: PP Ae PY VOLUME XXXiT NUMBER TUREE EN = ie Ss bi er a vt DAS SS at So Fie ck ine Tue NATIONAL ie ag ©, GEOGRAPHIC ..| MAGAZINE |. y ‘ SEPTEMBER, 1917 : 4 Pa | i : by CONTENTS The Food Armies of Liberty The Winning Weapon—Food HERAERT HOOVER 2 Mlustraslonw The Geography of Medicines Hiwatrati JOHN 4. FOOTE A Few Glimpses into Russia ZINOVI PECUKOFE Wo Mlhaairation Conserving the Nation’s Man Power 17 Mhuaera tions RUPERT BLUE PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C, are, ee EPA cory = Su OA[NaTIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH ANO M STREETS, WASHINGTON, D.C, JOHN €. PULLSBURY -REBIVENT JOHN JOY EDSON . ‘TREADUNER GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, assisTANT SICHETA WILLIAM J, SHOWALTER ©, HOTITTMANN PRESIDENT GILBERT H, GROSVENOR, pimecToR AND rarron JON OLIVER LAGORCE — assocrare eoiron Presulent American Security ‘Gnd Trust Company Jon Joy Epson Presigen) Weshintoe Ioan & ‘Frust Company DAVID FaiReniLD < fn Charge af Ageicultipral, x= ‘laraliuns, Depot Agrie. . Ham MERRIAM GeoRae R. PUTNAM Coanmipsioner U.S, Bureau if Tigtihiounes ‘Secrntaty- of le Lnteriot Haney F. Brousr Viue-Preaident Amesicain:Se~ rd Trust Coes C.M. CHESTER Rear Admiigt U.S. Navy, Formerly Supt, U.S. Naval bears atone Farpertck V. COvILLE Formeriy Peeakdent of Waa)i- Yneton Acadesny of Sciences Jonny E. Pirusaury Rear Adinital U.S. Mawes Vormacty hte! urea of Naviesuoet Rupowet KAUPEMANN Manazinte Balnar The Even ©. P. AUSTIN se secmcrany RALPH A. GRAVES BOARD OF MANAGERS 1915-1917, 3B T6-1918 y917-1818 Cwagves J. Beut. FRANKLIN Ke LANE AULEXANDERGRAHAMBEL.t, of the telephone AW. Greeny Ariz Explores, Major Gun't O's aemy Ginser? M. Grosvenor Eigitor of National Geierspitris ‘Minas nate Georoe Oris Smrrit Dieector of Us S. Geotowiea! vey Q.H, TTT MANN Formerly Sui UrsrConatn tendent of Qundatic Sae~ Sine Tek, MAcboNaLD M.D, AES. Br S.N.D. Nowrit fy Director Uy S Bsr Gkowee Sumas, 3p Ti, we. Jonn M. Witson Grant Squines, NewYork ‘Seigadier Gonerai U5 Army. Wormerty Chiat at Engines ‘To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-eight years ago, namely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge,” the National Geographic Society . puvllanss this Magazine. All reebipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs fram members of the Society, or other friends, are desired, For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera~ tion is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be addressed : GILBERT H. GROSVENOR. Eoitor CONTRIBUTING EDITORS AW. Granny AurxaNper Gmanam Beun ¢, Hapt Mewmiain Davin FaircHILD ©, HL TITTMANN: Huon M, Sart Rowert Houur (CHapMAN N. H. Dawron WaLTER T. SWINGLE Frank M. CHAPMAN onrrie: fat the Post-omice at 0 ory, by Nntinw D.C. Att rieitis renerremau Meals iba Modern artillery defends Sou against irvvesions, ee dresdnoughts, ITEP tional armor of defense, Are you moder in the watch Jou cary—in fant ees ogainst aan sai bled engagements,and the costly Ce cota cecum standings that indade and disrupt jour days? One distinguished atch atteins the apex of modem proficiency — Modern from design to assembly, | | and from assembly io service. Keyed totheeracting equiremenisof med, | crm life. Scientifically safeguarded against error, a Hamilton gives Jou unequaled pecursc) along with re able, dependable, uninterrupted ser "Hamilton is the favorite-watch of railroads, aiid is carried by engince's of Amerlen's most famous ieee. ‘A pallerd of 32, quality models to choo from. Price, fo.got0 Sign; movements $1 (Seg in Canna) wn up. » Ever) Hamil susruntesd to give abaslte mtisfactin. Rail toad accuracy plus » Letime of service. Send Today for “The Timekeeper” the story of Hamilian supeemecy Hamilton Wasch Company Dept ss Leemocio, Peep denis “Mention the Geograpnic—tt identisen you"![one eneimecemenaneniemtneieenetme Make this Chart your guide OUR oil runs low. You top for a fresh supply. You now come to avital . What oil will the deal- er pour into your oil-reservoir? Will it be just “oil” —or will it be the correct lubricant for your engine? Among’ thousands of dealers this is what happens: The dealer recognizes the make of your car—and the year’s model. He runs his finger down the Vacuum OilCompany'sChart (shown above in miniature) until he finds your car's make and model. Then he supplies you with the grade of Gargoyle Mo~ biloils specified for your car by the Chart This oil will ively seal your piston ring: power-wWaste, gasolin and oil- waste. questior Look for it on your dealer’s wall Why are thousands of dealers placingsuchrelianceinthisChart? Experience has taught them that something like 509%. of all engine troubles are due to.incor- rect lubrication. "They, realize that scientific lubrication asa problem for spe ets, Since the dealer has neither time nor equipment for study: ing this intricate subject be draws on the ace of a recognized suthority, is why, you find on his walls tite large Chart of Recommendations, issucd by the Vacuum Oil Company JE-you inquire about the Chart you will fine this: be Vacuum (il Company for 50 years have specialized in scientific lubrication Today their world-wide leadership in ubci- cation matters is unquestioned in scientific circles For years their! s been recognized guide to correct automobile lubrication In. keeping this Chart up to date, each ‘4Montlan the Geogriphio—it identitien you,"few model of every automobile is carefully analyzed. This work invulves lengthy and painseaking engi- neering study by the Vacuum Oj Company’ ‘Sard of Engineers. The recommendations of this Chart are proven cotrect by: repeated practical tests. ‘But nothing has given dealers such faith im this Chart as their experience with the oils themselves. For no one knows better than the dealer how giffie cule it is to secure efficient lubrication—and