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  • National Geographic Magazine 1917-04

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    National Geographic Magazine

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    National Geographic Magazine

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
    300 visualizações150 páginas

    National Geographic Magazine 1917-04

    Enviado por

    Ray Frausto
    National Geographic Magazine

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    ———= a VOLUME 10XE = ‘os THE NATIONA I GEOGRAPHIC | MAGAZINE | APRIL, 1917 CONTENTS 8 Pages in Four Colors Do Your Bit for America WOODROW WILSON A Tribute to America HERBERT HENRY AsoUITH Friends of Our Forests With Color Hlustrations HENRY W. HENSHAW The Burden France Has Borne With 19 Hlustrations GRANVILLE PORTESCUE The Call to the Colors With 17 Mustritions The Outspeaking of a Great Democracy ALEXANDER RIBOT—RENE. VIVIANI-PAUL DECHANEL The Oldest of the Free Assemblies ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR The Russian Situation and Its Significance to America With 16 Mustations STANLEY WASHBURN PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON. D.C. ©. HOTITTMANN, | PRESIDENT JOHN E. PILLSBURY - WiCERRESIOENT GILHERT H.GROSVENOR, umctom ano eniton JONN JOY EDSOK . | «TREASURER JOHN OLIVER LAGORGE . ASsnctATe EDInOR GEORGE W. HUTCHISON. assistanr stcacrany 0, P. AUSTIN seceer, WILLIAM 4, SHOWALTER. ,eststant eurTow BOARD OF MANAGERS 1945-1917 1916-1916 1917-1515 Craeces J. Bene FRANKLIN K, LANE ALEXANDERGRANAM BELL President American Security Seeeetary of the Interior laventor of the telephone Sed Trt Ot 2 nee Hexey F. BLounr J. Howarp Gone JouN Jox Epson ‘Vice-President American Sex Prot. Emeritus Mutheinatice, President Washington tant ce ‘uirity and Trust Company “The Ges. Washington Un tase Coestaee . M. Corsten A.W. GREELY Davin PaimcHILD Ruse Admirs! U. S. Navy, Arctic Explorer, Major Gent 19 Chntes of Agriattral x- snr Supt UB Naval TeS.Aem plorations, Dapt of Agric. Obsurvatory. renee viccegremen C. Harr Merriam Freperick V. Covitue Editor of Natoma! Opogragtys: Manner National Academy of Pormerty Brenden taf Wash ‘Magatine ‘Scien se George Oris SmirH 0. P, Austin Aout Bi sas Dicestor of U.S. Gealogteat caasuee Rear Admiral U.S. Navy, Suny, Ewrmerty Chet trea of ‘Guonod 2: Pirrnan Nawseation O. H. Tretmann Conusitsioner U-S.Bureanat RUDOLPH KAUFEMANN Formerly, Suoetintenitent ot eons Manazing Edlior The Evening ve Grorce Smmas, 3D is Hewey Wrire Pormerty Mesneru 7. L, Macnonauo Rormerly 5 Ariba ‘gyeme, Fgura Nat MLD. PACS. France, taly, er. iatdiane resem ue S..N.D. NortHt JOHN M. WiLson Guaver Saqiaus Formerly Direciar U.S, fu New York Pent uf Cenent ‘To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-eight years ago, hamely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge the National Geographic Soc! aap abiees this Magazine, All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends are desired, Por material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- tion is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be addressed GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Exiton CONTRIBUTING EDITORS A.W. Greeny ALEXANDER Granias Fimtt C. Hart Menpiam Davip Pameutn 0. HL Trrraann Huan M. Sarr Roneer HoLListen CHapman N.H, Darton Waren T. Swinaue Pranx M. Ciamman the Post-Oiffex at Waskingtou, 1. €,, as Secmmd;Class Mall Mutter by Natanal Geographic Society, Wnahingran. 12, SCIENCE "The. building of a motor car such as the Pierce- ‘Arrow is a problem in mechanics, sis much ‘us the construction of a suspension badge, or a tunnel, or a lighthouse, or an: office building. Every single part in a PierceAsrow Car hoy had the attention of some expert—first, as a unit, and. second, in its relation to all other parts. Each assembled unit, such us engine, transmission, and rear ade, is tested fer power developed and quietness of operation before-being placed in the chassis. The chassis is run on the mad at least 10 miles before being passod upon by the final oxpert testers THE PIERCEARROW MOTOR CAR CO. Bhfile, N.Y. PIB RCE ARROW ‘“Meution the Geographlc—tt identifies you.t’ Medium Stout Ts A'T’ term, met stout, is the way um clothing 1m such a fig young men, or older, They think they're “hard-to-fit” and pay a tailor big prices to prove it. We make clothes designed to fit soch figures; they do fit, Our iaiel reas satis ‘guutra teed; a small thing to look for, 2 big thing to find, Hart Schaffner & Marx Copytig Hats Seastinge de Meare ‘Mention the Ge: phie—It sdantisies $115 Mitchell Juniar—a 40h. p. extras will cost t $4,090,000. ‘Th yare pald fer by Due to John W. Bate It extra value F.o, b, Racine Li 200,000 ties each Aasate car, acar of low upkeep. Prive $1269, f.0, Re Mitchell Junior INS" bodies TWO SIZES Mitchell (31; $1460 ke 7-Passenger—48. Horsepower I7-inch Wheelbase STXES Extras new boily pl sane And From Jed cast of fi and trir ‘Che Mitchell the ¥ The Mitchells Are Unique bean Bate’ fot Mitebelts, 1 I traveled half the wo H pe. He b 700 improves a year in a Work I amaze yo LL MOTORS ‘COMPA. ‘Alas mew ee Dea he Slip-Shod Driver Help Us Focus the Condemning Light of Public Opinion on THE SLIP-SHOD DRIVER—The Greatest Enemy of Motoring The sfipshod driver is one who leaves tire chains in the locker when careful drivers put them on their wheels, Driving with chainless tires