet it is the native popnla- tion that colonizes, the American colony there being know? as Houghton Americans sometimes are inclined to complain about the lowering of wage standards through the advent af the miigrant. Whore once the m= tive citizen and the home-huilder from northwestern Exirope had to engage in ditch digging and im dirty and dangerous pecupations, the coming of the "new" stream of 1 lity has released them from such’ tas! bis: permitted themi to take higher positions in the industrial world, The Irish, German. Welsh, and Scandinavian) within our gates. along with the native American working-man, are now able to give theif time almost wholly to work in the -feld of skilled tabor, and as overseer for the “new” im- migrant in the mdustrinl centers. The latter Ims heen the ladder on whieh his predecessor has climbed. MOVING INto teTtER QUANTERS Ga to New York or any other principal and you will find that the quarters thal were once occupied by the Germans. the Trish, the English, and the Seandina-PRIZES FOR THE INVENTOR* Some of the Problems Awaiting Solution By Anexanpen HAT a glorious thing it is to be young and have a fature be- fore you. ‘To the graduates, « ly, of a scientific technical school like the’ Mckinley Manual Training School the outlook for the futare looks: ht and promising. When | owas a young man the instil tions af learning, the higher schools and a great deal more attention of Latin and Greek than to the study of science; they made schol. ars rather than scientists: ‘The war has changed all that, and the inan-of science will he appreciated in the future as be never has been in the past Knowledge is power; anc we now realize that the nation that fosters science be- comes so powerful that other mations must, if only in self-defense, adopt the same plan, It is safe to sny that scien- tific men and technical experts are des fined in the future to occupy. distin- guished ind honorable positions in all the countties of the world. Your future is assured, WH PROGRESS FROM CaNULES TRICITY IN ON LIFET! T said it was a glorious. thing to. be yoimgs but it is also a glorious thing to be old and look back upon the progress of the work! during one’s own lifetime: 1 don’t mean to insinuate that 1 aim old, by any means! Thad én-mind an old lady, who is now living in Baltimore, at the age of one hundred and seven— she is. now it her one bended Possesied of a ight and active mind, she is alle, from her own personal recol- An address to the gradunting class of the Kinley Manual Trainitig School Wasi m, D, Cy February 1, torg. revised for the Nationar Geocuamiic Macczexe, ast Gratam Bru Iections, tp look back upon a whole cen= tury of progress of the world. i was born in England! and came aver to America wher yy young: and it is rather interesting to know what heought the family here. The father was a Wholesale candlemaker in London and his business was rmined by the introdisc- tion of gas! Gas as an Muminant is mow being re- placed hy electric lightings/and there are many people in this coom who saw the first: electric Tights, J, myself, am not so-very old-yet, hntt | can remeitther the days wien there were nia_telephiones. T remember, too) very di ty when there vere no! autemobyles | There were thousands of Horst cand Wahine ton, i) the suminer-timé, smelled like a. stable, There were plenty of fies, aud the death rate was high. Now, it is very interesting and fiistrinc tive to look back over the various changes that have occurred and trace the eval tion of the present from the past. By projecting these lives of advatice into the future, you can foreeast the fume, to. a certuitt extent, aid recognize sume of the fields-of usefulness that are opening up for you. ~ Here we haye one fine of advance from, caridles and oil lamps to gas, and front gas to elegtricitys aml we can rerognize many other threads of advance all con- Yerging Set electricity. We. produce heat and Tight by-electricity, We trans- init intelligence by the telegraph and tele- jihone, rnd we nde electricity 25a motive power. In fact, we have faisly, entered upan an electrical age, and it is obvi that the electeical engineer sill be much in demand in the future. Those of you who devote yourselies: tayelectrical sith jects will certainly find a place and room to work.PRI FROM Tite “troniy-sroleen” to Tin MOTOR-CYCHE OF 130 MILUS SPEED ‘Then there is that other linc of ad- vance typified hy the substitution of au- tomobiles, for horsesdrawn vehicles, In line with this is the history of the bicycle. First, we had the old French “hobhy horse,” the ancestor of- all our hicveles and motorcycles. Upon this you rode astride, with your feet touching the ground, and propelled the muchine by the action of walking. Then came the old “hone-raeker,” in whieh your feet were applied to pedals attached to a erank= shaft on the frout wheel of the machine. ‘This was superseded by a bicycle with! an enormous front wheel, abant six feet in height, with a Title one behind—a most graceful machine, in whieh the rider ap- peared to great advantage. ‘There was none of that slouchy attitude to whi we are sb accustomed how. | The rider presented a gracefiil and dignified ap- pearance, for he had perforce to sit up- right, and even leat a little backward, to avoid the possibility of a header! The large wheel also appeared behiid and the small one in front, ad a tumble over backward was fely io he less disastrous that & header forward, ft was much safer to alight upon your feet behind than to be thrown out forward upon your: head. ‘Then camie the “safety bieyele"—a re turn te the form of the old “hohby- horse,” but not a “howe-racker,” because provided with rubber tires, In this ma- chine the power was transmitted from the feet ty the wheels ty means of gear- ‘This is still the form of the modern bicycle: buf a gnsntine nintor has beet added ty do the work of the feet, giving us the poiver of going faster than rail- toad trains, on the common toads of the country, and without any physical exer- tion at ‘all, T believe the speed record upon race-tmeks stands at ahow. 137 tiles an hottr, MANY CHANCES On every hand We see the substitution of machinery and artificial motive power fr animal and man power, ‘There will therefore be plenty of openings in the ORT, INVENTOR AES FOR. Tl future for young, tn giucers working in this direction. ‘There is, however, one olistacle to fur= ther advance, in the increasing price of the fuel necessary to work machinery, Coal and off are going tip and are strictly limited im quantity, “We can take goal out of a mine, but we ean never put it hack, We draw oil from subterra= fean reservoirs, lit we ean never refill them again, We are spendthrifts in the inatter of fuel and are using our capital for our ninniig expenses. 