how web efficient Jubricatinn means, ‘Write for new 56-page booklet comaininy com. plete discussion of your lubrication problems, list of troubles with remedies and complete Chars of Recommendations fot Automobiles, Motorcycles, ‘Tractors and Motr-boar Engines, oAReOrte EE Mobiloils A grade far each type sf moter The four grades of Gargoyle Mobiloils tor gatoline motor lubsieation, purited ta remove froe carbon, nto: Gargoyle Mobiloil “A” Garsorle Mobile = Becrie Vehicles — Pos wofor beatings and ceneloned chaits use Gargoyle Mobilail A" the vyeat ‘round. F. tise Gargoyle Mobil Whe year ‘round, Exceptian—For winter lubrication of pleamre cara tse Gargoyle Moliloil Arctic" for worm drive and Gargoyle Mobiloll *#A°* for bevel pear drive. In buying Gargoyle Mobili trom yoor dealer, it iy safest to ppozchne fn, original park~ Auge. ‘Look for the red Gargoyle an the con tainer. Tt your dealer has nor the grade specified for your can he ean exly secure it for Yom VACUUM OIL GOMPANY Rochester, N. ¥. U.S. A. Spectatiats nthe minfnlare of hiek-ecile Ilviccnte for Stary eines of matulaacy, Obtaiachie seasvohore in ta orld Domentie rats ae Branches: Kew olla tulpa “"Mentioa the Goograplic—Ti kdeatifes you." “lf 4 Lig i {pit | eT ee~,,) TRY It YOURSELF ay 7 eek Weec hai eed Chain-Jack The Jack That Saves Your Back Simply a few pulls onits chain and the heaviest ear is raised or lowered without danger and withoutexertion Te operate a Weer in Jack It is not necessary to get down in a cramped strain: grovel in mud, grease or dust under a car to work a “handle” that is apt to fly up ¥ results, To fift a car with the Weed Chain-Jack, simply give a few pulls on its o ‘latte wos Sire order ban oa ibe Operated b i. cae pull bie chain ia opposite directs ped ateelho Powerful — Mage When Taig Wise The Ine and sist are made Gh a wu ‘When 4s operative porition th step adds: two Ln 10 Days’ Trial " a Tor sapaies ox pine si x Try tt 1b | folie i io uecand we will Telund Your tone). Use American Chain Company, Inc. Bridgeport Connecticut ‘Mention the Geographie—Tt identittes, you."*Why Wheat Grains Are Shot from Guns The purpose in Puffed Grains, Cerone Puffed Wheat or Puffed Rice, ‘Stour Power mm is to make digestion easy and l ] complete. Digestion usually consumes much energy, because the food cells are not broken. Here we blast the food cells by creating in each kernel a hundred million steam explosions. That's why the grains are shot from guns. ‘That's why they come out puffed to eight times normal size. It is Prof. Anderson's process for scientific grain-food preparation. The result is bubble-like grains—thin, crisp, and toasted— with a fascinating taste. They seem like food confections, but they are really whole grains made wholly digestible without any tax on the stomach. Puffed Puffed Wheat Rice and Corn Puffs Each 15¢ Except in Far West Puifed Grains. “They are nor mere tidbits far a gal They ure every-day foods and al-hour foods of the very high d their frequent use supplies what foods lack The more you serve the better your are fed. Serve with cream and suyar, in bowls of milk, or mixed with any fruit. J nuttike garnish eam, of 2s 1 soup. Douse with melted butter, like peanuts or popcorn, for schoo! delight The Quaker Qats @mpany Sole Makers wan order, ‘Mintion the Gedgrapitie—Tt iacntifiea you.ttThis Bridge Was Built of Concrete Build Your Roads Also of Concrete Concrete is the building material selected by engineers for great bridges, buildings, locks, scawalls, foundati and other structures that must everlastin Concrete Roads Are Permanent Concrete roads are the most economi- cal of all types of permanent pave- ments because they will successfully withstand the wear of traffic, and ligible cost of upkeep ve 100¢ efficient service in the year. roads are dustless, mud- pd free from ruts and holes. The heavy motor travel of to- day has made necessarythe building of roads of the strongest and most per- manent material, “That material is concrete. 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Sold only in OE eT ee Oe ae AN UNBROKEN LABEL SEALS THE CAN AND IS OUR CUO ae ae te Ett a held pre serors a cone ean he tit aNd biieieieheie Aiko asics B Meee) testbed he Geugraphio—It identifies you,?*LOOK PLEASANT, PLEASE! Something New—And Different an outdoor enthusiast, you will certainly “sit up and take notic just-as M i Mrs. Pelican are doing—when you get your first peep at a new work, 1 last ready after many months of labor, Pictures of rare beauty greet you in the first complete study of th S$ OF AMERICA ever published, “The Book of a Shou Birds” seciation of A ci chief; Mr. J ih Serdang eters ood. tacaais somtobagina ail Jani have as mech as Finley and Hohlman of the Paciic coast, Forbush of Mussa cehusetts, Ho Job, Lotiridge, and many others. ‘They have given tis Tife his- tories of evety bird it Hundreds of graphic lield pictures and drawings re the delightial, sinry-telling text and careful sciontitic descriptions; while, as a feattire of the illustrations, (hore aré theee hundred xpec mut Caton, from sie vtiginals of LA. Fuertes, But this is fons in the new ww» Nature Lovers Library vous Bre LANGE = oo PAGES = S.am SMUKECES Mammals of America | Old World Animals febs"1is>Sahene under ster inspection blank bekow: Street, New York City, 7 offer, Fish to iaapect at your exci, a com of your t off the pr e Hirds, Mammals, shes, Ine I athe f Wie. 14 tke: bow E agece 10 hay you St within a $2.2 month until tke publication price of Stas0 i paid Cor So8 cash). HE do n hetp the books, J shall notify you'at ence, and hold tem subject to your order, Name sh City wid State.RED GUM -rmrcumme RED GUM Do You Shudder every time the medicine chest is opened at night, for fear that Iodine of Jamaica instead of Soda A endangers huntcn Life. ¥, which does everything that the dangerous antiseptics can do, but does it safely, without the slightest particle of risk. DIOXOGEN, a Hogg ger) Cwencat, Co., 10 Aston P NY. 