over wet-slippery-skiddy streets he gambles with and property of everyone in his path. Help Us Insure Motoring Safety for Everyone. AMERICAN CHAIN COMPANY, Incorporated SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF WEED CHAINS \ Bridgepore, In Canada; Dominion Chala Company, Lid., Niagara Falls, Ontario. Gonnecticut. ‘Mention the Geographic—tr identifies you How Hudson Solved the Gasoline Problem Now Furnished on the New Light Super-Six The yusoline invention of the It was shown for the first time at the New York Automobile Show in Janu Now mont all Hudson deilem are showing the new cars equinped with this and ten Sther important new features. The gaan- line saver is the only new feature whown on autampbies at thin yes ‘4 thaws, Quereomes the Poor Gasoline Hasd ata ing andl wasteful guapline con. sumption due to-enld weather and the law ile gasoline are overcome. Radiator and hued cover are riot needed on the new Hudion. Super-Sixes, even in the coldest weather, Thin device has been in ise on hindieds of Hudaon Super-Sines during the coldest Wwititer weather, ltsefleetiveness hasbeen proved. Ie in ee easily operated an the damper an a Low-gride gasoline gives low ‘nile and is wastoful and harraful to the engine unless the motor i operated wleadily at « high temperate, Primer Insures Easy Starting In-zero weather, even at 20 below, the new Hudsaa Super Sia motorstarts The primer is another new feature of the new Super-Six. On the new carn there are also other worthwhile features you thould ec There in the new plaited uphulstering, miote attractive doar lasteners, hard rubber handles, animpraved body finish, undother details you can see. Avd then we have made many improvement in the building of the ear, “The ear that last year won every worth-whife record ina much bettor autamabile now, because we have learned to build them bettor. We made those records of endutance, for acceleration and epee with the entlior produ equaled anything we Super-Six care And turn aut today are infinite of the increased kill and experienes Hadron workmen have acquired in truild ing the 25,000 care that were produced lant year, Think What a Year Has Shown Remember what wan elnimed for the Super-Six one yrar aga Then we bad only our awn records to show—tecords proving the Hudson Super-Six the fnntent stork ear built. We then had extablinhied only the 100- mile and the one-hour records for a Fully equipped stock touring car. Butsines wo ave won the 24-hour record for a qtnck the Transcontinental Run both witya, the fastest-stock chessia mile, and hare outsold any other high-geade the weld. Soil you want 9 fine ear that aut-performs any other car that in built your choice must be a Hudaon Super-Six. Buyers Waited for Months At thin time last season orders excecded roduetion by 8000. At no: thine during the season were there enough Hideans {0 go around, From this you can are what the dersand will be this year We are ouly producinie 30.000 cats as ayninat biet yeat's 25,000 because we cat fetbuild more and buildthem well, ‘That innot large increase. Itwhows, however, that if you want a Hudson you cannot afford to postpone buying, Unleas you fact now you say be like other thoussnds Whowill bedinappointed thia year because they could not get prompt deiverics. Don't fail to ace the autaline myer, ne Landauites CAI Prices fa. &- Datroat) “Mention the Geographic—tt idemunes you.'* PETSIN GUM] INSOMNIA DUE TO INDIGESTION When indigestion or dyspepsia is the cause of insomnia, one of the most satis- factory methods of securing relief is to chew a piece of Beeman’s Pepsin Gum—a chewing gum made from a scientific for- mula of my own. If you suffer at all from insomnia, al- ways have a piece of my gum within easy reach, for many times it may turn a sleep- less night into one of restful slumber. Dimas DgctocE. E fteeman *"Mention the: Geographie—It identifies you."" Making a Food Confection of Four Things Folks Like Best "The four bewliked fouds, prohubly, are Fruits — Nuts — Sugar— Cream Most sweetmeats ure made of them, ‘Theyre now being served in com- bination on a million breakfast tables Shur, instead of Hits, ike bob bles of wheat or fice. The are thin and erisp_and, flaky And they saste like tausted hut meats Prof. Anderson rather ob- ating Pufted Grains Ta him they ate in foods. They are shot from guns. Every food cell is exploded for ey, comple Bur Put other their good, You will ne digestinn d Grains got their world-wide welcome because they are deliehtlul, Ni food so fasciriates the young. So we urge their daintiness to bring you cr find a morning dish folks like ao well as Pufled Graine Puffed ‘Wheat Rice and Corn Puffs Each Be Except in Far West The Dairy Dish Thousands af men now avoid dulling luncheons by cating Puffed Grains in milk. Thousunds of chil- dren go to bed on this ideal good-night dish in food, with every element easy digestion—no tax an mach for the food cells are all exploded And it means toasted grain bubbles, flimsy and crisp, with a flavor that never was imitated ‘Three grains repared in this form, givi be served in place ¢ fools where anybody needs, the gy you variety eethey apply. Keep all thrce kinds on hand The Quaker Oats @mpany Sole Makers es “Mention the Gengraplie—tr identifies you." A MEMORIAE A is a sentinel—standing, silent §uard until the Bates of eternity swing, wide. stance so fitting for this sacred privilese and duty as is no sub- BARRE GRANITE The Rock Bexatifid—and Everlastinn ‘Iss firmterturs enduring quality, its beauty —make it Nature's oon material for mone ‘eunental puspases, pales has no flaws on imperfece fions. Its love absorptive power it from beeamina discolored. Tet damy: and hardness permit any treatment, The Roctefaller, Heine, Schley, Fleischman, Turkinaton, Potter, Palen, Anheuser, Leland Stanford, ond thowaands: sf ether remoriala have born eat from Burre Grant Be rei aoc that every pertef your aca a bade sepeenss hae ite, Make the erection of o oneneed your own taik rather than leaving it to gtlera Ask yous motremont dealue uboat Batre Granite, Seo specimens in your Jocal. semeterigs, And. write fora copy of "Memorial Mastenpiaces.”