1a rekition to coal and oil, the world's: aonual consumption has become so ener mous thit we are nowy actually within measurable distatice of the end of the supply. What shall we do when we have no more enal or ail! Apart from water power (which is strictly limited) and tidal and wave power (which we have not yet learned to ttil- ive), and the employment of the sun's rays Sieestly AS @ source of power, we have little left, excepting wood, and it least twenty-five yerrs to grow a crop of trees, POSSIITLIFES: however, one other sourceinf perhaps solve this pro Aleohol makes a util, clean, and efficient fuel, and, where not intended for consumption by human beings, can be mantefactured very cheaply in-an indigestihie or even pwoisori~ ons form, Wood aleotwl, for example, can be etiployed ax a fuel, and we can tikes ‘wlechol Front. inslastsw wale product of our mills, Alcohol camulso be manu factered from cort stalks, and in fact from almost any vegetable matter capable of fermentation, ‘Our reves (eyo and even weeds cat be sed 1c waste: products of our farms ate available for this pimrpase even the garhage from our cities. Hf ALOU, We ned never fear the exhaustion of ear present fiel supplies so long as we can produce an annual erop of alealel 10 any extent desired, The world will probally depecid «upon alcohol more and more as time goes on, anda great field of usefulness is opening up for the engineer wha will modify ourPRIZI machinery to enable alcohol to be used as the source Of power. Evolition in science has not always been accomplished hy a series.of gradual changes, each small in itself, but eam lative in effect. There have also been sudden “mutations” followed by advances of mowledge by Naps and howls i9 8 new direction, and the establishment of now and: usefil arts never before even dreamed of by man. Although Clerk - Maxwell and others had long-ago enunciated the theory that light and electricity were vibratury move- nients of the so-called “ether” dr fumi- niferous medium of space, differing chiefly in frequeney fram ane another, the world was not prepared for the ex- periments of Hertz, who. demonstrated the reality of the canception and actually measured the wave-length of electrical discharges. Still less was it prepared for the discovery that brick walls and other apparently opanue objects were as trans: parent to the Hertzian, waves as glass is to light. “These experiments formed the basis for mimerous other stariling dis- coveries and practical applications for the benefit of min, wh cax Flesh proved 06 be transparent ta the Roentgen rays, and the world was fairly startled by the first X photographs: ‘of the bodes in the living human land. Now physicians and surgeons use X-ray lamps to enable them to see bullets anil other objects imbedded in flesh, and have even devised ioedne Of observing: he beating of the heart awl the movements af other internal organs Aheir pritients. Other developments of the Mertyian waves have resulted! in the creation of the new artaf wireless telegraphy. “Most of us, | think, cai retiember the first 5.0.5. signals sent out by a ship in distress and the instant response from distant vessels enuipped with the Marconi apparatus. Then came the rush of vessels to the scene of disaster and the rescue of the passengers anit crew, Developments of wireless: tclegraphy. are proceeding with great rapidity, and nb nian can predict what stirtting discov OUR OWN Tees MLE S FOR THE INV STOR 135 eries and applications may appear in the near future, Here may be an opening for sme of you, and I know of no more promising fehl of exploration to tecon- intend to your notice. HoXoLut VAVESEMOPS WHILE WASTLENG- TON TALKS TO Bats Already privacy of cammunié been sectired by wireless transmitters anil Teteivers “tuned,” so to, speak, to respond to electrical vibrations of certain fre- quencies alone, They are sensitive only to electrical impulses of definite wave- length. The principle of sympathetic vi- hration operating tuned wireless receivers has also heen applicd to the control of machinery from. distance and the steer ing of boats without a man on bourd. ‘The possibilities nf development in this direction are practically illimitable, and we shall probably be able wm perform at a distance by witcless almnst any mechan- ical operation that can be done at hand. Still inane recently wireless telegraphy 8 given hirth to another new art, and Jess telephony has appeared. Only a short Hime ago aman in Arlington, Va at the wireless station there, talked by word of mouth to a man_on the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. Not only that, but a man in Honoluls overheard the conversation! ‘The distance from Hone- {uty to the Eiffel Tower mast he 8,000 ts at least — one-third the distatice around the globe—and this achievement surely foreshadows the time when we ing be able to talk with a nmin in any part of the world by telephone and.» out wires, Ove OKT HISHED THEORIES UPSET ny 4 WOMAN ‘The above illustrations exhibit what we tight call “mutations” of science; but the greatest of all these mutations was the discovery that opened the twentieth century, and TE iniay add for the encour- agement of our young bidy graduates that it was made hy a woman, I alhide to the discovery of radium by Madame Curie of Pas Radium has recently upset our most cherished theories of matter anid force. ‘The whole subject af chemistry has to berewritten and our ideas of the constitu- tion of matter entirely changed. Here is a substance which emits Fight and heat and clectricity continueusly without any apparent source of supply. Tt emits light in the dark, and in a cool room maintains itself constantly ats higher temperature than its emviranment. It emits the Roentgen rays without an electrical machinery to produce them, and we have now discovered emanating fram that substance several different kinds of rays of the unknown or X-ray variety: and we now recognize the Alpha, Heta, and Gamma rays as distinct varieties, having different properties. Thongh radium behaves like an ele- inentary substance, it is found in process of time to disintegrate into other clemen- tary substances quite differem from the original radium itself. Melium is one of its products, and, after several transeiu- tations. it apparently tttrns into Te Our forefathers believed firmly in the transmutation of metals, one into the aiher, and vainly sought a reans of transnmuting the baser metals into gold. Radium shows that there is some foun- dation for the transmutation theory, amd that at least same of the so-called cle- ments originate by a pracess of evolution from other elements quite distinct from themselves. Where this line of develop- mont is going to lead is a problem indeed, and raditun still remains the great puzzle of the twentieth century. DYING OF Hints IN A Hod I cannot hope to bring to your atten- tion all of the problems that are awaiting solution, but J think it may be interesting: to you to hear of a few upen whieh | myself have been working, What inter~ ests me will probably interest you, and perhaps some ef you muy carry out the experiments to a firther polit than 1 have done. You know that although Tam a lover f- Washington, yet, when the summer time comes, 1 go just 9 away. from Washington as I can in the direction of the North Pole. [have a sumtter place in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, where I can always be sure of cool, fresh RIZES FOR THE INVENTOR breezes, while you poor people are h ig oe Washington. ; many of the people on Cay ‘ihcion Indand-are tabctiney iho she their living on the Banks of Newfound tandyanil one of the men emplayeit upon my place had two uncles who were fisher- men on the Banks. One day they left their vessel ina dory to look after their nets, and while they were gone a fog came up and they were unable ta find thein way back, The dory drifted abot inthe ocean for many days and was then ‘kell lip with their dead bodies on hoard; they had perished from exposure and thirst, Now it is nota very Gnustl thing om the Banks of Newfoundland for fisher- ment to be sep i fog. Every year dories are pie! sea, and the occupants are often fond to be suffering terribly from thirst, ‘They ‘have found “water, ware ‘but nota drop to drink.” Noy, it seemed jorme that it was really a reflection upon the intelligence of man that peaple should die.of thirst in the midst af water: ‘There is the salt water of the sea, and all you hive to do is to'separate the «alt from the water and drink the water, ‘That fs one problem. VAPORS IN THE if CONDENSING ‘Tat WAT TEUMEAN. TRE But there is also the fay which pre- vents you from reaching your. vessel, sand what is fog. but fresh water in the fourm of cloud. Therefore all you have to do is to condense the fog and srink it. That is another problem, But there fs still another alternative. Water vapor exists in your breath. Why not conense your breath and drink, it? This. problem is easily solved: just breathe into.an empty tombler and at once you