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  • National Geographic Magazine 1917-10

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    National Geographic Magazine

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    National Geographic Magazine

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    308 visualizações150 páginas

    National Geographic Magazine 1917-10

    Enviado por

    Ray Frausto
    National Geographic Magazine

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    =, GEOGRAPHIC “| MAGAZINE SPECIAL EDITION nted to the United States Army and N nd Navy b 24] FLAGS OF THE WORLD [4 BYRON MeCANDLESS i. 3ILBERT GROSVENOR With 1197 Flags in Fu 300 Additional [lu THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD ALL NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON. D.C. JOHN £ PILLSAURY Viceentsionnt JOHN JOY EDSON = TREASURE ©. H, TITTMANN Paeseoent GILBERT 1, GROSVENOR, pinecton AND KOITOR GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, assistant secarTaRY JOHN OLIVER LA GORCE 9, P AUSTIN to1s-1917 CitaRLES J. Bent resident American Security and Trust Company JOHN Joy: Epson Peesidemt Washington Lows & "Frost Ceepary Davin FaireniLp tes Charge of Auriculttira poration, epheot Aa C. Hart Memeiam Mumiber National Academy 6f SSence 0. P, AUSTIN Statisticians GuORGE R. PUTNAM (Chmmiasioner U.S, Bureau of Lightness Groce Suis, 30 Fortnerly Member U- ees, Panel Nuuraliat, WWitdSoasne Photoxrnpte Gant Squints ASSOCIATE EDITOR SEERETART BOARD OF MANAGERS 1916 tHte FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the tnterior Henpy P. Buounr Vice-President Amurican see ‘curity und Traat Company Cc. M. CHESTER Rear Agmital Formerly ‘hservalory Faepenice V. Covitue Formerty, Presidentol West Tnuctom Acubany ef Sciences Jous £. Piiisnury Rawigation RuDOLeN KAUPP ANN, Mansuing Eaitor The Evening ‘Star T. L, MacbonaLp MOD, PACS S.N.D. NorTH WILLIAM J. SHOWALTER RALPH A, GRAVES: ASHISTANT EDITOR ASEISTANT EDITOW 1917-1919 ALEXANDER Gata a BELL Inventor of thie telephone J, Howarp Gorn Prot. Emeritian Mathematicn, "The Ova. Wauinngton Un AW. GReewy Bccplorer, Malor Cen’ 5. Army Gu.seer H. Grosvenor t O. H, Terran Pormariy Superintendent i Geodetic Sur= ver Henry Waive Formariy U.S. ammtbisamtor 10 Peance, Hinlyete. Joun M. Witsow rlandher General aS. Armey. (ermerty Chit at nctnoers New York To.carry out the purpose for which it was founded eaten years ago, namely, ‘‘the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledg: the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired, For material that the Society can use, adequate remunera- ion is made, Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelope and postage, and be addressed < GILBERT H. GROSVENOR. Enitor CONTRIBUTING EDITORS Avexanper Gravam Bene Davin Fatectti.: Huot M. Sarre N. M. Dagon Faank M. CHAPMAN A.W. GREELY C. Hart Meretam ©, H. Trermann ROBERT HOLLISTER CHAPMAN Water T. Swinche Hiern atthe Pout -Ortice at Washington, D.C., es Seonmblians Stull Matter Coupright. 101% by Natinnal Gecsrmuliie Soriety, Washington, D.C, All rights reserved bi iain nm Lr LL FLAGS OF THE WORLD ny BYRON McCANDLESS Ueutenant: Commander U.S. Nan) AND GILBERT GROSVENOR Fdivor Narton ic Magnsinw With 1197 Flags in Full Colors 300 Additional Mlustrations in Black and White PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GHOGRATHIC SOGIETY WARHINGTOR, 1. ¢ bas Sui TT TTT TOT T T T TTT Copyaiair ay THE Nattoval Grocrarmic Sociuty 1917 Wasurectios Paes ur Junw & Dierwouur, Ive. wit THE WHITE HOUSE WASHINGTON 14 December, 1917 My dear Mr. Grosvenor: The Flag Number of the National Geographic Magazine is indeed most interest- ing and most valuable. I sincerely congratu= late you on the thoroughness and intelligence with which the work has been done. It consti- tutes a very valuable document indeed. Cordially and sincerely yours, Hird Melon Mr. Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Director, National Geographic Society. HE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY. Deommber 3, 1937 dy dear Mr. Grosvenor? 1 wish to congrevuiste uné thank you for the magnificent Fleg Mumber of the National Geokirmphic Nasurines Tt had forme 3 per fons] so well ap # national interest, beenuse during the wueks thst ‘Meutenant Commander Byron Mecandloss wse:tusy in the preparation of the artieles and the fisgs which adorn the magapine T caught something of the epirit of enthusisam and patriotinm which murked the delightfal le~ ‘nor which he brought te the etudy and preparstion of wist to truly an ‘ietoric munbér. Te have given to the people © besutiful Flag Sunber wt any tine would keve temn in Reaping wits the edtostional servios which the Notdonki Geographia Megnsine hua long rendoreé to the American pub— lige To Rave given this service at thie tine, when the Flag sstns sore to un then ever befere in our history, and whem million of poong men sre responding cheerfully to ite cil Because oF the principlen 1t symbolises, your Flog Mumber say be truly said to which will be Won under the inepiretion of the idemie which the Fine en- 8 contetoution to the rlotory bedten. Sinearely youre Pactra ne. Guibert, Groayenor, Batter, ‘The E,tional Geographic Magazine, tamatfgten, D. 6e Desenber 22, 1917 My dear Mr. Gronvenor? am very glad to huve the medond copy of the Ying Tamu oF the jutional Geographia agus ine which you were good anough to bend So, the feet Lvingr sleeudy reached me ot my hohe, end Taian to thank you an babalt of my aguoatater in ti fur dapartnant for the Society's generous offer to proment a apectal edition of 6900 copies ef the mag~ Sine for the wee of Tp nen in the Aray. Thin jesue ie not only of gensrai intermet, am ail the inmces af tho magorine are, but of parssuont value for reference, and of por- thoular waefulneas to the men in the military serviee of tho United Staten at thin tise. With boot wishes and renowd thanks, 1 am sorassily yours, ur, Gilbert #. Grosvenor, Haitor, mae pions GecerePhie Vasirine, bington THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY THE FLAG BOOK LAGS symbolize the noble axpira- tions and glorious achievements of the human pace; they epitomize the Tomance of history; they incarnate \the airy af the ages ‘Their origin is divinity itself: for when, at the beginning of recorded time, Jeho- vah made ‘a covenant with man, prom- ising that never again would He send the waters to cover the face of the earth and. destroy all flesh, He unfurled the first flag—the multiined banner of the rain- bow—whith He set in the cloids as a symbol of sécurity and an assurance to all future generations of His: watchful ciire, And sinee that day: mar his, in his finite way, employed his earthly ‘banners as ettthlems of faith, of hope, and ef high resolve, Around the bits of varicolored bunt- we which’ the people of each land nom- jnate as a national flag, thete cluster thaughts of loyalty, of patriotism, and of personal sacrifice which have enabled the world to move fotward, from the day when cach individual struggled for hi self alone, like other wild aninmls of plain and mountain’ side, nntil, through cor munity of interests amd unity of effort, mankind hns heen enabled to rear the splendid structure of twentieth century etvilization. ‘When the savage began te emerge front ‘his isolation and ‘took the first steps to ward becoming a sveial creamre, profit- ing by association and cobperation with fellow human beings, one of his first needs wai a sign or a symbol whereby he could Uistinguish during primitive battles, betweon creatures of Ts own tribe or family and those of enemy tribes A peculiar type of club, a splotel of colored clay on-the body of the warrior, and later some tule device on his clumsy shield served for a time the pirpese of insignia ntually these bits of wood. bodil ornamentation, aid shield signs were re placed hy the skins of atiimals attached to poles ‘so that they: might be held high io the air-and recognized at a distance. From suet ertide beginnings it is easy tu trace the evolution of the Rags of civil- ized man, Today, while it is true that we are thinking of the fags of our awn and of other nations in relation to sanguinary strife, these emblems of armies and navies have a deep and noble Significance far removed from their use in’ leading men to hatel In. reality flags are the bul- warks of idealists AM INSPIRATION TO TERSONAL SackIFIOE ‘The fing epitomizes for an army the high principles for which it strives battle, Were it not for the ideals which it keeps ever before the soldier he would be bestialixed by slaughter. Lt