lgikIf ;dfrf/ / k|:6 ljrf/sf nflu

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@)&@ ;fn k'; !@ ut] cfOtaf/ (Dec. 27, 2015)

a/fxfsf] cj}w Jofkf/ g'gb]lv ;'g;Dd

sf7df8f}F . ;'grfFbL, xL/f / kTy/sf
uxgfsf] sf/f]af/df gfd sdfpFb} cfPsf]

7lug] u'gf;f] lbgfg'lbg a9L /x]sf] 5.

uxgfsf] u'0f:t/, gfktf}ndf a/fxf

a/fxf Hjn]/L kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ab\gfd

x'Fb} uPsf] 5. a/fxf Hjn]/L;Fu
sf/f]af/ ug]{ u|fxsx? Jofks dfqfdf

Hjn]/Ln] Jofks 7uL ug{ yfn]kl5

u|fxs;fd' p;sf] 5lj lug{ k'us
] f] xf].
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

sf7df8f}F . l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] h'/]

klx/f] / e"sDkn] Ifltu|:t %% d]ufjf6
ljB't\ pTkfbg eO/x]sf] rf/ hnljB't\
cfof]hgf k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd OGwg
cefjn] 7Kk ePsf] 5. gfsfaGbLsf
sf/0f OGwg cefj ePkl5 tL cfof]hgf
nfdf] ;dob]lv lgdf{0f sfo{ aGb ePsf]
5. lj;+ @)&! ;fpg !& ut] uPsf]
h'/] klx/f]n] sl/a rf/ dlxgf pTkfbg
aGb ePkl5 ;~rfngdf cfPsf] $%
d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] dflyNnf] ef]6s
] f];L
hnljB't\ cfof]hgf e"sDkkl5 aGb 5.
e"sDkn] s/f]8fFs
} f] Iflt kl5 k'glg{df{0fsf]
sfd eO/x] klg OGwg cefjn] ;d:of
pTkGg ePsf] cfof]hgfn] hgfPsf] 5.
OGwgsf] nflu pmhf{ dGqfnodf kxn

eO/x]sf] / cfk"lt{ ;xh eP ;g\ @)!^

sf] h'nfO{;Dd ;DkGg u/L pTkfbg ug{]
nIo /x]sf] ef]6s
] f];L kfj/ sDkgLsf
k|aGw lgb{z
] s g/]Gb| k|hfkltn] atfP.
h' / ] klx/f] / e" s Dkn] @=^
d]ufjf6sf] ;'gsf];L ;fgf] cfof]hgfnfO{
;a}eGbf a9L Iflt k'ofPsf] 5. h'/]
klx/f]n] #& lbg;Dd 8'afgdf kf/]sf]
;f] cfof]hgfnfO{ e"sDkn] Tolt g} Iflt
k'ofPsf] lyof]. Ifltu|:t ljB't\ u[x
k"/} lgdf{0f ug{k' /]sf] / ;Dk"0f{ ;fdfg
km]gk'{ /]sf]n] sl/a @* s/f]8 vr{ nfUg]
cfof]hgfn] hgfPsf] 5. gfsfaGbLn]
;fdfgsf] cefj, d"No j[l / OGwgsf]
cefjsf sf/0f k'glg{df{0fdf ;d:of
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

sf7df8f}F. >d tyf /f]huf/

dGqfnosf k|jQmf uf]ljGbdl0f e'tn
]{ n]
j}bl] zs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ ;+zf]wg
u/]/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ dof{lbt
agfpg nflu k/]sf] atfpFb} cj
7Ug]sf] lbg hfg] jtfPsf 5g\. pgn]
o;sf nflu sfg'g zfvfn] sfd
ul//x]sf] atfP. dGqfnon] P]g
;+zf]wg;Fu} Dofgkfj/ sDkgLnfO{ klg
juL{s/0f ug{] k|:tfj cl3 ;fl/Psf]
atfOPsf] 5. dGqfnosf]
tof/Lcg';f/ ca Dofgkfj/ sDkgL
tLg ;d'xdf jlu{s/0f x'g5
] g\. o;sf
nflu k|f/lDes d:of}bf tof/ ePsf]
5. >f]tsf cg';f/ Dofgkfj/sf]

w/f} 6 L /sd klg a9fOg] 5.

jlu{s/0f cg';f/ s ju{df kg{]
Dofgkfj/n] ! s/f]8 %) nfv ?k}ofF
hDdf ug{k' g{,] !) jif{bl] v ;~rfngdf
/x]sf] x'g'kg{], ;+:yfsf] gfddf 3/
hUuf x'g' kg{] / jflif{s * ;o
sfdbf/ k7fPsf] x'g'kg{] 5. v
ju{df kg{] Dofgkfj/n] Ps s/f]8
w/f}6L /sd hDdf ug{k' g{], % jif{b]lv
;~rfngdf /x]sf], jflif{s % ;o
sfdbf/ k7fPsf] / cfkm\g} 3/ hUuf
/x] s f] x' g ' k g{ ] 5. u ju{ s f
Dofgkfj/n] &% nfv w/f}6L /fVg'kg{,]
% jif{b]lv ;~rfngdf /x]sf] x'g'kg{]
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

sf7df8f} F . /fi6 a} + s nfO{

a}+sx?df y'lk|Psf] nufgL of]Uo k'FhL
-clws t/ntf_ sf] Joj:yfkg ug{
xDd]xDd] k/]sf] 5. dw]; cfGbf]ng
/ ef/tLo gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f
d'ns
' df cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf ;+sr
' g

cfpFbf a}+sx?df c/af}+ /sd y'lk|Psf]

xf] . a}+sx?;Fu ePsf] clws t/ntf
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;fpgb]lv k'; %
ut];Dd /fi6 a}+sn] k6sk6s u/L
@ va{ *$ ca{ ?k}ofF clws t/ntf
p7fPsf] cyf{t\ t/ntf k|zf]rg u/]sf]

OGwg cefjdf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf k'glg{df{0f 7Kk

7u Dofgkfj/nfO{ 7]ufg nufOg]

d"No ?= !).

;'Gg ge'Ng'xf]nf .

sfu|];df dxflwj]zgsf] /Gsf]

b]pjf ;efklt xTofpg] bfpdf

sf7df8f}F . g]kfnL sfFu;] | sf] cfufdL
kmfu' g @! b] l v @# ut] ; Dd
sf7df8f}d+ f x'g] !# cf}+ dxflwj]zgaf6
cl3Nnf] k' :tfsf tLg} g] tfx?n]
;efklt xTofpg tof/L tLj| agfPsf
5g\. zLif{:y g]tfx? lhNnf bf}8fxfb]lv
sf]7] a}7sx?df cfkm\gf ul0ftLo
bfpk]r ldnfpg Jo:t 5g\. d'VotM
jt{dfg ;efklt ;'zLn sf]O/fnf,
jl/i7 g] t f z] / axfb' / b] p jf /
pk;efklt /fdrGb| kf}8n
] !# cf}F
dxflwj] z gdf ;efkltsf nflu
cfsf+IfL b]lvG5g\. sfFu];
| sf] !# cf}+
dxflwj]zg glhlsFb} hfFbf z]/axfb'/
b]pjf ;efklt aGg sDd/ s;]/
nfu]sf 5g\. gofF afg]Zj/df ;Dks{
sfof{no vf]n/] cleofgdf lgl:sPsf
b] pjf cfqmfds, /fdrGb| kf}8 ]n
/IffTds / ;'zLn sf]O/fnf lgb|fdf
b]lvPsf] rrf{ sfFu|]; j[Qdf rNg
yfn]sf] 5. b]pjf kIf o; k6s
ljutdf h:tf] ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] kIfdf

dfxf}n g/x]sf], pgn] k|wfgdGqLdf

pDd]bjf/L lbP/ kbnf]n'ktf b]vfPsf]
h:tf sf/0fn] ;efklt lhTg] s'/fdf
9' Ss 5g\ . ;'zLn, z]/axfb'/ /
/fdrGb| tLg}hgf ;efkltdf r'gfj

x'g] r'gfjdf klxnf] / bf];|f] dt

Nofpg]aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g]5. z]v/
sf]O/fnfx? klxnf] r/0fdf kf}8]nlt/
nfUg]5g\. olb kf}8]nn] ;a}eGbf sd
dt NofP/ aflxl/Pkl5 b]pjf /

n8]sf] v08df s'g} klg pDd]bjf/n]

%! k|ltzt ef]6 gNofpg] / k'gM bf];|f]
r/0fdf r' gfj x'g ]5 . sfFu|] ;sf]
ljwfgdf ;efklt x'gsf nflu %!
k|ltzt ef]6 Nofpg}k5{. bf];f| ] k6s

;'zLnaLr r'gfj x'g5] . Tof] k|lt:kwf{df

z]v/ sf]O/fnfx? b]pjflt/ nfUg]
sfFu];
| s} Ps g]tfn] atfP. tL g]tfsf
cg';f/ klxnf] r/0fdf kf}8n
] lt/ nfu]/
;' z Ln sf] O /fnfnfO{ ;efkltdf

gfsfaGbLn] ef/tLo sDkgL 8'Ag]

sf7df8f}F . ef/tLo gfsfaGbLsf
sf/0f ef/tLo ax'/fli6o sDkgL
klg k|efljt ePsf 5g\. g]kfnaf6
jif{df b'O{ ca{ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L nfef+z
n} hfg] ax' /fli6 o sDkgL clxn]
gfsfaGbLsf] k|ToIf df/df k/]sf 5g\
/ g]kfndf ef/tLo nufgL klxnf]
gDa/df cfpF5. ef/tLo ax'/fli6o
sDkgL o' l glne/, 8fa/nufot
gfsfaGbLsf] k|ToIf df/df 5g\.
o'lglne/ g]kfn lnld6]8sf ;~rfns
/ljeQm >]i7 gfsfaGbLsf] c;/
c;/x cfkm\gf] sDkgLnfO{ k/]sf]
klg atfpF5g\. cj:yfdf ;'wf/
gcfP sDkgLsf] d'gfkmf 36\g ;S5,
pgn] eg] , clxn] s f] cj/f] w n]
nufgLsf af/]df aflx/ g/fd|f] ;Gb]z
uO/x]sf] 5. d'ns
' sf] s'n Jofkf/dWo]
b'O{ ltxfO ef/t;Fu x'G5. ef/tn]
ug{] s'n lgof{tdf g]kfnsf] lx:;f rf/

k|ltzt x'g cfpF5. sflQs;Ddsf]

tYof+scg';f/ gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f
cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf lgof{tdf
@(=! k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] 5.
cfoftdf klg #^=* k|ltztn] sdL
cfPsf] 5. rf/ dlxgfsf]
tYof+scg';f/ @) ca{ (^ s/f]8
?k}ofFsf] lgof{t ePsf] 5 eg] cfoft
Ps va{ ^) ca{ ?k}ofFsf] 5. jl/i7
ahf/ k| aGws ceo uf] v f{n Lsf
cg';f/ 8fa/ g]kfnn] klg c;xh
cj:yfsf sf/0f of] hgfcg' k
pTkfbg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. sRrf
kbfy{ gfsfdf /f]lsPsf] 5, pgn] eg],
lgof{t :jtM k|efljt 5. 8fa/sf]
k|d'v lgof{thGo pTkfbg h'; xf].
rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] sflQs;Dd ut
jif{sf] ;f]xL cjlwsf] t'ngfdf lgof{t
%% k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5.
/fi6a}+ssf cg';f/ ut jif{sf]

sflQs;Dd Ps ca{ @& s/f] 8

?k}of"sf] h'; lgof{t ePsf] lyof].
o;kfln %& s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf] dfq
ePsf] 5. nufgLsf] cg' kftdf
ef/tLo sDkgLn] oxfFaf6 n}hfg]
d'gfkmf cfsif{s dflgG5. cf};tdf
ef/tLo sDkgLn] g]kfnaf6 jflif{s
b'O{ ca{ ?k}ofFeGbf a9L /sd nfef+z
tyf /f] o N6Ldfkm{ t n} h fG5g\ .
;a} e Gbf a9L nfef+ z n} h fg]
o'lglne/n] ut jif{ ^) s/f]8 ?k}ofF
nu]sf] lyof]. ;"o{ g]kfndfkm{t OlG8og
6f]Aafsf] -cfO{6L;L_ n] dfq jflif{s
@$ s/f] 8 ?k}ofFe Gbf a9L /sd
/f] oN6Ldfkm{ t n}hfG5. g] kfndf
ef/tLo nufgLdf Pe/]:6 a}+s /
P;aLcfO{ a}+s tyf ladf If]qdf
PncfO{;L g]kfn 5g\.
/fi6a}+sn] r'Qmf k'FhL a9fpg]
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

pDd]bjf/L lbgaf6 /f]Sg] of]hgf klg

z]v/x?sf] 5. z]v/ dfq xf]Og, of]
cleofgdf ch{'gg/l;+x s];L, pgsf
HjfO{ uug yfkf klg ;fd]n /x]sf
5g\. ;'zLn /f]Sg g;s] bf];f| ] r/0fdf
x'g] ;efkltsf] k|lt:kwf{df z]v/;lxt
s];L, yfkfx? b]pjflt/ nfUg]5g\.
;' h ftf sf] O /fnf v' n ] / ;' z Ln
sf]O/fnflj?4 gnfu] klg z]v/n]
;'zLnnfO{ 5f]l8;s]sf] ;|ft] sf] bfaL
5. klxnf] r/0fdf ;f]em} b]pjflt/
gnfuL bf];|f] r/0fdf dfq pgLx?
nfUg] 5 g\ . 8f= z] v /n] ;' z Ln
sf]O/fnfnfO{ kbnf]n'k ;flat u/L
dxflwj] z gdf l;Wofpgs} nflu
k|wfgdGqLdf pDd]bjf/ agfPsf] rrf{
klg sfFu|];a[Qdf x'g] u/]sf] 5.
o;aLr b]pjfn] sf]O/fnf kIfsf s]xL
k|efjzfnL g]tfx?nfO{ cfkm\gf]lt/
tflg;s]sf 5g\. sf]O/fnf SofDksf
k|efjzfnL bf];|f] txsf g]tfnfO{ eg]
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

d]n DrLsf] nfut

a9fpg rnv]n ;'?
sf7df8f}+ . e"sDk / gfsfaGbLsf
sf/0f d]nDrL cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f
k|efljt ePsf] eGb} nfut yKg
rnv]n ;'? ePsf] 5. 7]s]bf/
sDkgLn] clxn];Dd Dofb yksf] bfaL
u/]sf] 5}g. t/, k"jl{ gwf{l/t ;dodf
cfof] h gf gaGg] lglZrt 5
cfof]hgfsf Ps clwsf/Ln] eg] ca
cfof]hgfsf] ;dofjlw / nfut b'a}
a9\g] lglZrt 5. tL clwsf/Ln]
nfut slt a9\5 eGg]af/] v'nfpg
rfx]gg\. em08} @& ca{ ?k}ofFsf]
nfutdf lgdf{ 0 ffwLg d] n DrL
cfof]hgfdf $% k|ltzteGbf a9L C0f
nufgL Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}s
+ -P8LaL_
sf] 5. ;/sf/n] ;'?jftdf d]nDrL
sf7df8f};
+ Dd Nofpg @# ca{ *(
s/f]8 @% nfv ?k}ofF ah]6 5'6o\ fPsf]
lyof]. t/, kl5 km]l/ 7]Ssfkf ubf{
cfof]hgfsf] @& ca{ %# s/f]8 @(
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

/fi6 a}+snfO{ clws t/ntf Joj:yfkg ug{ xDd]xDd] n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if c:tJo:t
5. o;/L p7fPsf] /sddf /fi6
a}+sn] cToGt} Go"g Aofh lbG5.
s]Gb|Lo a}s
+ n] @# k6s lgIf]k ;+sng,
#) k6s l/e;{ l/kf] / % k6s
cfp6/fO6 ;] n u/L pQm /sd
p7fPsf] xf] /fi6 C0f ljefusf
sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs 8f= dLgaxfb'/
>]i7n] hfgsf/L lbP. /fi6 a}+sn]
a}+sx?af6 p7fPsf] @ va{ *$ ca{
?k}ofFdWo] ! va{ %! ca{ ?k}ofF /fi6
a}+sn] lkmtf{ ul/;s]sf] 5. t/, cem}
! va{ ## ca{ ?k}ofF eg] /fi6 a}+ssf]
xf]N8d} /x]sf] pgn] hfgsf/L lbP.
/fi6 a}+sn] dlxgf lbg / () lbgsf
nflu lgIf]kdfkm{t\ t/ntf p7fPsf]
xf]. l/e;{ l/kf]sf] ;dofjlw hDdf
& lbgsf] d fq} x' G 5. () lbg]
cfp6/fO6 ;]ndfkm{t\ eg] s]Gb|Lo
a}+sn] hDdf @) s/f]8 ?k}ofF dfq}
p7fPsf] 5. k'; ! ut]sf] hf/L
ul/Psf] #) cf}+ l/e;{ l/kf]sf] Aofhb/
)=)( k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5.
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

sf7df8f}F . n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if

e|6frf/sf] bnbndf km;]sf] 5.
/fhgLlts lgo' l Qmaf6 cfPsf
kbflwsf/Ln] sfdk|lt pbf;Lgtf
b]vfpg' / sf]ifdf sfo{/t Hofnfbf/L
sd{rf/Lsf] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f sf]if
c:tJo:t ag]sf] xf]. ljut rf/
dlxgfb]lvsf] t/fO{ dw]; cfGbf]ng /
sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] dfuk|lt
kbflwsf/L df}g a:bf a'4 hGd:yn
n'lDagL c:tJo:t ag]sf] xf]. :yfgLo
k|zf;gn] dw];L df]rf{n] nufPsf] tfnf
tf]8/] n'lDagLdf sfd ug{] jftfj/0f
ldnfOlbg] jrg lbFbf klg kbflwsf/Ln]
jf:tf gu/]klg ljZj zflGtsf] d'xfg
n'lDagL ljut rf/ dlxgfb]lv 7Kk 5.
sf]ifn] ;'? u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f sfo{
/f]lsPsf] 5 / sfof{nosf ;Dk"0f{
zfvfdf tfnf 7f]lsPsf] 5. sf]ifsf]
k|wfg sfof{no kmf]x/n] el/Psf] 5.
s]xL :yfgLo sd{rf/Ln] dfofb]jL dlGb/
cufl8 k' u] / xflh/ u/] / tnj

ksfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] s/f/ sd{rf/Ln]

sfof{nosf] d"n 9f]sf cufl8 t'n 6fFu/]
cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf 5g\. sd{rf/Lsf]
cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f n'lDagLdf b}lgs

3f6f eO/x]sf] atfOG5. n'lDagL 3'Dg

cfpg] ko{6saf6 n'lDagL ;]jf tyf
;+/If0f z'Nsafkt p7fOg] /fh:j
cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] ;"rgf s]Gb| tyf /fh:j

xhf/f}+ ?k}ofF /fh:j u'ld/x]sf] 5. ljut

rf/ dlxgfb]lv hf/L dw]; aGb / sf]ifdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f
n'lDagLdf b}lgs 8]9b]lv @ nfv /fh:j

zfvf;lxt ;Dk"0f{ zfvf aGb u/]kl5

/f]lsPsf] xf]. n'lDagL cfpg] ko{6ssf
nflu of] cg'sn" ;do xf]. t/ cfhef]ln
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

@)&@ ;fn k'; !@ ut] cfOtaf/

ltdL ltd|f] tl/sfn] n8, xfdL xfd|f] tl/sfn] n8\5f}

s= dfcf]T;] t'

jif{ (, c+s *, k'; !@ ut] cfOtaf/ @)&@

;DkfbsLo

s] oxL xf], ;'zf;g<

;+ljwfg hf/LkZrft, Pdfn]sf cWoIf s]kL zdf{ cf]nLsf] g]tT[ jdf
;/sf/ u7g ePsf] em08} tLg dlxgf k'Ug nfUof]. ;+ljwfg hf/L;Fu}
dw]zL df]rf{n] dw]zdf rsf{Psf] cfGbf]ng / ef/tLo gfsaGbLn]
hghLjg si6s/ ePsf] 5. ut j}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljgfzsf/L
e"sDkaf6 lj:yflkt ePsfx?sf] Hofg hf]lvddf kl//x]sf 5.
t/, ;/sf/n] s'g} 7f]; sbd rfNg ;s]sf] 5}g. sfnf]ahf/L,
dxFuL, cefj / cfGof]n emg\emg\ rs{b+ } uPsf] 5. ;/sf/ b]z /
hgtfsf] ljifodf ;f]RgeGbf cfgf] b'gf] ;f]ofpg]lt/ nfu]sf] 5.
cf]nLn] k|wfgdGqL ePkl5 rf/ k6s dlGqd08n lj:tf/ ul/;s]sf
5g\. gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] dd{cg';f/ rNg'kg]d{ f
pgn] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{dfly s'/f7f3ft u/L cfufdL lbgdf ;+ljwfg
pNn+3gsf] af6f] vf]lnlbPsf 5g\. k|wfgdGqL s]kL cf]nL clxn]
;Qf g} ;jf]k{ l/ 7flg/x]sf 5g\. cfgf] ;dy{gdf ;/sf/ l6fO/fVg
;fgf bnx?nfO{ dGqfno 6'qmf6'qmf kf/L efuj08f ul//x]sf 5g\.
gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;+qmd0fsfndf dlGqkl/ifb\df dGqLsf] ;+Vof :ki6
gtf]lsP klg dlGqkl/ifb\ a9Ldf @% ;b:oLo x'g] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5. ;+ljwfgsf] of] d"n efjgf ljk/Lt cf]nLn] dGqfno k'm6fP/
sl/a rf/ bh{gsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dlGqd08n lj:tf/ u/]sf 5g\. of]
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ljk/Lt t x'bF } xf] cfd:jfledfgL g]kfnL
hgtfsf] efjgfljk/Lt klg xf]. dlGqd08n hDaf] agfpFb}df
;/sf/sf] sfo{Ifdtf a9\g] xf]Og, ;/sf/n] r':t b'?:t dlGqd08n
agfP/ b]z / hgtfsf] cfjZostfcg';f/ 7f]; lg0f{o u/L
sfof{Gjogdf hfg' dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf]. ;/sf/df ;a} lemgfdl;gf
bn ;dfj]z u/]/, bh{gf}F dGqfno / dGqL agfP/ ;/sf/ l6sfpF5'
eGg] ;f]r /fVg' e|d dfq xf]. ;/sf/df l6ls/fVg b]z, hgtf /
/li6otfsf] kIfdf 7f]; sfo{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{. cGoyf hlt;'s} w]/}
dGqfno, dGqL agfP klg ;/sf/ cfo' nlDaFg5
] g} , a? of] ;/sf/sf]
nflu cfTd3ftL x'g ;S5, lsgls cfhsf @! cf}F ztfAbLsf ;r]t
g]kfnL gful/s ;/sf/sf] o:tf] u}/lhDd]jf/k"0f{ sfo{ 6'n6' n
' ' x/]/
kSs} a:g] 5}gg, r]tgf eof.