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Part or all of this book hax been printed in SEVEN LANGUAGES ‘Mam thas 1,000,000 coms wold. 14th Loaree Ametican Printing FE’. Qwee 300 pages, $1.25 wet (Big wens $135) The War and Humanity 3d Edition. Revised and Enlarged ‘Dr. Baek’s volume was he moment it uppeared. We know of no more logical and nets and. problem © erent w: ‘. Fribune, ic books that the great. war Wz Hor any snore truly con as produced in aay country 400 peges. $150 veh, Bie mil, 51.60) arate pooxserires. NEW YORK G. P, PUTNAM'S SONS. LONDON{= = Winsom Freak Pond Parlay, Comdider, Miss. Chantes R. Groce, Arebtect, Bon, Mash LL woods have certain uses for which they are esp of the peculiar qual vhich nature iss nd characteristics and on their pro} the whole problem é centuries of oxperience in have rared that ng other woed Insts ox long or give servive as WHITE PINE for outside Gnish Iumbe window sash, frames and casings; baleony lumber; cornice | mouldings; and other outside require us shingles. dealer ix. unal appreciate the opportunity of being helplu Paud, Mend! “\Metition the Geographio—tt identifies you"!‘Mention the Ge IU Ta Solid Gold ge ply ap te Crean Lbitches for men brings the Elgin Company into the limes light us designers of camplece watch For fifty years this great organization has designed and built watch movemenss of world famous excel lence, Now itisdesigning both movement and case asa complete unit, under the sweeping Elgin guarant ‘The Streamline ix a man’s watch, dressed ina style that will last—perfect balance, perfect hare mony ef case and movement. The design is notable for its smoothly flowing lines. The “close up"" view at the left shows how the bow flows into the pendant, and the pendant into the curve of the case. The clear, spacious dial is equally distinctive, Your Jeweler will take pride in showing you this new $50 Streamline and the $25 Streamline previ- ously announced, also Elgin Bracelet Watches for women, Tllustrated folders on. request, graphic—It identifies yau.**Every Home Owner and Builder should consider ny eI ‘THE TRENTON POTTERIES COMPANY Wei Saye ntomelng a ineraces > cies oes of Chereners te | “Bathrooms of Character” 5 In the first place, we want you to appreciate that our products are American Peemicr Products in their line. The marter of cost is unimportant compared with the ultimate satisfaction to-you J=| from the possession of superior matetial. Always remember the labor charge, a big item of the | | entire cost, is the same in cheap, useless material as upon thy i Ababen of he THE TRENTON POTTERIES | GPW sremnnrriman uaa SILENT CLOSET ‘World's Latgmst Miter of Fine Plumbing F im & janine ts from Our Drreves Suvd & Detwetler, Ane. Master Printers 420-422 Eleventh Street Washington, D.C. ‘ve’ Nation's CaNon - Fluctuating 6% Bonds HOUSANDS of investors, who have seen their holdings of stand- ard listed securities shrink in value as a result of the war, sre turning today to non-fluctuating investments, such as first mortgoge serial bonds, safeguarded under the Sirius Plan. ‘These bonds are always worth par and accrued interest, 100 cents on the dollar, in any and all conditions. They are safe, they yield 6% and they are issued im $1000 and $500 amounts. Write today for Cixcular No, L708 SWSTRAUS & Co. 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Payment of principal atid interest gudtanteed by a widely known cor= poration with large established earn ings Strongly recommended by us, Send for Circular No. 97D Peabody, _ Houghteling & Co. (ESTABLISHED 1865) ‘Mention the Geogruphic—Tt identifies you.t*ich, at first ir cleaning unsafe for rm laundry work a cleanser that is m andl as harmless as waicr itself, Ivory 5 safe the washing of almost everything “Mention the Geographic < you." TI Tin I ToVoL, XXXII, No. 3 WASHINGTON. - SEPTEMBER, 1917 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE THE FOOD ARMIES OF LIBERTY By Hernrer Hoover That ihe great sorld war will be won at last on the battlefield of food be- comes inerevsingly cv the highest and the lose trator, the general: addresses recently dei in the Amerivad fooit army, lor and the dark consequences that inay enstie wiles we do enlist. They cons hey sonnta new note on the great subject of indevideal a now drum-bent to dut, responsibility. j¢ to the uttermost reaches of the this and the succerding articte. HAVE been asked to review the rea I sons why we are pleading with the American people for stimulation of Git food production, for care, though an economy in consumption, and elit nation af waste. Further, | wish’ top view the methods by awhich these things may be accomplished Briefly, the reasons are simple. Our Allies are dependent upon us for food, and for qiinntities larger thin we have over before exported. ‘They are the first Haw of apr defense; and our money, and ships, and life blood, and, not least, ovr food supply, must be of a comma: Tf we: cannot maintain onr in their necessities, we cannot expect them to renin constant in war. If their food fails, we shall be feft alone in the fight, and the western line will move to the At- lantic seaboard, It is this a matter of our own safety fent.as the months go by. f, the youngest and the oldest, the weakest aud the strong- est, may Ho equally valiant service an the cause of owe conniry. Herbert Hoover, the mais who sived Belgium from starvation, is now, a¢ National Foud Adminis lief of the food armies of Liderty, fevered, he kas strikingly prin The NMtiowal, Grocaantt ; wiley. publishes these addresses im full in It kopex every member of the 3 the movement to mike the food army of America’ roc And that is a botilefieid