keeps inea's motives lofty even in, mortal come hat, making then forgetful of perssnal gain and of personal revenge, but eager for personal sncrifice in the cause of the country th With ull realization af what the stories af the flags of the world mean, each to its own people, and with the belief that Americans will be inspired by ander Nore: The pages of the Flag Book are numbered as they ajiieare! in the Namionat, Gra quarstic Mauazine (No. 4. Wok tt}. SHEN (ak AY TEE DOW WILE TAKIN ‘The President's Rag (No. 2 pn the labor of a skilled seamstress fc feather and cach scale, tintt be eareftlly et the American Navy are “full drvspadl, ate the Fourtli of Jul the birthiay, of lim wha wi dress ship’ upon the thei sa matter of staniling and appreciating the motives.the traditions, and the sentiments which hav given birth to thes: various symbols of sovereignty, the Nationat, Groce Sociriv presents this work, dev the flags-of all countries. In the present world stragg United States of America is now we of this land hold to the ideals represented” in the history and the promise f the Stirs and Siripes—the ideals of Fife, liberty, and the pursuit of happim eguarded for all mankind, And themgh many mest fall in the chievement of those ideals, a noble and mperishable good will endure as-a, mone: ment to their sacrifice. History can be- stow upon) such soldiers no higher ens in wht Wi Peas THT THE FLAcsHIN (SEP Wkountry's national holidays er ix hance hbtogri gb iy WHICH FLIES 1 MAVPLOWER” TO ALSO FAGE $24) 1 Chamnert WARD A MAME FLAG 410) is one of the most difficalt flags to make, requ fan entine shanth, sidered, as are the , the tirthday of the mation iteeli, and th anaatn fitst in the hearts of his Evers detail of the eagle, caxl ‘Un two (lays mt the year the alipe ut tleshins shown here. Teds eceasintis ‘Teenty-sceand af Felireary, siiteymien, ‘To “fall when in foreign port, yernational courte fthe presence of comm than that Defenders of the Flag. In presenting 1197 flags in accurate colors and design, the plates of which were utilized for this valumie, the Soctery isstied the most expensive, instructive, and beautiful number of its magazine in the history of periodical litetatare: FINE RIG TASK OF MAKE PhaG NUAERER rae Tnassembling the Nags of the world. in choosing the correct from the spurious designs, and in inobilizing, so to. spe the flag lore of our own America, as well as in the research which has matte it pose sible to present here many flags pregnant with historic associations, the N.vttonat O84 THE Grogkarnie Soonery has beet fortunite jn having the enthusiatic cooperation and active professinnal services oF the fore- most flag expert of the United States Governient-and probably the leading au thority in the world an flag asuges among murine nations— Lieut, Commander Byrott McCandless, of the United States Nay, Lieut. Commander McCandless was the flag officer of the American fleet at Vera Cruz in tong, and in the performance of iis duties there he fount that the signal officers atid enlisted men were handi- capped in their work by the non-existence. ofa flag book. Being far temaved from 4 printing establishment, vhe ingenious cer met the condition by chiseling flag plates from leaden sheets and. printing in color.n book of flags with a hand-press in- stalled on the fagship. This unique pab— Heation attracted wide attention among naval officers, and the demand for copies of the work became so great that the im Frrovised flag plates, made of soft metal, soon wore away, ‘Lieut. Commander MeCundiess was in- deed by the Navn ARTIC So crety to undertike, with the consent of the Secretary of the Navy, the assembling of the flags of the world for this volume, In view of the value of this lag material to the government, the Soguzty has do- nated 5.009 copies of the Flag Bonk.to the United States Navy sind 5,000 copies to the Arm Ia addition to the expert services of Lieut, Cothmander MeCandless, the Ea- itor has had_the assistance of John La Gorce, the Assoeinte Haitors of WH- finm Joseph Showalter, Ralph A. Graves, Franklin La Fisher. amd other members, of the editorial staff in the months of research work necessary to sdcute the historically acenrate data descriptive of the more than 1,200 flags in colors and fn black and white. Thos, through stich concerted effort, it is possible to present in this issne the most complete and au- thoritative work on flags ever published, wityy of the coats-of-arms and airmg on many of the ban TATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCTETY ners and the ration of all the calor plates: iit their accurate pruporti¢ns, as well as the notable achievement in rich color printing, have been accomplished through the mechanical efficieney and. ar- tistic codperation of the Beck Engraving Company of Philadelphia, in the. proe~ esses of color pritting it was necessary to aperite the presses in daylight only, in order that the tims and shades might be kept true for each of the 23,000,000 pages (32 pages of calor in each of more than copies of the Navioan Guocuarnic Macaztxn). ‘The Flag Number and the Flag Book, like all the other issues since the found- ing of the magarine twenty-nine years ago, owe their attractive typographical appearance to Messrs. Tudd & Detweiler, Inc., of Washington, D. C. TTR WORK OF MUESTING 5 vast has grown the membership of the Natioxai, Gnooiariie Socresy that one finds it hard to realize how le~ spread is the geographic interest it, has engendered or how many maguames mist be printed before each’ member can te- ceive his or hee copy: Two. strileiny illustrations of the Socnery’s numerical strength have come home to the Editor in the issuance of the Flag Number, With one of the largest color printing plants in America engaged in producing the 32 pages of flagsin celars, it took 75 work- ing days—three montls—to print these alone. ‘The attention of the render is directed to the little vacatit spaces after flags Gyo. aiid 666 respectively {pages 330-331) ‘These blank intervals do not seem te be more than negligible: and yet, miming through) the entire edition of the Na- ThsaL Guacwamine: Manazese, th or wotild form a ribbon of paper twenty miles long: Giiarrt Grosvexon, Editor aid Diréetor, National Geographic Sa INDEX TO FL. ih Worse) dsuesisions of si Woeseet dinilay ut Enid Sta wi fovees of United Hiales S AND INSIGNLA 1, ELAG TN SeHoor. vet Teethers THE § The text and ithestrations TF in angury of that perpetual peace for which all mankind hopes as the outcome of the world war, mimedintely follawing the critrance of the United States of America into. the great struggle to secure democracy for all peoples and freedom from the menace of militarism fur all nations, the Stars and Stripes were received gratefully ani reverently into that historic shrine of the English-speaking race—St. Paul's Ca- thedral, London—there to be presetved among the hallowed hanners of the hosts, of liberty (seepage 302). ‘This cpochal event marked the alli- anee, in a sored cause, of the two great self-governing Anglo-Saxon nitions just 140 years after the birth of that Star Spangled Banner in, the trayail of the conflict whieh severed the American Re- public from the British Empire, From the embattled pinnacle of high resolve and lofivy idealism where the American flag has always floated, the cbuthe of its tise may be suryeyed—an inspiration to the patriot, an cndiring emblem of hope for the oppressed. The atoty of the Stars and Stripes:is the story of the nation itself; the evolution of the fing is symbolic uf the evolution of our free institittions ; its development epitns mizes the amazing expansion of aur boundaries and the developinent of our mutural resources; its glorions history is the history of the people whose sover- mic days of the republic, when the Thirteen Original States were almost as inany varieties of banners barne by the Revolutinnaty forces as there are today races fused into one. iberty-toving American people. The local fags and colonial devices (Nos, 361-366, 377-422) displayed in bat- tle on tind and’ sea during the first months TORY OF THE 4 this Flag Number, i copyright, and all rights wre re MERICAN FLAG ity cntivety, ane protected by ered of the American Revolution. proclaimed the attittde of the people of the several colonies in their grievances against the Mother Country. When Bunker Hill and Lexington were fought, some of the stusmchest patriots were still hopeful that an adjustment of Ihe difficulties with the home government could be effected, and although on June 15, 1775) General Washington lad been appointed commander -in= chief of the Continental forces raised, or to be raised, “for the defense of American tiherty.”” the Continental Congress nearly a mouth later (July 8)_adilressed? an appeal to King George in which ihe petitioners styled themselves “Your Majesty's faith. Tul subjects" DISINCLINED TO SEVER ALL ‘THES Disinelined to sever all ties with Eng- land, vet bitterly resentfol of the treat tment accorded them and unyielding. im their determination ty resist further op- pression, when it became necessaty ta adopt an ensign for their newly: created navy, in the autumn of 1773. the revolt ing colonies chose a flog that reflected their feeling of ynity with the Mothe Con it the same time expressed their firm joint parpose to demand and obtain justice and Thhertw, ‘The events which resulted in the estab lishment of the Continental navy, and therehy the birth of the first flag repre- sentative of the thirteen. united colanies, constitute one Gf the most picturcape chapters in Arjerican history. At the be- ginning of October the Continental Con- gress, sitting in Philadelphia, learned that two unarmed North Conntry-built: brigs Were sailing from England loaded) with arms, powder, and othet stares destined for Quebec. As the colonics were need of powder and possessed neither Incketies, or lex inmauencrare aoe aioe for bringing it from abroad, Congress D olf Ve ew) Bait AWERD: ‘ Sas THE MANNINC Cham Wine Thy vOUGIr AND Het, ts NOW TER MARTIAG SHROUD he colonial expture: » dispateh th n of enceptin nitionsladen brigs. The aid of the armed vessels of Rhode Islan¢ also ron f ny AM. the Admi deseribe i Fowyx, and lty Office beari a field of w teed. who w at he wished to " floct— © and the Lady s little nd af John : THE KARKY AMERICAS. NAVY aptutred f s cargo of 4.000 tr tons of musket shot, 3,000 ronnd urrele of powder, and a 13 (ar hie th April ‘congress as ‘listinguished from the dier-manned feet tinder General Was ington. Immediately follmying his paintmerit Commodore Hopkins (the fir and anly commander-in-chief the navy er had) set sail from Rhode Idlard in ‘that colony's armed vessel Katyand ar- rived in the Dekawite River on {December 3.1773. ‘The same day the commodore assumed the formal command of the litte squidron which the Congress had placed under Li - FAUT, JONTS. RAISES, THE TH The maimer in which that command nal importance, in ried tie hoisting of the first thily American flag. And the distinction of having released the banne to the breeze belongs to that daring spirit, John Paul Jones, one of the chief among heroes in the hearts of American naval officers aind seamen, Jones, at that time senior Titutenant, (corresponding to exce. utive officer in the navy today} of Hop- kins’ flagship, the the.escutehooti on the Lreust of the American eagle dmlared proper. (petra feated in its niturut cofurs), holiting in his dexter, (right) talon an olive branch, and in his sinister (left) a handle af thirteen arrows, Al proper (nafaral colors), and its is beak 3 Scroll, inscribed with. this motto, “4 \Plueibur Tuam” (Gur of Many, Gow). Z Crest—OWver tite bid of the eagle, which apicars above the eyecitelieni, a glory (circle of light), cr (gold), Weakinge through a tli, pce, Sn surreanding thiricen stits form= aya CiteReMfatiea, Aen, On. im aatire field, Reverse —A pyramul-ungnished. Wn the te With on ese i a trivnile, surrouidcd with glory, proper, Over the. aye these, “Amiuit Cooptie” (He [God] hace smiled owe ndertatinas). a She tise of the prt: mii] the numerical letters MDCCLYXW Laci tinderneath the following mnotta, “Norm Orta forum” LA New Order of Apes). Accompanying the repact, and avlopted by Congress, was the follnwing: ic eartiicheon i composed of the ehief und pale, the two most honorable orslimaries. (i- isions)- jece, poly (eipria! fy seid ths rd Of thio eating, alternating), represent the sev eral States nif joined in one. solid, eompact tine, atippOrtini a chief, which wits’ the whole and represents Congress, "motte allades to this union. ‘The pales in the aria are id slosely united by the eddie, anit f depends om that unto and the ag frie it firr its suipninct, to a cotfederacy of the United States of America and the proservation of their union through Congres, The colars af the pates are those need) in the fing of the United Stace of America: shite signifies purity anil innocence; red, hardiness amd valir; and Bue, the colar of the chief, Siguifies vinilant perseverance anil justice. The olive branch and srrows denote. the power of peice and war, whieh fs exelustvely vested in Congress. The conatetlution denotes A new Stile taking its pice and rank omony other sovereign powers, ‘The esctttcheo ix 5 bobne om) the ‘bredst of ai American’ enh without atty_ollier siippuiters, te devote that Ug Lined States ought to ely oe their ome irae. Rererse—Thit pyramid Signties | strenetis and duration. ‘The eye aver in and che motte, allude to the tany sizual interpositions nf Provklente in favor af the American cate. The date ynderneath, is thay of the Declara- tion af Independence, art the words taeder it Figtify the howinnmig of the new American fa, hich commences from phat dite ‘Nhe tetcese of the stal has pever een cut sil hes hen glinwed to go anion’ Beall ta: the present day, Uses oy THE Guay SEAL When the Continental Conutess mate 1 shverse of the great sealat the national ar it intended that the sevice shoul! pase into eantiiat ee amon tnt peuple, as Hoe faye fas sleac, and Hike she lis, the arms at Gest et with general approval. wiifch soon gave place fi am acengiance off 34, fF the Teer ant sovereignty af the ates ‘The seal itel¥ fs, of courye, a very Timed suse, which is strictly gunrded’ by laqe. "The Sceteaary of Stale is Ais’ eitstindiim, tyat oven he huis no suthurity to affix it to. an paper thar lows not bear the President's siinatnre. At the present time the seal of the United Staten Te albixed to the cominissicts of all Cabinet officers atil Wiplonsatic aitd ponsnlar officers who are mominated by ihe President and coniitmed hy the Senate; all ceremonious ‘eoitigminicationt front the President. to te hieads pt foreign governments; all treative, coneentiins, and formal mgreemenia of the President with fercign powers; all proclama- tions by the Presilent; all exegnatare to fore ciign chngalae ufficers inthe United States who are appointed by the heads of the governments which they, represent; to warrants bythe Prevent to reetive persons sarrcmdered. by Foreign governments under extradition trea tiegy and to afl mineellaneois commissions of civil oificers aypointed by the President. Ireanit with the advice and comment of the Senate, whose appointnichis are nat now esticchally diz rected by law to be signed under a different seat ack.—Vessely at atichor (Ay the genio je a the jackstaff (the sinff ap the bow) from. ineening. to evening colors, ‘The jack hoisted at the (ore mast is a signal for a pilot (220), A gun may be fired (0 call antemiim fo it." Holsted at the iicsem mast or at ii yard arm it a thnt n, geveral court martial or a conrt of init by in sessivrn. When a diplomatic official of the United ‘States of and above the rank: of charge taf fsires pays an oficial visit aflnat ina host af the ivy, a ition jack of a sititable size 13 car fs ana jae the see When the at Hovernor of Gram, ‘Turns, or ‘irgin Islinds of Oe United States otiharhy tau baat, swithits the Hints of hiv government. dor the purpose of paying visite of ceremony, i hin ‘afieial cay retnot, a union jack of ‘i staff fir the bow of Wont, The inion fuck at the main was the flag of the Secretary of the Navy from to July 4 4 When the pre: Me fag: fig cane tte ise. When warn ots Jacke are auryeyedt ond burned in the qmamner us casizes "The proper se of fuk va sept with mr ettslige that corresponiting inwdimensiow to the uni ‘of that conige (sen dtiawing, pase 42). Yachts fitay: dlaplag, the vimion jure white at anchor ot the jackstart frora Sm, to sunset, when wash Glothes ice not teieed ui, & Seas, ow tHe Peesipcnr—This tx tle per- soni seal of the President, and the press from which it is tude Bas bom in use for many ars. device fe to be seem in tho Pree dent's Mage (3). in bronze, ja the Sacer of the eutrance corridor of the Witte House amd in the fuvnrite stick-pin of the President. 