eae | Ay | | MAGAZINE : d 4 JUNE, 1917 Ri yf oi my oe CONTENTS 16 Pages in Four Colors K Our State Flowers i ‘| Madonnas of Many LandsNATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON, 0.¢ OL, TITTMANE retsinent JOHN E. PILLSBURY vicermesinesr GILDEWT H.GROSVENOR, mimEcTOR AND EDITOR JOHN JOY EDSON oe RRA RER JOHN OLIVER LAGORCE _ Ausodiare roftom GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, assistant secneTaRy ©, ®, AUSTIN: SECHEVARY WILLIAM J, SHOWALTER. assesrawr carton BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1915-1917 1316-1918 19t7-1919 CHaAgLES J, BELL Feannin K. Lane AvExaNner Granam Benn Prvadere Amehiin, Security Secretary of the Interior “ventura tie talicpiseen e Henry F, Blouwr J. Howarp Gone ‘Vice: Presktent American S¢- Pa. Emerita euniy and Traut company The Gao. W C. ML Cuester A.W. Garey. Beer Adcsim! U.S. Navy, an cpipeer, Major Ginx" Agsieutttienl (Be Toemerty Supt U, 5. Naval Us army cr tyne a ee #4 GunerT H. Guosvenon Hart Merriam Fampentcx V. Comune diner of National Geographic Member Hatumal Academy qf — otitienty Presigent at W Angauine Grorae OTs Swit Avstii aot ES Pea acy irene at U.S Booteeiead oa Reor Admiral U. S.Newy, Survey Stuatician: Viormeriy Chist" Bureaa ol ‘ Thana Acaderny wf Sclenices seats sak: O pael seas Camimteslanant.S.turauat | RUDOLPH KAUPRMANN Cis cease eae ve Hexey Ware » MacbaNaLD sa M.D, Pek CoS. iD. Nowrtt Pormeety Director U.S thus vonoConmee To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-eight years ago, namely, “'the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” the National Geographic aged ree ee this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invesied in the Magazine itself or expended directly ta promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs fram members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- tion is made, Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be addressed + GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Epitor CONTRIBUTING EDITORS A.W, Garey ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Mair Mrnaiam Davin Fatrera.o O. H. TrrtMann Nuon M. Sarre ROBERT HOLLISTER Ciiarman NH. Darron Watter T, SWINGLE Frank M. CHAPMAN Entered aptly 19s boy National ‘aubington, D, €., ax Secomd-Cines Mall Mater sographie Sockety, Washington, D.C. AE rights nfailing agents of coolness to _offset_ summer heat—Wind ity of man hhascvalind the third—B.V. D. Put and you're more comfortable competent for anything on the slate, from work to frolic. durability Tn. oat own BLY, D. Factories the “Mention ‘the Geoweavhio—Tt dientifier you."*I KNEW IT WOULD RELIEVE DYSPEPSIA _ | I knew, as a physician, that a good chewing gum in combination with pepsin would relieve many | | cases of dyspepsia. ! This led meto experiment and after many trials | Iproducedin the gum that bears my name one that | has given great relief to thousands of dyspeptics. | I make no claim that Beeman’s Pepsin Gum | always overcomes dyspepsia, but there is ample proof that many people keep it constantly at hand | because they know from experience that it does give them relief. I Dactor EE Beeman | | AMERICAN CHICLE COMPANY Sa ee ee ‘YMantion ‘thé Geograplte—It identinw! you,"*L An Exceptional Car Distinctive in a Hundred Ways in the Mitchell car of either size you will find many unique attractions. Thare are 31 wanted features which nearly all cars omit. ‘There are Tusuries and beauties far ex ling any other ear in this class. vital part is built to the cent over- twice the usual margin of safety. ‘There are shove frend, der ne othe car. ‘They make this the easiest- riding car in exist- nee, Thereisare- rkable motor, economical and nt, the result years of Sing BEI rever lights, a bal ing steeri adashbo the tonnean, a locked compart- ment for valuables, TWO SIZES Mitchell tee Seager St. $1460 urPassencor Roadster, $1455. Ce inch staller bore: $1195 All Peices tho, b, Racioo ‘There are eight new-style bodies, all exclusive to the Mit- chell. ‘The experts who designe them first reviewed 257 new mod- els to include all the known at- fractions, tory sayi pointing to mil- Yions of d inte the extra values. See these new models. truly complet See how strong SIXES pet, $1535, come to built Mitch MITCHETL. MOTORS DOMPANY, Inc. Racine, Win, U.S. A. “Mention the Geographic—tt deMaking 49 chenustey ot human pro tumz he peaduced something which reatune hd filed to supply ‘The greater beauty ‘of Duratex and 115 practal superionty 19 | leather: for rruine car uphol ey woul ervated by riage of leathor tt har prowdal Ermethingl eribertn piace or tes THE DURATEX COMPANY Newark, NJ, ‘“‘Mention. tha Gaoyraphie—It identifies yo2."