Joj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgfsf] k|lta4tf

sf7df8f}F . Joj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo g]kfnsf
@% j6f lhNNff -wg'iff, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, lrtjg, wflb,
sf7df8f},F nlntk'/, sfe]kn
| f~rf]s, gjnk/f;L, tgxF,' ndh', sf:sL, :ofhf,
kfNkf, kGb]xL, slknj:t', bf, ;'vt{ ] , afFs,] alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/_
lglb{i6 s[lif pkhxsf] d"No z[v
\ nfdf cfa4 ;fgf s[ifs, s[lif Joj;foL tyf
pBdLsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug{' /x]sf] 5. of] cfof]hgf @)^%
>fj0faf6 ;~rflnt 5. of] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ cfof]hgfaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g]
sfo{x lgDg s'/fdf s]lGb|t x'g5
] g\
!_ s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ nfek|b ahf/d'vL pTkfbgdf ;xefuL
x'g ;xof]u ug{] . ;fy} cfjZos k|ljlw, ;"rgf, ;]jf / ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/sf]
Joj:yfdfkm{t\ ahf/df kxFr
' / s[lif Joj;fo cfa4tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg].
@_ d"No z[v
\ nfsf] b[li6n] pTkfbs, Jofkf/L, k|zf]wgstf{ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{
;d]t ;d]6L pBf]udf cfwfl/t ;fem]bf/Ltfsf] ljsf; ug{] .
#_ s[lif / vfB Jofkf/df ljBdfg afwf Jojwfg 36fpg] Pj+ s[ifsx / s[lif
Joj;foLxsf] bIftf clej[l4 ub{} cfGtl/s Pj+ cGt/f{li6o ahf/sf] u'0f:t/
cg'ksf] :jR5 / :j:y vfB j:t'xsf] pTkfbg ug{ ;xof]u ug{] .
;Nnf3f/L, dxf/fhuGh, sf7df8f}F
kmf]g M (&&)!$)!&&^%, ofS; M (&&)!$#&#@#^
Email:mail@pact.gov.np,Website:www.pact.gov.np

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ef/t ;/sf/
gd:sf/=====
d}n] sxfFaf6 / s;/L z'? u/f}<
s'g zAbn] tkfO{+nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/f}
Tof] zAb g} kfPg< l5d]sL ;a}sf
x'G5g\ dfG5]sf l5d]sL x'G5g\, ufpsf
6f]nsf l5d]sL x'G5g\, b]zsf klg
l5d]sL x'G5g\, l5d]sL ;a} a/fa/
x'bF }gg\ sf]O{ ;a} lrhn] kl/k'0f{ x'G5g\,
sf]O{ cln sdhf]/ egf} of ;a}
lrhn] kl/k'0f{ x'bg} g\, sf]O{ 7'nf x'G5g\
sf]O{ ;fgf x'G5g\, ;a} lrhn] kl/k'0f{
7'nfn] ;fgfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{' Psbd}
/fd|f] s'/f xf], t/ ;xof]u u/] eGb}df
cfkm'n] eg]sf] dfGg} k5{ cfkm\g}
O{ zf/fdf rNg' k5{ eGb} 7'n fn]
;fgfnfO{ x]kr]k ug{' h?/L 5}g /
Tof] sbflk ;xg ;lsGg. g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'g s]lx lbg klxn]
tkfO{+n] ljz]if b"t k7fP/ ;+lawfg
/f]Sg] cg]sf} sf]l;; ug{' eof] t/
tkfO{+sf] Tof] sf]l;; c;kmn eof],
@)&@ c;f]h # ut] ;+ljwfg;efaf6
() k|ltzteGbf a9L dtn] kfl/t
g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5
tkfO{s
+ f] ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] eg] h:tf]
;+lawfg gag]s f] n ] s]x L s'/fdf
c;Gt'li6 hgfpb} cfk"mn] rfx] h:t}
dgdfgL ;+lawfgsf s]xL a'bF f ;+;f]wg
ug{ bafa lbof], t/ xfd|f] b]zsf
g]tfx?n] tkfO{+sf] ;/sf/sf] bjfbdf
gem' s ] kl5 c3f] lift gfsfjGbL
nufOof]. / dw]zjfbL bnx?nfO{
e8\ s fP/ cfkm' n ] ;dy{ g ub{ }
lx+;fTds cfGbf]ng ug{ nufO{of].
emfkf, df]/, ;'g;/Lb]lv s}nfnL,
s~rgk'/;Ddsf] e'efunfO{ dw];
k|b]z / yf?jfg y?x6 k|bz
] sf] dfu
ug{' nufP/ jiff{+b} ]lv ldn]/ a;]sf
;f]emf;femf hgtfx?nfO{ e|ddf /fv]/
prfNb} e8\sfP/ ;fDk|bflos km}nfpg]
sfd uof], of] clwsf/ l5d]sL tkfO{+
/ tkfO{s
+ f] ;/sf/nfO{ s;n] lbof]<
dw]zL bnx?n] u/L /x]sf] lx+;fTds
cfGbf]ngsf] s'g} cf}lrTo g} 5}g, Tof]
lx+;fTds cfGbf]ng g t b]zsf] lxtsf
nflu ul/b}5< g t dw]zL hgtfsf]

lxtsf nflu< ul/b}5 t s]jn

ef/tsf] O{zf/fdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];f| ]
lgjf{ rgdf dw] ; L hgtfx?af6}
k/flht s]lx b]zb|fx] L g]tfx?n] cfkm\gf]
AolQmut :jfy{ k'/f ug{ ;f]emf;femf

dw]zjfbL g]tfx?nfO{ lbNnL af]nfpg'

sf] cy{ s]< of] ;a} :jfledfgL
g]kfnLx?nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf 5, tkfO{+
;Fu o;sf] hjfkm 5< d'vn] /fd
/fd aunLdf 5'/f eg]em} tkfO{+ /

ldn]/ a;]sf hgtfx?nfO{ e8\sfP/

;fDk| bflostf km} n fpb} b] z nfO{
ljv08g ug{sf nflu dfq} ul/b}5.
To;}n] dw]zdf eO{ /x]sf] lx+;fTds
cfGbf]ng cnf]stflGqs / cdfgjLo
5. ljb] zL e"ldaf6 dft[e"lddf
9' + u fd' 9 f a;f{ p g nufpg] x
:jfledfgL g]kfnL x'g } ;Sb}gg\,
ljb]zLsf] bfgfkfgL / k}zf vfP/
;~rflnt lx+;fTds cfGbf]ng s'g} klg
xfntdf g]kfnLsf] lxtsf nflu ul/Psf]
xf]Og{ eGg] s'/f k|i6 5 . csf{] s'/f
tkfO{+ Ps k|wfgdGqL ePsf] gftfn]
l5d]sL d'n'sdf -tkfO{+n] cfkm\g}
O{z f/fdf u/fpb} cfpg'_ ePsf]
lx+;fTds, cnf]stflGqs / cdfgjLo
cfGbf]ngsf af/]df h] s'/f ug{' lyof]
/fi6k|dv
' of ;DalGwt dGqfno;Fu
e]6aftf{ u/]/ ug{' kg{] xf], t/ tkfO{+n]

tkfO{s
+ f rDrfx?n] gf6lso 9+uaf6
cfkm'n] l5d]sL g]kfnnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;fgf]
efO{ h:t} dfg]sf 5f}, ;w}+ zfGt, ;d[4
x]g{ rfxG5' eGg' x'G5 / eGg' nufpg'
x'G5, t/ tkfO{+n] ;f]xL s'/fnfO{
Aoaxf/df lsg ptfg{' ;Sg' x'bF g} <
lsg c3f] l ift kdf nufPsf]
gfsfaGbL x6fpg' kxn ug{' x'bF g} <
o;af6 s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 eg] tkfO{n
+ ]
s'g} klg xfntdf xfd|f] b]znfO{ zfGt
/ k|ultdf nDsL /x]sf] b]Vg' rfxg'
x'Gg.
cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] e}+;L gb]Vg]
c?sf] z/L/sf] h"d|f b]Vg] eg] em}
olb ;+lawfg ;+;f]wg ug{' g} kg{] xf]
eg] klxn] tkfO{+n] cfkm\gf] b]zsf]
;+lawfg ;+;f]wg u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\,
hxfF sflZd/nfO{ cnu /fHo
agfpg'sf nflu jiff{}+b]lv lgbf{]ifn]

Hofg u'dfpb} cfPsf 5g\, bflh{ln

cnu uf]vf{Nof08 k|b]zsf] dfu ub{}
cfGbf]ng rn]sf] bzs eO{;Sof] /
To; cfGbf]n gsf bf} /fg lgbf{ ]if
gfu/Lsx?n] Hofg u'dfO{ ;s]sf 5g\,
s] tkfO{ + cnu sflZd/ /
uf]vf{Nof08sf] ;dy{g ub{} ef/tsf]
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg' x'G5<
sbfkL ;Sg' x'Gg. To;}ul/ xfdL
g]kfnLx?n] klg tkfO{+sf] O{zf/fdf
cfGbf]ng ug{] dw]zjfbL bnsf lagf
cy{sf dfu k'/f sbfkL ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ .
:d/0fo /xf];\ tkfO{+ s} u[x/fHo
u'h/ftdf @& km]a|'c/L @))@ df
tkfO{+ g} tTsfnLg d'VodGqL x'bF f
xhf/f}eGbf a9L d'l:nd dfl/g'sf ;fy}
lgbf{]if d'l:ndx?dfly xTof, lx+;f
ePsf] , caf] w afnaflnsf /
lgbf{]ifx?nfO{ k]6f]n 5s{]/ lhpFb}
hnfO{Psf] la;{g' eP h:tf] 5< nfvf}+
d';ndfgx? cfkm\gf] u[xgu/ u'h/ft
5f]8/] efUg afWo ePsf klg olt
l5} e'Ng' eP5< tkfO{n
+ fO{ Tolx
u'h/ft b+ufdf ;+nUg ePsf] eGb}
ljZje/L g} 7'nf] cfnf]rgf ePsf] lyof]
eg] cd]l/sfn] nfdf] ;do;Dd cfkm\gf]
b]zsf] eL;f;Dd lbPsf] lyPg< /
e/v/}sf] tfhf 36gf tkfO{s
+ f] u[x/fHo
u'h/ftdf k6]n ;d'bfon] ef/tLo
;+ljwfgdf pgLx?nfO{ cf/If0fsf] dfu
/fv]/ cfGbf]ng ubf{ sof} ;a{;fwf/0f
/ lgbf{i] f hgtfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof].
tkfO{n
+ ] pgLx?sf dfu lsg k'/f ug{
;Sg' ePg< t;y{ olb tkfO{ +
nf]stGqnfO{ dfGg' x'G5 eg] / l5d]sL
/fi6 nfO{ zfGt, ;d[ 4, k| ultdf
nDs]sf] x]g{ rfxG5' x'G5 eg] ()
k|ltzt eGbf a9L dtn] kf/Lt ePsf]
g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgnfO{ 9f]u/] :jfut
ug{'xf];\ . tkfO{n
+ ] O{ltxf;df slxNo}
gem'ss
] f] g]kfnL :jfledfg em'sfpg]
cg'lrt k|of; ub{} gug{'xf];\ . r]tgf
eof====.
dfgaxfb'/ s] = ;L= d': sfg

-n]vs M b]p8f ufos tyf ;'b"/

klZrd ;]jf ;dfh o"PO{ / g]kfnL
snfsf/ ;d' x o" PO{ sf s] lGb| o
dxf;lra x'g\._

dn sf/vfgfsf] lhDdf ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ hgtf x'g l;sf}+, /}tL xf]Og====

sf7df8f}F. ;/sf/sf tkm{af6

nufgL af] 8 { n ] /f;folgs dn
sf/fvfgf :yfkgfsf] ;+ e fJotf
cWoogsf] lhDdf ef/tLo k/fdz{
sDkgLnfO{ lbPsf] 5. af]8{n] ef/tLo
k/fdz{bftf sDkgL OGk| mf:6Sr/
8]e nkd]G 6 skf{]/] ;g cfO8]s ;Fu
;+efJotf cWoogsf] ;Demf}tf u/]sf]
xf]. ;Demf}tfcg';f/ casf] Ps jif{
leqdf cfO8] s n] g] k fndf dn
sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{] ;+efjgf 5 5}g
eGg] af/]df lj:t[t cWoog u/]/
To;sf] k| ltj]bg nufgL af] 8 {d f
a'emfpg] 5. cfO8]sn] g]kfndf
/f;folgs dn sf/vfgf :yfkgfsf]
;+efJotf, :yfkgf ePkl5sf] cfly{s

nfe ljZn] i f0f, /f;folgs dn

sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{ pko'Qm k|ljlw,
/f]huf/L l;h{gf tyf jftfj/0fLo
k|efj d"Nof+sgnufotsf ljifodf
cWoog ug{] nufgL af]8s
{ f] sfof{non]
hgfPsf] 5. cfO8]sn] OlGi6Ro'6 ckm
Plu|sNr/ 6]Sg]nf]hL cfOP6L / ;fx
sG;N6 OG6/g] z gn k| f lnsf]
;xof]udf ;+efJotf cWoog ug{] 5.
dn sf/vfgf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu
cToflws dfqfdf phf{sf] cfjZostf
k5{. ;/sf/L tYof+scg';f/ b]zdf
jif{]gL % nfv 6g /f;folgs dnsf]
dfu 5. t/, jif{sf] # nfv d]l6s
6g;Dd dn t]>f] d'n'saf6 ef/t
x'Fb} cfpg] u/]sf] 5.

;g\ @)!% :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf pknlAwx?

sf7df8f}F. ;g\ @)!% lrlslT;f
If]qsf] nflu Ps xb;Dd pknlAwk"0f{
jif{ ag]sf] 5. of] jif{ lrlsT;f If]qdf
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ vf]h tyf ;kmntfx?
k|fKt eP. h;dWo] # dxTjk"0f{
pknAwL oL x'g\ 8]+u' EoflS;g xfn}
d]lS;sf]df 8]u+ ' EoflS;gnfO{ lrlsT;f
k|of]u k/LIf0fsf nflu cg'dlt k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5. clxn] ; Dd ePsf
k/LIf0fdf of] EoflS;g 8]+u' h:tf]
3fts /f]usf] /f]syfddf pkof]uL
;fljt ePsf] 5. of] EoflS;g ;g\
@)!^ df 8] + u' sf] /f] s yfd tyf
pkrf/sf nflu lrlsT;f hutdf
ljZjJofkL ?kdf Jofks k|of]udf
cfpg] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5. /Qm
k/LIf0faf6 SofG;/sf] hfFra]nftsf]
Aof8kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnodf SofG;/sf]

hfFrsf nflu lnDkmf];fO6 lhgf]d

;] l G;6Lle6L gfds k/LIf0fsf
dfWodaf6 Ps ;fwf/0f /Qm
k/LIf0fsf] dfWod4f/f Sofg;/
sf]l;sfsf] k/LIf0f ug{] ljlwsf] vf]h
ul/Psf] 5. of] ; F u } ;fdfGo
/Qmk/LIf0faf6 SofG;/ eP gePsf]
hfFr ug{ ;lsg]5.
x]kf6fOl6; ;L sf] pkrf/ ;g\
@)!% x]kf6fOl6; ;Lsf /f]uLx?sf
nflu lgs} z'e /Xof]. ;f]kmf];flj/
tyf n]8LKof;lj/ gfds tTjo'Qm
cf} i flwsf] cfljisf/ ;F u } ca
x]kf6fOl6; ;L c;fWo /f]u /x]g /
o;sf] ;xL pkrf/ ;Dej eof]. of]
cf}iflw lj/fdLn] nuftf/ # dlxgf
vfg'kg{]5. of] cf}iflw ljZjahf/df
pknAw e};s]sf] 5.

vfgf ksfpg] UofF; ;s]sf] dlxgf}+

eof], ef/taf6 cfofltt OG8S;sg
r'nf]df vfgf ksfOGYof], ca nf]8;]l8
;ls;s]kl5 klg cfpg] aQL gcfpFbf
wf/fdf kfgL 5}g, o:tf] hf8f]df km]g] { n'uf
w'g kfOPsf] 5}g, efF8f h'7} 5g\. t/,
xfdL g of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg cfjfh
p7fpF5f} k: g s;}nfO{ cfjfh p7fpg
lbG5f},+ cfjfh p7fpg]sf] vf]O/f] vg]/
p;nfO{ ef/tLo Ph]G6 / ljv08gsf/Lsf]
laNnf le/fP/ t'if d]65
\ f},+ /fi6jfbL
c+xsf/nfO{ ;Gt'i6 kf5f{+} . #))%))
?lkofFdf k]6f n] kfPsf]df v';Ln] ubub
x'G5f}+ / /fi6jfbL x'gd' f uj{ u5f{,+ } !@%
d"Noj[l4 eP/ 3/sf] ah]6 nyfln x'bF f
klg r'krfk ;fdfgsf] hf]xf] u5f{+,}
df]km;naf6 *))) ?lkofF lt/]/ NofPsf]
UofF; af]/fn] 5f]k/] ;'/lIft 3/ k'ofpFbf
;u/dfyfsf] lzv/ r9]sf] h:tf] cg'el" t
u5f{,+} bfp/f lng Psyfg gful/stf
af]s/] ;/sf/L sf/vfgf hfG5f}+ . bfp/fsf]
gfddf eO/x]sf] sf7 t:s/Lsf] af/]df
df}g a:5f}+ . lbgx'F b'lgofFsf] pTs[i6 ;+ljwfg
eg]/ s'ln{g] tLg g]tfx?n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg
u/]/ hu xF;fpbf xfdL tfnL lk6\5f},+
xfjfaf6 lah'nL lgsfNg] / Ps jif{df
nf]8;]l8 d'Qm x'g] xfjfbf/L ;kgf b]vfpg]
k|wfgdGqL / dGqLsf] efif0fdf yk8L
ahfpFb} hohosf/ u5f{+ } .
lje] bsf] lj?4 af]Ng] dw] ;L,
hghflt, yf? / pTkLl8tx?nfO{ ab\gfd
ug{] b'ik|rf/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ cGw;dy{g
u5f{ } + . lr;f] l5+ 8 Ldf al;/x] s f
e'sDkkLl8tsf] b'Mvdf /hfOF ug{ l9nfO
ug{] / To;af6 s/f]8f}+ k};f sdfP/
b]zdf lgoGq0fdf vf]Hg] ;Qf9 /
k|ltkIfL bnlj?4 s]xL af]Nb}gf}+ . ljb]zdf
ef/tlj?4 gf/fafhL u5f{+} t/ cfkm\g}
hgtfdfly uf]nLxfGg] ;/sf/sf] ;dy{g
u5f{+} clg e'sDkkLl8t / ul/aLsf]

/]vfd'lg hLjg u'hfl//x]sf hgtfk|lt

Ps/lQ ;xof]usf] hf]xf] ug{ tTk/ x'bF g} f}+ .
lsgeg] ;Qf?9 / k|ltkIfL bnn]
xfdLnfO{ /fi6jfbsf] eft v'jfO/x]sf
5g\, lhGbuLe/ ;Qfdf cfpg rfs8L
u/]sf] ef/tnfO{ ufnL u/]/, cfkm\g} g]kfnL
dw];L bfh'efOnfO{ ef/tLo Ph]G6sf]
cf/f]k nufP/ /fli6otfsf] hu]gf{
ub{5
} g\. xfdL vf]qmf] /fi6jfbn] k]6 e5f{+ }
t/ cGofo, cTofrf/, e|i6frf/sf lj?4
af]Nb}gf}+ lsgeg] xfdL /}tL xf},+ hgtf
xf]Ogf},+ xfdL bf; x'g ?rfpF5f}+ . t/,
:jzfl;t x'g rfxFbg} f},+ rfs8L u5f{,+}
tf]s nufpg xft k;f5f{+,} ;'zf;g
ug{n
] fO{ hah{:tL e|i6frf/L k|dfl0ft
u5f{,+} Psn] csf{nfO{ 7U5f},+ lje]b u5f{,+}
n'65
\ f}+ of] b]znfO{ b'lgofFs} u/La /fi6
agfpg x/]s:t/df ;xefuL x'G5f}+ . t/,
hgtf x'g slxNo} rfxFbg} f} lsgeg] xfd|f]
z/L/df /ut xf]Og, kf6L{sf] l;4fGt
au]sf] 5, rfs8L au]sf] 5, w'Tof{OF au]sf]
5, /fHosf] ;DklQ bf]xg ug{] dflkmof;Fu
6fpsf] hf]l8Psf] 5, xfdL /fi6jfb vfG5f}F .
t/, To;sf] kl/efiff slxNo} a'em\bg} f}F .
xfdL h] df klg l7Ss dfG5f}+ clg g;'tk] lg
;'ts
] f] h:tf] u5f{,+ } kfgL 3fF6L;Dd cfP/
8'AgnfUbf Ao'lemG5f}+ clg cf8Da/L
/fi6jfbn] xfdL 8'A5f}+ . dfgf}+ hgtf x'g
vf]Hg' b08gLo ck/fw xf], To;}n] xfdLnfO{
slxn] /f0ffn], zfxn] slxn] dflkmofx?
e/]sf kf6L{x?n] bf; agfpFb5} g / xfd|f]
eljio cGwsf/lt/ ws]ln/x]sf 5g\ /
xfdL o;}df /dfO/x]sf 5f}F . cflv/
slxn];Dd o:t/L a:g ;S5f}+ xfdLx?
lsg e|i6frf/, b08xLgtf, lje]b /
dflkmoftGqlj?4 af]Nb}gf}F < s[kof hgtf
x'g l;sf},+ /}tL xf]Og, cf8Da/L /fi6jfbn]
s]jn cwf]ultlt/ dfq} n}hfg] xf].