where In two ed out hore we may wise of Liberty by more tons: wldiers istiniy, Azexe, seeking fo send the mes- ety 00,000 strong. jain and self-interest. It is more than. this, itis a matter of humanity, that we give of our abundance that we relieve suffering. It is not difficult to demonstrate thetr needs, the volume of our obligation, and the necessity of great effort on our-part. Tn pormal pre-war times, England, Ire~ lund, France, ltaly, and Belgitm were to a large degree dependent upon imports for their food supplies. The} yi ported. over 750,000,000 bushels nf gratn, together with vast quantitics of animal and fat products. Belligerent tines have cut off their supplics from Russia, But- garta, and Roumania, and the demands of Germany oa strrounding neutrals hive reduced the supplies froin those quarters. DISTANT GHANARIES AED TNACCHSSIIET, Of more importance, however, is that the subinarine destruction of shi necessitated that the farthest,THE FOOD ARMIES OF LIBERTY kets should be wholly @r partially aban- doned, ‘The great markets of Australia and the Indias are, now only partially ac- cessilile, and gradually the more remote markets will be more and more restricted until a year from naw, when our own new ships will be in munshers to help. The last harvest in Argentina was a failure, and until the next harvest, even that contribution to their supplies is eat off. Reyond this again, much food is Tost at sen: perhups ten per cent of the actual shipments are stink en route. ‘Therefore, the load of even nortmal im ports is thrown upon North America— the nearest and safest rowte. CH no less concern thin the dislocation cof markets-and the losses at sea is the de- crease in production among the Allies, If forty million men are taken ont of pro- ductive tnbor and put into war and war work, there cun be only ane result, and that is dintinution it production of food_ Further contributing causes to this diminution are the lessening in the amount of fertilizer which is available, through shortage. of shipping. and. lasses at sea, and the consequent reditetion in the productivity of the soil itself. ‘This year the decrease in production stands out in more vivid silhouette than ever before. We have had a stogk-tiking by the-va- rious food administrators and depart inerits of agriculthre in Europe, and they find that the production of cereals this year has diminished about $23,000,000 bushels of grain below normal, This shortage in production, added to normal jmports, gives 1,250,000,000 bushels af grain that must be imparted by the Allies during the next twelve munths, if con sumption is kept normal. Their eattle, sheep, and hogs have i- thinished by over 30,000,000 animals, and these reductionsare hound'to go on with increasing velocity, becatise short spies have necessitated eating into the her: A mus Wit ART CARRY ‘Tow great the burden upon the United Suites Sitkay Le pane cles? bya ta figures: During: the three-year prewar period we averages! an annual export of ushels of rai 1 306,- 188 fats. During the last fiscal year we ex- ported over 400,000,000 bushels of gru ‘and 1,800,000,600 pounds of animial prod- ets and fats, (Sce also page 197.) ‘During this period we really over-ex- ported—we; ourselves, are selling our amimals faster than we-grow. them, and our stock of foodstuffs just prior to har- vest was relatively the lowest in our his- tory. As the causes of Europe's shortage -grow in intensity, our loud this next year tinst be of much greater weight. As our harvests and those of our Al lies are now measurable, we now know the size af the world’s larder for the coming winter, and it will measure in- sufficient unless we can reduce our con- sumption and waste, Our Allies are making every possible effort to rediice consumption and elimi- nate waste. Most of the principal staples are dealt out to the public under one kind or another of a restriction. Fines up to S500 are tevied on persons who throw areay stale broad. Vut despite all these efforts, there is not such a reduction in national consimmption. as one might ex- Besides the men in the trenches and the men working ten 10 eleven hours daily in the shops, millions of women have been: drawn into physical labor, and all of the: reqitiré more food than they required un- der normal conditions in pre-war times, ‘The result is that while the savi food is appreciable, it is not as much as one would expect, "There is one feature af all these efforts toward conservation in Burope that stands out vividly—the non-working pop- lation is in large part composed of the ald, the women, and the children: they are the class upon which the incidence of Juctinn largely falls, ‘The people in war work are in national defense, and th jnnst haye the first call on all supplies. ‘Therefore, any failure on onr part in plying food will full upon the class to whom our natural sympithies must bre the greatest. But there is a point below which it canmot fall and tranquillity maintained, We have a general limitation oft our food supplies to the Allies, ane that isTHE FOOD ARMIES OF LIBERTY that the condition of shipping ‘requires that all the foodstuffs sort ae beat the must concentrated sort. Therefore, the commoditits which we have to send are most advasts seme) limited to wheat, com, beef, pork products, dairy products, and sugar, Tf we consider ovr own! stipphies, we fat that we ara th of con We ave 2 it of potat i” Eat pay ee lak commodities do not leit themselves to shipment either from bulk or other reasons, We cannot increase, or even maintain, our present exports of wheat, beef, pork, dairy products, and sugar’ without reducing our consumption. Wi MUST Kai THE KIND OF Food THAT CANNOT TE EXPORTED The logical and sensible first step in adartiog che hipgtion ts Allied neste to substitute on our awn tables