* BARRE QUARRIERS AND MANUFACTURERS ASS'N, Dep:.B, BARRE, VT. ‘THE GRANITE CENTER OF THE WORLD “‘Montion the Geoyrapiic—It identifies you." Kelly-Springtield Tires You get what you pay for in most any tire you buy. The trouble is that you expect to get from other tires what others get from Kelly-Sprinefields. “Mention the Geograpnic—It identifies you," eves cent of it. Hose sane ‘wears out—it | y dies and falls to pieces. Cheap hose caret last, because it is made of worthless compounds. Bull Dog Tply_hose lasts longest because there is plenty of live rubber in it, Letters come to us. frequently, telling of lengths in service 14 or 15 years. Your dealer has it at 18 cents a foot in 25 or 50 feat lengths, made 5-8 in., with 34 in. connections. If he is out of stock, we will i your order direct. se A 2-cent Stam; will bring ae our. practical booklet, laking The Garden Grow.” You'll like it. R j Boston Woven Hose & Rubber he Department N Cambridge, Massachusetts ‘“*Mention the Geographio—It identifies you"? JOHNS-MANVILLE ASBESTOS - ROOFING ts Biased (O mote convincing testimenial for the N life of Johns-Manville Asbestos Roofing exists than mother earth's own history. For ages asbestos has repelled the fiercest heats, the shock of quick cooling, and earth's cor- rosive agents. Uns d after .all these tests, it comes to you felted into sheets, ready toapply to your buildings—a natural roofing material whose inherent properties answer every Tequirement that you would include in specifying an ideal roofing, No other roofing material has such @ past behind it—no other roofing has such a future before it on your building. For flat roofs, J-M Asbestos Built-Up Roof- ing, Far sloping roofs, J-M Flextone Asbes- tos Roofing. For skeleton framing, J-M ‘Corrugated Asbestos Roofing. For homes, J-M Transite Asbestos Shingles. All these Toofings are backed by J-M ROOFING RESPONSIBILITY ry Joune- satisfaction in the service it gives. aes cout H.W, JOHNS-MANVILLE CQ, NEW YORK CITY 16 Factories—Branches in 55 Large Citier Tt identities you." CLY Lighting a He Turned the Light Shade Upside Down Na sick room, a distracted hus- band turned the light shade up- side down to re- lieve the patient's petulance. It was a touch of inspiration— the beginning of X-Ray Lighting. ‘That makeshift indirect light of the despairing husband showed the way to better lighting, It estab- lished the guiding principle funda- mental tothe X-Ray Lighting system. ‘The source of the light is always out of sight. So, from the lofty Woolworth tower to the smallest article in the country dealer's show-case— wherever you do not see the light, but do see the object alone, beauti- fully and strikingly iluminated- there is X-Ray Lighting. Wherever there is attractive lighting that rests and comforts the eyes, from the searching, high- intensity illumination of the bos- pital operating room to the subdued glow of the motion-picture thea- ter—and you do not see the light source—there is X-Ray Lighting. Whether it is source-concealed direct X-Ray light for the rushing factory, or source-concealed indi- rect X-Ray light for the quiet home; in either case it is a sunny, daylight brightness, radiantly uni- form and clear, In every case the light is con- cealed in the opaque X-Ray re- Aector, with its wonderful silvered corrugations that diffuse and temper the light perfectly. Directed ceilingward, so that no part of the light reaches the eye directly, X-Ray reflectors produce real (not semi) indirect lighting, efficiently and economically. Doctors prefer X-Ray Lighting because of its cheerful, eye-saving character; architects favor its fix- ture beauty; home-makers like its artistic effect; business men value its economy. We have published a series of valuable, ittustrated books on bet ter lighting for offices and stares. churches, schools, publtc bustd- ings, homes. Write and say what kind of lighting interests you and we will send you the right Book ar books, ‘EERIE i coc The Most NATIONAL X-RAY REFLECTOR CO. Powerful ‘Chicago: 240 West Jackson Boule vant Reflector Made New York: 41 Wout aot Sttect ““Montion the Geographic—It identifies you.'" By t = 4 = woes Td Glacier — Has Something More i Gat N ( JLACIER : ATIONAL NO ARE ‘Mention the Geographic—It tdentines you. a aS a = aaa THE UNITED STATES GOVERNN : RECOGNIZES THE SAFETY AND SOUNDN OF i With the exception of government bonds, Mu- a nicipal Bonds are the only securities accepted by i the United States Government to secure Postal & Savings Deposits. : 5 To thousands ef experienced Municipal Bond in- iE vestors ull over the country the house of William R. || Compton Company stands first in conservation, safety a and servier, We would like to serve you, 2 We abeays have on hand several million dollars? worth of Municipals which sre constantly changing from day to day. ‘The following are selected from our large Tist. Yourmoney inve=ted in these louls will earnvou the intercstas spevitieds ie ee S78 & 81,008 fe $100, ssw sia 70 ie ‘1/000 "4 $500 & $1000 5 Arkansas Drainage Distriets $100, $800 & $15,000 5% te E $1,000 and larger EB ou four to five and one-ie ie eral Income Tas, Write for our e Dowd Lit Na ef \William [2.