6. thew Fier Stans ane STM, adloipted bye act of Congrees Jume 14, 2777 (eee page 207). Tn its resatanon Congress did! not direct a soe~ cite arrangement of the thirteen wars in the it borane customary: to dis ty form the ernsses. Of St. George anit St. Andrew, am arrangenient distinetty iMustrated in Rhode Tsland’s banner 4,955 )- Winn 55) Stutres ast tz x — When Vermont “entered the Union (March 4.1701), followed by Kemtucky Came Taga) was felt that the ew States sfould the sme ropescitation int the design of the Hig thut thie original thirteen States pos sessed, arn Congress accoritingly passes thie follawing ‘ack which wis apntored by Fvexi- dent Washington om Jus 13 I7o4? “He it enacted, ete... That from sind after the: firat day ef May, sine thenipatill seven hides and ninetytive, the flag of the United States be fifteen stripes, alternate fod and white, und, tint the Union te nteen stars, white ae a blue ie Iitahis flag the-stars were arranited in three paralich rows of five cach, wath pe, Bie ae ‘was the nal a use during the war of |812, and, in Seppember, IAtg. waving over Fort MecHesicy, it inapired Frauzis:Scutt Key to write the "Star Spangled ef.” Key wus aitle to General Smith at Haltimote and had gone aboard FL M.S. Mie dew ia the harbor: to arrange an exchange pf Prisoners While being detained pending the jombarinent ot the morning of September 14 184 he wrote the anthem. The arrangement ui the stars im the Fort McHenry tig is the navy arrangement, that paruiculae fag of tmmeate ioe Bucite) been spcrialy grade ty Mra Macy Viekersall under the diteetion gt Commolote and Get eral Striker, The fag is now in the Nathatial Muncum at Washington (ace page 29). The missing star is maid to. hove been cut ont anil sent to President Lined. This i» the dag that encouraged eur brave Jails in our war against the Barbory: pirktes, Tt seas the first ensign tn We holsted over 3 fare ef the OM World, On April 27, 1805, after a 306 Of stars, einblatoned thereon, With the desig. fF the bry of troops’ (46e 22), In ‘War the artillery te right (carry the Stine and Stripes ‘The infantry ed the donign of 22 until 1846, and the cavalry until 1847. when that Liranch (( the army wilk ordered th capry the Stary and Stripes: The history of the flag. Indicates thut the Stara sand. Stripes were tiot cafficially carried Wy tn In battie until the period OF the Megas Wer, 18getkq7. THE ARMY FLAGS Thie flags uscd hy tho United: States A: to designate its several branches are inte owe classes —eolors anal standart colors are used by unmounted poop and the Siaiilurle Uy moituted forces. ‘The principal difference herwen qhem is that the staadards are amuller ant have no. cords anil tasacts, he- equme farye flags ail cords anil taxiels would hhimler the movements of the mounted! atanile and hearer, oun Every regiment of engineers, artillery, infan- try, cavaley, etc. is guppbied with ont gtk rut Wonal standard or color (a7) and one silk regimental sandaril or culot(il, 14, 15. (ete. ). al ‘he “he sitk national and regimental eolors or Mandards até carried in battle, camy and fu aif okeasions of cetemnny: at regimental headqnarters in which two o¢ more companies ‘af the regiment participate, ‘The ollicial dosignition of the teyiment te engraved af a ailver tanil phicel on the pike or tance. Whea not it ube, colors and standards are. Kept ity their waterprool cases, M-garriton the standards or colvrs; when ot hi use, are kept in the cffice or quarters of the colonel and are escorted thereto an thete~ from by the color guard. In comp the solors of statdinds, when not jh we, arc pars in front of the enlonel’s teut, the national coher cor standard on. the right, From reveille 1 re= reat, when the Avcather perinite, they are une. from rutreat tu revidlle, and dirinyg itt- clement weather they aro cased. Th wetion the position of the atandyrda de colors. will, frilicated Ly the cclotiel, who z through thoir display, inspire enthusiasm find niaintain hatalc. He may, however, hold them hack when they rahe andi the enemy the direction of the main attuck, fhetray the panition of the main ledy, or tend ty eotnit! the regiment to defensive actin. In the presence of the enemy and during the “approach the alandurds ure carried cased, realy.) be instantly bron out df their inc spiration, it required ; In addition to the handsome stk day a ‘ational color of statdatd mule of bunting Or other mnitable material, hur in all: other re specte sinilar to the Sif national color or Standatd, is Furnisber ‘huttulion oF biugiront of catch seRimnemt. ere colore-and standarte arc for wae at Aeills atl on marches, und on all service. other than tatthes, campaigns, ard Not triore thin one national color or Mandind i carried when the regimen or any part of it is assembled. arteniem, regulations: gave’ _ The colors of 8 rogiment will mnt be placed in mnynrning of draperl, exces iehien gttered from the War Deparunent, Two streamers of cape 7 feet long: and about 12 inchos wile at ‘tached! tw the ferrule below the apeatheu! will tre ithe for the purpose. ‘The names unl datek of battles ta which Fegimis if styirate tetllions Rave garn pated are engraved on silver tianes at bh ‘on the pike of the colors or henge ard of the reximent or sepnrate hattalion, ax tho case may be. Tor this purpose ony the hams of those listles which confor’ to. the following definitivn are eongidired. viz: Bate thes are important engagements leiwoen inde Pendent armies in their own theaters of win, n conttradistinetion to estifliets in which tata saul portion of the oohwniny forees ure Razr all utter bein acco ta thie amature, aifaire, eattlats, aitirmishes, __. Tike names and dates of hurtlés which ji Proposed to have engraved ion the wilver are aubmitted to the War Department, which decides each case on 1 merits, At Teast tio companies, troops, or batteries of a regitnent ar separate fuittilion must have ‘pilsticipated in a buttle in order that the name of the hatte may he placed on ite colors or standards, A eon ed e nf the stand~ if tao. of battery ides: mit res ic for having participated in a hatte ume at lenat ooesbalt OF is actual eivength was engaged. ‘The Adjutant General of the Army furni tach company, troop, and with a ably engrossed eertifieate setting forth the names of all: battles, engagements, and minor affairs in which said compmy, troop, er bat= tery idrielputed, with the dates thictcof, and showin, as nearly as may the organisa Hone af the United States troops meaged therein, and against what enemy. This eer: Aitikuite states that the mames and dates of these battles are engraved on silver }unds on the pike of the colors of the regiment or battalion, ‘of the lanice of the stutilare of the resi iment cor battalion, as tho eae may he excce gti en the case cf companies which bave uw regi- mental oF battalion erganixitjon, This certifieave ih matably franed sind Rept posted in the birracks of the company, troup, or tatters, Whenover fa tho opinion of a. commanding officer the © ion of any ilk evtor, stand afd, or gnidon in the possession of hie ain mand has become unservicesbin, the kame a5. forwWatded to the dopo quartermaszer, Whites delphia, Pa, for-tepair, if practicable. ” Should it be found thar ite coniition does pot warrant the expenditure of funds thatanay be divolved, the depot quartermaster returns to the officer fcom whom received amt furaishes a. new cult, tabard, or guidon, Upcm receipt of new sille colors, stamdardss or yuidens, commanding officers cause tho replaced to he numbered ahd retained hy the Stgapization to which they below as menontos of service, a synopsis of which, lmarite the same nieenhier, will be Bled with the reunrds of the organization, 8 9, The President's colors in design are sini- ilar 10 the President's flay afloat (2), bet are made of silk, with heayy sill embroidery and bordered with gold. asd silver itinpe, with red, white, and. blue cord and tsscls, and a. gold eagle on the pike ‘The colors ate isplayed wits the President is in the presence of troops as commander-in-chiel. 16, ‘The colors of the Secreturyiel War are ited in the same manner aa the President's colore when the war minjster is the ranking official i the presence of troops. 11, ‘The infantry colors wre carrie hy. the aeveral regiments, encit with itn own. particular designation en the scroll below the eae, az Tue Assistant of War's calor are tuned in the same way af those of the Sec- retary of War wher he ix the ranking «ficial resent 1g. The colors of the coast artillety corps have a red eld, where those of the infantry thave blue; otherwise they are the same as che infantry colors, except for the yellow scroll acid the crukagdl cannon, - tg "the Chict of Stall bis ectors with, a field made ip of a red and a white triangle, the ved triangle having its base an the stat On the center is the iainiliat spread tale of ‘the mational cont-of-armn iy ma large white sar; a small white star on the red and a red star om the white complete the design, except for golden fringe, cord, and. tassels This flag ts Hown when the Chief of Stal in the presence of trogpa the ranking ofcer. 