corm, po- tutors, vegetubles, fish, und poultry for those staples we wish to export. The proportion of our national dict in vege- tables is very low, and it will not only do no harm to increase it, but vin fact will contribute ta public health Space does not permit that 1 should give yan the position here af cael staple it the national atid international situa- tion, | may, however, describe briefly one or two of them. We of the United States normally raise for export abont 86,000,000 bushels of wheat, Canada produces something like 100,000,000 bushels of wheat for export. Europe must import this year §25,000,- 000 bushels of it if they are to main- tain their normal bread supply, (See page 189.) With aur normal export af Ro,000,000 bushels, we can go but a short distance toward accomplishing that end. Ti, however, hy conservation we increase oir export to 260,000,000 Instels and Canada ineteased hers to 125,000,000 we shal! ther come within 200,000,000 bush= els of the solution of the problem. ‘By conservation and by substiter to 25 per cent of other cereals mpe's war bread and by some imports from far-distant markets. the, problem may he solved, but the margin is so nar- row that any failure on our part to pro- it vide ai extra 420;000,000 bushe's of wheat. risks disaster to the whole cause. For 3 to increase exports of wheat from 86,000,009 bushels 10, 200,000,000 bushels means that we must make. a sav. ing Of about) 20 per cent in our w! consumption. That isnot a great bur- den for our people to bear. EUKOPRANS HAVE NOT LEARNED To tor CORN This moans an average saving of ose pouad of flour per person per week owt of their five pounds’ consumption, ard it is not asking much of our people that they should substitute other ‘cereals to that extent, ‘Now a number of inquiries arise with reference to different phases of this ques- tion, and one is why Europe docs not take the com instead of the wheat?” Kor one hundred years the wheat loaf has been the basis of life in Exrope, with the exception of Htaly, The art ot house- hold baking has long since been lost. Most of the bread is baked by bakers. For this reason alone it is almost impos- sible for our Allies to substitute corn bread, which cannot be distributed by bakers. Furthermore, the actual house- hold machinery of baking—ovens, ete— hhas long since becn out of existence in fede Edhapean ficties. Furthermore, if we are to ship corn, we must ship it in the form of the grain itself, for commes! does not keep well, and European countries have but little facilities or eeieng the carn. They are mixing cocnmedl im the wheat flor: but there isa limit beyond which cereals can not-be mixed in the wheat loaf and have the bread: rise, and that limit is some- where about ie 30 percent. “‘Theyare using higher milled wheat than we for economy's sake, and mixing it with other cereals, It makes war bread far less palatable than our com bread. WE USI! HOUR TIMES aS MER Suna AS OU ALLIES. Another case in point is sugar. We import between one-half and two-thirds of our siugar from the West Indies. ‘The Allies formerly drew sugar from Russia. Germany, Austria, and Java. They are now compelled to bring their demands taTHE FOOD ARMIES OF LIRERTY aur market, and, then duce or consumption enough for them. We consume from 83 te 90 pounds per ereon sper anna. es Allies have placed their population on’ sugar ra- tion of from 21 to 25-pounds per person, Even this cannot be supplied withont re- hae on our part and France tas asked us to-export them 109,000 tons of ‘ur supplies at ance; otherwise they must stop the ration altogether. That we should refuse France is unthinkable, Besides substitution the other great need iy to save waste—the gospel af less baying, serving smaller portions, the clean plate, to tse cut food wisely in coonmmy. ‘There are a tinndred avenues of saving—if we inspect the garbage can. ‘Again, there are commodities im whieh we must reduce consumption. Tf we are to supply the Allies and ourselves bath: with sugar and fats over the next winter, we simply must reduee the eonsumption. By fats we mean fard, bacon, butter, cream, lard substitutes, and soap. We constime nearly double the amount of. fats that we need and we waste a fab ous amounty There are other features of fond ca servation, nf national importance. One of them fies in the Whole problem of na- tonal saving, Wars ate paid for out of the savings pf a people, Whether we ineet that expenditure now or after the war, we will have to pay: it some day from our savings. ‘The savings of 1 Htle lie fn the cone servation of commodities and the savings of productive labor. Ef we ean reduce the cetisumption of the necessary cot modities in this country to a poitt where our laborers can turn to the production of war materials; if we can secure that Balance and get to the ‘point where we can free our men for the army, we shall have solved one of the inmost important economic problems.of the war. Ti we are to carry on this war and carry it on without ecommic danger, we ‘must carry & major portion of it now dure ing the war from the savings which we make at the present time, Tf we redace the waste and the unnecessary constmp- tion of food by a-matter af only six cents jore, we mist ne f we ate to leave: 193 day, we dhall have . promote oS i winilaw These slisplays of the cow aL couperati marative nutritive variou e brieily define Food Administration, that our nitir Allie h food as we can of thy mt concentra we have considered it al viewpoint of voluntary effo asked all to joi us as volun as Ww fect by a den ment the results which autocen able to effect by law a rion. Ind ficel the ays from the We have ry workers, ratic move- jth. yhas only _ If we can secure allegiance to this na- tional service in our 20,000,000 kitchens, ‘aur 29,000,000 break ch, and din- aving and ner tabi f we can multiply an ounce the actual practical result. There is the fats, or what-not per day by ossibitity of demonstrating that democ » people, we have saved 180,- st organize itself without the neces- 00,000 pounds ina month, If we save "and conttal. a pound of flour per week, w 990,000 bushels of wheat per Ib is this multiplicati tities teaspoons, failure to our country we are 100,000.00 and 3 ing the success of the wlio! the w Ts th world in this war, it might be necessary who cannot der for us to adopt such measures as would thing? Who cannot prevent s force this iseue, bur if we come to thit Is not your right to life and freedom inhappy measure we shall be compelled worth this service? 