(Ompton (Gmpany i Municipal Bonds i mer Qmirer Genter in Th Psion : NEW YORK: 14 Wall Street ST. LOUIS: 408 ive Steet I, CHIGAG 05S, La Salle Street CINNATD Trust Blitz. : i ty “Mention the Geographic—It identifies you." We Have Available Choice Chicago Inv: ‘Netting 54 These offering: $100, $500, and tions, secured in ew sara of ample earning interest and principal. Our recommendetion ix furth based on ts 000 denomina= y ease by first icated property ef to safeguard own expe utsight purchase’ of we, in tim, aller ‘Write for Circular No. 97-D. Peabody, uuritiew which - Houghteling & Co. (ESTABLISHED 1865) 10 South La Salle Street, Chicago Our Service Its Distinctive Features Ne = Oppartendties The National City Company National City Bauk Building Now York VACATION TOUR BOOK Tr telis all about vaca tion life in the Adiron= ducks, on Luke George, Lake Champlain, and 1500 other lakes: tb sastorn Now York. Hun dreds of phatographs and mapa—350 pages, A complete vacation travel guide to thine ‘of Romance and Beauty. Sent wpan receipt of 6 | fn: marpe. "Mention the Geographie—It identifies you." $2,000,000 California Hote! Company First Mortgage 6° Serial Bonds ‘Secured by Huntington, Green and Maryland Hotels Paradena, Cale A dosed first mortgage on one of the Jargest and most vuluable horel properties in the country, valued by independent xppraisals at more than double the totalamount of the bunds, Price, Par and Interest Write for Circular No, D-7(\9 SWSTRAUS & Co, Founded 182 Ieworpoiratest 105 Bo Broadway Straus Potidine NEW VORR HICALO hetrolt —_Closianat!,-Minnonpolis ‘Kansas Gity Ban Pancha 3S yroara without Joss to any fnwoutrs. .. .99%% PURE cane ‘**Méntion the Geographte—Tt {dentines yout VoL. XXXI, No. 4 WASHINGTON Apri., 1017 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE DO YOUR BIT FOR AMERICA A Proclamation by President Wilson to the American People ¥ Penrow-Couxtivatin: Me. loved country into the grim and terrible war for democracy and human rights which has shaken the world creates 0 many problems’ of national life and action which call for immediate consid- eration and settlement that T hope you will permit mé to addross to you a few: words of carnest counsel and appeal with regard to them. We are rapiilly patting our navy tipon an cffective war footing and are abaut to. create and equip a great army, but these are the simple paris of the peat task to which we have addressed ourselves. ‘There is not a single selfish element, ‘so fat as T can see, m the cause we are fighting for. We are fighting for what we believe and wish 1 be the rights of mankind and for the future peace and security of the world. "To do this great thing worthily and ice without regard to profit or advantage and with an energy and intelligence that will rise to the level ‘of the enterprise itself, We must realize fo the full how great the task is and how mony things, how many kinds and el i and service and self- sactifice it involves These, then, are the things weimnst do, and do well, besides fighting—the things without which more fighting would be fruitless : We must supply abundant food for ‘ourselves and for out armies and ottr sca- men, not only, bist also for a large part cof the nations with whom we have now made common ¢anse, in whose support and by whose sides we shall be fighting: THE THOUSAND NERDS FOR VICTORY ‘We must supply ships by the hundreds out of our shipyards to carry to the other ide of the sea, submarines or no sub- tharines, what will every day be needed there, and abundant materials out of our fields and our mines and our factories With which not only to clothe and oitip ‘our own forces on land and sea, but also 10 clothe and suppor our people, for whom the gallant fellows ander aris can no longer work; to help clothe and equip the armies with which we are eniperating in Europe, and to keep the Tooms und manufactories there in raw material ; coal to keep the fires going in ships at gea. and. in the furnaces of hundreds. of factories across the sea; steel ont of which ta make arms and animunition, both here and there; rails: for worn-out railways back ‘of the fighting fronts; locomotives and to take the place af those joing to pieces; tmiles, horses, hor and for military service; upon being His countr DO YOUR BIT FOR AMERICA Jand and France and Italy anid Russia have usually supplied themselves, bur can- not now afford: the men, the materials, or the machitiery to tmake. ident to every thinking man that wtries—on the farms. in the ship- ds, in the imines, i the factories— must he made more protific and more effi- i ever, and that they must be more economically tanaged and better alapted to the particular requirements of cour task than they have been; and what T want to say is that the men and the women who devote their thought and their energy to thise things will be serv ing the country and condueting the fiple for peace and freedom just as