2g. The engineer colors are red, thc cttered scrall boing white, beating above it the engi- eer device, a castellated fort. 16. ‘The colors of the corps of cadets dis~ pensex with the familiar red anil blwe for a field, «ray Weinie substiterted therefor. Tnsteid of the coat-of-arms there ts an cstutcheon hearing the national clots, with a cap of Murs on the field, and surmounted by am eagle: ‘The cadet colors are fringed with yellow ard black and ey, 2}. The narionul standard used by, miounted troops and the tational colors used hy. im ‘mounted tronte are exactly alike; except: thar the colors are larger and have cords and tas sel, ason the Presidust's colors, 18. The cavalry standard has a field of yel- Now lurid, except in, ise Tike the infantry colors, withent conds or teeachs. 19. Tho fi ry stundard in like the fs, exe that the crossed the scroll are ‘omitted. #0. The mounted efigineers’ standard thas the canelaced fort to isting he at. The standard of the United, States Siz nal Corps is distinguished by the wis-wag. between the eagle and the lettered peroll, aa. This is the national standard as used by ‘our light artillery in the War of tBra. The artillery did not carry the, Stars and Stripes until 1834. the infantry until 1841, and the cav- alry wntit 1887. 33. This is the guiilon wed by cach troop of cavalry, ‘The figure the letter the troop. . . a4. The guidon of the Feld artillery is dis tinguished by croseld cannome the tejgiment and 23. The Word “Mounted” above the castel- tated fort prockaims the tnounted engineers’ i, a6. The giidon of the motinted ein section does no have the panel bearing the word "Mounted." a7,, The signal corps guidon hears the whe. vag oot pasadena’ iia iat tof the ‘corps, except that a had a Sie 29. Telegraph commany iuidons show the Ie wlg-wag flags with a thunderbal ‘This triammular pennant serves ay the aguiidom of the motor-truck company. at. The felil hospital guidow bears the ca. ducens of given him by, Apollo and supposed to be a magic wand whieh exercises fanence cer living aad dead. ‘THis geiton i lettered “B. 38. Ambulance companies have a’ juiiden Like: that of the fleld hoop servic, except that the lettering in diffeccot. ge, Lhe, a Nesp tag ie the. stir re Gross on the white field. A roctanighe he Jow ghows the night signal, ‘The guidott of the cavalry and light ar tnlery ducing. the Chel War, tor teria war the cavalry used 23, nnd on the adoption ‘of 34 General Sheriilan ‘tmade 23 his i Upots becoming Secretary of War he reliced a4 ftom use and. restored 23 a the wuidon of the cavalry ax it had been prior ta the gteat ceuflict. When a lieutenant general of the army ig in an automobile ur aeurd a, bout officially the three-starred flag of command ix shows: 36. The auto und oat flag of a major gens eral is Tike that of the Beutenuat general, ex- cept that ft has oxo stars instead of three. ‘$7. The brigadier yeneral's automobite: abd beat fai Dears the one ar nf the beigndiers ma o 38. ‘The chief umpire fn military auinenyers in'times of peace tears a flag with a saltire cross upon it, like that of St Andrew, a9. The fag of an artillery district con rode bears ctossed cannons with a abel in posed upon the intersection. go. The flag of a post commander carried inthe how of a boat ity which he ds embarked Officially ix a pensact with thirtcen stars in the biti, with a red fly. j a. The umbutance flag is a white field and, a redicress, ‘The night aignal fx shown below the Hag. eon ice an rains 56 the United States Army dinpiay nealut penmint, which is accorded the ri Nay ia ae of ors of an army: are 8 ty splayed om att ash pole 8 feet Jong and #84 inches diameter, 44, The white Geld with its centerett cross proclaims the chaplain. ‘This lag is ued for field service only. 45. The transperts under Quartermaster’: Corps, U.S. Army, fly this that This is the di ing fag of mine pltnters and submarine defente veitely aniler army control Tt consists of a felt hearing 4 * a * bs * * ad Ps *« a a4 a ad ad a ey 3 a a a a a8 3 TATES ENSIGN NITED ST 319 ‘thiereotr Ceased cannons and a mine, with the words: Stinadiae Deterise.” a. Arey. ens fn the ordnance service fly this distinguishing flag. a Venels in the et oesect service tly flags asa distinguishing mark the eastel fae fort Which is the omblém of the Engi- neer Cy fe The lag. of the Secretary of the Nats comiats Of avblac field. bearing four hive Stara one in each corner, amd a centered an~ chor. When that official is alroard any wesse) of the mavy fis flag: t= displayed at the main, Imast and witen on a bout tds displayed from its hows js is the major ion: pennant of She Uritest Stes Navy. Hown at the fain mast of allat the larger ships of the navy ae long ax they are in comonisston, except when they have an ollicer above the rate of captain abet whet the flags of cameand takes its Blase. $2. The deveit-star pentane is Bown bythe Jester ships of the navy when in conittission, such as submarines and atler small craft. ly ie ly api Sipe shale pein aud is carried. i the bows of boats, ott which they are embarked on an official visit, $2 The national colats of the United Stares Marine Corps beat on the middle stripe of red the words “U.S, Marine Corps” Reyiments cares them together with the regimental enfin. ‘35, Tw Bag of the Assistant. Secretary OF the Navy ik white with blio stars and blue gochor, an intere! ‘of the colors of the Scerctary’s fing, It ds displayed at the main aut whien the Assistant Secretnry in the ragk- ing oficer. present: “54. ‘This, pennant is the naval militia while sane at, the vast i officer has the replaces the pen Miss. the colors of she United Suites Marine Compe are kept at headquarters in, Waekingtin, ed ‘Dear in Latins the motto, “Always dale "6 ‘The flag’ of the United Stater naval re~ serve is displavest on vessels which hive then given a certificate that they belong. to, the re serve firrees. 52. Wien the nayy: lands iy amen ay infon- for shove chity, they carry a Wie fie won which is centeeed a diauond of white, beng a ie anchor. Wheo an Ambassador of the United sites pees, abrard vaste of she. re pn official busintess the beat upon which he i strdyer flotilla is a swullow-tail pennant of fist wice boriestd above elon 77, he epamiiter of “rbaidtine Lovee has a triangular 2wallow-tail pennant bordered aboye with Blac ard Below with re 78 Beas nant having a white field bordered by ted above and bi 79 Section eonmuniders of the patrot-facce carty a smaller duplicate of 7&, with the oum- ber of Grins scction in Rotary mirsverils. thereon, 79%4- The division commander of the pat fofte cartiea a red-hordarod, white iesayelie the mumiber of the alivistan i of peace a submarine warning flag is flwn an thele tendoes. while the sulumurine itell Dears on O0t Of its periscopes 3 small metal fag of the same design. " 81. The bont flag of 2 pit comumatider of the United Stites Marine Corpa is a triangular pennant of blie and red, bine at the hoist and uf tbe ly wi tietecn lite sary on the bine and the insignia of the Marine Corps I flak, the New York leiislatite hax Si rected that “it shall he the duty of the: school anthorities of every public-school in the sev: efal cities and school districts af the State to iwirchase United Stites fag, fhutetad. anid necessary appliances. atid to dixplay auch fa ‘upon of near the public-school building during school hours, and at such other tiines a9 school authorities tay direct" When the weather dines aor permit the flag's display in the open tia placed cnnapicadasly in the principal room in the sehoat-heuse, | gta. Nowrtt Caner a—The Tw: sresctib= ing the tresent State fia was enicted in 1885. 