195THE WEAPON OF FOOD By Hiker Hoover began, assamed! a larger place the economics, the statesmanship, and the strategy ef the war until it 15 my belief that food will win this war— starvation or sufficiency will in the end Hetermine the victor. The Allies are bloekiiing the food from Germany ; and the sucronncing vere trails are under pressure to export their surplus hoth ways and to reduce their im- ports. The Germans are endeavoring to starve the Allies. by sinking the food ships. Short production and lintitation of markets camulate to tender sre and all governments are faced with reduction of consumption, stimulation of produc- tion, control of prices anil readjustment of wages. The winning of the war is largely a problem of who cat organize this siwapor—food. Fe hs gradually, since the wat THE ZONE OF SUPPLY CIADUALLY SAR- wawiNe As to_our more intimute problems, to effect this end, it mst be obvious that the diversion of millions of men te war re- dices the productive labor of the Allies, aund in consequence the food production. Also the destruction of food at sea_and of still more importance, the continuotts destrnetion of shipping, has necessitated the gradual retreat in area from which overseas food supplies cin be olvtiined to any given country. ‘Thus there has grows not only a How jon of supplies, but an accumulation accessible markets. ‘The result of these cumulative forces is that North America is caller upem, by beth Allies and neutrals, for quantities of food far he its normal export abilit What this tax npon our resources amounts to is evident enowsh from the fact that during the past fiscal year we fave increased our grain exports from 120,000,000 bushels—the three-year, pre- war average—fo 403,000,009 hitshels, This year the Allied production ie: re- duced by 300,000,000 bushels over last year, sind we must theruiore meet a much larger demand. Ourexports of meat and fil products baw increased from pre- war average of $40,000,000 porns to 7,509,000,000 pounds for the last fiseal year, And ewitg to the decrease in their aninal herds, the Allies will reqitire still more next year (see page 189). PRODUCTION MIST MY QYICKENED AS WILL, AS CONSUMPTION CUT DOWN Tf the extremely high prices thunder- ing at every door were nob a suificient demwnstration, it is possitle, by -actunl figures, to. prove that we have been ex- parting many eninmodities actually. be- yond ane capacity to produce. ‘Taking tha: Breda yonir-qyrbawiai period ak sobs we din pork, for instance. the number of mals on-hand on the goth af Jume this vear is variously estimated at from 02 to U8. The slaughter of animals during the year was-at the rate of 170; the exports: were at the rate of 215, and the natural consequence is that the price is-at 250, During the pust year we have exported every last ounce of which the cotntry during this period was capable ai pro- dicing, and out national stork of cereals and animal products, proportionate to our population, was at the beginning af this harvest the lowest in onr history, and many of us have been under the keenest anxiety lest we would face absolute short= age. ‘This ansions period is now bappily passed. The demand in many commodities dur- ing the coming vear is beyond our capae- ity to furnish if we coristime or normal anounts. The necessity of maintenance of the Allies us omr first line of defense and our duty to humanity in deeding the neutrals demand of us that we reduce ‘ou every tntecessary consumption and every Waste to the last degree—and even then the world dependent on us mest, face privation. (See also pages 187 and 189.) Ohuitig 10 the limitation of shipping, we ttiust confine one exports to the mast cor torTHE WEAPON OF FOOD centrated foodstuffs—grain, beef, pork, dairy products, and sugar. We must control exports in sich a manner a3 to protect the supplies of our own people. Happily we have un excess ‘of some other commodities which, cannot be shipped, particularly corn and_perish~ ables, and we can do much th, iierense various exports if we can secure sib- Stitutions af these in the dict of our peo- ple; but above all we must eliminate oor waste, Our fitst duty lies to our Allies, and 1 they are to sacrifice.a share of our fool to neutrals, and if this is nfso the result of our own savings and our own productive labor, these neutrals should expect to Fur- nich equivalent scrviec in other digections to the common pool against Germany. Populations short of food hesitate at ho pirice, and in those commodities where there is demand beyond supply, whether food or otherwise, the ald law of price- fixing by “supply and demand” is broken. SPKCULATION ENGENDERED TY. O DEeMaxn ch an! over-demand gives oppurtu- for vicious speciation and presents an instability to trade which nécussitutes lening margins in distributing profits and great damage to the cousmmer. It results in marking up the prices of mil- lions of articles upon the shelves and en- gages the whole of the distributing trades in inherent speculation. Tr is upon this question of price that 1 wish to dwell for a moment, ‘We have all listened to the specious ar- uments