*Puffed Wheat Dish As Every Child Would Like It—Constantly Overflowing To the youthful layers of Puffed Wheat and Rice, no dish seems large enough, You know how it is the bowls come back for refilling. mothers who have served them, 85 Again and ‘agati ‘There is never so much that the end of the dish doesn’t leave aidesire for more, For these bubbles of grain—airy, flaky, and nut-like—are delightful food confections, Why Do You Stint Them? Consider these facts, Mrs. Housewife. ‘These are-whole-grains, filled with all the clements that youthful bodies need. ‘They are not paitial foods, like most things. “They are not unbalanced, so di- gestion is. upset, ‘Theyare twoof Nature’ spremiet foods, By Prof, An- derson'sproces: Puffed Wheat shooting from guns —every food cell is eaplided: Sorer: ery granule feels, No other grain fond offerstharad- vantage. Pulled Grane i Milke and Corn Puffs Each 5c Except in Far West When such foods come in such likable form, why not let the children have them in ubundance ? Puffed Grains are not mere breakfast ceteals, They-ate flavery, erusty morsels tobe mixedwith any fruit, Theyareflimsy, toasted bubbles to float in bowls of milk. They are nutlike tidbite for eating meals, Douse them with melted fhurter, Use them in candy-making or as garnish for ice cream. They are Puffed Rice ideal wafers for soups. Such perfect fonds, madesoen— ticing, should be setved in many Putfed Grains Miced with Fruit ‘The Quaker Oats @mpany Sole Makers “Mention the Geographie—It identities you?"Mark Twain Was A Great Pilot! Fifty years ago he knew every sand-bar and dan- ger mark im that ever-changing Mississippi River, His accurate knowledge insured a safe, pleasant journcy for his passengers, But today you wouldn't ride with a pilot who steered according to Mark Twain's landmarks. The pilot of today must know the river channel as it is now, The same is true of tires, You want tires builr ‘on the accurate, scientific knowledge of taday. Miller Tires GEARED-TO-THE-ROAD Method of wulennising i natural vegetable endurance and sale modern process in charted daily by experienced Miller enigincers and chemists—enen recognized aa dependable fire pilots. That's why Miller Tire users don't have mialups, bbut get excensive mileage and care-free service. ‘You demand an up-to-date car. Demand a tire of today— a Milles Tise. modem development and oif inthe fabric: fe the new Atoplay ma big packaire af og aay ererybody—childeen a ‘THE MILLER RUBBER CO., AKRON, U.S. A. For sale hy Geared-to-the-Road Distributors ond Deslers evennehere “Mentinn the Geographe—tt identies you.**JOHNS-MANVILLE -s cechadhbadil ROOFING HERE is no more magic in the resistance j of Johns-Manville Asbestos Roofing to fire and the elements than there is in the warmth of wool, the permanence of granite, or in the resistance of rubber to water natural, Every sheet of Johns-Man ‘tte ] Asbestos Roofing is naturally fire-repellent, | water-resittant, time dellant, because each fibro of that felt is naturally ene daveed. with those propartion, Wout roof decision neednat ba one which atkind of s rooting.” Ae Built-Up Roofing for ir Halves ae a —a principle that certifies the worvic geery Johns Manville Asbestos Rocing, fing with uy apletw watinfac- H.W. JOHNS-MANVILLE CO. NEW YORE CITY 410 Factories—Branches in 55 Large Cittes ‘oMention the Geographic—tt {dentities you.'*“In the Garden of Steep” BARRE GRANITE Stands, the Everlasting Sentinel Fir misitve ‘mausoleum or simple patel poe thane td Rn Chor Fake ly devised by Nature weand ete everlasting resting plane. Tasre. Granite, by: ite even. textore artied at Barre, Vii Sietily tat every part of your fatinatial he of Barre Granite, Palrarry Anhe I, nnd others, Barre Quarriers and Manufacturers Ass'n Dest. B, BARRE, VERMONT "The Grasite Comer af the World “Mantioi Here’s Fun For You! A day in the woods with a Hawkeye Basket. Fish, bike, sm rest in the woods and tike along eat ables and drinkables ina Beco contents cool clean, unl fra for 36 ra with ome Al af fe jurable. ‘The Iavekeye has her the keyaoee nf hundreds of enjoyaste day? in the woods. Priced as low BURLINGTON BASKET COMPANY 10 Hawkere Bide, Dept M, iturtington, lows You Can Make Photos | in Natural Colors with Your Qwn Camera SE the plate or film camera you now have, Process easily under- stood and readily followed by any one who. can take black-and-white photo- graphs. The new HIBLOCcK in plate that ives any a ningle set of negatives. sex show all the found in animate or inanimate nav ‘We gurl all neceamary material for ear Write for our free booklet explaining color photography for your camera, HEss-IVES CORPORATION 102 nen Shree, Fadl sb Gederaphle—Tt identities yotTHE Kinedom of Italy has adopted the Waltham as the official watch for all Italian rail- roads. By comparative tests che proved the Vanguard to be the most accurate watch in the world. Italy matched Waltham against the best watches of London, Ge- neva and Paris, then selected Vanguard for her railroads Les ostrersinarevtrict wate hoice. ‘That ia why th: esi ilronds use more watches than all other makes com- bined. Especially ip thin true in the United Stutew and Canada, Isly's splendid tribute to Waltham supremacy is the tibute you will pay, once yoo have played and worl to the tick of Waltham aceurscy. The Vanguard The world’s finest railroad twoatch. 