-;fdflhs ;+ hfn km]; a' sdf

e]l6Psf] ;fdu|L_

@)&@ ;fn k'; !@ ut] cfOtaf/

r/d\ hftLo e]befjdf k/]sf ;d'bfosf] ;s;

Oltxf;df /fHo ;d]t ldn]/
;a}eGbf cGofo ul/Psf] ;d'bfo hftLo
e]befjsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8
;d'bfox? x'g\ . pgLx?sf] klxrfg g}
bf; agfOPsf] lyof]. hgfj/eGbf klg
lgs[i6 Jojxf/ u/]/ aiff{}+aif{;Dd
cdfgjLo e]befj ul/Psf sf/0fn] tL
;d'bfosf k':tfb/k':tf;Dd ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts, z}lIfs
cflb x/]s If]qdf kl5 k/]. kmn:jk
cfhsf] tYofs+df klg clwsf+z ul/a,
lk5l8Psf hgtfx?df hflto
e]befjsf cfwf/df k5fl8 ;d'bfox?
g} 5g\. o; lx;fan] /fHo k'g;{/+ rgf
ul/bf oL ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf] d'2f
;a}eGbf klxnf] x'g' kg{] xf]. t/, lj8Dagf
g clxn]sf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] of]
ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf 5g\, g
log s} pTyfgsf lglDt eg]/ vf]lnPsf
ljleGg ;+u7gx?nufot /fhg}lts
kf6L{x?sf eft[ ;+u7gx?sf] cfjfh st}
;'lgG5. a]nf jvtl;+x b/af/ cufl8
;fdfGo kDKn]6 k|bz{g ug{ afx]s oL
;d'bfosf cfjfh p7fpgsf lglDt sxLF
st}af6 hf]8bf/ kxn;+u} pNn]Vo
;xeflutf x'G ;s]sf] 5}g. kmntM
hflto e]befjsf] d'2f h'g g]kfnsf]
;jf{lws ;d:ofx?sf] h8 xf], To;sf]
;Djf]wg x'g g;s]/ lkmtnf] ag]sf] 5.
o:tf] x'gd' f :ki6 sf/0fx? 5g\ h;nfO{
oxfF rrf{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5. To;f] t
hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df k5fl8
kfl/Psf ;d'bfox?sf ;d:of cg]sf}+
5g\. e]befjdf k/]sf ;d'bfox? ul/a
5g\, ;fdflhs ?kdf x]lkPsf 5g\,
/fhg}lts ?kdf kx'r
F ljlxg 5g\, wfld{s
?kdf k|tfl8t 5g\, clzlIft 5g\,
;/sf/L ;]jfx?df ;xeflutf gu0o 5
cflb OToflb. oL ofjt ;d:ofx? x'bF fx'bF }
klg ;a}eGbf d'Vo ;d:of s] xf] To;sf]
klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5. ha;Dd
lj/fdLsf] /f]u kQf nfUb}g, pkrf/ x'g
;Sb}g. To;}u/L, ;d:ofsf] d'Vo sf/0f
kQf gnufO{ ;a} ;d:ofnfO{ Ps} k6s
;Daf]wg x'g] ul/ ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf xf];
eGg] kl/sNkgf ug{' klg xfjfdf uf]tf
vfg' ;/x x'g hfG5, k|sf/fGt/n] To:t}
x'bF } cfPsf] 5. t/ ;d:ofx?nfO{
s]nfpg] xf] d'Vo ;d:of klxrfg ug{
Tolt sl7g klg 5}g. hflto e]befjsf
cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf
;d'bfosf d'Vo lgDg b'O{ ;d:of x'g
!= ;fdflhs e]befj
;fdflhs e]befj ePs} sf/0f
cGo cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;f+:s[lts,
z}lIfs nufotsf ;d:ofx?n] u|lift
agfPsf] xf]. To;}n] ;d:ofsf] d"n h/f]
;fdflhs e]befj xf]. ;fdflhs
e]befjsf] cGTo ug{sf nflu Psn
k|of; jf lt kLl8t ;d'bfox?sf]
k|of;n] dfq} ;Dej 5}g, ;dfhdf a:g]
;a} ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ljgf
;fdflhs e]befjsf] cGTo x'g\ ;Sb}g.
;dfhdf a:g] ;a} ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf
ta dfq x'G5 ha hflto e]befjnfO{
;femf ;d:ofsf ?kdf a'lemG5.
;fdflhs ;d:ofnfO{ ;Djf]wg ug{'
eg]sf] ;dfhdf ;a};uF ;xh} 3'nldn
x'g ;lsg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{' xf].
ljutdf / jt{dfg ;dodf klg hflto
e]befjsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8
kfl/Psf ;d' b fox?nfO{ cGo
;d'bfox?;+u ;xh 3'nldn x'g glbg]
k|yf / k/Dk/fn] ubf{ oL ;d'bfox?
cnu ynu ePsf x'g\ . To;}n] 3'nldn
/ c+t3{n' gsf] cj:yf x'g] ultljlwx?n]
dfq ;fdflhs e]befjsf] cGTo x'G5.
o;/L ;fdflhs 3' n ldn jf
cGt/3'ngsf] cj:yf x'g glbgsf
nflu clxn] eO{ /x]sf ultljlwx? klg
afws /x]sf 5g. tLdWo] d'Vo x'g\
!=! hflto e]befjsf] ;d:ofnfO{
;femf ;d:of ?kdf ga'lemg'
e]befjsf] :j?knfO{ x]g] { xf] eg] of]
;d:ofnfO{ g]kfnLx?sf] ;femf ;d:ofsf]
?kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsg] kof{Kt
cfwf/x? 5g\. sd{sf] cfwf/df
ljeflht ul/Psf] dg'jfbL JofVofnfO{
cke|z
+ ul/ ha dflg;nfO{ hGdsf]
cfwf/df Ps kl5 csf{] tNnf] >]0fL
u/]/ $ j0f{df ljeflht ul/of], lt x/]s
j0f{sf] ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;dfhdf
dflyNnf] >]0fLsf] eGbf sd x'g uof] /
;a}eGbf k'5f/df hflto e]befjsf

cfwf/df ;a}e Gbf k5fl8 k/] sf

;d'bfox? k/]. To;f] t hflto
e]befjsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8
k/]sf ;d'bfox? ;a}eGbf clGtddf /x]/
;a}eGbf a9L e]befj ;xg' k/]klg cGo
# >]0fLdf klg e]befj gePsf] eGg]
xf]Og. ;dfhdf a|fDx0f If]qLsf ljrdf
klg e]befj 5, If]qL j}Zosf ljrdf
e]befj 5 eg] a|fDx0f / a|fDx0f s}
ljrdf klg Jojxf/df e]befj ePsf]
kfOG5. t/ hflto e]befjsf] ;d:of
dfq hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf
k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfox?sf] dfq} ;d:of
xf] eg]/ q'l6k"0f{ k|rf/ ul/Psf] 5.
Jojxf/df cfh klg b]Vg ;lsG5 ls
s'g} afx'g ;d'bfosf] o'jlt / g]jf/
;d'bfosf o'js jLr /fhLv';L;+u
ljx]jf/L ug{ vf]Hbf b'j} kl/jf/sf nflu
tyfslyt hft g} afws x'g] u/]sf]
5. o;/L e]befjsf] :j?knfO{ x]g] { xf]
eg] of] ;d:of ;a}sf] ;femf ;d:of xf]
eGg] a'lemG5 t/ hflto e]befj eGg]
ljlQs} hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df
;a}eGbf k5fl8 k/]sf ;d'bfox?sf] dfq}
;d:of xf] eg]/ cfd ?kdf lnO{Psf] 5,
To:t} /fhg}lts /+u lbO{Psf] 5. To;}n]
hflto e]befjsf] ;d:ofn] g]kfnLx?sf]
;femf ;d:ofsf] ?kdf Jofkstf kfpg
;s]sf] 5}g.
!=@ tyfslyt blnt / tyfslyt
u}/blnt eg]/ ljeflht ul/g'
tyfslyt blnt zAb g} hflto
e]befjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] zAb xf].
klxnf ;'b| / c5't eg]/ lt/:s[t
ul/Psf ;d'bfox?nfO{ g} blnt eGg]
gofF gfd lbPO{sf] 5. t/, of] zAbsf
kIfkftLx? 7'nf] cfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt
ePsf] zAb xf] eGg] e|d kfln/x]sf
5g. cfk"m ;dfhdf blnPsf] x'gfn]
blnt elgg' kg{] lhls/ ul//x]sf 5g.
tyfslyt blnt elgg'nfO{ g} cfkm\gf]
klxrfg agfOPsf] 5 h'g cToGt}
3fts xf]. ;fdflhs e]befjsf] cGTo
ug{sf nflu cGt/3'ngsf] l:ylt l;h{gf
ug{'kg{]df klxnf b]lv g} lt/:s[t
ul/Psf cnu ynu /flvPsf
;d'bfox? km]/L klg cfkm\gf] Tof]
cj:yfaf6 dfly p7g} glbg] ul/,
;dfhdf cGt/3'ng x'g g;Sg] ul/
;dfhaf6 cnlUub} blnt /
u}/blntsf] sfNklgs hflto ljefhg
ul/g' b'ef{Uok"0f{ xf]. ;dfhnfO{
cGt/3'ngaf6 alGrt ug{] kl/efiff
/ zAbx?sf] v/f] lj/f]w ug{' kg{d] f h'g
kl/efiffn] cfkm'nfO{ lt/:s[t ul/Psf]
5 ToxL kl/efiffdf /x]/ cfkm}+ emg
lt/:s[t e}/xg'n] hflto e]befjsf]
;d:of ;a}sf] ;d:of ?kdf cg'df]bg
x'g g;Sg] ul/ ljj]wsf] lsQf 5'lPsf]
5. hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df
;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfox?sf
jLrdf klg e]befj ePsf] cj:yf /
tyfslyt\ pkNnf ;d'bfox? s} ljrdf
klg e]befj ePsf] cj:yf ;+u} hflto
e]befjsf] d'2f ;/sf/jfbL x'g] b08gLo
ck/fwsf] ?kdf /fHon] :jLsfl/;s]sf]
cj:yfdf o;nfO{ ;fdflhs ck/fw
?kdf cfTd;fy gu/L tyfslyt
blnt / tyfslyt u}/blntsf] lsQf
5'ofP/ ul/g] ljefhgn] ;dftfd'ns
;dfh lgdf{0fsf] jlv{nfk ;}wflGts
?kdf klg km/skm/s prlgr
dflg;x?sf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5.
o;n] cGttf]uTjf ;dfhdf 7'nf] ;fgf]
eGg] lje]bnfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lbG5.
!=# cfkm\gf] klxrfg d]6fpg' /
unt klxrfgnfO{ cfkm\gf] 7fGg'
g]kfndf JofKt hft k|yf unt
xf]. t/ ;d'bfosf] cl:tTj 9'u+ o] u' b]lv
g} lyof] / dfG5]sf] cl:tTj of] k[YjLdf
/x'Gh]n;Dd ;d'bfosf] cl:tTj klg
s'g} g s'g} ?kdf /xG5. ha g]kfndf
hft k|yf nflbof] Tof] a]nf ljleGg
sfd ug{] ;d'bfox?nfO{ sfdsf]
cfwf/df hftsf] gfd lbOof]. s'g} klg
sfd cfkm}d+ f 7'nf] jf ;fgf] eGg] x'bF g} .
sfdsf] cfwf/df ;d'bfosf] klxrfg
eg] cjZo x'G5 h'g ljZje/ k|rlnt
Jojxf/ xf]. h:t} bdfxf ahfpg]
;d'bfonfO{ bdfO{ elgPsf] x'g;S5 eg]
d';f vfg] ;d'bfosf] gfd d';x/ /x]sf]
x'g;S5. oxfF ;d'bfosf] gfd bdfO{
x'g' jf d';x/ x'gd' f s]xL bf]if 5}g t/
ltg} ;d'bfonfO{ tNnf] hft eg]/

juL{st[ ug{] ;fdflhs k|yfrflx+ lgZro

klg unt xf]. To;}n,] hft k|yf unt
xf] t/ ;d'bfo unt x'g\ ;Sb}g. olb
hflto ljefhg ul/bf bdfO{, d';x/,
sfdL cflb ;d'bfox?nfO{ tNnf] hft
gelgPsf] lyof] eg] klg ;d'bfosf]
gfd t bdfO{, d';x/, sfdL /xL /xg]
lyof]. If]qL eGg] ;d'bfonfO{ tNnf]
hftdf juL{st[ ul/Psf] x'lGyof] eg]
bdfO{, sfdL ;/x If]qL ;d'bfo klg
tNnf] hft leq} kg{] lyof]. To;}n]
cfkm\gf] klxrfg ;d'bfosf] gfd xf]
h;nfO{ cGo b]zdf kfl/jfl/s gfd
eg]/ cToflws dxTj lbPsf] kfOG5
eg] of] kfl/jfl/s gfdn] j+zf0f'ut
ljljwtf 5'ofpg] sfd klg u/]sf]
x'G5. olb ;d'bfosf] gfdaf6 leGg
leGg ;d'bfo g5'lg] xf] eg] kfl/jfl/s
;DaGw s} ljrdf klg ljxfjf/L x'g;Sg]
cj:yf cfp5 h'g lj1fgn] o;/L
kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwdf ljjfx ePdf
To:tf bDkltaf6 hlGdPsf] ;Gtfgdf

:jtGq ljrf/
6LsfbQ lzjf

ljleGg hl6ntf /xg ;Sg] k'li6

e};s]sf] 5. To;}n,] ljZjdf slxF klg
kfl/jfl/s ;b:o ljr g} ljjfxjf/L
ul/g] k|rng 5}g. kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw
5'ofpgsf nflu Tof] ;d'bfosf]
kfl/jfl/s gfd g} d'Vo cfwf/ /xG5.
olb cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] gfdnfO{ ljlng
u/fpg] xf] eg] s]lx k':tf kl5 cf
cfkm\g} kl/jf/ leq klg ljjfx x'g
;Sg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5. sltko
JolQmx? bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{, d';x/,
/fO{, lnDa', du/ cflb ;d'bfox?sf]
gfd g} unt xf] eGg] 7fG5g\. pgLx?
bdfO{, sfdL, ;fsL{, jfbL, 8f]d, rdf/
cflb ;d'bfo elgg'sf] ;f tyfslyt
blnt elgg'rflxF ;xL xf] eGg] ts{
u5{g. ha ls o;/L pgLx?n] cfkm\gf]
;d' b fosf] cl:tTj g} d] 6 fP/
cl:tTjxLg t/ c5't / z'b| eg]/
ckx]lnt ul/Psf] kl/efiffdf cfk"mnfO{
afFw/] tyfslyt blnt / u}/blnt
elg sfNklgs ljefhgsf] /]vfnfO{ emg\
dha't agfO{/x]sf 5g\. ;d'bfosf]
gfd x'g' cfkm}d+ f unt xf]Og eGg]
hfGbfhfGb} gfd g} g/x] 7'nf] ;fgf] klg
x'bF g} eGg] e|d kfn]/ Tof] ;fd'bflos
gfdnfO{ d]6fP/ tyfslyt blnt cyf{t
z'b| jf c5't x'g rflxF pBt x'gn
' ]
jf:tjdf hflto e]befj ;d'bfosf]
gfdsf sf/0f x'bF g} eGg] oyfy{af6 efUg]
vf]hs
] f] :ki6 x'G5. ha ;d'bfosf]
gfddf s]xL bf]if 5}g eg] cfk"mnfO{ bdfO{,
sfdL, d';x/, 8f]d elgbf ;fgf] 7fGg'
kg{] cfjZostf g} 5}g. ;d'bfo cfkm}d+ f
7'nf] jf ;fgf] gx'g] ePsf] x'bF f cf
cfkm\gf] ;d'bfok|lt uj{ ub{} / cGo
tyfslyt pkNnf ;d'bfox? h:t}
cfkm\gf] ;d'bfosf] gfdaf6 klg
uf}/jflGjt x'g] 7flgof] eg] dfq
tyfslyt ;fgf] hft elg yf]kl/Psf]
lxgtfaf]waf6 dfly p7g ;lsG5. d
of] ;d'bfosf] x'F eg]/ cfkm\gf] ;d'bfok|lt
uf}/j ug{ zfgn] eGg ;Sg' k5{. o;/L
;fdflhs c;dfgtf cfkm}+ lj:yflkt
x'g] jftfjf/0f aG5. t/ cfkm\gf]
;d'bfok|lt rflx+ lxgtfaf]w ug{] / Tof]
;d' bfosf] klxrfgnfO{ d] 6 fP/
tyfslyt blntsf] 6\ofu leg{] xf] eg]
c5't / ;'bs
| f] 5fk slxNo} d]l6b}g /
e]befj klg x6b}g.
@= /fhg}lts cu|f lwsf/
d'Vo ;d:of ;fdflhs e]befj
ePklg ljutdf /fHof/f g} To:tf]
;fdflhs e]befjhGo gLlt lgodf/f
afFw/] cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'bF f
hftLo e]befjsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf

k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfox?sf] cfly{s,

z}lIfs, a]/f]huf/L cflb ;d:of nufot
/fHosf lgsfox?df kx'r
F gu0o /x]sf]
x'gfn] /fHo k'g;{d/rgf ul/bf ca
oL clt cGofodf k/]sf ;d'bfox?sf]
pkl:ylt klg /fHosf ljleGg
lgsfox?df x'gk' 5{ eGg] pb]Zosf ;fy
lglZrt ;do;Ddsf nflu x/]s If]qdf
ljz]ifflwsf/ lbOg' k5{ eGg] l;wfGt g}
/fhg}lts cu|flwsf/cGtu{t kg{
cfpF5. /fhg}lts cu|flwsf/ jf:tjdf
ljutdf oL ;d'bfox?nfO{ cGofo
ul/Psf] x'bF f lbOPsf] Ifltk"lt{ xf] h'g
lr/sfnko{ G t geO{ lglZrt
;do;Ddsf nflu dfq x'gk' 5{ eGg]
dfGotf /x]sf] 5. tyflk, ;fdflhs
e]befjnfO{ cGTo ug{ /fhg}lts
cu|flwsf/sf] s'g} e"ldsf /xb}g. a?,
/fhg}lts cu|flwsf/sf sf/0fn] o:tf]
ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt gx'g] ;d'bfox?n]
l/; / OZof{ ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] x'bF f d'Vo
;dfwfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs
cGt/3'ngdf kmf6f] Nofpg ;S5.
csf{l] t/, sltko Ifdtfjfg JolQmx?
k| lt:kwf{ df plqg ;Sg] ePklg
ljz]ifflwsf/af6 ;lhn};u+ nfe k|fKt
ug{] cj;/ ldln/xbf k|lt:kwf{df
gplqg ;S5g. o:tf] ljz]ifflwsf/
nlIft AolQmdf gk' u ] / hflto
e]befjsf cfwf/df k5fl8 kfl/Psf
;d'bfosf s]lx 6f7faf7fx?s} kl/jf/sf]
;]/f]km]/f]df k'Ug] cj:yf klg /xG5.
t/ sltkosf nflu o:tf] ljz]ifflwsf/
lng' klg zd{gfs nfUg ;S5 lsgsL
olb p;n] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] efua08faf6
nfe k|fKt u/]sf] 5 eg] c?sf gh/df
p sf]6faf6 cfPsf] sd;n k|ltlglw
7xl/G5. oL ofjt sf/0fsf ;fy}
/fhg}lts cu|flwsf/ jf ljz]ifflwsf/n]
hflto e]befjsf] d"n dd{nfO{ k|xf/
ug{ g;Sg] ePsf] x'bF f ljz]ifflwsf/sf]
;f /fHon] ul/aL / cj;/ljxLgtfsf]
kl/ro kq afF8/] To;s} cfwf/df ;]jf
jf ;'ljwfdf If]qut ?kdf 5'6 lbg]
k|0ffnL nfu' ug{' ;a}eGbf pko'Qm x'G5.
of] k| 0 ffnLcGtu{ t /x] / hftLo
e]befjsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8
;d' b fox? :jtM ul/aL /
cj;/ljxLgtfsf] cfwf/df 7"nf] ;+Vof
kg{] g} x'G5g. t/ jt{dfg kl/k|I] odf
g]kfndf ul/aL / cj;/ljxLgtfsf]
cfwf/df /fli6o kl/ro kq afF8g\ ]
k|0ffnL nfu' e} g;s]sf] cj:yf tyf
o:tf] k|0ffnL k"0f{?kdf nfu' x'g\ kl/kSj
;do nfUg] ePsf] x'bF f, /fHo k'g;{/+ rgf
ug{] qmddf hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df
;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfox?nfO{
tTsfn ;d]6g\ sf nflu eP klg ul/aL
/ cj;/ljxLgtfsf] cfwf/df /fli6o
kl/ro kq afF8 \g ] k|0 ffnL nfu'
gx'G h] n ;Ddsf nflu /fhg}lts
cu|flwsf/ jf ljz]ifflwsf/ lbP/
ljutdf /fHon] u/]sf] cGofosf]
Ifltk"lt{ jfkmt lng ;Sg' k5{.
tTsfnsf lglDt /fhg}lts cu|flwsf/
jf ljz]ifflwsf/sf] 7"nf] dxTj 5. of]
ljz]ifflwsf/ s'g} bof jf dfofn] kfpg]
clwsf/ geP/ ljutdf /fHon] cGofo
u/]sf] sf/0fn] kfpg] Ifltk"lt{ ePsf]
x'bF f o;df lglDt hf]8bf/ kxn x'g
cfjZos 5. t/, of] clwsf/ k|flKtsf
nflu hflto e]befjsf cfwf/ ;a}eGbf
k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfox? g} pbfzLg
/x]sf] kfOG5. o:tf] x'gd' f lgDg d'Vo
sf/0fx? 5g\
@=! s'g ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg s;/L
x'G5 eGg] AofVof ljZn]if0f
ug{ g;Sg'
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klxrfg g} ug{ g;s]/ lg/Gt/
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vlr{Psf] x'bF f ;d:ofsf e'Qmef]uLx?
g} ;dfwfgaf/] cglj1 /xb} cfPsf
5g. kmn:jk, b]zsf] nueu Ps
rf}yfO{ hg;+Vof of] cl;d lk8faf6
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efjgf lj:kmf]l6t x'gu] l/ aflx/ cfpFg
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:jk wf/0f ug{ ;S5.
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tyfslyt blnt zAbsf jf/]df Jofks
c;Gt'li6 /x]sf] kfOG5. cfh o'jf k':tf
/ clwsf+z u/]/ vfg] :jefjsf
JolQmx? tyfslyt blnt elgg' g}
clezfk xf] eGg] 7fGb5g. t/ hf]
ljleGg PghLcf]/cfO{PghLcf]x? vf]n/]
8n/sf] v]lt ub{} cfPsf 5g, h;n]
tyfslyt blntsf gfddf /fhgLlt
u/]/ cfkm\gf] kf6L{ leq ;'/lIft :yfg
agfPsf 5g ltgsf nflu of] ljrf/
sfp5f] aGb} cfPsf] 5. pgLx?sf nflu
tyfslyt blnt gelglbg] xf] eg]
cfkm\gf] /f]hL/f]6L vf]l;G5 eGg] 7'nf]
;Gtfk /x] s f] b] l vG5.JolQmut
:jfy{eGbf dfly pSn]/ lkl8t ;d'bfosf]
lxt / efjL k':tfnfO{ kg{] c;/sf af/]df
;f]Rg] xf] eg] tL 8n/v]tL ug{x] ? /
/fhgLlts :jfy{sf nflu tyfslyt
blnt g]tf algg]x?n] Ps k6s uDeL/
eP/ tyfslyt blntsf gfddf v]njf8
ug{] cEof; aGb ug{} k5{. t/,
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k':tfsf] cfjfh ;'Gg g} rfxFbg} g.
ljrf/nfO{ 5nkmn u/]/ cufl8 a9\gs
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nfvf}F nfv e]befjdf k/]sf ;d'bfox?
/fhg} lts cu| f lwsf/ k| f Kt ug{ ]
cleofgdf ;l/s x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\.
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j;f]af; /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 t/ ha
cfkm\gf] xs :yflkt ug{sf lglDt Pslqt
x' g ] s' / f cfpF 5 Tolta] n f ltg}
PghLcf]/cfO{PghLcf]x?df nfu]sf /
s]lx tyfslyt blnt g]tfsf ?kdf
kl/ro agfPsf JolQmx?sf] ;o krf;
dfq} pkl:ylt /xG5. o:tf] pkl:yltn]
s'g} ;fy{s bafa lbg g;s]sf] oyfy{
l5k]sf] 5}g.
tyfslyt blntsf gfddf ljleGg
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a]nf cfO{;s]sf] 5, /fHo k'g;{/+ rgfsf]
;a}eGbf a9L xsbf/ hflto e]befjsf
cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf
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kl/ro ;d]t n'sfP/ hflto e]befjsf
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bf] x f] / f] hLjg lhO{ /x] s f
sf7df08'jf;Lx? cfkm\gf] clwsf/sf
nflu ;8sdf plqG5g. t/ s] o;/L
pgLx?sf] efjgfnfO{ lgif]w u/]/
;lbof} ; Dd blnt g} agfO{ /xg]
k/Dk/fut dfOG8;]6 ePsf tyfslyt
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klg lkl8t 5g<
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cfjZos 5. tyfslyt blnt sf]
ku/L hah{:tL u'Yg grfxg] hflto
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k/Dk/fut ?kdf pkNnf] ;d'bfo
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lt JolQmx? h;n] e]befjsf] lk8fnfO{
glhsaf6 dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ pgLx?nfO{
;d]t ;d]6g\ ] ul/ Pstfa4 eP/ cufl8
a9g] dfxf}n l;h{gf ul/g' kb{5. t/
tyfslyt blnt cfGbf]ng eg]/ vf]qmf]
WjfF; nufpg] xf] eg] cfkm}nfO{ tyfslyt
blnt dfGg cl:jsf/ ug{] lt u/]/
vfg] JolQmx?sf] ;fy kfpg ;lsb}g
h'g tyfslyt blntsf gfddf dfu]/
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ha;Dd hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df
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/fhg}lts cu|flwsf/sf] dfu ;xL xf]

eGg] dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; u/fpgsf

nflu tyfslyt blnt jf u}/blnt
eGg] ljefhgsf] /]vfnfO{ tf]8Lb}g
ta;Dd ;a} n ] ;fy lbg;lsg]
cj:yfaf6 ;b}j alGrt e}O{ /xg] 5.
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blnt ePsf] sf/0fn] xf]Og, hflto
e]befjsf cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8
kfl/Psf sf/0fn] ljt/0f ul/g] xf].
/fhg}lts clwsf/ :yflkt ug{sf nflu
;fd'lxs cleofgsf] ;fy;fy} /fhgLlts
If]qdf kx'r
F agfPsf JolQmTjx?sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5. cfk"m kLl8t
;d' b fosf] ePklg cfcfkm\ g f]
/fhgLlts kf6L{n] lnPsf] l;4fGt /
sfo{lbzfn] lgZro klg o:tf /fhg}lts
AolTQmTjx?nfO{ k|efljt kfg{] eP klg
ha ;d'bfosf] lxt s'/fsf] s'/f cfp5
/ ha hflto e]befjnfO{ cGTo ug{]
;jfn cfpF5 ta lt /fhg} lts
JolQmTjx?n] ;femf cjwf/0ff agfP/
cfcfkm\gf] kf6L{ leq} klg cGt/;+3if{
ug{' kg{] x'G5.
jt{dfg ;dodf cGt/kf6L{ dfq}
xf]Og, kf6L{ leq s]xL kx'r
F agfpg ;kmn
JolQmTjx? ;d]t JolQmut nfenfO{
;jf{k] /L 7fg]/ kf6L{n] h] yf]kYof{] ToxL
cfTd;ft ug{] k|jl[ t xfjL ePsf] 5.
afx| kf6L{ leqsf e]befjdf k/]sf
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sf/0fn] g ;fdflhs e]befjaf6
pGd'lQm kfpg ;lsg] sfo{qmdx?df ;femf
cjwf/0ff aGg ;s]sf] 5 g /fhg}lts
cu|flwsf/ k|fKt ug{] lbzfdf of] of]
x'gk' 5{ elg ls6fgLsf ;fy dfux?
k|:t't x'g ;s]sf 5g\. /fhg}lts kf6L{sf
g]tf u0fx?n] a'em\g' kg{] s'/f s] xf] eg]
hflto e]befjsf] d'2f klxrfgsf] d'2f
h:tf] xf]Og. alNs ;fdflhs ;befjsf
lglDt ;dtfd'ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f /
;fdflhs Gofosf lglDt laz]ifflwsf/sf]
d'2f xf].
;dfgtfd'ns ;dfh lgdf{0fsf
lglDt / ;fdflhs Gofosf lglDt
g] t fu0fx? ljeflht / k/flht
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cfa4 /x]klg oL d'2fx?sf ;jfndf
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Ps k6s x'g] ;+ljwfg;efdf g]kfndf
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ef]us
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blnt h:tf zAbx? ;+ljwfgdf n]lvg'
x'bF g} eGg] s'/fdf dt}So x'g ;s]sf
5}gg. To;sf] cy{ xf], Oltxf;df lt
cu'jfx?sf] gfddf sfnf] bfu nfUg] dfq}
xf]Og, efjL k':tfn] ;d]t oL g]tfu0fsf]
sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f o'uf}ou' ;Dd sn+lst
eP/ a:g' kg{] x'G5.
;f/f+ z df
/fhg}lts cu|flwsf/ tyfslyt
blnt ePsf] sf/0fn] xf]Og, lautdf
/fHon] u/]sf] cGofosf] Ifltk"lt{ xf].
To;}n] of] Ifltk"lt{ kfpgsf nflu
tyfslyt blnt e} /xg' kb{g} . h]
oyfy{ xf] ToxL eP/ g} clwsf/ :yflkt
ug{ ;lsG5 cyf{t\ tyfslyt blntsf]
abnfdf hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df
;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ;d'bfox?
eg]/ Tof] Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{] ug{] cfwf/
;d]t k|:t't ub{} tL ;d'bfox?nfO{
;'lrs[t ug{ ;lsG5. /, ha ul/aLsf
cfwf/df, kx'FrljxLgtfsf cfwf/df
/fHon] ;]jf ;'ljwf ljt/0f ug{] k|0ffnL
nfu' u5{ ta hflto e]befjsf
cfwf/df ;a}eGbf k5fl8 kfl/Psf
;d'bfox? sf] ;'rLsf] ;d]t cf}lrTo
/xFbg} , To;nfO{ klg vf/]h ug{ ;lsG5.
hflto e]befj lj?4sf] cfGbf]ng
jf cleofgsf] k|dv
' k|fyldstf ;fdflhs
e]befjsf] cGTo ug{' xf]. Tof] tYonfO{
cfTd;ft u/f}+ To;} cg';f/ sfo{of]hgf
agfcf}+ . /fhg}lts cu|flwsf/ bf]>f]
k|fyldstf xf]. /fhg}lts cu|flwsf/
k|fKt ug{sf nflu tyfslyt blnt eg]/
xf]Og hflto e]befjsf cfwf/df k5fl8
kfl/Psf ;d'bfox? elg uf]naGb xf}.
clg dfq ;lx lbzfdf of] cleofg jf
cfGbf]ngn] ult lng]5. gq laut @))
aif{bv
] L sfod /x]sf] ;+3if{ uGtJoxLg
lbzfdf ?dlNnO{ /xg] 5.
k|ltlqmofsf nflu email@tika.com.np

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cIfd ;/sf/sf] cf}lrTo / ;d[l4sf s'/f e]8]6f/ dxf]T;j k'; !^ b]lv

pk] Gb| emf
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^! lbg] s/k+yL ;/sf/n] b]zdf
JofKt cfk"lt{ cefjsf] ;+s6nfO{
;xh agfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. b}lgs
pkef]Uo j:t'sf] cefj, sfnfahf/L,
t:s/Lsf] j[l4 / dxFufO{sf sf/0f
hghLjg c:t Joj:t ag]sf] 5.
of] c;xh kl/l:yltk|lt ;/sf/sf]
s'g} rf;f] g/x]sf] b]Vbf ;a}n] cfZro{
dfg] s f 5g\ . cflv/ s/k+ y L
;/sf/n] rfx]sf] s] xf]<
s' /f laNs" n :ki6 5. v;
jr{ : jsf] PsfTds /fHo;Qfn]
zlbof}+b]lv juL{olxtdf pkof]u x'Fb}
cfPsf] 5. 5n,an,snsf] cfwf/df
cfkmgf] Psflwsf/ sfod /fVb} cfPsf]
v; zf;sx hgflwsf/sf nflu
p7]sf cfGbf] ngnfO{ lg:t]h ub}{
cfPsf] 5. bf]xg, zf]if0f / bdg
k|lqmofnfO{ ;dofg'sn
" kl/dflh{t ul/
kl/jt{ g sf] ;+ 1 f lb+ b } g] kfndf
clehft ju{sf] zf;g lg/Gt/ rln
/x]sf] 5. hgflwsf/ axfn ug{
g] k fndf sDo' l gi6, sfF u | ] ; sf]
pknlAwd"ns cEof; s} kl/0ffd
:jk hgtfn] kl/jt{gsf] cg'ej
ug{ kfPsf] eGb} o;} ju{sf ef6
k| r f/sxn] kl/jt{ g sf 7" n f
cfVofgx n]v] klg b]zdf k|To]s
!) jif{df pl7 /xg] cfGbf]ng b]v]/
nlHht x' F b}g . e| i6 cfr/0f g}
/fhgLltsf] of]Uotf ag]sf] 5.
hgclwsf/sf nflu p7] s f
cfGbf]ngxnfO{ df]8]/ juL{olxtdf
;dlk{t ug]{ v; zf;sxsf] rl/q
ca pbflPsf] 5. juL{o jr{:j /
juL{olxtdf ;dlk{t v; zf;sxsf]
sDo'lgi6sf] ;fDojfb / sfFu|];sf]
k| hftflGqs ;dfhjfbsf] gfddf
hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg] if8oGq ca
hgtfaf6 n' s]sf] 5}g. c;ndf
h'g;'s} bz{gnfO{ v; zf;sxn]
hgtfsf] xsdf xf]O{g, cfkmgf] lxtdf
k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5. w/ftnLo
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bzsdf ;+3if{ b]vf kb{5. v;xn]
;Dxfn]sf ljleGg kf6L{sf] dfWodaf6
kfn} kfnf] ;Qf cf/f]x0f ug]{ p2]Zon]
rnfPsf ljleGg cfGbf]ngxsf]
pknlAwnfO{ hglxtdf k|of]u gul/
cfkmgf] nflu g} k| o f] u u/] s f]
clxn];Ddsf] cEof;n] b]vfPsf] 5.
k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ Wj:t
ul/ gofF ;+/rgfdf n}hfg] cfGbf]ngsf]
p2]ZonfO{ v; g]t[Tjsf /fhgLlts
bnxn] slxn] k"/f x'g lbPg. sfFu;
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xf];\ ls sDo'lgi6 ;fdGtL tyf
PsfTds /fHo;QfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg
;a}sf] Psdt /x]sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f

Pdfcf]jfbL xf].
PsfTds /fHo;Qfsf] if8oGqn]
hgtfdf qmlds kdf hfu/0f klg
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if8oGqsf/L rl/qnfO{ hgtfn]
klxrfg ul/ ;s]sf] 5. To;sf/0f
klg dw]z / yf cfkmgf] clwsf/
lng cfkmgf] w/ftnaf6 ;+3if{ ul/
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uf] n aGb ug{ afa' /fd e/fO{ s f]
g]t[Tjdf gofF zlQm sf] gfddf km]l/
klg v; zf;sju{ cufl8 cfPsf]
5. hgtfsf] g]t[Tj hlGd /x]sf]
cj:yfdf To;nfO{ cfkmgf] lgoGq0fdf
lng gofF if8oGqsf] yfngL klg oxL
>[Fvnfleq kb{5. /fHo;Qf ;dIf
cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf tyf Psyfg
;+ljwfg agfO{ xfNg] Pdfcf]j fbL
kf6L{sf] hg lj/f]wL sbdnfO{ ;fy
lbO{ ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff kl5 kf6L{ 5f8]/
gofF kf6L{ agfpg] eg]/ afa'/fd e/fO{
cleofg yfn]sf] 5. /fHo;+u h'lw
/x]sf dw]zL / yf b'O{ v]dfdf
afa'/fd sxfF a:g] eGg] s'/fsf] s]xL
7]ufg 5}g. dw]z cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldP
klg dw]zsf] c;Gt'i6tfnfO{ ;dfP/
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ug]{ rfnafx]s c s] x'g ;Sb5<
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;a} s'/f ;+lbUw 5.
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cfsng ug]{ r/dk+yLxn] clxn]
cfkmgf] unt lg0f{osf] kmn ef]lu
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b]zsf] cy{tGq tx; gx; ePsf] 5.
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dfq xf]O{g, ef/tnfO{ klg k5fl8
ws]Ng] sfd z' u/]kl5 of] s/k+yL
;/sf/ cfkmgf] jfu]{lg KjfOG6
dha"t agfpg] /0fgLlt agfof]. oxL
/0fgLlt cGtu{t rLg;+u klg ;DaGw
ag]sf] xf]. /c ;+u glhs /x]sf
s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn] cfkmgf] jfu]{lg
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lj/f] wL :j/nfO{ t] h kfb} { uof] .
;sf/fTds kl/0ffdsf nflu k|ltIff/t
cf]nL ;/sf/ ef/t;+usf] s6'tfnfO{
a9fpFb} nUbf s"6gLlts ;DaGw g}
w/fkdf kof].
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k|uf9 x'g uPsf]n] cf]nL ;/sf/
ef/tnfO{ jfu]{lg 6f/u]6df /fVof].
cgk]lIft 9+uaf6 ef/t;+usf] ;DaGw
gsf/fTds lbzfdf tLj| kdf a9\g
uPsf] / g]kfnsf] dfldnfdf ef/t
rLgsf] d}qL ;DaGw 6'6\g] l:yltdf
k'u]sf]n] rLg k5fl8 x6]sfn] cf]nLsf]
af]nL 7\ofSs} aGb ePsf] 5. ca t
pvfg 6'Ssfaf6 cfkmgf cg'ofoLnfO{
dgf]/+hg ug]{ cj:yf klg /x]g.
dw] z n] u/] sf] gfsfaGbLnfO{
ef/tsf] 6fpsf]df /flv cGt/f{li6o
:t/df abgfd u/]kl5 ef/tdfly
cGt/f{li6 o bafj a9\g hfG5 /
ef/tn] dw] z nfO{ sG6 f ] n ul/
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ul/ lbG5 eg]/
lnPsf] /0fgLltn] t pN6} s/k+yL
;/sf/nfO{ /fhgLlt bnbndf
w;fof]Pd:. lbgfg'lbg b]zsf] l:ylt
lalu|b} uO{ /x]sf]n] cf]nL ;/sf/sf]
nflu dw]znfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{afx]s
lgsf;sf ;a} f/ aGb ePsf] cfef;
ePsf] 5. oyfy{ klg oxL xf].
pGdfbn] dflg;nfO{ kye| i6
agfpF5. /fhgLlts pGdfbn] t
lbzfljxLgtfsf] l:ylt ;[hgf u/]/
cl:tTj g} ;dfKt kf/]sf] w]/} b[i6fGt
5. clxn]sf] ;/sf/sf] l:ylt klg
ToxL xf] . gj{ ; g] ; sf] lzsf/
k|wfgdGqL s]kL cf]nL /fhwfgLsf]