1 proviies thar the fag thal consist of 3 hive union containing in the center a white star with the letter 7 in gift om the Teft and tbe letter in giit.on the right of the star, the corataining. thin design beng ouesthint of the: ne fy of ie fag enmatsts of Ew ft proportioned bars, te wpmer ted and: the kewer white. The length of ee bar ele is saul to the perpenelicniar ti of m. ‘The totil length of the tlig is one tied pore thin the width. A law cracted 1) 1947 providles that the Stare flag shall be flown abowe evcry Stute institution and public bu ing exeeyt’ In inclement, weather, Lt ali sire vides chur the yeveral Hoards of Supervijare ‘of the counties shall either display the flag on. the court-howse sta oe drape it belies! whe jodke's stand ‘These Boards muy displey the flay on ste public occasions as they deen proper, 33. Ruone Tseaxn—Atthough thortties believe that the stare of the American colars eriginatin! ins Fehiede Eston" enlnital cilars: Cree also. 395), tt was: nor until i837 What this State wanw to Nave am official da ‘The flag faw was revised! fn 1882, anil again ty 87 when, the existing hanner-was estublishied. in ie of white, five six foches fly, ai fone fowt ten wiches deep, ae hearing on each side in the center a gold anchor trenty-two inghes high, and ane ‘ia blow ribbon twcrity-foar inches long and five inches wide, oF in these propertinns, with the moti, “Hopes” in gold letters thereon, the whole sar. roiumied Ire thirteen golilen, stare iit a cincle. The fag is eilgrd with yellow fringe. The. jiike i surmounted hy a apear head, iy Tensth emg nive feet not inchiding te spear teal, ‘The Hay oF 87 osed Uiltie far anchor, matin, and stars, red for the scroll ond white’ for the Geld, That of 188 bas we field im which w olden anchor and thirteen gotten stare were femered. The flay of 3877 Tad 34 sain stars as Stated, but the later lige went buck to 1h ‘original Thirteen, 314, Veawowr's: lag, adopted in. s802, con- siste of thirteen stripes alternately red white, with a cantuit of blue, I rest single star of white, with the Spite. contaf- hereon. The acene teprescnted on the aartns ig att actual mountain and harvest scape in Vermont. The autlines of the mountains: are thone of Ye Hemp. and Manstiel from Lake Champlain, Wi the records of Vermont disclowe no au thatity fist a codt-ofainms or a flag prior to. the axtof September, 1866, (his devire ariears pn a State seal procured. in zr under. the order of tht cxeentive by Robert Temple, Ey tisen the secretary of the Governee am) Canneth, 315. rexy.—So far ak a catelul genreh of the reeords of the State revedl, Kentucky hae never by legistitiee action adeptelt am Fi cial flag. In 188% however, a’ Marek was con vened by general order, nner the Adjutint Getteral, to consider and report a Hag design for the ue of the State guard. Its report was tidopteid! with shine modification, and by general onder a State flag was preseribed for the guard arid reserve militia when called inte fervice. ‘This_conmtets of a ine field with the arms of the State-embroiilered in the center. On the escttchenn appear two men apparently shaking hands The escuteheor suirmonnted: some an armen ae P hy ain eagle bedriig im ite Beak a seveamer the Ingend, “Waited We Stand, Dix “We Fall” It is said that the original intentiog of the seal was to. represent two friends in hunter's jearh, their right hands claspod, their leit resting om each other's shoul- ders. their fect om the vere of & precipice. sbich gave sgicange whe lege” Fat the engravers int the State have uniformly dressed ‘he figtires mote to sui their ideals, with vary~ fing Neralic effect. The. eseuitchean is st ported ty four United States flags, a drum, and 4 cannon, 36. Texxessee— Thin unique. flay was aduptedl in 1008. Tt consists of fy one and two-thirds times as long as it is wide. At the outer of free, end isa blue bar sejmrated from: the red field Ura thin white stripe. Snperim jased uoa the red finkd fem eiteculur tink OE tiue Koparated” from the field by a thin circle lw its width Bie ee ie wi ih of the white stripe separating the ive ar from ‘the red feld, pee the blie of the circular isk are arranied three fvenointed wane of white, dist interval around a point which is the center of the Mie liel. ‘ermeste was. the third State to jor the Union fatter the original thirteen), a fact whieh ue ee ae fecal. rs Tam hae the only pecnant-shaned flag: are ahs Sitek he ee make ae hickeye State’ was noma. ‘The anier quarter of she w-tatlet, the field itself eomsist- fe aripee-ihier red hind two white — red at the bottom and top. At the staff end of the fivld is a triangle Wilke canton with the bage festing on the atfl aril the apex reactlnge hall Wap acrop ithe Bele, On dis. ciitton tea large citeular “O" in white, inside of which is a fed disk, Seventeen stars, representing all of the States at the time of Ohio's entrance niod, appear yrouped around the Al of these start are fives ointed, 218. Lectsiaza—Those whe contend that @ State anid Stripe= were used uhoficiall me before they were ndopted by the Co ital Congress, om Juno 14. 1777. can poi 6 history tof the Lettisiana State flag 25 show~ ing thu bunuers lire often siseal nnifficially Tong trefore being: officially: adowied. Tt is said that diy flag isa hurdred yours old, having become the unodficial Hag of Louisiana about tho tine of the War of 1812, yet it, was not egully adopred wanit Joly 1, agra ‘The meas sure tmuleitng it the fig of the State ix sinply stitite of ratificatinn. awl sets. forth, that it shall comping of a sali bie field with the comt- eGarms of the State, i pelican feeding ite yinng, the ribhom bewiath, alse in white, eo taining in blag the matic) of the State, “Union, Justice, Confidetice.” The law provides thal the flay shall he displayed om the State House whenever the General Aséembly: ix in xession, anil on pivblie Imiliniga thronghout the Stare on all regular holidays and whenever other wike decreeil by the Governor or the General Aseobly Atkssiaie wash : 39, INnaxaA—Atthough lature who Store of Indiana declared in 108 that its olfcial bitiner sliowhl be no other thum the Ammericani fag itself; it reconsidered this action in 1917 ard adupied’a State emblem, The field ‘of the flag is bluc: its dimensions are five feet six inches fly hy four feet fowr. incties mn the sind, omy! upon the field is centered a damning torch in gold, cr buif, with nineteen stars, Thirteen stars are circled arnund the tarch, representing the original thirieen States, ne sille this circle is a half citcle of five stars below the torch, represinting the five States admitted! 10 the Union prier to Indiana, ‘The cuter circle of stars is 99 arranged that ane of them appeara diccetly in the middle yt the top cof the circle, ‘The word “Indiana” is placed 8 half circle overs Large tar, tepityit State, which ts situnted just abowe of the torch. Rays from the torch, radiate tot three aqey of the outer circle "This banner i to he carried im_atkfition to the American, Hayy ‘by the militia forecs af Indiana and jr oll paib- ie functions in which phe Sate officially ap- sreatert is ome of the States that Juve tad’ more thet one fag. old was White with a lie caitton, a single white stir thereat, Cm the body of the white wasa green tree. The dag was fringed with red aiid the pike was surmounted by a tone hawk, hie Civil War the State ad anew fig, ‘Thin consists of 3 tblae,. whi the red at the bottom, with a red canton Teaching Fown to the red stripe of the field. A.St Andrew's cross wilh thirteen stars is impised spon ghe eanton, ‘Mie sumahawle of the old flgstall is replaced om the mew piloe by a regulation spear head. an. Tuitvons’ State flax Was authorized in Jar Hols. The Law provides that the res production of the criblem on the arcat seal of Minois be <4 when reproduced in blick ‘or in natural coloes an awhite background for was 3 State banner, The seal of the State year alter Uv was adopt i 8h, ie State was cilinitted to the Union, center ia an American eagle ed on am Ametican shick!: back of the shield anil help. ing. te. support it is an live Wank. Im its beak the engle holds a scroll) container the tiiotto, “State Sovereigity—National Union” 322, Atanaus's colnrs were adnpted hy the act af February. 