23 nd 19 jeroels WALTHAM WATCHICOMPANY ‘WACTHAM, MASS. 190. lane Set ‘Montel, Cade ‘Mention the Goographie—tt sdontivies you."ere deel Det LY COME TO THE COLORADO ROCKIES Plan Your Trip Via Denver The Gateway to 12 National Parks and 32 National Monuments Trp f them we Leweratce _ Write Today For FREE Picture Book You That You Can Hear! padi it | F i es nf Compo sm | | 1917 ACOUSTICON FOR 10 DAYS? FREE TRIAL THE COMPO-BOARD CO. rodale Are. N, Mention the Geogra Tt Wentifies you"?New England The Vacation Land WHITE MOUNTAINS of New Hampshin Mile high mountai MAINE WOODS The bear var: fun, new ex: ‘Mention the Geouraphite identifies you,"*nc “Anserie “a hres eee Alen, “Teste ACombination of Strong Investment Safeguards Fin: Mort resources Security three to one. Net earnings five to one. -ars? successful history. cessity and in strone gage bonds on a nutural inuaranteed by men, Payment persa reliable busines OF loan to increase Com= | pany’ s output, Send for Circular No. 987 D Peabody. Houghteling & Co, ‘Uesrabtisted Be) 19 South La Salle Street, Chicag: the aye, harmonious, beuntifil and in food taste, ("beantith Biren” ch “Beautifal Birch’ de variety of finishes tds its own" under hard end gbove oll else— Sed ak ~— The Truz-Con Laboratories Tyw-Caw Dip. Delaelt. Mekigen Wa cecilia emerald ssgaiveesent Ti eee It identifies you.LOTR ETA aR SET apa PETE Your Income ‘Tax On June 15, 1917, every one whose income last year amounted to $3,000 or more paid the tax assessed by the Federal Govern- ment, Returns {ror this tx are of the utmost importa cially at the present-time. Te is the duty of every individual subject to this tax to cooperate with the Gov eshment in simplifying the process of collection, o the Government, espe- For the convenience of westors we have prepared a sixtcen-page individual income teeard book which will yreatly facilitate the making our of annual income Feports. Complimentary copy en requert, Mentivr edition NO. ‘This is indicative of the ateention—even to the smallest particular—which our clients receive through the Compton Investment Service. William .(mpton Company Municipal Bonds ae rie Canty eeu” 4 Wall Streee 105 S. La Salle Street PITTSBURGH ST, LOUIS; 408 Olive Street CINCINNATE: 102 Union Trust Building 721 Farmers Banic Building i SALAS July Investments To Net 542—6% 'N war time conditions, shrewd Investors ‘are turning back to the lund and im earning-power for upitipeachable mecurhy. ‘Thin widesprond demand is mot in the first mortgage bonds we Gifery sie guarded under the Stra Plan, t mortgage on high land in Chicano. Les Angsies Pulludelphia “Bt Louts or some otherlanze city, Price ta net Sts— 0% Write far our booklet, “Acid Tests of Investments in War Time”, and for Joly tnvestmont List NoF708 SW.STRAUS & Co. Pec aded 1882 Ancarnoruted 1m CHICAGO ‘aikdhge ia. 35 years wittiout losa to any Investor Na, ¢—Trustecs’ Requirements Appreciating the restric tions placed upon the vestments of and Trust atall 5 list of issues eligible and at- tractive as to gafery and for these various purposes. Seni! for aur current Fist of atferings, ASS-60 The National City Compa ‘National City Bank Building New York “Mention the Grographic—It identifies you."ieee Hindu’s belief that the mighty Ganges purifies his morals while cleansing his body and garments causes him to use its water frequently, even though put to the inconvenience of having it-sent to him. The widespread knowledge of how easy, pleasant and inexpensive it is to keep clean with Ivory Soap causes the American people to use tons upon tons of it every day. The love of cleanliness in bedy, clothes and home is fostered and quickened by the safe, efficient, eco- nomical work done by every cake of Ivory. IVORY SOAP (225) 993% PURE Ir, Factories at Inert, 2; Prt Brory. 8 Vs Kamat City, Kents Framilon, Cena “Mention the Geographic—It identities you.'*VOL. XXXI, No. 6. WASHINGTON June, 1917 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE REVIVING A LOST ART German efficiency and German sci- ence been $0, eminently puccessful in the conservation of that country linvited resources to such a remarkable degree that even after three yeurs of iso- lation from world markets, on which for- merly it depended so largely for suste- patee, the sation s:nok yer faced will ie alternatives of surrender or starvation. ‘The United States can profit by this economic sticeess of its enemy. One of the most important features of the food conservation movement in Ger- many since the outbreak of the war, and one Which has been of material aid in maintaining the physical fithess of thie German industrial worker and his family, has been the practice of drying fruits and vegetables, In the great cities all over the empire the government, followin the evtablish- ment of in efféetual blockade of food supplies, put into operation. the scheme of collecting from the markets. all an- sold vegetables and fruits at the enil of Those foods ‘which would I: NO other field of endesyor have each day. have spoiled if to large miunicipal dipan they were made fit for Aine use at a negligible cost, ‘These drying plants thus became great national food teser~ voirs, saving immense quantities of food which otherwise would have gone to waste, Raut the acti ernment: did not end here ities of the German Go Community driers were established in the smaller towns and villages, and the inhabitants were instracted to see that all surplus vegetables were brought in and subjected to the drying process, which insured against the great extravagance of non- use, A third method of (conservation by dty- ing was inaugurated with the itinerant drying machines, These vegetable dry- kilns on wheels were sent through all the rural