Pp6f sfo{ q mddf b] z cfly{ s

;d[l4sf] lbzfdf a9]sf] eg]/ v"a}
xF;fPsf] 5. ljutdf b]z cfkmgf]
cfly{s j[l4b/ %=% k|fKt u/]sf]
x}l;oteGbf clxn] #=@ df em/]sf]
l:yltnfO{ k|wfgd+qLn] b]zdf ;d[l4
b]Vg' dfgl;s c;Gt'ng eGg ;lsGg<
r/d ;+s6 ef]lu /x]sf] cj:yfdf
b]zsf] k|wfgdGqLsf] o:tf] cleJolQmn]
;/sf/ ca b]z ;DxfNg g;Sg] l:ylt
b]vf k5{. b]zsf] ;d:of xn ug{ g;Sg]
c;Ifd ;/sf/sf] cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt
ePsf] cj:yfdf ca s] x'g] eGg] k|Zg
t]l;{Psf] 5.
h]hlt sf/0fn] cfPsf] s/k+yL
;/sf/n] b]zsf] lsl~rt enf] gx'g]
kl/l:yltn] b]vfO{ ;s]sf] 5. *)
lbgsf] gfsfaGbLdf b]z 7"nf] ;f:tL
ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5. c;kmn ;/sf/ b]zsf]
;d:ofnfO{ x6fpg c;Ifd ag]sf]
l:yltdf b]z ca /fhgLlts ;Dd]ng
ul/ /fli6o ;/sf/ agfpg] cj:yflt/
pGd'v x'g] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5, h;n]
b]zsf] ofjt\ ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{.
;+ 3Lo nf] s tflGqs u0ftGqnfO{
;+:yfut ug{ g]kfnL sfFu];
| , Pdfn] /
Pdfcf]jfbLnfO{ hgtfn] lbPsf] hgfb]z
adf]lhd oL tLg kf6L{ k"0f{ c;kmn
/x]sf]n] dw]zsf] d'2f ;Daf]wg x'g]
k|fyldstf kfPsf] 5 / o;s} nflu
ca eg] /fli6o ;/sf/ cfpg clgjfo{
b]lvPsf] 5. tLgj6} bnsf] nflu
cgk]lIft kdf ljsl;t x'g] /fhgLlt
lgZro klg dw]zL, hghftL, yf
nufot ;LdfGtLs[tju{sf] cfjfhnfO{
;Daf]wg ug]5
{ . ;Daf]wglagf Gsf]
cj:yf nlDab} b]zdf ;+s6 a9\b} hfg]
kl/l:ylt nfdf] ;do;Dd b]zn] y]Ug
;Sb}g. o;sf sf/s tTj ;/sf/ g}
/x]sf]n] o:tf] s/k+yL ;/sf/nfO{
kl/l:yltn] lj:yflkt u5{ g}. To;sf/0f
klg dw]zL, yf, hghftL nufotsf
d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ul/ /fli6o
;/sf/sf] cf}lrTo a9]/ uPsf] 5.
b]zsf] w/ftnLo ;d:of ;Daf]wg
gul/ b]z :j:y /x\g ;Sb}g. o;sf]
nflu b]znfO{ ;femf agfpg clgjfo{
xf]. ;femf agfpg /fHosf] csf]{
;+/rgf agfpg h/L 5. /fHosf]
csf]{ ;+/rgf agfpg glbg] v;
zf;sju{sf] Psflwsf/ ;dfKt kfg{
klg plts} cfjZos 5. v;
zf;sju{ hgd'vL bz{gsf] hlt;'s}
kf7 3f]s] klg /fHo;Qfsf] PsfTds
:jknfO{ oyfjt\ sfod /fVg] logsf]
Psdt /x]sf]n] b]z ;d:of ef]Ub}
cfPsf] xf] . v; Psflwsf/sf]
/fHo;Qf /x'~h]n zf]lift, kLl8tsf]
d'lQm gx'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] cGt
ckl/xfo{ g} ag]sf] 5.

dw]z bk{0 faf6

d[To' b08 kfpg} nfUbf cfdfnfO{ n]v]sf] lr7L, h;n] ;+;f/ ?jfof] b}lgs ;f9] b'O{ lsnf] v';f{gL vfg] JolQm
sf7df8f}F. d[To' b08 kfPsf
Ps o'jsn] cfk\mgf] clGtd OR5fsf]
?kdf cfkmgf] hGd lbg] cfdfnfO{
;Daf]wg u/]/ lr7L n]v]sf 5g\.
d'To'b08 kfpg} nfUbf Tof] lrL cfkm\gf]
cfdfnfO{ eg]/ h]nsf] uf8{nfO{ lbg'
eg]/ lbP. h'g lr7L ;+;f/sf] dg
b'vfpg afWo agfPsf] 5.
lr7L o:tf] lyof] cfb/0fLo
cfdf obL of] ;+;f/df of]\eGbf klg
a9L Gofo 5 eg], d dfq geP/
xfdL b'jh
} gfnfO{ d[To' b08 lbOg' k5{.
d}n] h'g lsl;dsf] hLjg c+ufn],
To;df ltd|f] klg Tolts} bf]if 5,

d}n] Pshgf s]6fsf] ;fOsn rf]/]/

3/df NofPsf] ltdLnfO{ ofb 5<
afa'n] gb]vf];\ eg]/ ltdLn] Tof]
;fOsn n'sfpg dnfO{ d2t u/]sf
lyof} d}n] xfd|f] l5d]sLsf] uf]hLaf6
k};f rf]/]sf] ltdLnfO{ ;Demgf 5<
Tof] k};f lnP/ d;+u} ltdL klg ;lk+u
dn uPsf lyof} d}n] afa';Fu emu8f
u/]sf] klg ltdLnfO{ ofb xf]nf. p
dnfO{ ;kfg{ rfxGYof], sf/0f d}n]
k|ltof]lutfsf] clGtd glthf g} rf]/]/
nu]sf] lyP / d lgisf;gdf k/]sf]
lyP. ;'?df d c? h:t} ;fwf/0f
aRrf] t lyPF, To;kl5 d km6fxf
lszf]/df kl/0ft eP, clxn]
d c;fWo} las[t AolQm efsf]
5'. cfdf, d t Tolta]nf
aRr} lyP d ;lk|g ;Sy],+
t/ ltdLn] d]/f] s's[Todf
;xdlt hgfpFb} uof}. h] x'g'
e}uof] ltdLnfO{ dfkm lbG5'
;+;f/el/s} cfdfafa'x?sf]
xftdf of] lrL k'uf];\ eGg]
d rfxG5'. Ph]G;L.

sf7df8f}. rLgdf Ps hgf JolQm

o:tf 5g\ h;n] x/]s lbg sl/a
;f9] b'O{ lsnf] v';f{gL vfg] ub{5g\
Tof] klg cfF;' g} glgsflnsg. x}nL
of]+uhL cfkm\gf] of] /ftf] v';f{gL df]xsf
sf/0f ca :yfgLo lx/f] g} ag]sf
5g\. dflg;x? pgnfO{ v';f{gLsf
/fhfsf] gfdn] ;d]t af]nfpg] ub{5g\.
pgnfO{ v';f{gL vfg olt w]/} dg
k5{ ls pgn] cfkm\gf] 3/ k5fl8
cf7 ljleGg tl/sfn] v';f{gLsf lj?jf
/f]k]sf 5g\. pgsf] of] v';f{gL df]x
Tolta]nf yfxf eof] hlta]nf pgL
df;', c08flagf a:g ;S5g\ t/ lk/f]
v';f{gL lagf ;Sb}gg\ eGg] yfxf eof].
;fdfGotM dflg;x? laxfg} p7]/ a|z
ub{5g\. t/, pgL laxfg} c?sf] h:tf]
a|z ug{ dg k/fpFb}5g\. x/]s laxfg
pgL 6'yk]:6n] xf]Og a? /ftf] v';f{gL
vfG5g\ / To;}n] cfkm\gf] bfFt ;kmf
ub{5g\. pgsf cg';f/ olb vfgfdf
lk/f]kg 5}g eg] pgnfO{ vfgfsf] :jfb}
cfpF b} g. pgL of] /ftf] / lk/f]

v';f{gLnfO{ :GofS; h;/L vfG5g\.

cfkm\gf] laut ;DemFb} pgn] eg] bz

jif{ cl3 d] /f] 5f] /fsf] Pp6f 6s

b'3{6gf ePsf] lyof]. Tolta]nf pgL
b'O{ srf}/f v';f{gL vfP/ c:ktfn
hfg] ub{ y ] . pgL cfkm\ g f] of]
ljlrqsf] afgL s'g} ;'k/ g]r'/n
kfj/ gePsf] atfpF 5 g\ .
c:ktfndf u/fOPsf] hfFrdf klg
lrlsT;sx?n] pgL ;fdfGo /x]sf]
hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5. Ph]G;L

sf7df8f}F . gofF jif{ ;g\ @)!^ sf] cj;/ kf/]/ e]86] f/df k'; !^ b]lv !*
;Dd vfgf dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ug{ nfluPsf]5. e]86] f/ xf]6n P;f]l;P;gsf
cWoIf nLnf/fh nfjtLn] gofF jif{sf] ca;/df k"js
{ f] k|Voft ko{6sLo:yn
e]86] f/df rf}yf] vfgf dxf]T;j x'g] nfu]sf] atfP. dxf]T;jdf :yfgLo vfgfsf
kl/sf/, :yfgLo cuf{lgs v]tLaf6 pTkflbt t/sf/L tyf kmnk"mn, x:tsnf,
s[lif tyf 3/]n' ;fdu|L k|bz{gLdf /flvg] 5. ;f] cj;/df Kof/fUnfOl8 /
dfpG6]g afOssf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. j}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk / To;kl5
ef/tsf] c3f]lift gfsfaGbLn] ylnPsf] e]86] f/sf] xf]6n
] Joj;fonfO{ psf:g
dxf]T;jn] ;xof]u ug{] ljZjf; lnOPsf] P;f]l;P;gsf ;lrj lht]Gb| /fO{n]
atfP. dxf]T;jdf !) xhf/ cjnf]sgstf{ cfpg] / @) nfv ?k}ofF a/fa/sf]
cfly{s sf/f]af/ ug{] ck]Iff cfof]hssf] 5. km]l:6andf /fli6o / :yfgLo:t/sf
snfsf/sf] ;f+uLlts k|:t'lt klg /xg]5. dxf]T;j cjlwe/ e]86] f/sf xf]6n] df
vfgf / cfjf;df !) k|ltzt 5'6sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5. dxf]T;jdf cfpg]
ko{6snfO{ e]86] f/ uflj;leq /x]sf] ;fFu/' L os ubL, kfyLe/f dlGb/, z+vZ] j/
dxfb]jsf] dlGb/, gfDh], gd:t] emgf{, z}n' 8fF8f, cfTd a:g] 3/ y'DsL, af}4ljxf/
u'Dafnufotsf 7fpF 3'dfOg]5. To:t}, du/, lnDa", /fO{ / ofvf hfltsf] ;f:s[lts
emfFsLsf] ;d]t dgf]/~hg lng ;Sg] cfof]hsn] hgfPsf 5g\.

dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zLsf] ;]o/ tTsfn gv'Ng]

sf7df8f}F . $%^ d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtfsf] dflyNnf] tfdfsf]zLsf]

;fwf/0f ;]o/ tTsfn gv'Ng] ePsf] 5. e"sDk / ef/tLo gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f
cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cj?4 ePkl5 cfof]hgfsf] ;fwf/0f ;]o/ lgisfzgsf] ldlt
klg Ps jif{kl5 ws]lnPsf] xf]. ;fdfGo cj:yf ePsf] eP cfof]hgfn] oltv]/
;j{;fwf/0f ;]o/ lgisfzg ul/;s]sf] x'g] lyof], cfof]hgfsf k|jQmf u0f]z
Gof}kfg]n] eg] tTsfn}bl] v lgoldt?kdf OGwg kfpg] xf] eg] ljB't pTkfbg /
;fwf/0f ;]o/ lgisfzgsf] ldlt Ps jif{kl5 ws]lnPsf] ;+;f]lwt cg'dfg 5.
@)&@ d+l;/leq} ;j{;fwf/0f ;]o/ lg:sfzg ul/;Sg] / @)&# ebf};Dddf
ljB't pTkfbg ul/;Sg] nIosf ;fy cfly{s jif{ @)^&^* df cfof]hgfsf]
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] lyof]. e"sDk cfpg'cl3 cyf{t @)&! r}t d;fGt;Dd
cfof]hgfsf] &% k|ltzt lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf] lyof]. cfof]hgfn]
;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu @ ca{ $) s/f]8 ?k}ofF a/fa/sf] cfOkLcf] lg:sfzg
ug{5
] . cfof]hgfsf] r'Qmf k'h
F L !) ca{ %( s/f]8 ?k}ofFsf] @% k|ltzt ;fwf/0f
;]o/ lgisfzg ul/g] k|jQmf Gof}kfg]n] atfP. h;dWo] !) k|ltzt :yfgLo bf]nvfaf;L_ / !% k|ltzt b]ze/sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu xf]. e"sDkn] cfof]hgfsf]
Ans OG6]s !* ;]lG6ld6/ efl;Psf] lyof]. efl;Psf] 7fpFdf u|fpl6 -l;d]G6sf]
n]bf] agfP/ efl;Psf] 7fpFdf hldgd'lg k7fO{ xfO kmf];{ u/L s[lqd afFw
agfpg]_ ug{ lj1x?n] ;'emfPsf lyP. lj1x?sf] ;'emfj cg';f/ g} OGwg
kfpg]ljlQs} klxnf l8ln -5]8g\ /] vf]Kg] sfo{_ ;'? ug{] / To;kl5 u|fpl6 sfd
yflng] k|jQmf Gof}kfg]n] atfP.
To;}u/L e"sDkn] ljB'tu[x /x]sf] uf]u+ /b]lv l;+u6L;Ddsf] !& lsnf]ld6/
af6f]df oftfoft cj?4 u/]sf] lyof]. OGwg cefjsf sf/0f cem} af6f]sf]
cj/f]w k"0f{?kdf x6fpg g;lsPsf] Gof}kfg]n] atfP. s"n #% ca{ @) s/f]8
?k}ofF nuft nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] cfof]hgf g]kfnLs} nufgLdf lgdf{0f ug{
nfluPsf] xf]. g]kfnL nufgLstf{ cfkm}n
+ ] lgdf{0f yflnPsf] of] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljB't
cof]hgf klg xf].
g]k fnsf] ;+ l jwfgdf dw]z Lsf] clwsf/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf dw]zLsf] xs clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5.
;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug]{ /fHosf] /fhgLlts p2]Zo x'g].
cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ug]{.
;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, jf cGo s'g}
cfwf/df e]befj gul/g].
;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf dw]zL nufot gful/ssf]
;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg"g adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf
ug]{ .
g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL ;d'bfonfO{ sfg"g adf]lhd cfgf]
dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] / To;sf nflu ljBfno tyf z}lIfs ;+:yf vf]Ng]
/ ;~rfng ug{] xs x'g].
g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{] k|To]s g]kfnL;d'bfonfO{ cfgf] efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt,
;f+:s[lts ;Eotf / ;Dkbfsf] ;+jw{g / ;+/If0fug{] xs x'g].
;fdflhs kn] k5fl8 k/]sf dw]zL ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
/fHosf] lgsfodf;xefuL x'g kfpg ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs x'g].
;dfhdf ljBdfg wd{, k|yf, k/Dk/f, /Llt tyf ;+:sf/sf gfddf x'g] ;a}
k|sf/sf lje]b, c;dfgtf, zf]if0f / cGofosf] cGTo ug]{.
dw]zLnfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cj;/ / nfesf] ;dfg
ljt/0f tyf To:tf ;d'bfoleqsf ljkGg gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg,
;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{.
x/jf, r/jf, xlnof, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;Lxsf] klxrfg u/L a;f]af;sf
nflu 3/ 38]/L tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s[lifof]Uo hdLg jf /f]huf/Lsf]
Joj:yf ub}{ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{.
pTkLl8t tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f,
ljsf; / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu
ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{.
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ubf{ ;a} ln+u, If]q / ;d'bfoleqsf
cfly{s kn] ljkGgnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{.
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd x'g] k|ltlglw ;ef / k|b]z ;efsf]
lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lb+bf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df ug]{.
;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf g]kfndf Ps dw]zL cfof]u /xg].
g]kfnL ;]gfdf dw]zL ;d]tsf] k|j]z ;dfgtf / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df ul/g].
g]kfnL /fhb"t / ljz]if k|ltlglw;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm
ul/g].
;+j}wflgs c+u / lgsfosf kbdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df lgo'lQm
ul/g].

g]k fn ;/sf/

sfg'g , Gofo tyf ;+; bLo

dfldnf dGqfno

g]k fn ;/sf/

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

;"rgf ljefu

@)&@ ;fn k'; !@ ut] cfOtaf/

e"sDk k|lt/f]wL 3/xsf] gd'gf ;fj{hlgs

sf7df8f}F. zx/L ljsf; tyf

ejg lgdf{0 f laefun]
e"sDk
kLl8tsf nflu cfjf; lgdf{0fsf nflu
e" sDk k| lt/f]wL 3/xsf] gd' gf
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5. laefun] 3/sf]
* j6f gd'gf, agfpg] tl/sf, To;df
nfUg] hgzlQm / ;fdu|L ;lxtsf]
lj:t[t k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sf] 5.
u|fdL0f If]qsf nflu 9'+ufsf] k|of]uaf6
lgdf{0f ug{ ldNg] 3/sf] l8hfOg
agfPsf] laefun] OF6f pknAw x'g]
7fpFsf nflu 5'} df]8nsf 3/sf
l8hfOg klg agfPsf] 5. oL ;a}
3/sf l8hfOg kl/dflh{t /fli6o
e"sDk ;+lxtf cg';f/ /x]sf] laefun]
hgfPsf] 5. oL 3/sf] uf/f]df O6f
/ l;d]G6sf] h8fg x'G5 eg] x/]s @
lkm6 uf/f]df l;d]G6sf] a]; /flvg]5.
e"sDk kLl8tn] ;/sf/n] lbg] @
nfv k}ofF cg'bfgaf6 log}dWo] Ps
l8hfOgsf] 3/ agfpg' kg{]5. olb
@ nfv k}ofFeGbf a9L /sd nfu]df
3/wgL cfkm}Fn] Aooxf]g{'kg{] ;/sf/n]
hgfPsf] 5. ;lhn} OF6f pknAw x'g]
7fpF jf ljz]ifu/L zx/L If]qdf sd
vr{ d f agfpg ;lsg] 3/sf
l8hfOgx o:tf 5g\.
gd' g f !
of] e'OFtnf dfq ePsf] 3/ # b]lv
% hgfsf] kl/jf/sf nflu pko'Qm
x' G5. o;df sl/a @=*# ld6/

rf}8fO / ;f9] $=% ld6/ nDafOsf

b'O{j6f sf]7f x'G5g\. To:t} 8]9 ld6/
rf}8fO / ;f9] ^=#% ld6/ nDafO{sf]
a/08f x'G5. of] 3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu
! ;o @( hgf bIf / ! ;o *#
cbIf sfdbf/ nfUg] hgfOPsf] 5.
To:t} @@ xhf/ (( j6f OF6f, ! ;o
@& af]/f l;d]G6 / !% 3gld6/ afn'jf
nfUg]5. To:t} ( 3gld6/ lu6L, @=@
3gld6/ sf7 / ;f9] $ a08n
h:tfkftf nfUg]5.
gd' g f @
of] e'OFtNnf dfq ePsf] 3/ !
b] l v # hgf;Dd ;b:o ePsf]
kl/jf/sf nflu pko' Q m x' G 5.
o;leq @=*# ld6/ rf}8fO / $=%
ld6/ nDafOsf] Pp6f sf]7f / aflx/
# ld6/ rf}8fO / ;f9] $=(^ ld6/
nDafO ePsf] j/08f x'G5. of] 3/

lgdf{0fsf nflu *) hgf bIf / !