traly and just as effectively as the men on therhattle= field or in the trenches. SOLMEMS, REMIND THE FIMING LINE "The industrial forces of the country, men and women alike, will be a great national, a great international, service amiy—a notable and honored host. en- giged in the service of the nation and the world, the efficient friends and saviors of free men everywhere, ‘Thousands— iy, hundreds of tho scuids—of men otherwise Hiahle to mili- tary service will of right and of necessity be excused from that service and assigned to the fundamental, sustaining work of the fields and factories and mines, and they will be asamuch part of the great pAtriotic forces of the nation as the men minder fire. Ttake the liberty, therefore, of address- ing this word to the farmers of the coun- try and to all whe work on the farms: ‘The supreme need of our own nation and af the nations with which we are codp- erating is an abundance of supplies, and especially of foodstaffs, he importance of an adequate food supply, especially for the present yetr, is superitive. Without abundant food, alike for the armies and the peoples now at war, the whole great enterprise upon which we have embarked will break down and. fil. The world’s food reserves are low, Not ooly during the present emergency, but for some time afier peace shall have come, both ottr own people and a thrge a1 fittpertion of the people of Etirope houst rely upon the harvests in America, WHERE TALE PNTE OF TITE Wak Upon the farmers of this country, therefore, in large meastire rests the fate of the war and the fate of the nations, May the nation not coxint ripon them ti omit no step that will increase the pro- ductidn-of their land or that will bring shout the mast effectual codpertion in the sale and distribution of thew prod- cis? The time is short. It is of the mast: imperative importance that everything pexible he done, and done immediately, to make sure of large harvests. Teall upon young men and ald alike atid upon the able-bodied boys of the land to accept and sect ypon this duty—to turn in hosts to the farms and make certain that no pains and no labor is lackim in this preat matter. 1 particular! 4 show thi patriotism in. no better or more convinc- ibg way than by resisting the great temp- tation of the present price of cotton and helping, helping upon a great scale, to feed the nation and the peoples. every- where who: are fighting for their libert and for our own. The variety of th crops will be the visible measure of their comprehension of their notional duty. The Government of the United Stites arid the governments of the several Stutes stand ready in codperate. ‘They will da everything possible to assist farmers in securing an pdequate supply of seed, an avlequate force of laborers when they ate most needed, at harvest time, and the ans of expediting shipments of fer~ ilizers-and farm machinery, as well as of the craps themselves when harvested, A MEMMCRACYS CHA! To MAKE GOOD "The course of trade shall be as unham- pered as ft fs possible to make it, and there shall be no unwarranted manipula tion of the nation's food supply by those who haniile it on fts way to the consumer. ‘This i our opportunity to demonstrate the efficiency of a great democracy, and we shall not fall short af it! ae manana ema DO YOUR BIT FOR AMERICA This let me say to the middlemen of every sort, whether they are handling our foodstuffs or our raw materials of manu facture of the products of our mills and factories: The eyes af the country will be especially tipon you. ‘This is your oppor- tunity for signal service, efficient and dis- interested. ‘The country expects you, as it expects all olliers, to forego. dnustal Profits, to organize ‘and expedite ship ments of supplies of every kind, but espe- cially of food, with an eye to the service you are rendering and in the spirit of Those who enlist in the ranks, for their not for themselves, 1 shall con- expect you to deserve and win confidence of people of every sort and ‘To the men who run the railways of the country, whether they: be managers or ‘operative employees, let me say that the railways are the arteries of the nation’s life, and that upon them rests the im- ymense responsibility of sceing to it that those arteries suffer no obstruction of any kind, no inefficiency or slackened power. ‘To the merchant Jet me suggest the motto, “Small profits and quick service,” and to the shipbuilder the thought that the life of the war depends upon him. ‘The food: and the war supplics must be carried across the seat, no. matter how many ships are sent ta the bottom, ‘The places of those that go down must be supplied, and supplied at once. TrEL PRESS eS ‘To the miner let me say that he stands. where the farmer does—the work of the world waits om him, Tf he slackens or fails, armies and statesmen are helpless. He also is enlisted in the great service army. ‘The manufacturer does not need to be told, | hope, that the nation looks to hit ta speed and perfect every process; and 283 T want only to remind his employees that their sérvice is absolutely indispensable and is coimted on by every man who loves the country and its liberties, Let me suggest, also, that every one who creates or cultivates.a garden helps, and helps greatly, to solve the problem of the feeding of the mations: and that every, housewife whe practices strict economy pits herself in the ranks of those who serve the