have a condensation ef moisture on the inside, “If vou have the patience to continue the process for a few min- utes, you will soon find clear water at the bottom af the tumbler. T tool a bucket of cool salt water from the sea, put it down in the bortom « boat between my knees, and then pany a large empty bottle the sice of a beer bottle, which feated in the water with138 THE NATIONAL € the neck of the bottle resting on ihe edge of the bucket. Then 1 took a long glass fube, over a meter in length, and put one end into the bottle and the other end in my imouth, I sat back comfortably: ina chair with the tube between my lips and inlaled throngh the nostrils nae blew down through the tube. This process was so easily performed that I found 1 could read a book while it was going on. T therefore continued the experiment for over two hours, and then I founda considerable amount of water in the hot- the, quite enough fora moderatedrink. It might mot be very much for us, but i you were dying of thirst on the opet sea you would be glad enough to get what was there. I tasted the water and found it quite fresh, although 1 must confess it ol neh Rives very palatable taste: in fact. the water condensed from my breath hada taste of—of toharco! But T don’t stippose that would have mattered much to aman who was dying of thirst 1 have also mare experiments to con dense drinking water from fog, A large pickle jar was provided and two long glass thes were let down through the cork, ‘The jar was then submerged at thevhirf, with the two pipes sticking 4p above the surface. The experiment was then made to. pump fog down through one of the pipes, the other serving asa vent, ‘This was accomplished by means ot a pair of bellows provided with a iral spring hetween the handles to keep them apart. ‘This apparatus wis fastened top of the wharf. A heavy log of wood was floated upon the water below, connected by means of a string with the upper handle of the bellows. TH COREE THAT FAW. ‘The waves maved this log up and down and worked the bellows. The nozzle was connected to one af the pipes leading to the submerged empty. jar and at once the Yellows began to. pump the fog into the jar. It continued pumping all night, and T tet it go om pumping all of the next day, ‘Vecaitse there was to be am of men ‘on my place the nest evening, and 1 thought it would be interesting’ ta open the jar at the men’s meeting. With great ceremony the jar was removed. to the KOURAPHIC MAGAZINE warehouse and was found to he nearh full of beautiful clear water, A. Britist naval officer was present amd. offered to be. the first to taste the water condensed irom fog. He took a good mouthful of while the men gathered around in great excitement and shouted, “Fresh ar salt?” He did not reply, but made a face, He then rushed for the window, spat the water out, and exclaimed, “Salt!” Now, this failure did not by means prove that the process was wrong, bet simply showed that it might be advisable in the future, if you uée a cork, to employ one that fits tightly and does not leak.” The one T used Nad a hole in it, T found out afterward. An invaluntary-experiment relating 10 the condensation of fresh water from the sea was made in Capé Breton, A man fell overboard and was rescued, with his clothes wringing wet with sea-wnter, There was a cold wind blowing. and he took refuge im a little cabin on the boat covered with a tarpactin awning: Ina Tittle time he began to steam. The beat of his body warmed the seawater in his Clothes, anc there actually arose a: clone! of steam which condensed on the eald tarpaulin and ran dows the sides! It was fresh water, and if it had been-collected in a jar there would have been quite enough for a drink. Wh bo NOT BoM, THI s Ot large oceanesteamitrs all the drink= ing water used is condensed from, the sea; and we somehow or other have the idea that it is necessary: to boil the sea water, or at least have it very hot, and. then condense it by mins of ie or some- thing: very cold. Now, that is not ncees- sary at all, Just think of phis: All the fresh water upon the globe comes fram the sea, and we donot boil the sea. Water vapor is given aff hy the sea everywhere and at all temperatures: it is even evap: orated from ice and snow. OF course, the warmer the sea-water is, the greater is mnt of water vapor thrown out; but water vapor is everywhh ent, and the main point im condensation is that it is removed from the surface by the action of the wind and carried to cooler places, where condensation occursPRIZES FOR THE INVE! in the form of cloud or rains No great amount of heat is required to produce evaporation'and no great amount of cold is necessity: to effect condensation, Snch considerations as these may lead to some cheap industrial process for the snanu facture of fresh water From the seat, All that is necessary is a current of air ‘over your salt water to temove'the water vapor collected there, and then the carry~ ing of this contined current into a cool reservoir where the water may condense. TELE MBA APPLIED TOA WATER TANK As line or no artificial heating is re- aquired, a great saving can be cffected it the matter of fucl It is extraordinary how qwastefal we are in aur means of producing heat and in retaining it after it has been produwed. It is safe to say that « great deal more heat goes up the shiney. than we utilize from a fire, Then when we cook our dinner ar boil water, we allow the hest to eseape by: radiation and the things soon cool, A cosy for our teapot, a fircless cooker for otir dimer, and a thermos bottle for cour heated liquide show Wow much heat inay he conserved hy simply taking pee -cautions to prevent radiation, Our hot water boilers are tint protected by caver ings of ashestns paper or other insulating material, so that the water gets too coat for x warn bath very soon after the fire #e put out. TL have made experiments to ascertain: whetlier some of the heat wasted by mdi- ation could not be conserved by insulxt- ing materials, with rather astonishing re- suits, A large tank of zinc was made which would hold a great deal of water. ‘This..was inclosed ina box very teh larger than itself, leaving a space of about three of four inches all around, which was filled with wool, I then found that Tet water put inte that tsk codled al- most a8 slowly as if it had been a thermos bottle. | then attempted to save and utilize some of the heat given eff by.a student's lamp. A couple of pipes were led out of this insulated tank and placed in a hood the famp, ‘Thus a circulation of ywiiter was effected. ‘The water heated by THE THKRMOE ca STOR A the lamp found its way up into the tank and produced a sensile rise of tempera— ftite there, Next day when the lamp was again lighted jt was found thar the warer in the tank still felt sightly warm. It had not lost all of the heat it hid! received at the former heating. When the lamp was again put out, the temperature of the tank was considerably higher that on the former neeasi ‘This process of heating was continued for a umber of day vious: that_a cumulative effect was yn diced), until at last the water in the tank heeamé tuo hat to hold the hand in, and it was determined to sce how long awould hold its heat. "The temperature was observed from time to time, and more than g week after the lamp had heen put ott the water was still so warm that Ftsed it for a bath, CUTTING DOWN TILE CHIMNEY TAX Since then this insulated tank has been taken up to the attic of m hotse m Nova ‘otia and has heen installed! there as a permanent feature. T hawe the habit of working at night and like to take a warm hath somewhere about 2 o'clock in the morning. Unfortunately the heating ar rangements in the hottse have given owt Jong before that hour and only cold water comes from the kitchen boilers. T con- nected the insulated tank with an iron pipe tet down my study chimney in the hope of saving and utilizing