;o !* hgf cbIf hgzlQm cfjZos

k5{. To:t} !# xhf/ * ;o $ j6f

9'+uf, *) af]/f l;d]G6, !) 3gld6/
afn'jf, ;f9] % 3gld6/ /f]8f, sl/a
@ 3gld6/ sf7, ;f9] # j08n h:tf
cfjZos k5{.
gd' g f #
of] b'O{ tn] 3/ $ hgf ;b:o
ePsf] kl/jf/sf nflu pko'Qm x'G5.
o;df e'OFtnfdf @ sf]7f / dflyNnf]

tnfdf O{ sf]7f /x]sf] 5. o;sf

sf]7fx @=^% ld6/ rf}8fO / $=@^
ld6/ nDafOsf x'G5g\ eg] e'OtF nfsf]
j/08f !=% ld6/ rf}8fO / ^=#%
ld6/ nDafOsf] x' G 5. of] 3/
lgdf{0fsf nflu ! ;o $^ hgf bIf
/ @ ;o *@ hgf cbIf sfdbf/
cfjZos k5{g\ eg] #^ xhf/ ( ;o
#^ j6f OF6f cfjZos k5{. To:t} !
;o (^ af]/f l;d]G6, @# 3gld6/
afn'jf, !) 3gld6/ /f]8f, ;f9] $
3gld6/ sf7, $=&! a08 n
h:tfkftf cfjZos k5{.
gd' g f $
of] b'O{ tn] 3/ # b]lv & hgf
;b:o ePsf] kl/jf/sf nflu xf].
o;sf] e'OtF nfdf Pp6f sf]7f / Pp6f

a/08f 5 eg] dflyNnf] tnfdf b'O{j6f

sf]7f 5. e'OFtnfsf] sf]7fsf] nDafO{
/ rf}8fO @=(@% ld6/ /x]sf 5g\.
To:t} a/08fsf] nDafO{ %=$&% ld6/
/ rf}8fO{ @ ld6/ /x]sf] 5. bf]>f]

Ps hf]8Lsf] ufp
sf7df8f}F . :k]gdf ;g\ !(#^ df
ePsf] u[ x o' 4 sf qmddf xhf/f} F
;j{;fwf/0f sfdsf] vf]hLdf ;x/
knfog ePsf lyP. Tolta]nfb]lv
Pp6f ;fgf] ufpFdf s]an Ps bDklQ
dfq afFsL 5g\. of] bDklQ ut $%
jif{bl] v of] ufpFdf al;/x]sf 5g\. of]
hf]8LdWo] Ps *@ jifL{o :k]lgcf8\;{
x'g\ eg] csL{ &( jifL{of l;gkmf]/f];f
sf]nf]d/ x'g\ . pgLx?;Fu ;DklQsf
gfddf s]xL hf]/ h'Qf / s]xL la/fnf]
5g\. pgLx? v]tL u/]/ cfkm\gf]

hLjgofkg ul//x]sf 5g\. of] ufpFdf

s'g} a]nf @)) a9Lsf] cfjfbL /xg]
ub{Yof]. t/, clxn] k"/} ufpFdf b'O{
hgf dfq 5g\. of] bDklQdfly Pp6f
n3' rnlrq h+uN; Og k]l/; ag]sf]
5. of] bDklQnfO{ of] ufpF ; F u
efjgfTds nufj 5. h;sf sf/0f
pgLx? oxfFaf6 st} hfg rfxFbg} g\.
s'g} a]nf of] ufpFdf d]o/, k|x/L, k'hf/L,
lzIfs ;a} x'g] ub{y] . t/, k|fs[lts
ljktdf sof} d/] / To;kl5 pxfF
klxnfsf] /f}gs slxNo} kms{g] . Ph]G;L

tnfdf Pp6f sf]7f nDafO{ / rf}8fO

@.(@% ld6/ ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{
nDafO{ %=$&% ld6/ / rf}8fO{ @
ld6/ ePsf] sf]7f 5. 3/sf] afofFkL
eof /flvPsf] 5. of] 3/ lgdf{0fsf
nflu @ ;o *) hgf bIf / @ ;o
$! hgf cbIf sfdbf/ cfjZos
k5{. To:t} #& ( ;o $* j6f OF6f,
! ;o *# af]/f l;d]G6, @% 3gld6/
afn'jf, & 3gld6/ /f]8f, * ;o ^#
lsnf]u|fd /8, ;f9] % j08n h:tf,
;f9] % 3gld6/ sf7 cfjZos k5{.
gd'g f %
of] b'O{tn] 3/sf] * b]lv !) hgf
;b:o ePsf kl/jf/sf nflu xf].

o;sf] b'a} tnfdf tLg/ tLg j6f

sf]7f / j/08f /x]sf] 5. b'O{j6f
sf]7fsf] nDafO{ / rf}8fO #=! ld6/
/x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ Ps sf]7f /
j/08fsf] nDafO{ #=! ld6/ / rf}8fO
@=! ld6/ /x]sf] 5. of] 3/ lgdf{0fsf
nflu @ ;o ^& hgf bIf / @ ;o
&# hgf cbIf sfdbf/ cfjZos
k5{g\. To:t} #* xhf/ # ;o ^ j6f
OF6f, ! ;o &% af]/f l;d]G6, @&
3gld6/ afn'jf, ^ 3gld6/ /f]8f, &
;o ^# lsnf] u| fd /8, sl/a ^
3gld6/ sf7 / ;f9] $ a08n h:tf
cfjZos k5{.
gd'g f ^
of] ;f9] b'O{ tn] 3/ OF 6f /
l;d]G6sf] h8fgaf6 lgdf{0f x'G5.
o;df Pp6f k;n sf] 7 f klg

agfOPsf] 5. o;df b'O{j6f tnfdf

$$ j6f sf]7f 5 eg] t]>f] tnfdf
b'Oj{ 6f sf]7f 5. x/]s tnfdf b'O{j6f
sf]7f @=& ld6/ rf}8fO{ / # ld6/
nDafO{sf 5g\ eg] csf]{ sf]7f #=$%
ld6/ nDafO{ / # ld6/ rf}8fOsf]
5. o;sf] t]>f] tnfdf lsrg /

8fOlg sf]7f /x]sf 5g\. of] 3/

lgdf{0fsf nflu $ ;o * hgf bIf /
# ;o $% hgf cbIf sfdbf/
cfjZos k5{. To:t} %! xhf/ %
;o %( j6f OF6f, @ ;o %@ af]/f
l;d]G6, #$ 3gld6/ afn'jf, !!
3gld6/ /f]8f, ;f9] & 3gld6/ sf7,
% j08n h:tf / * ;o @*
lsnf]u|fd /8 cfjZos k5{.
gd'g f &
of] 5t ePsf] b'O{ tnfsf] 3/
xf]. o;sf] e'OFtnfdf lnle ?d,
lsrg, afy?d / :6f]/ sf]7f /x]sf]
5. lnle ?d #=&@% ld6/ nDafO{
/ # ld6/ rf}8fOsf] 5 eg] lsrg #
ld6/ nDafO / # ld6/ g} rf}8fO
ePsf] 5. afy?dsf] nDafO{ @=!
ld6/ / rf}8fO !=@ ld6/ /x]sf] 5.
dflyNnf] tnfdf klg oxL df]8ndf
sf]7fx /x]sf 5g\ eg] jfy?d /
:6f]/ sf]7fsf] 7fpFdf j/08f 5. of]
3/ lgdf{0fsf nflu @ ;o (^ hgf
bIf / # ;o (^ hgf cbIf sfdbf/
cfjZos k5{. To:t} $! xhf/ &

Embodied
Flexibliity

in

sf]
pkflw;d] t lht] s L
5g\ . Hnf6fn] ;g\

Ps ;ft alif{o 5f]/f, h;n] pkNnf] sIffdf egf{ x'g kfof]. sIffdf pm ;w}F
cAan bhf{df cfpFb} lyof]. lxhf] dfq} xf] tna cfPsf], d}n] p;nfO{ gofF :s"n
8;] clg h'Qf lsGg ahf/ lnP/ uPF. kf]xf]/s} h'Qf dd{t u/]/ nufpFbf Ps
aif{nfO{ t e}xfN5 lg eGb} h'Qf lsGg nfO{ OGsf/ uof]. a? dnfO{ h'Qf
lsGgsf] ;f6f] xh'/a'jfsf sdhf]/ cfFvfsf nflu gofF rZdf lsGgsf nflu
;'emfof]. 5f]/fn] xh'/j'jfnfO{ cToGo} dfof u5{ cfkm\gf] h'QfeGbf xh'/a'jfsf]
rZdf a9L h?/L 7fg]/ To;f] eg]sf] xf]nf eg]/ d}n] cfkm}nfO{ ;DemfPF. h'Qf
kl5 d}n] p;nfO{ kf]zfs kfOg] k;ndf lnP/ uPF. k;njfnfn] 5f]/fsf] ;fOhsf]
;]tf] sldh lgsfNof], zl//df aflx/af6} ;hfP/ x]bf{ Psbd lkm6 ePsf] lyof].
t/, klg p;n] cln nfdf] sdLh b]vfpg eGof] clg d}n] lsg o;f] eg]sf] olx
t l7Ss ePsf] 5 lg eGb} lyPF. s]xL 5}g afaf sDd/df t d}n] sdLh leq}
xfNg' k5{ cln cln 7"nf] eP/ s]xL x'Gg clnslt 7"nf] eof] eg] oxL sldhn]
dnfO{ csf{] ;fnnfO{ klg sfd nfU5 d clnslt a9]F eg] klg o;}n] x'G5.
kf]xf]/ ;fnsf] sdLh klg t gofF h:t} t 5 lg t/ cln 5f]6f] eP/ kf] nufpg
gldn]sf] eg]/ cfkm}nF fO{ ;Demfof].
d af]Ng} ;lsg n'?n'? b'ah
} gf 3/ cfOk'Uof}F . 3/ cfP kl5 5f]/f] ;Fu ;f]wF ]
ltldnfO{ olt w]/} s'/f s:n] l;sfpF5. afaf d b]lv/xG5' slxn] cfdfn] cfkm\gf] ;f8L
glsg]/ slxn] xh'/n] k'/fg} h'Qf dd{t u/]/ klg dnfO{ gofF lstfa clg sk8fx?
lslglbg' x'GYof]. 6f]n l5d]sdf ;a} hgf eGg] ub{y] xh'/ Psbd OdfGbf/ dflg;
x'gx' G' 5. clg xfd|} l5d]sL /fh'sf] afafnfO{ ;a}hgf rf]/, s's/' , a]Odfg, e|i6frf/L
o:t} s] s] hflt eGg] ub{y,] hasL xh'/x? b'a} hgf Ps} clkm;df sfd ug{' x'GYof].
ha dflg;x? xh'/sf] k|z;+ f ub{y] dnfO{ Ps bd cfgGb nfUb5 v'zL nfUb5.
cfdf / xh'/a'jf klg xh'/sf] p:t} tfl/km ug{' x'G5. afaf, d rfxG5' ls a? dnfO{
hLjge/ s'g} gofF sdLh gldnf];, gofF h'Qf gldnf]; t/ xh'/nfO{ s;}n] rf]/,
a]Odfg, e|i6frf/L, s's/' cflb o:t} eGg g;sf];\ . d xh'/sf] tfst aGg rfxG5'
sDhf]/L xf]Og. 5f]/fsf] s'/f ;'g/] d lg?Q/ lyPF. cfh klxnf] k6s dnfO{ d]/f]
Odfgbf/Lsf] Ogfd ldn]sf] lyof]. hLjgsfn e/ w]/} lbg kl5 cfFvfdf v'zL, uj{ /
cfTd;Ddfgsf cfFz' alu/x]sf lyP.

-;fdflhs ;+hfn km];a'sdf e]l6Psf] ;fdu|L_

o:tf] kf] k|]d====

;o #) OF6f, !! ;o #^ 3gld6/
df6f], # ;o @ af]/f l;d]G6, #&
3gld6/ afn'jf, !^ 3gld6/ /f]8f,
sl/a @ 3gld6/ sf7, !&(!
lsnf]uf| d /]G;kmf];{d]G6 af/ cfjZos
k5{.
gd'g f *
of] Pstn] 3/df tLgj6f sf]7f
/ j/08f /x]sf] 5. h;df b'O{j6f
sf]7fsf] nDafO{ # ld6/ / rf}8fO
@.^ ld6/ /x] s f] 5. lsrg /
j/08fsf] nDafO{ # ld6/ / rf}8fO{
@=! ld6/ /x]sf] 5. of] 3/ lgdf{0fsf
nflu ! ;o #( hgf bIf / ! ;o !%

sf7df8f}F . of] b'lgofdf Pshgf o:tf JolQm 5g\ h;n] kl5Nnf] @)

jif{bl] v nuftf/ cfkm\gL k|l] dsfnfO{ klv{/x]sf 5g\. cfheGbf @) jif{ klxn]
Ps hgf o'jtLn] tL k'?if;Fu k|d] ul/g\ clg l5} kmls{G5' / ltdL;Fu} 8]l6+udf
hfG5' eg]/ afrf u/]/ uOg\. cfxhL gfdsf tL k'?if clxn]klg tfOjfgsf]
lza'of /]n :6]zg aflx/ pg} k|l] dsfsf] kvf{Odf al;/x]sf 5g\. xlrsf] gfdsL
o'jtL;Fu pgsf] /]nofqfs} qmddf e]6 ePsf] lyof]. clg b'OaLrdf /]nleq}
dfofk|d] a:of]. b'ah
} gfn] km]l/ e]6b\ f 8]l6+udf hfg] afrf u/] / To;sf nflu
e]6g\ ] 7fpF to ul/of] lza'of /]n :6]zg. afrf cg'k tf]lsPsf] lbgdf cfxhL
/]n :6]zgdf k'u] t/ pgsL k|l] dsf xlrsf] eg] k'lugg\. k|l] dsf cfpg] OGthf/df
pgL /]n :6]zgdf al;/x]. pgL yfs]sf 5}gg\ / tL afrf ug{] k|l] dsf cfpg]
cfzf df/]sf 5}gg\. Pslbg pgL cjZo cfpg]l5g\ eGg] ljZjf; u/]sf 5g\
pgn]. tL If0fe/sL dgsL /fgLsf] kvf{Odf pgn] lhjgsf @) jif{ v]/
kmfln;s]sf 5g\ / ;a}s/' f Tofu u/]sf 5g\. pgsf 3/ kl/jf/sf ;b:oxn]
/]n :6]zgdf pgnfO{ a]nfa]nfdf vfg]s/' f NofOlbG5g\. nQfsk8f NofOlbG5g\
/ 3/ kmls{gsf nflu ljGtLefp u5{g\ . t/, pgn] cfkm\gf] rf]vf] dfofsf vflt/
;a} s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub{} cfPsf 5g\. pgL levf/Lsf] lhjg lhO/x]sf 5g\ /
c?sf] bofsf] e/df pgsf] k|f0f wflgPsf] 5. t/ k|l] dsf xlrsf] kmls{Pkl5
;a} s'/f ablng] / cfkm\gf] lhGbuLn] gofF df]8 lng] ck]Iff pgsf] 5.

u}/sfg'gL ?kdf o'/f]k k|j]z ug{]sf] ;+Vof !) nfv gfof]

hgf cbIf sfdbf/ cfjZos k5{.
To:t} @# xhf/ % ;o !* j6f OF6f,
#% 3gld6/ df6f], $ 3gld6/ sf7,
$ j08n h:tfkftf cfjZos k5{.

o:tf] kf] z/L/====

sf7df8f}F. tkfO{ of] t:jL/ b]v]/

cfZro{df kg{' eof] xf]nf. t/, of]
jf:tljs xf]. oL ;'Gb/Ln] cfkm\gf]
z/L/ o;/L htf klg df]8\g ;lS5g\.
tkfO{nfO{ nfUof] xf]nf ls oL o'jtLsf]
z/L/ olt km\n]lShan s;/L 5.
t/, of] pgsf] /f]u xf]. oL o'jtL
Pp6f b'n{e d]l8sn sl08zgaf6
u'h|b} l5g\. h;sf sf/0f pgsf]
z/L/sf] df+;k]zL htf klg 3'Dg
;Sb5. oL o'jtL c?
sf] x L geP/ ?;sL
lhDgfl:6s Hnf6f x'g\ .
@( jifL{of Hnf6fn] ;g\
@)!! df lslgh a's
ckm jN8{ /] s 8{
agfO;s] s L 5g\ .
/]s8{ agfpg] qmddf
pgn] Ps ldg] 6 df
;a}eGbf a9L lao/sf]
af]Qndf nufOg] lasf{]
cfkm\gf] v'fn] v]nfPsL
lyOg\. ;g\ @)!% df
Hnf6fn] Beauty

o:tf] ;Gtfg e} lbP kf]====

@)!^ sf nflu Sofn]G8/ kmf]6f];"6

klg u/fPsL 5g\, h;df pgn] nGh/L
nufPsL 5g\. Hnf6fsf] jf:tljs
gfd eg] h'lnof Uo'gy]n xf]. tkfO{nfO{
cfZro{ nfUg ;S5 Hnf6f %)
;]lG6ld6/sf] afs;df klg :jodnfO{
lkm6 u/fpg ;lS5g\. Hnf6fn] ^
jif{sf] pd]/b]lv g} lhDgfl:6ssf]
tflnd lng yfn]sL lyOg\.
Ph]G;L

sf7df8f}F. of] jif{ u}/sfg'gL ?kdf o'/f]k k|j]z ug{]sf] ;+Vof !) nfv
gf3]sf] 5. cfk|jf;gsf nflu cGt/f{li6o ;+u7g cfOcf]Pdsf] Ps
k|ltj]bgcg';f/ o'/f]k k|j]z ug{] cfk|jf;Lsf] ;+Vof uPsf] jif{eGbf rf/
u'0ffn] a9]sf] 5. o'/f]k k|j]z ug{]dWo] emG8} * nfv 6sL{af6 lu|; x'Fb}
;d'b|L dfu{ eP/ uPsf x'g\. cfk|jf;Lsf] k|jfx a9L ePkl5 o'/f]lkog
o'lgogsf b]zaLr /fhgLlts dte]b klg ePsf] 5. x+u]/L / :nf]eflsof
h:tf b]zn] o'/f]lkog sf]6{ ckm hl:6;df cfk|jf;Lsf nflu O{o'n] agfPsf]
lgod lj?4 d'2f bfo/ u/]sf 5g\. cfOcf]Pdn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf
lu|;, a'Nu]l/of, O6nL, :k]g, dfN6f tyf ;fOk|]; eP/ o'/f]k k'Ug] cfk|jf;LnfO{
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. k|ltj]bgcg';f/ e"dWo ;fu/ kf/ u/]/ o'/f]k k|j]z
ug{]df cfwfeGbf w]/} l;l/ofnL gful/s /x]sf 5g\. o:t}, @) k|ltzt
ckmuflg:tfgsf gful/s / ;ft k|ltzt O/fssf 5g\. cfOcf]Pdsf
cg';f/ ;d'b|L dfu{ eP/ o'/f]k k|j]z ug{] qmddf Hofg hfg] tyf a]kQf
x'g]sf] ;+Vof of] jif{ # xhf/ ^ ;o (% k'u]sf] 5. Ph]G;L

a|flhlnog dlxnfx?nfO{ s]xL lbg ue{jtL gx'g cfb]z

sf7df8f}F . a|flhnsf bDklQx?n] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] of]hgfnfO{ s]xL lbg

k/ ;fg{k' g{] ePsf] 5. of] jif{ a|flhndf hlGdPsf @$)) gjhft lzz'df
ljlrq vfn] /f]u kfOPkl5 a|flhnsf] :jf:Yo ljefun] o:tf] ;'emfj lbPsf] xf].
of] /f]uaf6 kLl8t lzz'sf] lbdfu ;fdfGoeGbf ;fgf] kfOPsf] 5. o;sf] c;/
pgLx?sf] dfgl;s l:yltdf klg kg{] ;Defjgf /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5. a|flhnsf]
:jf:Yo ljefusf cg';f/ of] /f]usf] sf/0f nfdv'a] f6 pTkGg lhsf gfds
efO/; xf]. ;g\ @)!$ df klg of] /f]uaf6 !$& lzz' kLl8t ag]sf lyP. 8]nL
d]nsf cg';f/ a|flhnsf] :jf:Yo clwsf/Lx? of] uDeL/ /f]unfO{ Nofl6g cd]l/sL
b]zdf nfdv'a] f6 pTkGg lhsf efO/;;Fu hf]8/] x]l//x]sf 5g\. :jf:Yo
clwsf/L s'g} klg k|sf/sf] vt/f ;fdgf ug{sf nflu a|flhnsf bDklQx?nfO{
;Gtfg hGdfpg] of]hgf s]xL k/ ;fg{ ;'emfj lbO/x]sf 5g\. k]l8ofl6s
OGkm]S6f]nlh:6 P+un] f /f]rfn] eg] of] lgs} lghL lg0f{o xf]. t/, of] clglZrt
dfxf]ndf olb hf]8Lx?n] ;Gtfg hGdfpg] of]hgf s]xL lbg k/ ;f/] pQd x'g5] .
8f= /f]rfn] eg] of] o:tf gjhft aRrf x'g,\ h;nfO{ hLjge/ ljz]if x]/rfx
cfjZos kg{5] . of] Pp6f efjgfTds tgfjh:t} xf], h;sf] sNkgf klg ug{
;lsGg. gjhft lzz'df x'g] of] 3fts /f]usf af/]df ut dlxgf yfxf ePsf] lyof].
hlta]nf a|flhnsf] l;P/f /fHodf hfFrsf qmddf j}1flgsx?n] Pp6f gjhft
lzz'sf] /utdf lhsf efO/; km]nf kf/]sf lyP. a|flhnsf :jf:Yo clwsf/Lx?sf
cg';f/ olb uef{j:yfsf] ;'?jftL dlxgfdf dlxnf lhsf efO/;af6 kLl8t eP eg]
pgLx?af6 hGdg] lzz'df of] /f]u x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5. Ph]G;L