nation, This is the time for America to correct her unpar- donable fault of wastefulness and ex- travagance, Let every man ‘and every woman as- sume the duty of careful, provident ase and expenditure as a public duty, as a dictate of patriotism which no one can now expect ever to be excused or for- given for ignoring. THE SUPREME TEST TEAS COME, Tn the hope that this statement of the needs of the nation and of the world in this hour of supreme crisis may stimulate those to whom it comes and re: dal who niced teminder of the solerm duties ef a time such as the world has never seen before, 1 beg that all editors and publishers everywhere will give as promi nent publication and as wide circulation as possible te this appeal. eemuce ‘to suggest, also, to all adver- tising agencies that they would perhaps render a very substantial and timely serv- ice to the country if they would give it wide-spread repetition. And I bope that clergymen will not think the theme of it.an unworthy or in- appropriate subject of comment sud hom» i trom thelr pups: ‘The supreme test of the mation has come, We must all speak, act, and serve together! Woasrow Wisox, Tue Warr Howse, April 13, 1917. A TRIBUTE TO AMERIGA* By Hersext Hexay Asquita Forsnmuy PRidbe Mixsstee of Gitar Bartain House, the chief representative body f the British Empire, should at the Gatliest possible oppurtunity give detitite and pogtt expression to the feelings which throughout the length and breadth oi the Empire have grown day by day in volume and fervor since the memorable decision of the President anil Congress ‘of the United States. T doubt whether, even mow, the world realizes the full significance af the step America has taken, f do not ise lan- gitage of flattery or exaggeration when | say it 38 one af the most disinterested acts in history. For mote than 100 years it his heen the cardinal prineiple of Ameri- can policy ta keep clear ol foreea Ge. tanglements. A war such sé this must necessarily dislocate international, com- merce and finance, but on the balance it was doing little appreciable harm to the inaterial forties and prosperity: of the American people. What, then, Is enabled the Presi- deni—after waiting with the patience which Pitt described as the first virtuc of statesmanship—to carry with him a united pation into the Inzards and hor- rors of the greatest war ih history? Not calculation of material gain, not hope of territorial aggrandizement, not even the pricking of ote of those so- called points of honor which in days gone hy have driven nations, as they used to drive individuals, to the duclling ground. Tt was the enustraining force of con= science and humanity, growing in strength and compulsive anthority mont, by month, with the gradual unfolding of the real character of German aims and meth ods. Tt was that force alone which brenght home to the great democracy overseas the momentous touth that they Au wildtess in the House of Parliament April a7, 1997. L TS only right and fitting that this were standing at the. parting of the ways, ‘The American nation hid to make one of thost gredt decisis which in the lives of iment and nations determine for good or ll their whole future What was it that our kinsmen in Amer ica realized as the issie tn this umexam- jed conflict? ‘The very things which, i we are worthy of our best traditions, we ate bound to vindicnte—essential eondi- tions of free and honorable development of the nations of the world, humanity, respect for law, consideration for the: weak and unprotected, chivalry toward ankind, observance of good faith— these things, which we used to regatd: as commonplaces of international decene: one after another have been flouted, net ated, trodden under foot, as thongh they were effete superstitions af a bygone creed. Amvtica sees in this clear iseue some- thing of wider import than the vicissi- tudes of the bawthefelds, or even ofa re artatigement of the twp of Europe at the basis of nationalit The while future of civilized governi- ment and intercourse, in partiontar the fortunes and faith of democracy, Ins been browghi peril, In ‘stich a situ- atiom alotifness 35 seen to be not only a blunder, but a crime. To stand aside with stopped ears, with folded arms, with averted gaze, whem you have the power io intervene, is to hecome not a mere spectator, but an accomplice. ‘There was never in the minds of any: of us m fear that the moment the iesue Tecamie apparent and unmistakable the woice of America would, not be heard. She hos now dedicated herself without hesitation oF reserve, heart and soul and strength, to the greatest af causes, to which, stimulated and fortified by her comradeship, we here renew gur fealty and devetion. 