some. por- tion of the heat that eseaped up the chim- ney every time the fire was lighted. T have lid this apparatus in use for’ ovet a year, and find that at any time of the day or night 1am always sure of a warm bath from the heat that used-to be wasted in going tp the chimney. In this case there was only one straight pipe, 50 that the amount of heat recovered bears only. a small proportion to that still wasted, A coil of pipe in the chinmney or special apparatus there would, af course, be mtich more efficent. T think thar all the hot water required for the use of a household, and even for warming a house, could be obtained with- ont special expenditure for fuel by tion of the waste heat produted from,PRIZES FOR THE INV the kitchen fire and the heat giver off by the ilominants ernployed, Of course, water can only be treated to the boiling, tempetature: but there ate many liquids, that gam be heated tos ver much higher temperature than this with- out boiling. T took a tumbler of olive oil and heated it hy means of a thir iron wire connected with a voltaic battery, 1 laced in the tumbler of Gil a teststutie filled with water; [p a. short time the water was builing, but the oil remained perfectly quiescent. If you store up hat il instead of water you will have at your command a source of heat ablesto do all ing, and even produe steam power to work machine We haye plenty af heat going to wa in Washington during the ‘suumet-tim for the sun's rays.are very poy we do not use the roots i basil except to keep off the rain. What wide expanses of roof are available am al} our Jarge citiés for the ntifization of the sitn's ays! Simple pipes Laid tip ott the roof and containing oil or some other tiquid would soon becoine heated by the stin’s fays. ‘The hot oil could be carried into an insulated tamk and stored. You could thus not onky conserve and utilize the heat that falls upon the tops of your houses, but -effect’ some cooling of the houses themselves by the atistraction of this heat. THE REASON W Tes CANNOT KI e001, rou Twas once obliged, very much against will, Loan assure you, to. remain in ington right in the midst of the summer, and the thought kept constantly recurring to my mind, Tf man has the intelligence to heat bis house in the wh ter-time, why does he mot cool 3 in the summer? We go upto the Arctic regions and heat our houses and live. We fe down to the Tropics and. dic, In India the white children have to he sent home to England in order to live, aid all on tof the heat. The problem of gt hantses is ene that T would recum- mend fa your notice, not only on account of your own comfort, but an account of the public health as well Now, T have found one railical defect NTOR 143 ins the construction of our houses that absulytely prechides the possibility of cooling them to any grent degree. You will readily understand the difficilty when you remember that cold air is-spe- cifically heavier than warm air. Yott can take a bucket of cold air, for example, and ft aboyt in the summertime and not spill a drops line if yen make a rate in the bottom of your ticket, then, of course, the cold air will all ran out, Now, if you look at the typical tropical howses, you will find that they are ‘all open on'the ground floor, Supposing it were possible ta ttm on a veritable Ni- agata of cold air into a topical house, it wouldn't stay there five minutes. It would all come pouring ant through the upen phices below and through the win- dows and donra. 1f yout want to find your leakage places, just’ fll yaur house with water and sew where the water squirts put! | began 4) think thar it inight te sible ty syiply the buckwt principle nae least one room in my Washington home, and this soctire a phe of retreat in the stiomer-time. It seemed to be advisable toclose up: all openings near the bottom of the roem to prevent the eseape of cold airand open the windows at the top to let out the heated air of the room. any OWS ERPIEMENAENT Now, if so linppens thit E have in the basement of my house a swimming tank, and it occurred to tue that sinee this tauke holds water, it should certainly hotd cold air; so T turned the water omt to sttuly the situation. The tank seemed to be damp and the sides felt. wet apd slimy. T reflected, lwowever, that the condensa- tion of moisture resulted ftum the fact that the sides of the tank were cooler than the air admitted, Water yapar will Hot condense on anything that is warmer than itself, and it occurred to me that if 1 introduced ait that was very much colder than T wanted te ase, them Ht would he warming up inthe tank and beco dryer all the Te would not moisture on the sides and would act absorb the moisture there. J therefore provided i refrigerator, in which were placed latge blocks of icePRIZES covered with salt. This was placed in anether room at a higher elevation than the tank, and a pipe covered with asbestos: paper was-employed to lead the cold air auto the tank, ‘The fest effect wae the dtyinig of the walls, and then I felt the level of the cold air gradually ricing, At last it came over my head ‘The tank was full, and [ found myself immersed in cool air, 1 felt so cool and comfortable that it seemed difficult te believe that Washing- tun stood sizing outside. climbed up the ladder int the swimming tank emtil any head was above the surface, and thet found myself breathing a hot. damp, muggy atmosphere. F therefore speedily retreated into the tank, where Twas per- cool and comfortable, Guided by this experience, T tried ar« other experiment in my hone. | pot the refrigerator in the attic and led the cold air downward through: a pipe covered with asbestos into one of the reams of the house. The doors were kept shut and the windows were pened at the top. ‘The temperatire in that room was por- deetly comfortable, about 65 degrees. At that time the papers were speaking: ‘of some ice plant that had been installed in the White House and congramlated the President upon a temperature of only So degrees when the thermometer showed yoo degrees outside. At this very time 1 enjoyed in my house a temperature of 65 degrees (the ideal temperature), with & delicious feeling of freshness in the air, Even when the air had risen 19 the same temperature as the rest of the howse, a& measured hy a thermameter. the toom still felt cool, because the air was drier, thus promoting perspiration that cooled the skin. SELLING COLD Ane IN PARIS Tit this cotinection I may say that there a very interesting cooling plant in Paris, France, run by the Societé de l’Air Comprimé. Very muany of the cafes and resturants in, Paris have cold rooms for the storage of perishable provisions, and these rooms are cooled by compressed air supplied hy this compariy. he plant consists of large pipes taid down under the streets of Paris, with FOR THE INVE: OR 1 stitall branch pipes leading into the cafés and restaurants. At a: central station steam-engines primp air-into the pipes and keep up a continuous pressure of from four to five atmospheres. As there are several hiidred kilometers of these pipes under the streets of Paris, they form a huge resurveir of compressed air at the ground temperature. In the cooking room of 4 café they simply turn a tittle cock and admit the compresied air into the roam. A gus meter measures the amount of air ad- ed and charges are mate accordingly. ‘The compressed ait, ty its expinsion, wodices great cald, and the cnoling cifect 16 still further ineceaced by allawing the air to de work during the process of ox- pansion. Dumbewaiters, elevators, and even sewingemachines are thie run very veonomically in connection with the sys~ tem by means of compressed-air engines: Wit OUR CHIPS Ne aWrtFtet ALLY ‘cont? Now, it appexrs to me that this process might very easily he developed into a plan fer the cooling of a whole city. on would simply have te tum a cock in your room to admit the fresh air; and. if you