of the siren. of bigh prices: it t Rlralded as the mark of prosperity and to possess economic advantages: it is advocated asia conseryation measure. Tt fs true, high prices reduce consumption, ut they reduce it through the methods of famine, for the burden is thrown on to the elass of the most limited means, and thus the class least-able to bear it ‘There is no nitional conservation. in robhing out working classes of the abil- ity to buy food. High prices are cou~ servation. by reducin; ndard of living of the majority. Tt. works: no hardship an the rich and discriminates againet the poor. 199 Real conservation lies in the equita- ble distribution of the Teast necessary amount. and in this country we eat only hope to obtain it a8 a voluntary service, voluntary self-denial, and yoluntary. re- duction of waste by each and every man, woman, and child according to his own abilities; nor alone » contribution of food to,ouir Allies, hut a contribution 10 lower We have and will retain sufficient food forall ourpeople: ‘There is no economic reason why there should be exerbitant prices. We are notin famine, It is ob- vious that dur people must have quanti- ties of food and must have them at pricos which they can pay from their wages. LEAD TO STHLEKES, DISHES, WIOTS, AND. VNDERMINE Aq VION, EFFICIENCY TE we are-to haye ascending prices, we mmitist have ascending wages. But as the wage rises’ with inequality, it is the door leading to strikes, disorder, riots, and: defeat of our national efficiency, We are thus between two fires—to con trol prices er to readjust the income of the whole community, The verdict of the whole af the world’s experience is in favor of price control as the lesser evil. ‘There are few who will disjmte the ad- wantage of such regulation as will elimi- hate speculation and extortionate jirofits, ‘This is difficult to disassociate fram fix- ing of prices, yet a great deal may be done by siiuple regulation and the organ- ization of trades to police themselves under govertiment patromage—to putt reg nfations into force sx will protect the iegitimate and. patriotic trader—for no ane will deny that_ speculation against the consumer i5 a vidios crime in our pres~ ent st ‘The large question of the hour is price fixing, beeause the suspension of the law of dé iand and supply as an. equine economic law 35 forcing our hand in every direction, ‘The total experience of Europe has demonstrated that tmany methods of price control, such as maximums and inininims, are a fallacy, and in them selves stimulate evasions and generate economic currents, which, while they may te @ temporary palliative to # situation,Many’ of the fire he ittion's ep nice of ent torte fire 1) anal carried it 10 tie teafest comumuity ultimately ma ba cust of pi that will n howeve down n deal with So: lon ak, no economic WASHING’ ied up bis leaves, amd “put si wal iv the very founda= vd disteiinstion. fetice in. piriee-fix= mntibi has re- fixed specified given commod its raw to d as nearly rodwetion able fetuirr pital will find, tis we x n with the war creasing one. commod: be taken int it by oxy lf every sit t Tules, ion on its merits as demand and. supply have ommodity, we had best Our repairs to the break cconomie control in ies mst, be designed to repair th t with a to setting up new ystems or theori § TIREMAN CANNING: TITS * CORN COP 8 vate Ta pan-ynrk Bf Thi Hoti¢ fitemian harvested his ning center, where he donned a fastack of this delectable food i IXING AND LuoMteTtOX It a ‘sto me we cam divide ou comin thy: in First. These earn produce our own sup there is uch consequence HO) export well leay no pers¢ the ner and then. we deal with the person. cand. ‘Those commocditi which ¢ step to re fe export price. In stich may mention wheat and flow ve we Thich choice as to the these cenimuatities, for under the agreements between nil the Allies ourREMEMBER JACK SPRATT an fe he Bi tlt dol care for it “Pals MAY We are said te consis there times qh \Mlied phe chase or direct the purchase of supplics ta this country, and as the: hi in many © tm lominate the price, we are face with, prise de termination whe will or not. Commodities where intternal d Js the supply aml where:direct Hone (da not suffiefently in the prives aid here we are dri price-fixing at once, to which coal already fallen, Fourth, © exports ig mimadities where our im ports control the We can in some Instances contro! the volume sind price of imports so abvinusly and it ix sto regulate price, ; ONT interest to export as little of etir money as we ean In all coutril af price, there is ot dominant factor, ‘The very need oF 1 control is proof of insuffi tion ennt pres and in war the necessity: itself tran- The scenuls the cost . the constant dominant thought in price must be the stimulation of production. here is, a. potit at which stimulatic cent of volume price, and the n To get hinety per frodiction costs one cdf the comm to ane Win TH op Frog a0 Adakia strat wat fate necessary far-proper nutrition secure cach advancing anit of production toads one hundred: percent becomes a problem! of balinee in the necessity for the commodity against the burden of the consumer We have in the Food Administration put into action-a form af price control through purchase af the exports of wheat and flowr, The governtnent murst lov contract the buying of wheat for exp and the export volume contrats the prie We were immediately confronted with price cteterm act von ee FARMER trate Hat Wad NG ps mistory Is ‘determin in the farmer himself, anid gave bim the majority the commission, to determine a fair prie We gave him the national balance and prayed him to weijgh carefully ancl justly, For the first time in histary he had a voice in fixing price, and unanimously de- termined $2.20 per bushel, with certain differentials on focal i grade