35 FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS By Hexry W. Hensuaw Avtnoe or “Coston Britis oF Tow G AND COUNTRY,” IN THE Nitiox al GRAPHIC MAGAZINY filustrations by Louis stgussic Fuertes EVERY stage of their growth, from the seed to the adult tree, our forest, shade, and orchard trees are subject to the attacks of hordes of insect enemies, which, if unchecked, would soon utterly desttoy them. ‘What the loss of our forest and shade trees would mean to us can better be imagined than described. Wood enters: into so many products that it is difficult to think of civilized man without it, white the fruits of our orchards also are of the greatest importance. Aside from the eco— nomic Joss, which can hardly be imagined, much less estimated, how barren the world would seem shorn of our forests aid beautiful shade trees! Fortunately, the insect foes of treés are not without their own persistent enemies, and among them are many species of birds whose equipment and habits spe- cially fit them to deal with, insects and whose entire liyes are spent in pursuit of them. Many insects at one or another stage of their existence burrow deeply into the bark or even into the living wood of trees, and so are quite safe from ordinary bird enemies. Woodpeckers, however, beinig among the most highly specialized of birds, are wonderfully equipped to dig into. wood and to expose and destroy these hidden foes. Certain insects that largely confine their attacks to the smaller branches and ter- aminal twigs are sought out and preyed tipon by nuthntches, creepers, titmice, and warblers, Others, and their number ix legion, attack the blossoms and foliage, and here the nimbleand sharpeeyed warb- Jers rendwr supreme e, the number of plant lice and lepidopterous larve they destroy ina single day almost challenging belied. ‘Thus our swoodland songsters are among the most important of all our birds, and in their own field render man amequaled service, Moreover, very few have any injurious habits, and the little harm they do, if any, weighs a8 nothing in the balance when compared with the good. By reason of their numbers anit their’ aetivity in hunting insects, our warblers take first place a3 preservers of the forest, and the following account, which treats of about half the total num- her, is devoted to the more conspicuons; the more important, and the commoner species. THEE WARBLER FAMILY Our wood warblers are ssembled ina rather loosely defined family (the Maio- tiltide), embracing in all about 140 spe- cies, of which more than a third are Visitors to the United States, They are fairly well distributed over the country at large, although more species make their summer homes in the eastern half of the ‘United States than in, the western. ‘A number of notable species, however, summer in the West, as they do also in the Southern States, Our New World warblers-are quite unlike their Old World relatives, the Sylviide, or true warblers, whose family included some 75 genera and between 500 and Goo: species. Not only do our American, species dif- fer structurally in many particulars from their Old World representatives, espe- cially in possessing nine instead ‘of tea primaries, but they differ markedly also may nce and habits, Tt may be said in_passing that while our warblers are brilliantly colored -and many of them sexually dissimilar, those of the Old World are not only small, but plrinly plumaged ; moreover, the sexes are gen— erally alike in coloration, ‘The larger number of our warblers, as well as the most characteristic, are in- cluded in the one genus Dendrnica, which is notable, since it includes: more species 208 THE NATION, than any other genus of North American birds. HAUNTS QF WOOD WARBLERS Fortunately for the bird lover, our wood warblers are not recluses. They are creatures of light and sunshine. Some of them, it is true, retire to the mountain fastnesses or the depths of coniferous forests durinje thé nesting poriod: but the number of these is: small and their ithdrawal for only a comparatively short time, while the majority at all times of the year-favor the edges of the forest, ‘open woods, or brushy clearings. ‘Their preference for such’ situations brings many within the bounds of civil jzation and renders it comparatively easy for any one so inclined to make their ac- quaintance, As during migration they assemble in flocks, they are, on the whole, pretty well known; and since, as a rule, they are not shy, they have long heen favorite objects of observation and stuily. WARBLRTS AS SONGSTERS Despite their name, which would seem to imply musical ability of no mean order, our wood warblers, with few exceptions, occupy no very high place in the musical y. All sing, however, after a fash- fon, and the musical efforts of same are Pleasing, even according to human stan- dards, “White most warblers are prodigal enough with their music and sing early and often, expecially prior to and during: the nesting season, their music is. fre- tly so faint as to be audible only t the trained car of the bird lover. As if aware of their musical inferior- ity, few display much enthusiasm in their vocal efforts, hut sing while they work, ‘or while pausing fora brief moment as they move among the foliage hunting for food. With them, singing appears to be an audille expression of general content and well being, and, no doubt, an effert to please and attract their mates. ‘ertaln members of the thrush and thrasher families, on the contrary, which contain in their tanks the prima. donnas of our bird world, as if conscious of their supremacy, are wont to mount a com manding perch when about to sing. and to pour aut their melody for all the world to hear. With them, singing-is not merely LL. GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ineidental to the day's work, Tt i & con= ecious and supreme effort, and is muck top important to, be slighted or shared. with any other function. Apparently. they appreciate to-a prent extent and en- joy their own outpaurings, and, if we may interpret their feelings by human standards; are conseious that their musi- cal offerings entitle them to an