then tike precanti¢ns to prevent the cold sir from canning away by having your room tight at the bottom and open at the top, you could keep yout room cool in the holtest stimmmer weather. T must confess that there Is one other subiiect upon which [would like to say a few words before clasing. ‘One of- the great evils attending our civilization is the extreme congestion. of the population into the larger cities, and one of the great problems of tie future is how to spread the population more equally aver the land, ‘The congestion is enused by difficulties af transportation : for, of cmrse, it costs much more to send a person’ to a distant place: than to one near at hand, Dut did you ever think of this: that it also costs more to. send a letter ta a diss tint place thin to one near at hand, and vet.a tio-cent stamp will carry your letter anywhere within the limits af the United States, and even beyond.Vii COULD POSTAGE STAMES IM USED. IN TRANSDONTATION OF PERSON So many more letters are sent to places near at hand than to the remoter parts of the country that an average rate of pest- age very slightly in excess af the cost for short distances juys Tor the deficit on the Tonger roures. Now, the. thought that, T would like to put into your minds is this: Why could not the postage stamp prin ple be applied to the transportation of hersons. and gonds> Why should it nat he possible to cfrirge an average tate for transportation instead of a rite increas: ing with the distance traveled? ‘We have already begun to apply this principle in municipalities, We no longer charge hy distance in our large cities, and a five-cent fare will carry you anywhere you want to go within the limits of (he imunicipality invalved. As a, consequence we find in these cities the poorer people abanddsting tencment houses and going ‘ont into the country to five, where their children have room to grow... This relict ‘of congestion percades all classes of the community, and you sce homes springing up everywhere in the suburbs of our great cities. The benefits resulting from a: uniform tte of transportation increase inc ‘aietrieal proportion to the distance trav- led, and the possible radius of travel should therefore be extended to the great est practicable degree. Te may well be doubted whether it will ever be possibile to buy a ticket for ar where in the United States at an average THE NATIONAL GROGRAPHIC MAGAZINE: rate; ut it might he practicable to apply the principle to some at least of the smaller ‘States A. citizen of Rhode island, for example, might for a very small amount be enabled to travel any- where within the limits of that State, Tt would certainly be advisable to re~ dace ottr charges for transportation to the minimunt amount possible. ‘This can be done, first, by adopting the principle of an average rate, and, secondly, by re- shncing te actual cost of the transporti- itself. WILL AERIAL LOCOMOTION SOLVE THE Wad QUESTION Now, it is noteworthy that the main clement of cost resides not 50. much: in the vehicles and Jncomotives cmploved 1s in the cost of the roads on which they have to rum; it is this clement that in- creases with the distance, The taitroads, for example, have te ex jend miffions of dollars in the construc. tion Of railroad tracks: and svhat would the automobile be worth withjut a good road on which to travel? Water trans portation is much cheaper than railroad transportation, chiefly becamse we do Hot have to bnild roads in the Kea for our ships. 1 will conclude with this thonght: that a possibile solution of the problem over land tiay lic in the development of aerial locomotion, However much money we may invest in the construction of huge aerial machines carrying many passen gers, we don't have to tuild a rend.RT: BISKRA, 4E DE 6 tT ANDCopriiane bp Damnld Mae Lah When toll that sad hommes af the At and girls who love the G a jae wise aa 4 I folemn ara priett. And nomehow be seems to have wucceeded.ENBOHEMIA A? D THE CZECHS By Aves: HroucKa Cerston or Prevsiea AstHponmocy rx tig LD. S. Natioxsn Meaney, THEIR memorable answer to the President of the United States on the conditions under whieh they would conclude peace with Germany, the Allies announced,-2s one of thes. condi- tions, the liberation of the Crecho-Slo- vaks fram Austria-Hungary. ‘This introdiices on! the international forum a most interesting new factor, of which relatively little has been heard dur- ing the war and which in. consequence has: largely escaped, in. this’ country at leust, the attention which it deserves. The ‘same na Jaw of preservation that rules over individuals rules also aver nations—only the strongest survive the struggle for existence. Not the strongest in numbers, nor even physically, but the richest in that healthy: virginal Ife-eur- rent which suffers under defeat, but is never crushed; which may be suppressed. to the limit, yet wells up aguin stronger and fresher than ever, the moment the pressure relaxes. ‘One stich nation is surely, it deems, that of the Czechs or Bohemians, A 1,300-year-long Hfe-and-death struggle with the race who surround it from the north, west, and sonth, witha near-burial within the Austrian Empire for the Inst three centuties, have failed to destroy the Tittle nation or! break its spirit, As President Wilson tins. said: “At least two among these many races [of ja], mortover, ure strenuously, persistently devoted ta inde . No lapse of time, no defeat pes, seems stifficient to reconcile the Czechs of Bohemia to incorporation with Austria, Pride of race and the memories of a notable and distinguished history keep them always at otlds with the Ger THANE M their gates and with the gov ‘ernment et over their heads: They de- sire at least the same degree of autonomy that has been granted to Hungary.” "The State, by Woodrow Wiltom revised ‘edition, L91r, page 736 The Czechs are now more numerous, more accomplished, more patriotic than ever-before, and the day is inevieably ap- proaching whet the shackles will fall and the nation take its place again at the council of free nations. WHO ARF TINE BOreMANS The Czechs* are the westernmost ranch of the Slavs, their name being de- rived, according to tradition, from, that of a noted ancestral chief. The term Ho- i applied to the countey prob- during the Roman times and was Tike that of Bavaria, from the i, Who for some time before the Chris— tian era oceupied or claimed parts of these regions, Nature has favored Bohemia perhaps more than anyother part.af Europe. Us soil is so fertile and climate so favorable that more than half of the country is cul- tivated and produces richly. In its moun- tains almost every usefl metal ani ti eral, except salt, 18 to be found. It is the geographical center of the Exropyan cor finent, equally distant from the Baltic, Adriatic, and North seas, and, though in- olozed by mountains, is so easily access le, beeduse of the Valleys of the Danube and the Elbe rivers, that it served, since known in bistory as the avenue of many artnies, Reside Dokemin, the Czechs decupy Moravia and adjacent territory in Silesia, ‘The Slovaks, who show merely dialectic differences fom the Czechs, extend from Moravia eastward over most of northern Hungary. ‘The advent of the Ceechs is Jost in an- tiguity; it is known, however, that they cremated their dead, and cremation bur- jals in northeastern Bohemia and in Mo- Tava antedate 500 B.C. ‘Their invasions or spread southwestward, so far as re- “The Cz pronounced like ch int cherry. {Sco "Map of Europe.” published by the Grosharme Macarisn, Agi, 1815, aeBOHEMIA AND THE CZECHS corded in tradition or history, were of a. peaceful nature, following the desolation and abandonment of the land through wars, Likeall people ata corresponding stage of development, they were subdivided into numerous tribes which settled differ- ent parts of the country, and the tiames of some of these clans, with remnants of