16, 1803, wie provides that he fr othe Sente sii bea erinisoy eros of St. Andrew upon a fick! of white? the hare he cross shall be bt fet shan six Brand. and entend aliqgenally inches iy aeross the thy from side to side The flag shall be hoisted on the deme cf the capital then the tio houses of the legislature are in and shall he tse! by the State or all ercasions when it hig be neccesary or eons sistent to displity a flag. exeept when im the opinion of the Governor the national tig short be displayed. It is said thar the pure puse af the legislature in enacting the State hg law was to preserve fn permanent form sone of the more distinctive features of the Confederate battle flay. capectilly the St. Andrew's cross (see 75). This being true, the Alabama flag sould be square in all i Tines and measurements and conform to the ‘wellsenown: battle Na of the Confederacy. gah Maines peeseot flag. dates from the Year Wap Ie comes of field of a, he Sanne colur ax the bhite field fa the fla of the ‘United Stare, the flag hem five fer six inches Yong and four feet four inches wide. In the center there bs erubitolitered im sifle om woth sides the comtof-arms of the State, in propor- vionate size. The ediges of the flac are trintined with modern fringe of yellow silk two and a half inches wide A cord and tassel. to be attiched to, the atai at the spearhead, 19 ¢ight feet six inches long and eomponer of white and blue strands. ‘The length of the atait ix nine feet, inchiding the brass spearhead and ferrule. ‘The laws provecting the State flag are the same as thoxe protecting the natiatal flax. ‘Any ont who uses it for purposes of alver~ tisement or vehi witifates, tramples, oF ther wise defaces or deiles if whether quiltle or private propetty, shall be punished by a tine of not less than five nor more thin Afty dollars Mresount formally adopted an atheist flag api. Ue ie rectangular ip shave, sie vertical widih heing veven-twelfths the hori- rontal letgth, The ficld comsiuts of ome red. fe white, atid one hue hacirontal stripe of equal width, the red at the top and the blue a the bottom.” In the center there Is a band af tue fa the form of a circle inelosing the cont ‘of-ems in the colors established by law. The width of the Wine tand is one-fourteentit the Yertical width of the flax, and the diameter af the circle iy one-third the horizontal length of the flag. In the ble band there are set at tances from each other twenty-four teal stars, Within the clrele on a grogand ite ie the ceuat-of-arms of the State, The sinister (left) half of the eirctitar shiold shows the American eagle ax it aippears spon. the great seal of the United States The tepner seater (ight) quarter ine, with a white crescetit. “The fower dexter quarter te with aw grizzly Wear, [tis suqyperted thy two grizzly Tease, 325 ARKANSAS a ently ay #876 used ah of- fical State flag at the Centennial, Exposition in Philadelphia. This was a red field tearing the arms of the Suite. But this dexign was never recognized by the Iegtstature. _[nsteat, in. 1983, a committee. of which the Secretary of Suite was chaitman, exarined © mimber of desigas and selécteit one for the emblem of the Commonwealth, ‘This the General Asseiibly Adopted by contartent resolution, auproved Feliraary 41013 It consists of ‘a edt field upon which is, imposed i DinecMortered white heatinge the word. “Arkansas” anil three live-pointed stars, in blue, On the horder of the diamomi are twenty-fixe five pointed white stirs, which proclaim the fact that Arkansas was the twenty-lifth State to be come a part of the American nian, 326. Mictioaw’s present Hag daten frony G11, when an act was wassed to adopt snd pre- geritie the desiim of the coat-of-arms antl a Stato flag, and their use, and algo to. prohi thelr desecration in any way. ‘The law pro. vvidles that the fiz of the State shall he Hue. with the coat-of-arms superimposed on the center, ‘Fhe coat-of-arms consists of the de- vice sind Inscription af the great ceal, of the State presented hy Lewis Cass thringh the con stitutional convention, held) preliminary to ite admission into the Union. Only the swords “The Great, Seal of the Stare of Michigan, 1, 1835" are omitted. The coat-of-arnn ‘consists principally of a shield with the devi “Tyelir’ (I will defend), supported, typ an elk and a moose, rampant. Aa America diighe with wings outstretched forms the crest, On the lower part of tle shield is a shying sun and a than, dressed in rustic garb, standing on a peninanta, his right arm taixed and his lef resting om a gun stock. Op an unendinyy scroll below appears the motta, “Si quaeris peninit: lam, ammoemam, ehresmspice” Cf thou seekest a beauitifol pentnanla, look toad). 327. Funasoa has had several State flags, bat the present one dates from i8op. In phat year the Florida Lexislatite adopted “a joint reio- lution providing that the dimenstony’ of the hase should be three-fourths as wide as Hon, and that in the ceiter of the fleld sliowhd be faced the seal of the State, it diameter to be one third the length of the flag and ita grounil to be white, “Red Tars with the seidth one-eighaly the length of the flag extending from: cach comer taward the center to the outer tim of ths teak: Ta the nea] aieart 9. lew the sn's rays, a highland in-the distance, » eoena- nut tee, & steamboat vin water, and aa Incdiag woman ‘seat flowers in the foregrerand The words “In God We runt” appear en the inher rim of the device. Plarida's weal wae adopted by the Chnstitutioral Convention af sas and has een ratified by sucededing com- ventions. 8. Texas—The lone star flag of Toxss dates from the davs of the Republic third Congress of the embryo nation fixed. ite design, which has meyer been altered. Tt evi: of u bloc perpendicular bar next 1 the staff. ohe-third the length of the flax, with » star of five points in the center, The other the ihe ts maile up of two hori- 1, won weit and the other red, the white at the tom. Some years ‘go a hoodlum committed an Act of desecration aazainst the flog, which wis roundly pminished by a native Texan, The State hegitlature was so pleased with the performance fat it pasied a special art commeniling the man. who thrashed the offender. Towa is the latest rectitit to the lit af Sites having an oficially alopted flag. On May 11, 1912. the State Regent of the Danzh: fers of Ametican Revohition submitted a, de- sign te the War Couneit of Faves, which promptly approved. it. "The design. wis cows: righted aud the committee having charge of ite hrerarstion was extended a vote oF thanks hy the Council. "The Hie as adopted! consists af field of white, ou the upper half of which is eagle in nattiral collars in fight, carrying in iis beak a Jona pennant upon which appear the words “Our Tihertics We Trice And Our Rights We Will Maintain,” Below this pen~ nant anwears ia large ‘hock type the word Loree, national colors ire preserved, the field being white, the lettering of the motto hnlue, and the word Towa ret. ‘The flag will be of regulation ize aod farm. and copics of it are to he widely distriboted by the Datiehters of the American Revolhition throughout the State. GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY Aa Niscomnis State ug wi oficial copped in tors. The lave provides dha t shal be of dark bite silk, five eet six inches fy and foot feet four inches en the pike; the State coatof-arms is embroidered on cach side in sil of apiitopsiate calor and design, samt the iges of the flag. are: trimmed, with knotted ge of yellow silk two and one-half inches Wide, ‘THE nike is nin feet Nii ling the spearhead and fereule; the cord eight fort six inches long. with two taesels ‘of blue and white silk strands interniixed. Service flags may be of bunting oF other material, of such size as mtmy he required, and the coutiof- arms may be represented otherwise than ly embroidery. 33%. CALIOMNIA im. Hart adapted! what is popularly kyiwn im the Sune’ a5 he “Bear Flag," aa, the official ensign of the “Gol det Gate” Comimonweaith. The law provides that the Bear Flag shall consist of a white field, with a red stripe at the bottom one-sixth as wide as the field. In the upper left-hand comer of the fell is a single red star, and at the bottom of the white field the wards “Cali- fornia Repablic,” Above these ward) appears a California grizely bear ion a ress pat, in the position of walkitg toward the left af the tisyih cya! 30 oneald ae beak th eijtial to onc-thite length of the fag. The Bear Flag ¢utes from the days of the California ploncers and cammeimnrates the Liggest bear known to scletice, the California griaily, now extinct. 