communities, and the farmer was admonished to allow no fruit to grow over-ripe in his orchard, no vegetable to spoil ungathered in his garden, It was ant intensive campaign for the saving of things, in so far as cach individual house hold was concerned; but it has totaled large in the story of the nation’s exo- nomic endurance. Not only does the drying of fruits and vegetables increase the supply in the wine ter Iarder of the people at home, but much of the dried product can be in cided with the wheat, which mast be sent in a constant stream across the seas to feed our own soldiers in France and ont Alties of the battle fronts of the world, ‘The practicab of sending dried garden and orchard’ ote to the fight ing men has been demonstrated already in Canada, where fruits have been pre- served in this manner and shippe Europe. While the process of saving surphes simer vegetables for winter consump4774380 wr tion hy merely drying may scent novel to the housewife of today, it was not un- known to the thrifty mistress of the home two generations ago. Our grand- mothers knew the secret of drying many garden and farm products, and #0 suc- ‘gessiitl were they in, putting aside for the Winter day those vegetables which could ‘not be consumed in season that they came to prefer dried sweet com over the eanimed product, while the dried pompkin and sqtiash were pie-plunts pur excel- tence. In certain communities today sn beans are string on threads and dried above the stove, while festoons of red and green peppers decorate the space be- tween the kitchen rafters. Thrifty house- wives dry cherries and raspberries on pits of hark for winter use fir place of raisins, In fact, a survey of our fruit products shows ‘that drying is by no means an tmusual method of preservas tion. Prunes, figs, dates, raisins, apples, and apricots are staples iu the food mar- kets of the world. ‘Turning to the vegetables, we find that dried heans of many varieties, peas, and other legumes, tea, caffee, and cocoa are familiar articles of food, while various manmnfactired products, like starch, tapi oca, and macaroni, are dried either in the sun or wind, or in specially constructed driers. While the modern methods! of canning on a vast commercial scale caused the drying processes of two generations ago to become one of the “lost arts” ef the home, the present food situation seems destined to revive it with splendid. eco- nomic results. ‘The country is prods at the present time larger quantities ot perishable foodstuffs than at any other period in its history, owing to the ef- fective. educational campaign which has stimulated the enltivation of individual gardens in waste places Drying will help to conserve the. sur- plus yield of these gardens. But cunning amd preserving shonld not under any ¢ir- cumstances he abandoned. All processes have their place in the economy of food conservation. E NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE One of the chief advantages of drying vegetables and fruits lies in the practicn- Iitity of the process for the city honse- wife. The farmer's wife has her root cellars and other places for. storing vege~ tables: but in the city home, where spice is a primnry consideration, the drying method furnishes a practical solution of an important problem, For the farmer's wife the new methods of canning are commended in, preference to the longer process of sun-drying. But new and shorter methods of drying ate now available, and the dried product has several advantages over the canned prod- uct, particularly in the saving of the ex- pense of cans, glass jars, and other con tainers. Dried yegetables cam be stored in receptacles which cannot be used for canning, and the hulk of the product is usually less. ‘Another consideration shotild be taken into account: the canned fruits and veg- etables are subject to freezing, = entirely obvinted in the drying process. Dried foodstuils can he shipped in the most compact form, with a minimum of weight and a mininum of risk, One of the most important considera~ tions commending the drying provess is that the city ar town honsewife ean em- ploy this method of preservation: with the simplest and most inexpensive facilie ties, and the process ean be employed continuously, whether the food to be saved és in large or small quantities. A few sweet potatoes, peas, or beans can be dried at a time. Ever a single turnip ot anapple is worth drying. Bit by bit veg- laliles may. be saved uniil a. whole seal is conserved. Small lots of dried car- rats, cabbage, thrnips, potatoes, and onions are combined 10 advantage for vegetable: soup. As to the tastiness of stich dried prod- riots as spinach, bect-tops, and kale. there is no question. In other cases, while the fisver of the fresh vegetuble is not pre- served in its entirety, the use of these ingredionts in soups and stews meets suc— cessfully the problem of any loss of palatability, while the food value of the dried product remains unimpaired.fi VEGETAMLES CAN HE stone fe WAGS OR CART arti. OUR STATE FLOWERS The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths By rue Eprror club. women af the respective comme wealths. The ten rem: ng States and the District of Cohimbia “have cith AMINE in nual tert summer” pictures