dintectic, dress, and other characteristic differences, persist even to this day. Their documentary history begins in the seventh century, at which time they al- ready extend as far south as the Danuhe. ‘They are agriculiural and pastoral pen- ple, of patriarchal organization. Their governrient is almost republican, under a chief, elected by an xscerntily of repre- settitives of the main. classes of the peo ple, Later this office develops into that of hereditary kings, whose assumption of the throne must nevertheless be in every, instance ratified by the national diet. ‘The nation possesses a code of formal supreme laws, and the people are noted ’ rowess, free spirit, passionate jealousy Tove of poet: of independence. euinstiisity vccerrep Tn the ninth century the pagan Czechs accept Christianity, with Slav liturgy, whieh hecoties at once one of their most cherished endowments, as well as a source of much future hostility From Rome. The various tribes become united under the Premyst Dynasty, begun by the national herpine Libussa, with her plow- man hushand, and lasting itt the male lite until the first part af the fourteenth cen- tury. der their kings the Czechs reach an important Psion atone: the Eurapean nations. They rule, in turn, over large parts of what are now Austrian prov- ances, and briefly even over Hungary, Poland, and Galicia, But their fortune varies. From the time of Charlemagne: they struggle, often far their very extst- ence, with their neighbors, irritated by: their piresence, their racial Hiversity, anc their riches. ‘The first recorded war with the Ger- mans dates from 630, when the Franle 165, Dagobért endeavors by force 6f arms to impose vassalage on the Czechs; hut str fers defeat; and fram this time on the Lohemian.history is replete with records of fighting with the Germans. How the nation escaped annifiation must. remain a marvel of history, Lt is sometimes. re- duced to almost a German vassal; yet it is never, entiels overeamicy and ries ayain and again to assert its individuality and independence. GERMANS COLONLZR DOMES A Some of the Bohemian kings, under polit and other: influences, permit, and even fovite, settlements of Germans on the outskirts of Bohemia. This is the origin of the German population’ of the country, whieh has played and still plays such a large part in its polities, ‘The latter part of the thirteenth cen- jury is a most critical period of Bohemia, Under Otakar LE, one of its ablest kings, the country has reached the acme of ats power, Jt extends from Saxony to the Adriatic, and Vienna is its sevond capital. Many of the German. principalities are its allies and the king comes near to being called to head the Holy Empire. Bat Rudolph of Habsburg is elected to this office, and from the moment of the advent of the house of Habsburg com- mence Hohemia’s greatest misfortunes, ‘The only offense of the Bohemian king is that he is Slav, but that, with the jealousy of his power, the democratic institati anil the wealth of his country, w tains the richest mines of Silver in Eu- rope, is sufficient, Great armies, German and Hungarian, are raised agatist him; finally he ix treacherously slain in battle, his Kingdom tors apart, and Bohemia is ravished and reduced almost. to a “pos session” or a fief of the is too strong; it rises again, and wit few deendes, ander Otakar's son, ‘ins, its independence and much of its former power. In 1306, however, the lust Bo- hentian king Of the great Premyst family is slain by am assassin, and there begins a long period of dynastic difficnlties, which become in titue the main cause of Bohemia’s downfall.BOHEMIA AND THE CZECHS 4 GUUSEND TO sus ConN'tioy ‘The next Bohemian ruler of some pote is John of Luxembourg, martied to Hliza~ beth, the last princess of the Pretysl house, and lalled, fighting for France, at the battle of Crecy, on the Sammie 1346). ‘The knightly Jolin Hoes little ‘or Bohemia, but he gives it Karel (Charles IV}, his and Elizabeth's son, who proved a god-send to the country. fn Boliemiin history be is know “the father of his country.” Under’ his long, wholesome, patriotic, and peace: fol reign (1347-1378) the whole nation revives and ‘strengthens. Independence of the country, except for the honarable connection with the Roman Empire, is fully reéstabtished, Eqduestion, art, and architecture thrive, ‘The: University of Prague i founded (1348) on the basis of the high seat of learning estublished a century before by Otakat. The medicinal waters of Karlavy Vary (Carlsbad) are discovered and the city of the same name rises on the site: and Prague, as well as other cities, are beatified. Charles is elected Emperor of the Ro- mans in 1348, and Bohemia stands “frst in the world in power, wealth, progress, ‘The excellent relation® of th England culminate in marringe of Richard I with Anne of Rohemia, as. THE MARTYRDOM OF JOHN IDSs But Charles is succeeded by a weak son, anid it ts not lang before Bohemia suffers again from its old enemies, ‘A great national and religions: leader arises in the person of Jolin Huss. But Rome excommunigas John Hass and acetises him of her He is called te report to the Conneil at Constance and leaves with a written gunraritee of safe conduct from Sigimmund, the king and -, which, however, proves a "scrap of paper.” Huss i net permitted to ade- qquatély defend the truth, nor to return; he is thrown im prison; his teachings are condemned: and July 6, 1415, he is mar tyred by being burnt at the stake. ‘The very ashes are orrlered collected and east into the Rhine, test even they become dangerons. 167 The shock of the death of Huss and of his fellow-reformer, Jeronym, burnt a litte Inter, fire Bohemia with religious and poiriotic zeal and lead to one of the most wonderful chapters in its and the world’s history, the Hussite Wars. A rises in Jari Zizka, and in system of warfare is develoy ing the ise nf some frightful and of movable fortifications formed. of armored cars ;-and.igr fidteen years wave after wave of armies and crisnders from all Europe, operating wndor the direction of Rome, Germany, Austria, and. Hun- gary, are broken and destroyed, until re- ligious and national frecdom seem more svete ain eventual result and after many serious internal difficulties of religions nature, another glorious period. follows for Bohemia, both politely and cultur- ally, under the king George Podiebrad (1438-1471). One of their enemies of this period, Pope Pius I (42neas Svl- vins) cannot help but say-of thems “The Bohemians hive ia ont times by them- selves: gained more victories thin imam other nations have been able to win in their history.” And their many other enemies find but littl more against them, No Inquisitim, no evil of hemani has ever originated in Bohentia. “The ut~ most reproach they receive, outside of the honorable “heretic,” is “the hard heads” and “peasants.” Few. nations can boast of as clean a record, AGUEMLA’S FATEFUL HOLE ‘The fateful period for Bohemia comes. in the sixteenth centtiry. The people are weakened by wars, by internal religious strifes. A fearful new danger threatens central Europe—the Turks, | In 1326 the Bohemian king, Ludvik, is killed ina bat- te swith the Turks, assisting Hungary: and as there #8 no male desceitdant, the elective diet at Prague is influenced to offer the crown of Bohemia, under strict guarantees of all its rights, to the hiis- hand of Lavdvik’s danghter, Ferdinand of Habsburg, archduke af Austria. Hungary, too, joins the naion, and the beginning of ihe eventual empire ofGENERAL VLEW OF PRAGUE FROME rErRe blood4 HOMES Many of the Cec GIRL WORKING ON A PLEC well ay Slovak emilin mncat intereILO TIE, Sor Ae “AVAL Sn SETAE tNBOHEMIA AND THE CZECHS ‘The stranger elected in bis pace, Frederick of the Palatinate, son-in-law of the King of England, however, proves. an incompetent weakling, ‘The Czech armies are disorganized, and November 8, 1620, the main