We then created a voluntary engine of our best commereinl mon to carry this de-Cooking ad. of Sausage AN OLJHCTSLESSON (N FINE CONSERVATION OF Farts Every Spoontit] of Drippings luable in Cooking tiegrapk feona Wowdl Adimlatratle “Starvation ar snifictency will in the end detueminn the ssetor fw this war” into effect, and to eliminate all speculation, and to redute the cast of tribution, in, hopes of finding relief to the cons We can now measure the re~ silts. The farmer will receive about 60 cenit pier bushel more for his wheat than his 9 Inst year, Sixty cents per cisiv bushel al to ahiout $3 per barrel in flour. ‘The price of wholesale flour per barrel fess than the last four months” sverage. So here is the measure of re speculation and distribution char per barrel increase te the deerease to the consumer. The Food Administration has np pow- ers to fix prices except through the ex- port buying, the power to buy and sell certain commodities, and the further power to enter voluntary agteemients with producers. A case of the latter Hes in sugar, where We agree with 95 per cent af the hect producers that they shall fix the price at ain figure, and we iro pose ty reinfarce this by the control of imports, sary to.enforee other mesures ag five per cent if they to fall in with the majority Each and every commodity has its owe situation; each must be handled on the merits and with least interference by gor- twill effect purely war ends, and each by cotiperation with the fi itself. fustry, LITT MAW RR OVER PRONICER: RETAILER AND One itlusion in the mind of the public Tam anxious to dispel: The Food Ad- ministration, through its own authority and the cooperation of other governme sicies, can acconiplish a great deal, litt it ix Himited absolutely to th commerce between the producer and the retaifer. We are stopped in law within this we cum duly use influence of both the retailer and producer de pend upon their patrictism, In this area we cant only regulate the flaw of trade nd hol! it to, moder: fi jae speculation. This is step short of price control—exeept whore we can nplish price control by the indirect means I have quoted ate In the Fod Administration we intend to confine ourselves to ten or twelve fum- damental staples—those food commod ties that make up the busts of Hife—we take no interest in the fusnries or even semi-luxurics, We have laid dows certain pr es of colperation with the Insi- fess comunity, and if we are te succeed on these lines we mitst have thelr stnpo We are asking the various tradcrisis is the mana ar staples to conperate with ald both by proc able and nor he that ho Aghtm man in, this community wants extra profit from. the war nistration tod rected by a body of 250 volunteer repre COM POR TIE DATRY, them to help i: serve, all, te regulate distribution. ls helpful, and in ganization has been com bon of the busines: all: faileil to secure this ¢1 peration ina Lam not, in view discouraging W of the su ld over wiferenves with representatives: of We have asked be under the that selfieh and self-interest, backed by at, that is luminated by rmment in this crisis, 206slay cats in their heitig wide commerc inity, We wish to stamp’ our on coriimiuiail with the stamp of service in publie fn est with sacrifice of OTs IN TLETNOIS ries to piillic service of pir enti ic is worth while It ments i Ressia trom thin px so brothers, it is but Tittle to or effective form And. it i= a service which, if given now jon or distribmtion will not be without interest returns for the future. his interest in a thomsand: fold will come in two directions. condition the ind: TALE LOGO EFLATONS WE RCE intolerable as to n the hotbed of i we receive this suppart, we will have demonstrated the ‘of radical claims ifiable as this revolution may haye is te the necessity oF social and as great a cause of likerty as dnstries. Tf we fail we will I muy Te » one can deny that the we to the nands antl whole t is revolution has ir complain socialistic, and One looming ¢ war is its velopment into pra drift toward ith. the gi. Strait the revaluti ic sacrifice of life the world is de fram much exp Sof props id-we the reaction frr 1 ment 3 heir public duty. d comaamers210SACHS must orgTHE GEOGRAPHY OF MEDICINES War's Kffect Upon the World’s Sources of Supply By Joux Poors, M. D, ee HEN the war cloud burst in Ye a sudden paralysis vf credit temporarily engulfed the ‘Western World, As business: rela were restored, ocean travel resimet, and traders set iiside the sense of danger, cer tain. secretive individuals crossed from Surope, keeping ty themerlves and avaid-~ ing Smoking-room conversation, using the wireless pyermuch, and teeeiving daily aerograms in private code. ‘Th were speculators, gamblers, these ner- vous, anxions-looking unknowns, not dealers in war materials nor food, but speculators in drugs—the kind nf things that you and 1 so frequently buy in the corner drug store. Ta gain possession of existing stores ‘of German manufactures, and especially. German patented chemicals, was the game these gentlemen played, and at such ‘chortinus profits as to make the plungers in “war brides” of later days seem con- servative bankers hy comparison. For instance, the speculator who in July, 1914, invested $1000 in antipytin, sed exten ely in headache remedies, would 15 OF 1916 have a profit on his chase of $19,000, with no possible cl ance ‘of astump inthe market. ‘This was prac- tically true of all patented German mi cinal chemigals in general use, as well as many substances necessary in the arts and scietiees, No merchant sells more siversély born or more wirely traveled merchandise than the pharmacist, and aveordingly no linsincss is so quickly disorganized when trade routes are disturbed as the import- ing and distributing of drags: for the ar- of trade are like the arteries of the