o have te of the et prints as. its the "children « slossoms wh chosen as the floral fa ous States, lizing that an emblem of natural i as significatit and Althoug State 0, oF have or a) Siates, more than their pre: nl chosen the commorweatths, haye f queens, this i first attempt lative a 1 ube p been emble in a ei Jowers ation color paintings and de x other States have aceepted the ver- all the State flowers. dict of the school children as the voice — Th tures, like those of the people, while six have flower #¢ appearing in the adapted floral embleis con GRAPILIC, are very sent, maiiily t the the exquisitely beautiful 1 #8452 THE NATIONAL 6 life made especially for this Magazine by Mary E, Euton, of the New York Ho- tanieal Garden, In making their choices the legislatures, women’s. and school children Of the several Statck were confronted in every instance by a plethora rather than 4 paucity of Roral treasures from which to select a favorite, far the United States contains & much greater number of spc- cies of wild Sowers than any equal area on the globe. Nations have long honored! particular flowers with heartiness and devotion— Treland, the shamrock, that beantiful bit oof green with which it is alleged St. -Pat- rick demonstrated the doctrine of the ‘Trinity; Scotland, the thistle, wl pricked the foot of the Dane and awal ened all Scotland with his ery af pain, saving her from the heet of the invader: and Franee, the fily, which Ruskin called the flower of chivalry. (the-iris, or bloe Mag). Our series pictures every flower that has heen chosen by legishative a u regarded hy commen flower, Putin cases where different spe- ciés of the same flower have been selected by several States, only one specimen is, pictured (as the goldenrod, violet, rose, and rhododendron), SOME OF MNT -DrrreunT THIS COLLECTION Some ditfienity, however, has heen ex- petienced in the selection of the exact species to he portrayed, For instance, in ihe case of Minnesota, although the act of the legislature gives the name of the flower chosen as Cypripediuam calecolus, the extract from the official year hook of ite, furnished the National Geo- graphic Society by the Secretary of State, gives six different species as representa- tive af the State Hower, among which is Cypripedium acaule, but among which Cypripedium catccolus does. not appear. ‘Again, in the case of Nebraska, the act of the legislature choosing the goldenrod as the official Anwer designates Solidago Seroting aé the particular species. On the other hand, this species is hot the most widely distribiited in other States OF MAKIN OGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. which haye a preference for the golden- rod. It is believed that Svlidage nemo- ralis (page §11) is otte of the most resentative goldenrods, and one. which would be probably the composite of pref erences of all of the States having that flower, cither officially or whofficially. Colorado's legislature express the “white and Iavender coln tio Latin name attached, as the State flowers yet today, through a later vate of the school children, the blue and white columbine is everywhere jn Colorado. rec= ognized as the State flower, ‘The sets of the Arkansas and Michi- gan legishitures simply call for “the apple blossom." "The Ilinnis law refers to its preference only aa “the native violet,” of Which there are numerous species, while the Louisiana law names ng species, bat simply says “magnolia.” ‘The Delaware law gives no. scientific designation, but speiks only of “the peach blossom." ‘The resolution of the Ohio legislatire’ names the “searlet carnation,” while in the Indiana law the only designation is “the carnation.” Remembering how many colors of carnation there are in existence today, the one chosen was left, in the case of Indiana, to the discretion of the artist. ‘The reader should note that the carna- tion ‘pictured on page sa7 is’ really too decp a red for the State flower of Ohio, which has a brighter tone. When the State of Kansas came to adopt the sunflower, the resolution of the legislature used the term “Aeflanthus, or wild native sunflower.” The resolution of the legislature of ‘Texas sets forth that the State flower is “Lupinus subcarnosus, commonly known as the buffalo clover, or bluebonnet.” There appears to be so little difference between Lupinus subeurnesus and Lue finns texensis that no distinction what- ever js made between them by the sver- age Texan in plucking the State flower. In the case of the South Dakota flower, while the artist portrays the species of pasque lower known as Pudsanila patens, the South Dakota law designates the -tnemone patens, ‘The main difference ‘between the twa seems to be the matter ‘of a name, since the pasque flower is the &,OUR STATE FLOWERS name of several plants of the genve anemone, ‘section pufsatilla, OKLAHOMA AND MINNESOTA ACTED OVPICIALLY. FIRST Oklahoma was the first of our. States to take legislative action in the adoption of a State flower, In January, 1893) the ‘Territorial government was considering the question of exhibits for the Chicago World’s Fair and a Territorial seal, The Jadies of Oklahoma had presented a peti- iow asking that the mistletoe be made the ‘Territory's emblematic flower. A Will