force of 20,000 is de- feated ut Bila Hora, near Prague, by an atmy ef Germans, Spaniards, Walloons, Poles, Cossacks, and Bayarians. ‘The following part of the Hoherian history should be read in detail by all its friends—by all friends of humanity. It is a most instructive, though most seme, part of the history, not merely of Bohemia, but of Europe, of civilization, In Bohemia itself it # a period of con- centrateil fiendishness under the banner of religion, and of suffering, of thirty years duration. Beginning with whole- sale executions, it progresses. to the forced exile of ayer 30,00 of the best families of the eountey, with coniiscation ‘of their property, anil to orgies of de- struction of property and, life. ‘Under the leadership of fanatics every house, every nook, is searched for hooks and writings, and these are burned im the public squares “to eradicate the devil” of reformation. Rapine reigns, until there js nothing more to burn, nothing to take, and tmtil three-quarters of the population have gene or perished—a trea ment to the Habsbe status of mankind in the {7th century. Had not Germany itself been ravaged by the religious wars thus kindled, this period would probably have beet the last of the Czechs; as it was, there qere not enough Germans leit for colonizing other countries. Yet many cante in the course of time, as settlers. German becomes the kinguage of commerce, uf courts, of all public Cransactions: the university is German, and in schools the native tongue finds barely space in the lowest grades. Books have been burnt, educated pa- triotic men-and women driven from the country, memories perverted. Tt would stirely seem that the light of the nation would now, if ever, become extinct. Ant it becomes obscured for generitions—yet is not extinguished. The roots of the stock prove too strong healthy. The people sleep for 150 years, but it isa sleep of rest, not death—a slecp heal- 175: ing wounds and allowitig of a slow gath= ering of new forces, TOTEMIA MEAWAKESED ‘Toward the end of the eighteenth een- tury the Czech language is almost wholly that of the untuored peasint, Bat the time of quickening approuches, First cone cell, one nerve, one limb of the pros- trate bndy revives; then others. ‘The his- tory of the uation iy resurrected and provessan elixir of life; to learn it is toa: Czech enough for «complete aw; ening. But the awakening period. be- comes one of constant struggle against all the old forces that would keep him. down: yet step by step he advances, over prisons and gallows. iterature, science, art arise agai journalism begins to develop, ‘The uni versity ds regained: Prague, the “mother”? of Bohemian cities, is tegained, gnd others follaw. Education reaches a higher Tevel ultimately than anywhere clse in ‘Austria, A great national society of So- icols (“falcons”) is formed to clevate the people physically, intellectually, and mor- ally, Pohemian liverarue, music, art, science come against all obstacles to occupy again, an honorable position among those of other nations. Agricultural and technical training progresses until the country is oni the richest purt of the empire, journalism has developed until, just he- ‘ore the war, there are hundreds of Czech Feet The Czech language is again rd in the courts, it high circles, in the ‘Austrian Reichstag iteelf; and, though call crippled, there is again a Bohemian ict. Where after the Thirty Years’ War there were but a few hundred thousands of Czechs left, there are now in Bohentia, Moravia, and Silesia alone sever mil- lions; besides which there are over two million cosas in the adjacent area under Hungary. Such is the very brief and imperfect abstract of the history of the Czech peo- ple, who see once more before them the dawnt of liberty whieh they so long cher ished.176 THE WITAT HAVE THE nomMrANs Accon= WISHED AS A NATIONALITY ? It may be well to quote on this subject a paragraph from an American author, Robert H. Vickers (History of Bohemia, 8°, Chicago, 1895, p. 319) 2" “The fixed rights, the firm institutions, and the un- failing gallantry of Pohentia during eight hundred years had constituted strong barrier against the anarchy of the dathsebacek dtc enale tedteea non and tie solicitude for individual political rights always exhibited hy the Bohemian poople have rendered them the teachers of futions; and their principles and: purtin- mentary constitution have graditally pen- etrated into every country under. heaven. “They protected and preserved the rights of men during long ages when those rights were elsewhere unknown or trampled down. Bohemia has been the Birthplice and the shelter of the modern, polities of freedom.” But Bohemia has also been for eentu- ries the culture center of central Enrope. its university, founded in 1348, at once for the Czechs, Poles, and Germans, not only antedated all those in Germany and. Austria, but up to the Hussite wars was. with-that-of Paris, the most important of the continent. In tyo9, when the Ger- man contingent of the university, failing in its efforts at controlling the institution, left Prague to found a trie German uni- versity at Leipzig, the estimates of the nitmber of students, instructors, and at- tendants who departed average over 10,000, wy IVE ENCOW Sigismund, the emperor am king of Bahentia, in writing of to the Comell af Constarice, say’ splendid University of Prague was counted among the rarest jewels of our realm... Ento it flowed, from all paris of Germany, youths and men of mature years alike, thraugh love of vir- tue and study, who, seeking the treasures of knowledge ant pli » found them there in aluindance. Last, but not least, Hohemia led in the c also WS. Montoe, Hoberia and the Creche, Biston, 1910, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE great struggle for freedom of thought, feligious reformation. Ei the writings of Wyeliff hy such meager i nental Europe as they could obtain those dark times, the Czech puritans, re- fanless of the dire eansequences which they kitew must follow, rose in open, bold cpposition to the intellectual slvery in which nearly the whole of Europe was then held. ‘They paid for this with their blood, and/almost with the existence of the nation; but Luther anda thousand other reformers arose im other lands to continue on the road of liberation, For a small nation, not without the usual iman faults, and distracted by tnending struggles {or its very existence, the above gontribn ing the dark age of its rising ei world seem sufficient for an honorable place in history. THE, CHARACTERISTICS OF THE, CARCITS As to the moder achievements of the nation, they follow largely in the foot steps of the old, Notwithstanding. the most bitter struggle for every right of their own, Crechs have extended a helpful hand to all other branches of the Slavs, in whose intellcctusl advance and solidarity they see the best: guarantee of a penceiul hiture. ‘They Have extended their great organization Sokol, whieh stands for national discipline, with phys- ical anil mental sonmeness, among all the lavic nations, and they are sending freely their teachers aver the Slav world, and this while still under the Habsburgs To attempt to detine the characteristics of awhole people is a matter of difficulty ani serious responsibility, even far one descended fron and well acquainted with What people. Moreaver, under modern conditions of intercourse of men and tions, with the inevitable admixtures of ‘tblood, the characteristics of individual groups or strams of the race tend to be come weaker and obscured. ‘Thus the Czech of today is not wholly the Czech of the fifteenth century, and ta a castal observer may appear to differ at little from his neighbors. Yet he liffers, and under modern polish and the more or less perceptible effects of cen-BOHEMIA ¢ tries of ression, is still in a large ensure the Ceech of the olf i ‘He is kind and with a stovk of ‘native