@)&@ ;fn k'; !@ ut] cfOtaf/

km];a'ssf dflns h's/au{n] 5f]/LnfO{ n]v] dg 5'g] kq

Kof/L 5f]/L

ltdLn] xfd|f] eljiosf] nflu slt

cfzfx lbPsL 5f}, ltd|f] cfdf / d
zAbaf6 JoQm ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ . xfdL cfzf
ub{5f}+, ltd|f] hLjg ;w}+ :j:y / v';L
x'g5
] , tfls ltdL cfkm\gf] ljlzi6tfdf
k'Ug ;s. cfd cljefjsxh:t}
xfdL klg rfxG5f}+, ltd|f] hLjg xfd|f]
cfhsf] hLjgeGbf /fd|f] xf];\ . ha
cvaf/sf zLif{sxn] ljZjsf g/fd|f
kIf dfq pNn]v ul//xFbf csf{]tkm{
ljZj ljsf;qmddf cufl8 a9\b5
} .
:jf:Yo cj:yf ;'wf/fTds 5. ul/aL
36\b} 5. r]tgfsf] ljsf; x'Fb5
} .
dflg;x Pscfk;df ;~rf/sf]
dfWodaf6 hf]l8Fb}5g\. lbgrof{sf
x/]s s'/fxdf oflGqs ljsf;sf]
dfxf]n b]Vbf ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5
ls ltd|f] hLjg gf6sLokdf xfd|f]
eGbf lgs} pQd x'g]5. xfdL cfkm\gf]
7fpFaf6 cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{5
] f}+ .
h'g ltd|f] nflu dfq xf]Og ef]lnsf]
k':tfsf] nflu x'g]5. of] xfd|f] g}lts
lhDd]jf/L klg xf] h:tf] nfU5. ;a}
dflg;n] a/fa/ d" No / dfGotf
/fV5. cem egf}+ cfhsf] eGbf
ef]nLsf] ;dfhn] dfgjLo d"No /
dfGotfdf cem a9L dxTj /fVb5.
cfhsf] xfd|f] ;dfhsf] d'Vo bfloTj
eg]sf] clxn]sf] k':tfsf] nflu dfq
;f]Rg'eGbf klg ef]nL cfpg] k':tfsf]
hLjg /fd|f] agfpg' xf].
/f]usf] af/]df lrGtf ubf{, /f]usf]
cg';Gwfg / vf]hdf eGbf cfhsf] xfdL
la/fdLsf] ;]jf / pkrf/sf] nflu sl/a
%) u'0ff Hofbf nufgL ub{}5f}+ . olb
Tof] nufgL cg';Gwfg If]qdf nufpg
;lsof] eg] ef]nL ltdLn] cfkm\gf]
hGdynf]df slxNo} la/fdL x'g'kg{]
cj:yf cfpg] 5 } g . sl/a !))
jif{otf dfq cf}iflwx Pp6f lj1fgsf]
kdf k|of]u x'Fb} cfO/fv]sf 5g\ /
xfdL b]Vg ;S5f}+. sltko /f]ux
cf}iflwf/f lgd{n
' x'bF } cfPsf 5g\ t
slt ;'wf/fTds cj:yfdf 5g\. b|t'
oflGqs ljsf;;Fu} xfdL casf] !))
jif{ d f /f] u lgoGq0f, lgd{ ' n of
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd x'g5
] f}. cfh
w]/} dflg;xsf] Hofg % sf/0faf6
hfg] u/]sf 5g\, tL x'g\.
!= d'6' /f]u
@= SofG;/
#= Neurodegenerative
$= ;+qmds /f]u
%= :6fs
]
xfdL l5} oL nufot c?
;d:ofx;Fu n8\g] k4ltxsf] ljsf;
ug{ ;S5f}+. ha xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5,
ltdL clg ltd|f] ;Gtfgsf] k':tfx
o:tf /f]uxaf6 u|l;t x'gx' bF ' g} . xfd|f]
cfhsf] ;fd"lxs bfloTj eg]sf] :jf:Yo
If]qdf nufgL a9fpFb} cfpg] k':tfsf]
hLjg :j:y agfpg' xf] / ltdL cfdf
/ cfkm\gf] 7fpFaf6 of] sfd ub{}5f}.
/f]u lgsf] kfg{' cfkm}Fdf ;do nfUg]
sfd xf]. %(!) jif{sf] cjlwd}
kl/jt{g gb]lvg klg ;S5. t/ clxn]

/f]lkPsf] ljh pld|G5, a9\5 clg

cGttf]uTjf ltd|f] ;Gtfgxn] h:t}
cfh xfdL;Fu w]/} df}sfx 5g\. olb
xfd|f] cfhsf] ;dfhn] kxnsbdL lnP/

s_ s] ltdL cfhsf] xfdLeGbf !))

u'0ff l;Sg / cg'ej ug{ ;S5f}<
v_ s] xfd|f] k':tfn] /f]u lgd{n
'
kfnf{ / ltdL :j:y / bL3f{o' hLjg

h's/ju{sf] k|]d sxfgL

sf7df8f}F. ;a}eGbf rlr{t ;fdflhs ;~hfn km];a'ssf dflns dfs{
h's/ju{ lktf ag]sf 5g\. pgn] 5f]/Lsf] lktf ePsf] cj;/df km];a'ssf]
(( k|ltzt z]o/ a/fa/ cyf{t $% cj{ 8n/ cd]l/sL a/fa/sf] k};f
;fdflhs sfddf bfg ug{] 3f]if0ff ;d]t u/]sf 5g\. km];a'ssf dflnsnfO{
:jlgld{t cj{klt klg elgG5. lktf ag]/ ;+;f/e/L x]8nfOg ag]sf
km];a'ssf dflns dfs{ / pgsL kTgL lk|l;nf rfgsf] k|]d sxfgL ;fFlRrs}
rfv nfUbf] 5.
lk|l ;nf;u klxnf] e]6
dfs{n] cfkm\gL k|]ldsf Pj+ kTgL lk|l;nfnfO{ ;g\ @))# df e]6]sf lyP.
oL @ sf] e]6 Psbd cgf}7f] :yfgdf ePsf] lyof]. vf;df Tolta]nf dfs{ /
lk|l;nf b'j} afy?d hfgsf nflu j]l6 ?ddf lyP. xfjf8{ ljZj ljBfnosf
oL @ ljBfyL{n] To;kl5 eg] lg/Gt/ e]6 ug{ yfn]. To;sf] s]xL ;dodf
dfs{n] cfkm\gf] k9fO 5f]8]/ sDkgL rnfpg] lg0f{o u/]. pgn] cfkm\gf]
sDkgLsf] gfd /fv] km];a's.
sfddf nfu]kl5 c? s]xL s'/f klg yfxf gkfpg] dfs{nfO{ lk|l;nfn]
x/]s kn ;fy lbOg\. Tolta]nf vf;} lglrlgPsf dfs{nfO{ lk|l;nfn] lbn
lbO;s]sL lyOg\. ToxL ljBfyL{ hLjgdf z'? ePsf] lk|l;nf / dfs{sf] k|d] n]
clxn] cj{klt aGbf klg lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] pgLx cj dftf
lktf klg ePsf 5g\. km];a's n~r ePkl5 oL b'O{aLrsf] k|]d sxfgL emg}

emflFb} uof]. lk|l;nf jfn lrlsT;f k9]sL o'jtL x'g\. lk|l;nfn] klg
dfs{sf] clkm;df sfd ug{ yflng\. dfs{ hj Soflnkmf]lg{of ;/] Tolta]nf
pgLxsf] k|d] ;DaGw ulx/f] alg;s]sf] lyof]. o'lgel;{6L ckm Soflnkmf]lg{ofdf
rfg d]l8sn ljBfyL{ klg lyOg\.
km] ; a' s sf] /f] d flG6s ofqf
lk|l;nfsf] km];a's kf]i6n] pgLxaLrsf] ;DaGw slt ulx/f] 5 eGg]
k'li6 u5{. pgLxn] o'lgel;{6Laf6 u|ofh'P;g b]lvsf pgLxsf tl:j/
/ lghL hLjgsf tl:j/ ;d]t km];a'sdf 5g\. dfs{;Fu ;DaGwdf cfPkl5
lk|l;nfn] dfs{nfO{ lgoddf afFw]sL lyOg\. pgLxaLr !)) ldg]6eGbf
a9L 5'lg gkfpg] lgod lyof]. xKtfdf Ps /ft 8]l6 / /f]dfG;sf nflu
5'fpg] pgLxaLr ;xdlt lyof]. lk|l;nfsf] k|]ddf k/]kl5 dfs{n] pgsf
;a} lgod dfGg tof/ ePsf lyP. ;g\ @)!@ df d]l8sn Uof{h'P;g
;s]sL lk|l;nfn] ;g\ ;f]xL jif{ g} dfs{;Fusf] ljjfx lkmS; ePsf] 3f]if0ff
u/]. lk|l;nfnfO{ dfs{n] ljjfxdf cfkm}n] l8hfOg u/]sf] cf}7L nufOlbPsf
lyP. ;g\ @)!$ sf] gf]e]Da/ % df km];a's dflns dfs{n] km];a'sd}
n]v]sf lyP, cfh sf] lbg g} !! jif{ cl3 d]/f] s'/fsfgL Ps zfgbf/
s]6L;Fu ePsf] lyof]. lk|l;nf ltdLn] dnfO l:y/ uof}, o;sf nflu
wGojfb, Ps ;fy lhpg] df}sf lbPsf]df wGojfb.
sfd uof] eg] ef]nLsf] k':tfn] ;jn latfpg ;Snfp<
hLjg lhpg kfpg]5g\. ltd|f] ;jn
u_ s] xfdL ljZjnfO{ hf]8g\ ;SnfpF,
eljiosf] nflu xfdL;Fu b' O{ j6f tfls ltdLnfO{ ;a} pkfo, dflg;x
pkfox 5g\.
/ cj;/sf] af/]df kx'r
F xf];\.
k|u ltzLn dfgj ;Defjgf
3_ s] xfdL To:tf] ;+:yfksxsf]
k|ultzLn dfgj ;Defjgf eg]sf] v]lt ug{ ;SnfpF, tfls ltdLx kl5
l;dfeGbf klg aflx/ uP/ dfgj Jofkf/Joj;fo ug{, ;d:of ;dfwfg
hLjgsf] dxfgtfsf] af/]df vf]hL ug{' ug{ / zflGtk"0f{ hLjg lhpg ;s.
xf]. of] cWoogn] lgDg k|Zgxsf] ;dfgtf km} n fpg'
af/]df vf]lhgLlt u5{.
;dfgtf km}nfpg' eGgfn] ;a} /fi6,

kl/jf/ / kl/l:yltsf dflg;xdf

cj;/xsf] kx'r
F a/fa/ lglZrt
ug{' xf]. xfd|f] ;dfhn] ;dfgtf dfq
pbf/tf jf gofF (Justice) sf] lglDt
xf]Og Pp6f ljzfn dfgjhfltsf]
ljsf;qmdsf] nflu klg nfu" ug{k' b{5.
cfh xfdLx ltd|f] h]g/] z
] gnfO{ w]/}
;Defjgfx k|bfg ug{af6 al~rt
5f}+ / Tof] k"/f ;Defjgf cfh{g ug{]
Pp6fdfq ;|f]t eg]sf] x/]s JolQmsf]
pkfo, of]ubfg g} xf].
!= s] xfd|f] k':tfn] ef]sd/L / ul/aL
x6fpg ;Snf<
@= s] xfdL ;a}nfO{ cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo
;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;SnfpF<
#= s] xfdL Pp6f ;';lHht ;d'bfo
agfpg ;SnfpF<
$= s] xfdL ljZje/sf dflg;xaLr
eb| / zfGt ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug{
;SnfpF<
%= s] xfdL ;a} dlxnf, afnaflnsf,
cflbjf;Lhghflt, blnt /
cNk;+VosxnfO{ ;dy{ agfpg
;SnfpF<
olb cfhsf] xfd|f] k':tfn] ;xL
nufgL ug{ ;Sof] eg] cfz u/f}+ ls oL
;a} k|Zgxsf] pQ/ ;S5f}+ x'g5
] .
oL b'O{ pkfox k|ultzLn dfgj
;Defjgf / ;dfgtf km]nfpg'sf] k|of]u
/ nIf k| flKtsf] nflu s]xL gofF
tl/sfx ckgfpg' h?/L 5.
!= nfdf] ;do -h:t} @%, %) / !))
jif{_ sf] nflu nufgL ug{' kb{5.
7"nf] ;d:of xn x'gsf] nflu 7"n}
;do rflxG5 / ;fgf] ;don] of]
xn x'g ;Sb}g.
@= xfdL lt JolQmx;Fu Jo:t x'g'
kb{5, h;nfO{ xfdL ;]jf lbFb5
} f}+.
xfdLn] ta;Dd dflg;xnfO{
;fdYo{ agfpg ;Sb}gf}+, ha;Dd
xfdLnfO{ pgLxsf] OR5f /
cfjZostf yfxf x'bF g} .
#= kl/jt{gsf] nflu oGqsf] lgdf{0f
h?/L 5. w]/} k|ultx pTkfbg
/ cfljZsf/af6 g} x'g] u5{.
$= ljjfb Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljrf/,
ljdz{ / ax; ug{' h?/L 5. w]/}
lgsfox ax; ug{ ?rfpFb}gg\,
t/ bLuf] ljsf;sf nflu ljrf/
ljdz{sf] h?/t kb{5.
%= zlQmzfnL / :jtGq g]tT[ jsf] cf8\
nfUg' kb{5. c?sf] s'/f g;'gL
cfk" m dfq} cl3 a9\ g ' e Gbf
ljz] i f1;F u sf] ;fem] b f/Ln]
p2]ZonfO{ cem} a9L k|efjsf/L
agfpF5.
^= ef]nLsf] nflu s]xL l;Sg cfh
vt/f df]Ng' g} k5{. xfdL l;sf?
cj:yfdf 5f}+ / xfd|f w]/} s'/fx
;fy{s gx'g klg ;S5g\. t/, xfdL
;'G5f}+, l;S5f}+ / lg/Gt/ cufl8
al9/xG5f}+ .
xfd|f] JolQmut af]w, OG6/g]6sf]
kx'r
F , ;fd'bflos lzIff / :jf:Yon]
xfd|f] bz{gnfO{ ;'Joal:yt u/]sf 5g\.
xfd|f ;Gtltx sIffsf]7fdf x'ls{/x]sf
5g\, hxfF xfdL ;a}n] pxL s'/f l;Sof},+
pxL /km\tf/df h'g xfd|f ?rL /
rfxgf;+u d]n vfFbg} y]. ltd|f] k':tfn]
ltdL s] aGg rfxG5f},+ Tof] nIo lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;sf] ; \ . h:t} OGhlgo/,
:jf:YosdL{, n]vs jf ;fd'bflos g]tf.
ltdL;+u o:tf] k|ljlw x'g5
] , h;n]
ltdLnfO{ /fd|f] l;Sg / nIodf s]lGb|t
x'g l;sfpg]5.
ljifoa:t'df l56f] hfgsf/ /
?rLs/ aGg tyf r'gf}tLk"0f{ If]q
klxrfg ug{ ;xh agfpg]5. o:tf]
ljifo cGj]if0f ug{5
] f}F, h'g cfhsf]
:s' n xdf k9fOF b } g . ltd| f
lzIfsx;+u /fd|f] ;fdfu|L / tYof+s
x'g]5g\, h;n] ltd|f] nIf k"/f ug{
;xof] u u?g\ . o;sf cnfjf
ljZje/Lsf ljBfyL{xn] OG6/g]6af6
:jcWoog ug{] ;fdfu|L k|fKt ug{]5g\,
hf] /fd|f] :s"naf6 6f9f 5g\. lgZro
g} hLjgsf] /fd|f] ;'?jftsf nflu

k|ljlweGbf a9L ;do nfU5 g}. t/,

:jcWoog /fd|f ] lzIff / ;dfg
cj;/sf] cfwf/ aGg;S5. xfdL
clxn] o:tf] k|ljlw agfpg ;'? ub{}5f}+
/ glthf klxn] g} lgwf{l/t xf];\ .
ljBfyL{ x k/LIf0fdfdfq xf]O g,
ltgLx n] h] rfxG5g\ To;sf] ;Lk /
cfTdljZjf; klg xfl;n ug{5
] g\ / of]
ofqfsf] ;'?jft dfq ePsf] 5.
ltd|f] :s"ndf k|To]s jif{ k|ljlw /
lzIf0f ljlw tLj|kdf ;'wf/ x'g5
] .
ltd|f] cfdf / d b'a}n] ljBfyL{x
k9fPsf 5f}+ / of] sfd s;/L cufl8
a9fpg'k5{ eGg] b]vs
] f 5f}+ . ljZjsf
k|efjzfnL z}lIfs g]tT[ j;Fu} nlug]5
h;n] ljBfnodf JolQmut jf
:jcWoogdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5. gofF
k|ljlw / gofF ;f]+r lgdf{0fdf o;nfO{
lnOg]5 / of] ToxfF nlug]5, hxfF nIo
k|fKt ug{'cl3 x'g] ulNt / l;lsg] w]/}
kf7x 5g\. t/, ha xfdL ;+;f/
a'em\g vf]H5f},+ ta ltd|f] k':tfsf] nflu
s]xL /rgf ug{] xfd|f] pQ/bloTj 5.
h:tf] ls xfd|f] nufgL of] oyfy{ k"/f
ug{ ;kmn xf];\ . xfdL of] ;Fu;Fu}
ug{]5f}+. JolQmut l;sfO{n] /fd|f]
ljBfnodfdfq} ;xof]u ug{5
] }g, o;n]
cem ;dfg cj;/ hf];s
' }nfO{ k|bfg
ug{]5 OG6/g]6;Fu}. ltd|f] k':tfn]
w]/}h;f] 7"nf cj;/x ta k|fKt
ug{5
] g\, ha w]/} dflg;x O{G6/g]6sf]
kx' F r df k' U g] 5 g\ . dflg;x
O{G6/g]6nfO{ dgf]/~hg / ;~rf/sf]
kdf dfq a'em\b5g\. t/ ;+;f/sf
ax';V+ os dflg;sf] nflu of] hLjg/]vf
g} aGg;S5. o;n] ltdLx /fd|f] :s"n
glhs gePdf lzIff pknAw
u/fpg] 5. o;n] :jf:Yo;DaGwL
hfgsf/L u/fpg]5, h;df /f]unfO{
s;/L lgif]w ug{] / :j:y aRrf s;/L
agfpg] 1fg ToxfF lbOg]5, hxfF ltdL
/fd|f] 8fS6/af6 6f9f x'g5] f}. o;n] ljlQo
;]jf lbg]5 olb ToxfF glhs a}s
+ 5}g
eg]. /f]huf/ ToxfF k|bfg ug{5] , hxfF
/fd|f] cy{tGq 5}g. OG6/g]6 w]/} dxTjk"0f{
o;sf/0f 5 ls olb !) hgf dflg;
o;sf] kx'r
F df 5g\ eg] To;df ! hgf
dflg;nfO{ ul/aLaf6 d'Qm ug{ ;lsG5.
Ps hgfnfO{ /f]huf/ ;[hgf ug{ ;lsG5.
t/ cem} klg ljZjsf cfwf hg;+Vof sl/a $ ca{_ eGbf a9L;+u OG6/g]6sf]
kx'r
F 5}g.
olb xfd|f] k':tfnfO{ To;df hf]8g\
;Sof}+ eg] xfdL ;of}F nfv dflg;xnfO{
ul/aLaf6 d'Qm ug{ ;S5f}+ . xfdL s/f]8f}+
aRrfxnfO{ lzIff lbg / /f]uaf6
d'Qmu/L hLjg /Iff ug{ ;S5f}+ . of]
csf{] bL3{sfnLg k|of; xf], h'g k|ljlw
/ ;xsfo{n] nfeflGjt x'g;S5. of]
cleofg OG6/g]6 ;:tf] / ;~hfnlalxg
7fpFdf ;xh} k'ofpg] k|ljlw lgd{0fdf
klg nlug] 5. of] ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/L,
gfkmflaxLg ;+:yf / sDkgLxdf nlug]
5. sfo{ ul/x]sf ;d'bfoxn] s]
rfxG5g\, ToxfF klg nlug]5 o;nfO{.
c;n dfG5];uF /fd|f] kyk|bz{gsf] nflu
km/skm/s wf/0ff x'g ;S5g\ / xfdL
;kmn geP;Dd k|of; hf/L /fVg]5f}+ .
clg xfdL ;dfg ljZj lgdf{0fdf ;Fu}
;kmn x'g5
] f}+ . k|ljlwn] cfkm}F ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g. /fd|f] ;+;f/ lgdf{0f
ug{ alnof] / :j:y ;d'bfo rflxG5.
aRrfx;Fu /fd|f] cj;/ 5, olb
ltgLxn] l;S5g\ eg]. ltgLxn] /fd|f]
ta k9\5g\ ha ltgLx :j:y x'G5g\.
k|f/lDes :jf:Yo ;'? x'G5, dfofn'
kl/jf/, /fd|f] kf]if0f, ;'/lIft / :j:y
jftfj/0fdf. aRrfx h;n]
z};jsfndf lbSs nfUbf cg'ej ;fdgf
ug{ ' kof] ltgLxdf dfgl;s /
zf/Ll/s :j:ytf sd x'G5. ltd|f]
cfdf 8S6/ / lzIfs l5g\ eg] pgn]
klxn] g} rfn kfpFl5g\. olb afnfkg
ltd|f] c:j:y 5 eg] ltdLn] k"0f{ Ifdtf
k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gf}. To;}u/L vfgf,
cfjf;sf] cefj 5 / ck/fw JofKt
5 eg] klg k"0f{ ;Ifdtf xfFl;n x'g