to that end was accordingly intrortteed and passed by a large majority, ‘Minnesota had a bill pending 10 make the moccasin flower the State's official ‘Yinssom at the same time that Oklahoma. was debating the issue of the mistictoe, Tn February, 1893. the Gopher State was preparing its exhibits for the Chicago Fair, The Ladies’ Ausiliary of the State World’s Fair Commission found only an official flower Incking—which they thought ought to be uxed im the scheme of decorations. So they prepared a bill making the moceasin flower the anhlem- atic representative of the Commonwealth and presented a widely signed petition in favor of its enictment, ‘The legislature promptly passed the bill. ‘The next State to take action was Ver- mont, A cemeurrent resolution to adopt a flower was introduced in the Howse ‘of the Vermont legislature, Cletober 19, i804. It was considered by a special committee consisting of one member from each county—fourteer in all, ‘The nine of the flower was not specified until November'8. On that date an agreement was reached which led'to the amendment of the bill by the insertion of “red clover.” ‘The next State to act was Nebraska. On the 29th of Janmary, 1895, the dele- gate from Boone County introduced a Dill to designate a floral emblem far the State. IL provided that the goldenrod should be the emblematic Hower. On the 23d of March the bill was taken up in committee of the whole. One of the delegates, haying in mind that Nebraska was a free silver State. moved! to substi- tute the word “silver” for "golden" His 483 motion was not considered, and the bill Union legislatively to adopt a State flower, when by an act of the legislature, approved May 3, 1895, that State chose the peach blossom as its representative. ‘There was very littl debate-and the sen- timent in its favor was practically unani- magus. Montana also chose a State flower in 18g5, its lygislature adopting the bitter root almost unanimously: Michigan followed the example of Del- aware in awarding its floral honers to the blossom of its favorite fruit, In the pre- amble of its resolution, approved April 28, 18y7, adopting the apple blossum, the legislature declared that a refined senti- ment xcemed to call for the adoption of a State flower; that the blossoming apple trees add itch to the beauty of Michigan Tandscapes; that Michigan apples have gained a world-wide repntation, and that at least one of the most fragrant and lreantiful flowered species of apple, the Pyrus coronaria, is native to the State. ‘The year 1899 witnessed the accession ‘of two States to the ranles of those enjoy- ing legislatively created floral emblems. ‘On January 30, 1899, 2 petition was in- troduced in the Oregon Senate reciting the fact that the women’s clubs of Port- land, in regular-session assembled, had declared in favor of the Oregon grape as a State Hower, and asking the legislature to enact their recommendation inte law. What little debate there was iridicated a practical unanimity of semtiment, and the measure was ready for the Governor's signature on February 2 of that year. IN COLORADO THE SCHOOL CHTLRTEN HVERRULA THN BEGISLAT Coiorado holds unique position in the matter of flower legislation. ‘The lnw- makers of the Centennial State passed an act, approved April 4, 1890, designating the white and lavender columbine as the State flower of Colorado. ‘This, how- ever, did not please the school children, Accordingly, on Atbar Day of rgtt they submitted the question to a referendum in which they were the only qualified484 voters: Outt of 22,316 votes east, 14.474 were in davor of the ble and white ol tumbine (algnilegia cerulea). No other flower recetyed ‘over 1,200 yotes. The governor and the legisiature seem to have concluded that the children are the court of last resort in such a matter and have apparently acquiesced in their decision, Louisiana was the next State to act. June 20, 1900, 2 bill making the magnolia the State flower was read in the House, July 6 it passed that body. by a vote of 62102. Six days later it passed the Sen- ate by the unanimpus vote of 32 0 0. Arkansas, by legislative action, Janu- ary, T90t, chose the apple, blossom. The very next month Texas took 1p the question. On Februnry. 28, rgar, a Senate concurrent resolution was intro. duced, the preamble of which recited the fact that the National Society of Colonial Dames af America, Texas branch, had requested of the legislature that i adapt “Lupinus sebcarnosus, generally known as the buffalo elaver, or bluebonnet,” as the State flower. Sentiment in favor of the blucbonnet was so general that there was little debate, and the measure was passed and finally approved by the Gov- ernor on March >. EN WIEST VIRGINIA ALSO TITR CHTEMES Liky THE WAY Tn West Virginin the stibject-of an of ficial State Rower had long been # theme of diseussion among teachers and others interested in school work, It did not take form, however, until 1901, when the Governor in his message to the legista- ture recommended the adoption of a State flower and stiggested the rhododen- dron, dr hig laurel, as the most appro- priate. Unider the ditcetion of the State perintendent of Free Schools, the children of the State, on the 25th of 3 ‘vember, 1902, Voted upon the question