humor, He is musical, loves songs, poetry, att, ature, fellowship, the other sex, He isan intent thinker and restless secher af truth, of earning, but no apt schemer, He is ambitious, and covetons. Of freedom in the broadest sense, but tendencies to domincering, oppression, power by force over athers, are foreign to his nature. He ardently searches for God and edd to be deeply religions, bot is im dogmm, as of all other tituhie restraint. He may he opinionated, stubborn, but is happy to accept facts and recognize trie superiority. He ik easily hurt and does not forget the injury; will fight, but i lastingly revengeful or vicious. He is not colil, ealeulating, thin-tipped, nor again as: inflammable as the Pole or the somhern Slay, but is sympathetic and full of trist, and through iter open sition. ndurance and bravery in war far aveause which he approved were prover- ‘bil, as.was also his hospitality in pence. fle is often. highly capable in lan gtinges, science, Tterary and technical education, and is inventive, as well os ine dustrial, bat not commercial. [magina- tive, artistic, creative, rather than frigidly practical, Inclined at times ty. melan= choly, brooding, pess hie fs yet deep at heart for ever buoyant, optimistic, hopeful—hopeful not of possessions or power, but of human happiness. and of the freedom and future golden age of mot merely his own, but all peaple. COMENIEE—ONE OF THR GneAT ates OF AGL THEME: Every mation has fts local heroes, local genivses, but these mican little for the rest of theawarld. “Bohemia had a, due share of sich among its kings, reformers, gen~ crals, and especially writers; but it also gave the world many a son whose work. was of import: for humanity in gen= eral and whose fame is international: Not a few of thes were exiles uri ~ grants from the country of their birth, who, having settled permanently abroad, are only tov readily credited to the caun- ND THE CZECHS i try that gave them asylum, Germany and Austrin, as the nearest géographic- ally and with a fanguage that the Czech youth were force) to Jearn, received most of such accessions; but some reached Hollanti,, France, Enghod, and even Amevica. ‘One of the mast honored names in the tmiversal history of pedagogy is that af the Czech pattiot and exile, Jan Amos Komensky, or Comenius (1392-1671), the last bishop of the Bohentian Hrethren, Driven away, in 2024, after all his books and manuseripts were taken and burnt, a sities ie a. time: ee hen in jollani!, is pedagagical writings con- stitute the panies of aiedaa eck: fion_ Hix best-known warks in this con- nection are James finguarum resorate (1631), Labyrinth of the World (163¢), Opera didocticn magne (1657), and Orbis pictus (1638). ‘This latter work is the first children’s picture-beok. He can- demns the system of mere memorizing in school, then in use, and urges that the scholar be taught to think, ‘Teaching should he, a far as possible, demonstra tive, directed to nature, and develop: habits of in ual observation. AM children, without exception—vieh or poor, walle or common—should re= cele sehooliny, and all should Tearn to the limits of their possibilities. "They should learnt to observe all things of im- ortinee, to reflect of the cause of their being as they-are, and on their interrela— tions and utility; for the children are destined fo be not merely spectators in this world, but active participants,” “Langitages should be taught, like the mother tongue, by conversation an ordi- nary topics; pictures, object lessons, should he used; teaching should go hand in hand with a happy Wie. Tn his course he included cinging, economy, polities, world history, geography, and the arts and handicrafts.” He was one of the first to advocate teaching science in schools ‘The child should “learn to do by de ing.” Edueation should he made pleas- he parents should be friends of the teachers; the school-room should be spa cious, tind exch school should have a good place’ for play and recreation,BOHEMIA AND THE C in Europe from ihe old Boheniian his torians. His historical works, as well as his. statesmanship anc other important activities, bring hit the mame of the “father of the nation,” He is regarded #3 the foremost Bohemian of the nine teenth century; and his monument in Prague is one of the most remarkable works of art-in Europe, Tn the Hine of invention this earlier period gives Prokep Divis. (i6y(-1785), the discoverer of the lightning fod (1754), and Josef Ress! (1793-1837), the inventor of the screw propeller, In science and medicine there stand foremost Jan Evang, Purkinje (178;- 1869}, founder of the firit physiological institute in Germany and father of ex- perimental physiology > Kare! Rokytanskt (1804-1878), the mast deserving p of pathological anatomy: Josef Skoda (7805-1881), the founder of modern inethods of physieat diagnosis of disease z Edward Albert (i8g1-19121, the ecat surgeon of the Vienna University; Ant. Frit (1832-1913), the noted paleontolo- gist. TOHEMIAN COMPOSERS AND MUSICIANS ‘The Bohemian pantheon is particularly rich in composers and musicians, Of the former_one of the best known to the worl is Berliich Smetana. (1824-188), ‘the founder of the modern school of Bo- hemian music and the composer, umong many other exquisite works, of the “Pro dand Nevésta” (‘The Bartered Bride), a. national opera. which bas ‘appeared te- tedly within, the last Few y« Tete symphonies are known everywhere, In- vited to this country, he was for several years direct vf the National Serve tory of Music in New York City, during which time he made an.effort,t0 develo purely American music based on native, and especially Indian, motives. Among musicians the name of Jan ‘CHS 183 Kutbelile (1880-....) and) Kocian are too well known in this country ta need any introduction, and the same #6 true of the operitic stars Slezak and Emmy Destin. Of poets the two greatest are Svatopluk Cech (1846-1910) and Jarosiae Vick Ticks (1853-1912). ‘They are not as well known in foreign lands as the Bohemian composers and musicians only becans f the almost wnisurtnountabic difficulties whieh attend the translation of their works. In novelists and other writers, of both sexes, Bobet is rich, but as yet translations of their works are few in qumber and they remuin comparatively unknown to the world at Re : The above brief notes, which do. but meager justice to the subject, would: he incomplete: without a brief referetice to a few of the most noted Bohemian jour- nalists and stiteemen of more than local renown. Of the former at least two need to be mentioned —Karel Havlisek (1821 1846), martyred by Ausiria, and. Julins Greger (1831-1894), the founder of the Narodni Listy, the most influential of Bohemian journals, “The, most prominent modern statentent of Bohemia are Karel Kramar (1860- woes), since the beginning of the war in Austrian prison, and Thos. G. Masaryk (i850-....), since the war a fugitive from Austriin persecution, now at Ox- ford University, England. ‘The sister of the latter is well known in this country and her recent liberation from a. prisen in Vichtia was in ho small measire due to the intervention of her American fricnds.* AOMEMIASS 18 THE UNITED stares Ik seems a far ery from Bohemia to this country, yet their relations are both of some import and aneient. ‘The man whoo rade the first mips of ‘Maryland and Virwit iutradueed the cultivation of tobaceo into the latter State, and for these nd other services became the lord of the Bohemia Manor’ in Maryland, was the “Those who may be more closely interested inthe more recent and still living men of note of Bohemia should cansalt Narodnii (National) Album, Prague, 1899, which contains aver 1,300 portraits, with liogriphiesSANT FAMILY IN EVERY-DAY DRESS. with the trogoer which drove ma now. Tie mated at under the United States of Harvard L igeaticn jot exclusive of Slovaks, is Do, of whom ~The Bahemi B, Chase, Ni, tol 18g