4348. BLINNESOTA adopted her State flu at ‘the same time that she provided for a State flower. The ground ls of white silk and the Foyerse giile of Wilie silk, lordered with bullion fringe... In the center js the State seal wreathed sciih white tmotcasin flowers and a Hue ground. ‘The red ribbon of thy sent. bearing the matte, “L'Rtwile du Nord" (Star of the North), is continued through the wreath entwiting. the blossoms and Hurtes ns aver the lower partion of the flag. The seal hears in gold i810 and Bhs. the dates, respectively, af settlement and of the adoption of the flagy alec, in variegated sold, is the date (858, the time ‘of the, admise sion’ pf Minnesota into the Union, Below, ia ‘gold letters, is wrought “Minnesotic” Gronped around the seal are nineteen stars, aa arranged that ey appear tix form ake potits of a five painted star, Of which the seal itself is. the central portivt, Wour af the points are made up of four stars each; the fifty point, at the top. i@ made tip of three-star, one of. them lier than the onber. tytving he’ North tar and sepresenting the “North Star State" The chiice nf the nmber nincteen was made. becuse Minumots wus the mincteenth State alter. the original thirteen admitted ao the Usion. ‘The standard of the flag is surmount ed by a gold gopher and tied with a gold eatd ‘and tase: _“Onitow followed ‘the example of 4 majority of her sister States in devising hee fag liy muking the field blue with w frime of gold, “The size of the hug ta five feet she inches diy and. fout feet four inches on pike The yellow fringe is four inches deep aad the coed and tassel are blie anil white sie intermixed. ‘The tength of cluding the pike is tem feet, the spearhowl, The arma of the Static ire en bevidered of puinted im the senter with the tiumber atid arm cf the service of the regiment iridermeath where it. iy used aya! regimicaial flay. The arms consis of an inseription ap foried ty 4 stars, the mber of States th the Union at the time Oregon was aimutied, and divided iy an ordinary with the inserip: tioty, "The Uning." Above thi nacription os fan elk with branching aners, a wasn Poetic Ocean, i British mateof-war departing, andl an Atierlean steamer arriving. Hhelow the inverh Bon ts ashen!» plow, aed a pitkaree. The ational stticld’ forins the crest. Phe ligures 1859 proclainy the ‘late of the admission af Gieage stato thor Colon: Kasaae je another State’ whieh, ce ordita tothe: most careful research, had ok aficially-adopted a flag. The military: officials, therefore. hive pravided & blue lig spon which ivcentered the eeabof-arme ot the State, Ag: Ticnlture is represented by the plowman ta. the forcer: , Somitierce hy the river and best | the hock yreontnc Above the m is 0 wRetm train westward teund, following the course of empire. A herd of buffalo i scent retreating persed ty toro Thligns ea horschack, Around the top is the motto, “Ad astra per aspera (To the stare through difli- culties). Underneath the moto ix a cluster of omr stars, representing the States in the Union at the rime of the admission of Kansas, 385. West Vincisis-—The St. Lonis Worlt’s alt was resprmsitie {or the adoption of West Nirwinin’s State flag. ‘Tho West Virginia State Comunissivn at that exposition found it meces sary tn adopt a dag-and special design to die. timeish West Virginia from other States ef the Union represctited, Therefore, lt _mader= took the task of designing a flay itselé ‘The foMlowlig year -the legislature ratified thin dex sii, attiending it only by. the wilditien of a fringe or harder of gold or orange. ‘The lay ides that the proportions of the flag sball ‘sme as thove of the Linited States han that the Geld shall be pure white, upon the center oF which, om the obverse side, shall be the great scal oF coat-of-arms of the State, With the motto, “Montani Semper Liber! (Mountaineers always fresnen), and benesth that. in a scroff the legend, "Siute of West Virginia.” On the reverse aiile of the flag ap- pers rig or sprigs of rhododendron myst unm, oF big laurel. the State dower, hastng Blossom and Teaves, ‘The field of nure white in bordered by 4. strip af ble, anv this in titen dy a strip of fringe of ofd gold, The Hay of the State is to be empkeyed on all, casions where a special digplay of the State's indivil- ality shall become neceanary or be regatded as appropriate, 335 Nevana has tal several State: flag Jas. but the are new in force dates from long. ‘The flay it authorinre contiste af a hive field, in the center of which i placed the great seal of the State of Nevada as designed in ioe ‘The sea is aiven_n serail border. and the words “The (Great Seal af the State of Nevada” ire omitted. Tmaeviately above the seal it the word "Nevada" in sitver-calared. Mock Roman capital letters, Tmmeiliately be- Tow the «el, and in the form of a serotl, are: Re the words “All for Our Conutry.” The ncrolt in red and the lettering gai, Above the center device isa row. of cighters uold-colored stars, arranged invan are, and belaw it a row of tighteen silver-colored stars, arranged ike wine hy stur has five points, ene point be- ing placed wy Our the seal apyar a range of mountains with a sun rise helind, them, a Hroad train passing a bridge, horses n plow, and a 5 KAS State Hau, coatuabarna or seq) ora Jelow fell, The present veal was adonted it (867 and is. thus feserihed = The eastern (att of the circle shor ih teamboat ascendivg the Missours Rivet the micchanie art=ure tepreiented by # smith hammer amd arrcil jn the foregromnd ; ‘ware 4s pictured hy a setiler’s cabin aiid sheaves of wheat; im the amd a train of cure ts seen towaril the Rockey Monintninnn Aroutd the top a€ this crete, in capital leiters, is the motto, “Eapal Before the Law: 398. Connexto has given eomeidérable atten= tion to its State flag. There, was legislation conegrning a tanner for dhe Crnten menwealth i) 1o68% itt the present tla datos froan tort, Tr constets of one white and two Inhwe stripes of enual width and at rigit anzhea to the staf ‘The width of the, Hae i two- thirds of its length. At a distavice of 1/98 of the teal th from the staff end of the lag there is i efrenlar roi) “Caf the same calor as the red itt the ational. flag of the United States, ‘The diatnttor of the letter bs one-sietty the veldeh of thn Ming: the inner i opening of the Tetter “MO te thirce-fatirtl width of it tay oe ants amd the tes Te of the opeting is double the length of tlie inter fine. Contpletely filling the letter "C" appears w golden disk, Attacked to the flag is 9 cord of gold and silver intertwined, with taisely, one of gold and one af aitver. ‘The Taik efeat= ing the fay jiroviees: that ir seit nt all occasions whee the State. 4 officially or poblisly reneesemted. wrth the privileve of sa py all citizens on all ancl oceasions. av they fitting and dnfeeipeinte. ATL prem ht; State Inws rewarelinue the mistive ff the national flag arc made applicable to the ubaie of the State eclors Nene Dasoya's fine sea atipted in Tie origin is almost entirely unknown, of the State says thar it was flag of the torsitiréal militia, anvl ahr it is first fememberel at Mura, South Pakicta, when i was umnfured at an annual encamp- ment. ‘That anthority alse states that it fs not kuiowns who devledl the Max. ther is it discov erable when a wax first wed, With its yellow- Frityged blue fly charged with a coat-of-urms that borrows the ¢igh! from the national seal, North Daketat-folliwes the oxamgln oF half of the Shited in the placing of its arms on bloe, seohd-Frinnges! hug. 340. Shots Daxora’s official flay dates from tna ‘The law adopting it says thit the State flag shall eansist of a field af Wine one and iworthicds as long ay it is wid, in the center of whew sitall nit sian in old, iw diamevie ywoeffthe the wiltle et the lage Above this nen shall he arranged in an are, m gold letters. words rh Hakata,” and ecto the: aa int the are the words, ik. jal eters, “The Sunshine State” '‘Ohy the reverse ‘i the biasing: aint, stall be printed the stent seal ofthe State. The edges af the fhige sitall be trimmed with a frinte of wohl The stat shail be surmounted by a spear head 10 shiek ‘d ree wide of thy: tag blasing sin on the reverse, which, white following the general principle of Mag ; norms to. he che oppaite of the it tert of Ye Liaw, agt. Moocrara’s flag was silogted in tnn5, the aye peciching. that it shall he wim. Choe field, swith a representation pf the grext cal of the State in the center and with a gol | along the upper and lower borders Th eapy of the Hag borne by the First Montana States Wolmiweers, iin th ‘American War, except, that the frst Meiotana Infantry, CSV." in omitted. ‘The seal of the State consita of hrilliant aim setting behind a range of mountats: in the foreground ix a plow and. ntiner’y pick ant syide. Lelow the pick aryl spate i a s¢rall filing, “Cito y Flat,” which means "Gold and Silver: aga. Wasttihiiris State has aever offically adopted) a, flag, bat the milttary anthoritics Rie pectidegt ones wiih. prea. tid “nk which: is eentereil the seal of the State. vignette of Gentoral George Washington fs the central bgure and beneath i are the figites "188." Around the vignette is. sellow circle lreating dhe Nexen, “The Seal oF the State of ington.” 34a. Hnattu's we forbid all military oe weimizarions within the State frony cat ny thet flag of deviee than the national tag and the Hag al the Commonweatth, ‘The laiver was. authorized by the tenth legiviature in age, sll though the details of the desten were Jett t be lawmakers to the Adjutant General, ft ite prescribed cnly that the banner should’ have a Nive field charged with, the mane of the State. The dimensions, a9 well ua the adilition Of tle caat-

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