of a selection. Out of 33.854 votes east, 19,F3h were for the laurel, 3.653 for the honeysuckle, 3,387 for the wild rose, and 3.162 for the goldenrod. On the 8th day January, 1903, the legislature adopted a joint resolution designating the rhioido- dendrou, or big laurel, as the official State flower. THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, California had long been adverating the enactment of a law making the golden poppy the Golden Gate State's official flower. More than fifteen years ago a bill ees in the onal ae be passed both houses, recognizing the yel- low-lined "beauty; bet ihe Severnce ve= toed the measure. The ‘Howse then jassed it over his veto, but the Senate permited it to die, The bill was rein- troduced in the next legislature, January Zi, 1963. It passed the Senate on Feb- Tuary 2 by avoteof 28 tor. Ir received practically a unanimous vote also in the House. On March 2 the new Governor advised the legislature that he had ap- proved the bill, and the golden poppy be- came the State flower of Californie The bill’ to make the sunflower the floral emblem of Kansas was introduced on February 10, 1903. ‘Phe Senate passed. it by-a vote of 30 to 0, anid the House hy jiioe, South Dakota's résolution selecting the pasque flower as her floral emblem was enacted March 4 1903, and provided that on and after the passage of the act the State floral emblem of South Dakota. should be the pasque flower (tiemone (oan, with the accompanying motto: “TE lead.” USES MERINTE FLOWER ‘The State of Ohio officially adopted tl caret carnation as its emblematic Hower onthe 2oth day of January, 1904. Both houses uninimotshy voted for the iweasure. The law is as follows; “The scarlet carnation is hereby adopted as the State fower of Ohio, az a-token of live and reverence for the memory of Wile liam McKinley. Connecticut chose the mourtaitt Iatirel its State flower after a report of the Commitie on Agriculture in the Senate faver| ' such action, One senator op- posed the bill, saying that he regarded it As unnecessary legislation, bat that if the clover had been recommended he would have heen inclined to favor it.as the near- ‘est approach in this country to the sham- rock he Towed. He doubted, however, if there was any necessity for the Iegish- tion. Another senator declared that he 5 FavouriteOUR STATE FLOWE! was bound to favor anything three thou- sand women could agree on. In the House the choice was advocate! in en- thusiastic terms, Upon each desk sprigs of mountain laurel were distrilmted by persons in favor of the bill, After a short discussion it passed. When the measure was pending: in the Senate the botanical name of the uel was inserted by a senator, who complained that the Tequest was out of order when somtic one asked him to spell it, North Dakota adopted the wild prairie rose by legislative action in, to07, the same year that Florida's legislature se- lected the orange Mossom. By act of the General Assembly the violet has been the State flower of Illinois since the 13t of July, 1908. Utah officially recognized the sego Ii as its choice by act of its legislature im igti. Indiana selected the carnation by legislative act in 1903, but did not specify the color of the carnation, which im our iMustration was left to the artist. THE STATE MLowER MOVEMENT was STARTED WY NEW YORK the Kew York, The State flower movernent in United States was started 1 although its legislature has never yet offi cially sanetioned a flower. In 1890 a school vote was taken in the entire State, with the result that the goldenrod was adopted by a yote of 81,308 as. against 70,666 for other candidates. A year later the case was reopened, and this time the rose led, receiving 294816 voles ae against 206,302 for all the other. entries. From that time the rose has been consid- ered New York's official flower, though the vote did not specify any particular rose. Rhode Island also chose its official em Wem by the vote of the schoo! childre In May, 1897, there was a plebiscite of the children, with the result thar the violet was overwhelmingly: favored and was declared the representative flower of the State, The school children in Mississippi made the choice for that State. In 19900 the matter was submitter! to a reter~ Ss 485 endum, with the result that the maguotia was their nearly unanimous favorite, The vidlet is alo the unhesitating choice of the school children of Wiscan- sin In 1909 the matter was submitted to a vote, with the result that the viplet t 67,178 preferences, the rose 31,024, the arbutus 27,088, and the white water lily 22,638. Maine's adherence to the pine vone anil tassel was aiven by the vote of the public schools of the Siate, thy same be- ing true of New Mexico's support of the cactus, . According to roports firritished the National Geographic Society by the Sec- retaries of State and other officials of the several States, Idaho favors the syringa by t; the wil rose was chosen by common consent in Towa; the Kentucky Historical Society and. citizens of Kentucky prefer the trumpet yine, and the sagebrush is generally accepted in Neva. The people of North Carolina favor the daisy: generally, while through the work of the women's clubs the Stite of Washington held a contest which