audience. TROVICAL Onder Gi Wainicene Not only do their bright colors suggest a tropical origin oF ae warblers, but their whole make-up is in keeping with tropical surroundings. Warblers are thinly feathered and delicately organized and most. of them incapable of withstand- ig any great degree of cold. ‘They are alsp almost exclusively insect eaters, only a few of the family heing at all vere- tarian, and these only to a comparatively small extent. Hence, with them, migration is pot a matter cf chaice, but is imperative. They come fo us on a particular errand for a dew short months, and when family cares are at an end, hack they hie ta the tropics, the lands of warmth snd smshine, which Tend them to us for a brief season, ‘Thus the ‘tre home of our wirblers is not where they nest. but where they spend three-fourths of their lives—not the north, but the south—not in the temper- ate, but in the tropical zones. THU, SPECTACULAR MIGRATION oF WARS ‘That wonderful phenomenon, bird mix wtation, is illustrated by few birds so clearly and convincingly as hy our wood warblers. Assuredly na other birds— unless it be the geese—migrate in sich a spectaclar manner, ‘The strofler, in late August or September, finds himself in the woods, the silence being broken only by the drumming of a distant partridge, the chirping of insects, ar other famiflar sounds which only emphasize the general quict that prevails. Presto!’ ‘The scene changes! The woods, apparently almost tenantless but moment before, are now filled with life of the most animated jad intense Kind. Every shrub, every tree, has its feathered eccupant, Ohir observer recog- FRIENDS OF OUR FORESTS: nizes perhaps 1 dozer or twenty’ species, representing several distinct families ; but prominent among them, by reason of nomibers, variegated plumage, graceful forms, and active motions, are the wood warllers. ei suet individual is alert and busy, iding from, one twig toanothet Hear by, Shyer from one ice ta tise Hest ‘wink from all i come the soft calls and notes of individual members of the flock, whose frittilly converse has the effect, if not the purpose, af keeping the individ- als of the assemblage in touch with each other and-with the flock ssa unit, Ina few moments silence again reigns where all was commotion and activity The birds have passed an their seemingly ain- less enurse. Tf the observer would learn the solu— tion of the mystery of the birds’ evident hutry, he has only to follow them for a time, when he will find that, however er- raric may seem the course of individual monies of the flock, the Hock asa whole is steering a tolerably straight course southward, In other words, he is in the midst of a flock of birds en route to th winter quarters and, in order to econo- mize time, feeding as they ga, This, however, is not the only way warblers migrate, nor is it the most important, sitice the greater part of the long journey y is performed hy night. of many Any one with good cars has only to listen om a. clear, frosty night in fall to hear hundreds of warblers and other birds as they Sit byya few hundred yards above the earth, the eall notes coming in= cessantly aut of the darkness. The rotite of these flying hosts often carsies them hove cities, and one cannot be insensible to the incongruity between his surround ings and-the woodland scenes, 30 vividly bromght to mind by the fisping notes cam- ing’ from, the darkness overhead. The subject of migration has not inspired our paris so often as might be expected, but Teveeatione in his “Birds of Passage,” gives us the followine wonderfully sug- gestive lines: But the night is fair, And everywhere ‘A warm, soft vapor fills the air, And distant sommuls seer nears ane And above. it the: tight gt Me varie night, x Syatt birds of passage wing their fight, Throagh the dows atmomplicee. {hear the teat OF their pinion thee, Az from the land of anew atid sleet iy Ace. A selitlirm Jen, their voles high, Malling dveamily throat te aks, But their orn | cannot 4ee. Probably ocaiise insects constitute such an important part of their food, warblers, as a mile, migrate early in fall and late in speing, It fs true that in fall many linger till frosts mip the vegetation : but fusects are abroad even later than this, and it #8 only necessary to watch these Inte migrants for a short time to learn that their search for insects is be- ing well rewarded. __ Only a few spucies come north ently in sae the great bulk of the warblors evidently having been taught by bitter ex- perience that fine, at least, it is mot the early bird that finds most worms or finds them ensiest. LOCKING OF SMALL ining Just why small birds, whet migrating, congregate ah large flocks ‘and troop through the woodlands has often, been the subject of speculation. Jimeos, several apecies of sparrows, woodpeckers, nut- hatches, chickadees, creepers, and, above all, warblers, combine to swell the ranks of these hrigrating companies, As many asa dozen or mure species. of warblers ften be seen in one flock, which, in on, may inchide 269 or joc: iti viduals, representing a numher of fam~ ilies whose tastes and habits in every-day life differ very widely. Yet here are these incongruous ele ments mingling together on terms of the utmost friendliness. Since birds are so- ciable beings,. except during the short time when family cares prompt ty jealous vigilance,

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