re- sulted in the choice of the rhododendron as that Commonwealth's flower (see pages 500 and 517). TEX STATES teAwe Seweren NO STATE FLOWER Tn the case of Alabama it is reported that no action has ever been taken toward the adoption of a State flower, though several amhorities put down the golden- rod as its emblematic blossom, The people of Maryland are said to favor the isclesved susan, with the suit: flower sccond; bat no formal decision has yet bees made, In Massachusetts, although the may- flower, hecause of its good eheer to the Pilgrims, hus met with great fayor, no formal selection has Leen made. Mise sori officials say that no State flower has ever been adopted, yet s¢yeral authorities publicly declare that the goldentod: thas been accepted hy-a schol vote, New Hampshire, Pennsyly: Carolina, and Virginia are without Sta flowers, either officially or unofficially. Popular opinion seems never to have186 erystalized about any one flower in these States, or in the District of Columbia, which also has no floral emblem. Although the State authorities in Ten- nessee advise that no State flower has ever been chosen, one outside list gives INDEX TO OUR THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE the goldentod and another the da The same is true in the case of New Jersey. ‘The Cammissioner of Exducation of that State writes that, so far as he is aware, New Jersey has never chosen a State flower. STATE FLOWERS ] Alabama No choice, Arizona. Saluaro or G Legislature. = | 498 Sty Arkansan « ark Blossom. U >| #87 | sot Eulifornia Golden. Povpe 2) ge | oe Colorado. Blue Calamisin | 989 | 503 Connecticut’ Mountain Laurel Z| gt | dm Delaware. Peich Blossom. 5 | ty | a Dinrict of No choice, id Drange Blossom gon | sou Cherokee Rose. 42 4m | 505 at 505. | ae az ae islature ... + Hy ep School Chitlron, a5 | Sto Legislanare «4.» ae | sot Lerehcare :| % | 8 sisi Sehool Children. dus | 38 Montana 2 so ett S03 School Children... | aa |, Schoo! Children, - i? Common Consent. ---\2 ggy: | sea Legislature «. « 43, . - 59; “Mistletoe... Legislatare «. to ay Oregon Gray Trislature gon | tS No choice, Rhode Island Violet Sehool Children... gor | 0s ‘South Carolina, South Dakota. thepislarmre ...sccccee | 49 | St Tennessee . Legislature | jm Toatslature Bo) Oh: 1 Legislature sty 316 Common Consent. sn Wor epi Rhodosdendren lane es eda er Wisconsin. Violet School Childeea. fo | bes Wromine Indian Painthrvah. rnistattie oe. o0: so | sts * Loginlature tvevioasly thud chosen the lavender and white columbine + Indiasa’s legislature designated the carnation, litt did not specify the color, EMhe vote did mot specify the species af rove aclected, |The scarlet carnation of Ohin's choice is of brighter elor han the illustration,THE APPLE BLOSSOM (Malus sylvestris Mill) The aoe Llossom shares with the carnation fhe distinction Of being the only two flowers dn Nature's garden that have won two. lewis: atures to their standards in the "battle of the wudy” for pa Trideanay hue ‘pledged. legislative: fealty to the carnation, Arkansan and) Michigan, have cast their forties with the apple blown (see 501). ; MTcre are 4 few commonwealshs which, white agreeing that. thing of beauty is a joy for- ‘ever, are yet utilitarian enongh to Wold that when a delight tw the eye tipiens into 4 joy to the palate it ik to he prised above: all other forms of loveliness. Florida tnt Delaware stage tig view with Arians ant Michigan, Certsinty, whoever hus secn an uppte orchard in full bloniny with its whole acres of pine and White petals jet in a framework af ureen, will not need to wonder why two leutslatates shout Prize especially the beauty of the apple blossom, ‘The apple Wossom ix ane of tho proxcesstves cof the daral world. It wants a hardy, strong, stant posterity; go i takes care peat. tion to insure crone-fertiliation, each maturity before. the ius Se shed their polles, and in this way the insects fave every oppartanity to bring pollen frum canother blossom, Hut if the bees ami the but- terflies chance to overlook one. i retains its ‘petals until its ows anthers are develrmed and can chable it te produce an apple. Perhaps nowhere elie do we ge: a more striking picture of what selection may aceam- plish than fin the ease of the apple tree and As fruit, Contrast the stately aod sieeadin winesap tree in a well-cultivated orchard with the, smal, “knotiy-Himbe sealy wood wild stall tree: Tant ie almost ike contrasting stately elm with a dwarfed hawthorn? And yet, ib there ax much difference between the ‘aticestral crabs and. the trees as there is hetween their fi pelt IM ceubeapale, though | a gnarled denotes, thorns, acris-frojed tree, i the Adara of a wonderful race, An occhardist recentTy ‘counted tore than three hundred varieties af apples ail of them direct descendants of this pioneee. ‘What could bear better: testimony to the value ‘of apples than the poetical proverbs ‘which have,crept, into ou language celchrating hele qualities Fo ect am apne before going ‘will make the doctor beg his bread, days ohe of theses and another declgren, "An apple eaten every day will send one's doctor far away apone carried: with it a benediction after. thig fashion: “May thik land he filled with apples.” “eg ene Mh looks at moidere, annie