;Sb}g. olb ltdLdf qf; x'G5 eg]

ltdL sn]h xf]Og h]ndf x'g5
] f} lsgls
ltd|f] j0f{sf] sf/0f jf j}wflgs sf/0fn]
ltd|f] kl/jf/ lgjf{l;t ePsfn] jf s'g}
lx+;fsf] sf/0fn], wd{ jf of}glx+;fsf]
sf/0fn], n}ls lje]b\n] k"0f{ ;Ifdtf
xfl;n ug{ ;lsFbg} . xfdLnfO{ To:tf
;+:yfxsf] cfjZostf 5, h;n]
pko{'Qm cGt/;DalGwt ;jfnx
a'em\g l;fsfcf];\. of] gofF vfn]
ljBfno agfpg' ltd| f ] cfdfsf]
cjwf/0ff xf].
:s"n, :jf:Yos]Gb|, cleefjs ;d"x
/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;fem]bf/Ldf /
aRrfxnfO{ /fd| f ] kf] i f0fsf]
;' l glZrttf;lxt
ljBdfg
c;dfgtfx h'g cGt/;DalGwt
5g\, ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf] pkrf/ vf]lhg]
5. o:tf] u/]/dfq xfdL ;+oQ' mkdf
k|To]snfO{ ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'?jft ug{
;S5f}+ . of] cjwf/0ff k"0f{kdf ljsf;
ug{ w]/} jif{ nfUg;S5. t/, dfgj
;Ifdtf, ljsf; / ;dfgtf k|j4{gsf]
nflu uxg kdf cGt/;DalGwt 5.
olb xfdLn] rfxG5f}F eg] ;dfj]zL /
:j:y ;dfh agfpg} k5{.
ltd|f ] k' : tfn] /fd| f ] ;+ ;f/df
lhpgsf] nflu xfd|f] k':tfn] s]xL
ug{;S5. cfh ltd|f] cfdf / d xfd|f]
hLjg oL r'gf}tLx ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u
ug{ ;dlk{t /xg] k|lta4tf hfx]/
ul//x]sf5f}F. d km];a'ssf] k|d'v
sfo{sf/Lsf] kdf w]/} w]/} jif{ lg/Gt/
/x'Fnf, t/ oL ;jfnx w]/} dxTjk"0f{
5g\, h'g ltd|f] cfudg jf xfdL jo:s
ePsfn] ;'? ul/xfNg' k5{. o'jf
cj:yfd} oL sfdxsf] z'?jft xfdLn]
u/]df, cfzf 5 lgZro g} xfd|f]
hLjgsfndf nfe xfFl;n ug{ ;S5f}+ .
ha ltdLn] h's/au{sf] bf];f| ] k':tfsf]
kdf hLjgsf] ;'?jft ug{5
] f}, xfdL
rf h's/au{ ;+;f/sf hgtfxsf]
;dfg hLjg:t/, dfgjLo ;Ifdtf /
aRrfxsf] :j:y hLjgdf xft]dfnf]
u/]sf x'g]5f}F . xfd|f] k|f/lDes kxn
JolQmut lzIff, /f] u lgbfg,
cGt/;~hfn -hgtf hf]8g\ _] / alnof]
;d'bfo lgdf{0fdf x'g]5. xfdL xfd|f]
km];a's ;]o/sf] ((% cyf{t sl/a
$% ca{ 8n/ oL nIfx xfl;n ug{df
;xof]u ug{5
] f}+, hLjg ko{Gt.
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 oltsf sfd kmQ]
ug{ of] Pp6f ;fgf] of]ubfgdfq x'g5] .
t/ xfdLn] rfx]sf] sfd ;Fu;Fu} c?
klg ug{ rfxG5f}F . xfdL xfd|f] gofF
kfl/jfl/s no ;Fu} dft[Tj / lkt[Tjdf
klg ;fem]bf/L ug{]5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ yfxf
5 lsg / s;/L xfdLn] oL sfd yfNof}F
eGg] cg]s k|Zg ltdL;Fu 5g\. ha
xfdL cleefjs eof}F / of] bf];f| ] cWofo
uof{F} clg xfdLn] c?sf] nflu oL sfd
ug{'k5{ eGg] ;f]Rof}+ . h'g ;Dej 5,
eGg] nfUof]. xfdL oL sfd tadfq
ug{ ;S5f}+, ha alnof] ljZo ;d'bfo
xfd|f] kl5 x'g]5. km];a'ssf] lgdf{0fn]
bf];f| ] k':tfsf nflu /fd|f] ;+;f/ agfpg
;|ft] h'6fPsf] 5. km];a'ssf x/]s
;d'bfon] of] cleofgdf efu lng]5g\.
oL cj;/xdf k|ult xfdL ug{ ;S5f}+ .
lj1xsf] kfv'/fsf] ;xof] un] /
k/fdz{bftfxsf] ;'emfjn]. To;}u/L
w]/} cg's/0fLo dflg;x h;sf] of]
If]qdf cg'ej / of]ubfg 5. oL ;d'bfo
/ of] cleofg;Fu dfq xfdL s]lGb|t
x'g]5f}+ lsgeg] xfdL k|d] k"0f{ kl/jf/,
;xof] u L ;fyLx / uhasf
;xsdL{xn] 3]l/Psf 5f}+. cfzf 5,
o:tf] uxg / k|]/0ffbfoL ;DaGw ltd|f]
hLjgsfndf klg k|fKt xf];\.
DofS;, xfdL ltdLnfO{ dfof u5f{+ } .
ltd|f] / ltdLh:t} c? aRrfxnfO{ /fd|f]
;+;f/sf nflu 7"nf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w klg.
xfdL cfzf u5f{,+ } ltd|f] hLjg pxL dfof
/ OR5fn] e/Lk"0f{ x'g5] . h;n] xfdLnfO{
cfgGbn] k|km'lNnt agfPsf] 5. ltdL
of] ;+;f/sf nflu s] Nofpg]5f}, Tof] x]g{
xfdL yk k|ltIff ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ .

@)&@ ;fn k'; !@ ut] cfOtaf/

jt{dfg g]kfnL ;dfh / gof hgjfbL qmflGtsf] k|Zg

g]kfn /fhtGqsf] cGTo ul/

nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf ePsf]
5. nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ;fdGtL
/fhtGqfTds /fHoJoj:yf eGbf Ps
sbd cufl8sf] Joj:yf xf]. t/ g]kfndf
k'hLjfbL qmflGt ePsf] 5}g. / k'hLjfbL
qmflGtsf] g]tT[ j ug{] k'hLjfbL /fhgLlts
zlQm klg 5}g. xfd|f] h:tf] cy{;fdGtL
/ gjpklgj]lzs d'ns
' df ul/g] qmflGt
gofF hgjfbL qmflGt xf] / o; qmflGtsf]
g]tT[ j ;j{xf/fjju{sf] /fhgLlts cu|h:tf
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] dfq ug{ ;S5.
ctM g] k fn cy{ ; fdGtL /
gjpklgj]lzsd'ns xf] sL xf]Og< jt{dfg
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q s] xf]< s] g]kfn
k'hLjfbL b]z xf] t< s] g]kfndf gofF
hgjfbL qmflGt ;Dej 5 t< cflb
ljifodf Jofksf jx; rln/x]sf] jt{dfg
cj:yfdf of] n]vf/f lt ljifox?sf]
af/]df ljZn]if0f ug{] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5.
g] k fnsf] cw{ ; fdGtL tyf gj
cf} k lgj] l zs
cj:yf
/
k|w fgcGtlj{/ f]w sf] k|Z g
;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # df la|l6;ef/t
/ g]kfnsf aLrdf ;DkGg /fi63ftL
;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 g]kfn cw{ cf}klgj]lzs
cj:yfdf k|jz
] u/]sf] xf] eg] ;g\ !(#)
sf] b;sb]lv g]kfn cw{;fdGtL cj:yfdf
k|jz
] u/]sf] xf]. ctM g]kfn nfdf] ;dob]lv
cw{;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]lzs l:yltaf6
u'lh|b} cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf clxn] s]xL
k]m/abn ePsf] 5. k/Dk/fut kn]
;fdGtjfbsf] g]tT[ j d"ntM /fhtGqn] /
cw{cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfsf] g]tT[ j ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbsf Psflwsf/ tyf bnfn
k'h
F Lklt ju{n] ub}{ cdfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf
s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf] 5. :ki6 tYo s]
xf] eg] /fhtGqsf] cGTo kZrft
;fdGtjfbsf] d"n /fhgLlts g]tT[ j
lj:yflkt eP tfklg ;fdGtjfbsf
/fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts
cfwf/x eg] ce}m afFsL 5g\. /fhtGqsf]
cGTo kZrft /fHo;Qf ;fd|fHojfbsf]
;fy} d'VotM ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf bnfn,
Psflwsf/ tyf gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lklt /
hldgbf/ju{sf] xftdf s]lGb|t x'g k'us
] f]
5. /fhgLlts kn] ;fd|fHojfbL
d'VotM lj:tf/jfbL zlQmsf] bnfnsf]
xftdf /fHo;Qf k' U g' g} gj
cf}klgj]lzs/0fsf] cleJolQm xf]. kmntM
To;b]lv otfsf cfGtl/s /fhgLlts
dfldnfxdf ;fd|fHojfbLlj:tf/jfbL
zlQmx cfgf bnfnx dfk{mt k|ToIf
jf k/f]If kdf lgoGq0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf
5g\.
oxfFg/] :ki6 x'gkg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg]
!@ a'bF ] lbNnL;Demf}tfb]lv g} ;fd|fHojfbL
lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]k tLj| kdf a9\b}
cfO/x]sf] xf]. !@ a'bF ] lbNnL;Demf}tf /
/fhtGqsf] cGTo kZrft g]kfnsf x/]s
cfGtl/s /fhgLlts dfdnfxdf cfgf
bnfnxdfk{mt PsflwkTo sfod
ul/Psf] 5. /fHosf] cu| u fdL
k'g;{/+ { rgf;lxt ;+3Lo ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]
ljifob]lv klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g,
s7k'tnL lgb{nLo sd{rf/L ;/sf/sf]
u7g, slyt bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rgsf] ;jfn nufot x/]s k|Zgxdf
;fd|fHojfbLlj:tf/jfbL bnfnxsf]
k|eT' j sfod ul/Psf] 5.
;+;bjfbL /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx,
7"nf ldl8of xfp;x, /fHosf ljleGg
cxsf] g]tT[ j nufot x/]s If]qdf
kb / k};fsf] andf cfgf bnfn zlQm
tof/ ug]{ k|jl[ Q tLj| agfOPsf] 5. kb
/ k};fsf] nflu /fli6o :jflddfgnfO{
aGwsL /fVg] h:tf] /fli6 o
cfTd;dk{0fjfbL / /fi63ftL k|j[lQ
;+;bjfbL zlQmxdf tLj| kdf a9]sf]
5. /fli6o cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] k/fsfi7f
/ /fi63ftL ljz]iftf g} /fhgLlts If]qdf
gjcf}klgj]lzs cj:yfsf] hLjGt
pbfx/0f xf].
csf]{ s'/f gjpklgj]zjfbsf] d"n
cfwf/ cfly{s;'fdflhs pTkfbg ;DaGw
xf]. klxnf] / bf];|f] ljZjo'4;Dd
;fd|fHojfbL zlQmxn] k|ToIf pklgj]zsf]

gLlt cjnDag u/]. pgLxn] k|ToIf

pklgj]z sfod ug{ g;s]sf d'ns
' xdf
ljleGg c;dfg ;lGw;Demf}tfdfk{mt
ck|ToIf kdf cfly{s ;f+:s[lts k|efj
sfod u/L h'g pklgj]z sfod u/]sf
lyP To;nfO{ cw{cf}klgj]lzs elgG5.
klxnf] / bf];f| ] ljZjo'4df ;fd|fHojfbL
zlQmxsf] k/fho / /fli6o :jfwLgtfsf
cfGbf] n gx k|an aGb} uPkl5
;fd|fHojfbL zlQmxn] cfgf] /0fgLltdf
s]xL kl/jt{g u/] / k|ToIf pklgj]zsf]
;f k|ToIf kdf cfgf bnfnx tof/
u/]/ tL dfk{mt cfgf] pklgj]znfO{
gofF 9+un] sfod ug{ vf]h] . To;sf] nflu
pgLxn] cy{ tGqdf lghLs/0f,
pbf/Ls/0f, e"d08nLs/0f / v'nf ahf/
cy{tGqsf] gLlt cjnDag u/] .
ax'/fli6o sDkgLx, u}/;/sf/L ;+3
;+:yfx (NGO/INGO) sf] ;~hfnnfO{
Jofks agfP. ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmxaLr
If]qL afF8kmfF8eGbf klg ax'/fli6o
sDkgLx v8f u/L ;+oQ' m kn] cfgf]
k|eT' j sfod ug]{ gLlt ckgfP. To;df
cem cf}klgj]lzs d'n'ss} cfgf
bnfnxnfO{ klg HjfOG6 e]Gr/ jf ;]o/
cflbdfk{mt lx:;]bf/ agfP. ;]jf / 3/
hUuf nufotsf] cg'Tkfbs If]qdf ljQLo
k'h
F Lsf] nufgL a9fP/ s[lif tyf cf}Bf]lus
pTkfbgd"ns If]qnfO{ Wj:t agfP.
cg'Tkfbs If]qsf] nufgL / rqmLo Aofh
j[l4f/f d'ns
' nfO{ emg\emg\ C0fu|:t
agfpFb} nluof]. s[lif tyf cf}Bf]lus
j:t'xsf] pTkfbgsf] lj:yfkgn] d'ns
'
ljb]zL j:t'xsf] cfoftdf lge{/ /xg'kg]{
afWofTds l:ylt ;[hgf u/fpFb} nluof].
a9\bf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt, 3f6fah]6,
d'bf| :kmLlt, a9\bf] dxFuL, j:t'xsf] s[lqd
cefj cflb a9\b} uof] / cGttM
cy{tGqsf] If]qdf k"0f{tM k/lge{/tfsf]
l:ylt k}bf eof].
gjcf}klgj]lzs cfly{s;fdflhs
l:yltn] ubf{ cw{ ; fdGtL /
cw{cf}klgj]lzs ;fdflhscfly{s
;DaGwsf] kl/0ffd:jk hGd] sf
ju{xsf] :jkdf klg kl/jt{g ePsf]
5. gjpklgj]zsf] kl/0ffd:jk
/fHo;Qfdf d'VotM ;fd|fHojfbL
lj:tf/jfbL Psflwsf/ bnfn k'h
F Lklt
ju{sf] cflwkTo sfod x'g' xf]. k/Dk/fut
;fdGtju{nfO{ cfgf] cl:tTj /Iffsf] nflu
;fd|fHojfbL Psflwsf/ k'h
F Lsf] bnfnL
ug'k{ g]{ eof] / ;fdGtju{sf] cl:tTj sfod
/fVg ;fd|fHojfbsf] bnfnLsf] ljsNk
/x]g. ctM ;fdGtju{ klg bnfn
;fdGtdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\.
To:t} u/L cw{;fdGtL / cw{
cf}klgj]lzs l:yltsf] kl/0ffd:jk
hlGdPsf] gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lklt ju{sf] rl/q
klg d"ntM bnfn rl/qdf kfGtl/s
ePsf] 5. lsgeg] gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lklt
ju{ klg /fHo;Qf d"ntM ;fd|fHojfbL
Psflwsf/jfbL bnfnxsf] xftdf s]lGb|t
ePsf] cj:yfdf cfgf] cl:tTjsf] nflu
of t bnfn k'h
F Lklt ju{sf] bnfndf
kl/0ft x'g' kg]{ of t /fli6o :jfledfgsf]
lglDt pbf/ k'FhLklt ju{sf] kdf
>dhLjL hgtf;Fu Psfsf/ x'gk' g]{ l:ylt
;[hgf ePsf] 5. o;/L gf]s/zfxL
k'h
F Lklt ju{sf] lglDt klg k/Dk/fut
9+un] cl:tTj sfod ug{ sl7g x'bF } uPsf]
5. /, gf]s/zfxL k'h
F klt ju{sf] cl:tTj
sfod /fVgsf] nflu gf]s/zfxL bnfn
k'h
F Lklt ju{df kl/0ft x'gk' g]{ l:ylt k}bf
eof]. o;/L k/Dk/fut k|sf/sf]
;fdGtju{ / gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lklt ju{
b'js
} f] lglDt ;fd|fHojfbLlj:tf/jfbL
zlQmsf] bnfnL gu/L cl:tTj /Iff x'g
;Sg] cj:yf o;k|sf/ d'VotM bnfnLsf]
e/df l6Sg'kg]{ ePsf]n] ;fdGtL /
gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lkltju{sf] d'Vo rl/q
bnfn aGg'kg]{ ePsf] 5. o;y{ ;a}
k|sf/sf k|ltlqmofjfbL ju{xsf] d"n
g]tT[ j Psflwsf/ bnfn k'h
F Lklt ju{
aGg k'us
] f] 5. o;/L gjcf}klgj]lzs
l:yltsf] kl/0ffd:jk /fHo;Qfdf
Psflwsf/ k'h
F klt ju{sf] k|eT' j sfod
ePsfn] k|wfg cGtlj{/f]wdf klg

kl/jt{ g cfPsf] 5. ljutdf

/fHo;Qfdf 3/] n' k| ltlqmofjfbL
zlQmxdWo] d'VotM ;fdGt ju{sf]
k|eT' j /x]sfn] ToxL zlQm;Fu g]kfnL
hgtfsf] k|wfg cGtlj{/f]w /x] tfklg
/fhtGqsf] cGTo kZrft /fHo;Qfdf
d'VotM ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfbsf
Psflwsf/ bnfn k'h
F Lklt ju{n] k|eT' j
sfod u/]sfn] ToxL ;Qfk -xfn
sfFu;] | Pdfn]_ ju{;uF sf] g]kfnL hgtfsf]
k|wfg cGtlj{/f]w /xg k'us
] f] 5. bnfn
k'h
F Lklt ju{df dfq ;Lldt g/xL lgDg
k'h
F Lkltju{sf] ju{ ljljwtf /x]sf] ;fdfh
ePsf]n] lgDg k'h
F Lklt ju{af6 klg
;fd|fHojfbL jf lj:tf/jfbL hf] s;}nfO{

hftLo d'lQm cfGbf]ng Psflt/ cfGtl/s

/fli6otf / csf]l{ t/ l;+uf] b]zsf] /fli6o
d'lQm cfGbf]ngl;t klg ;DalGwt /x]sf]
5. o; cy{df /fli6otf hgtGq /
hgtGq /fli6ot aGg k'U5g\. k|wfg
cGtlj{/f]wsf] cWoog ug]{ k|;df o;af/]
klg cfjZos Wofg lbg h?/L 5. k|wfg
cGtlj{/f]wsf] k|Zg /fli6otf / hgtGq;Fu
cGt/;DalGwt k|Zg xf]. /fli6otf /
hgtGqsf] k|Zgdf nfdf] ;dob]lv s}of}F
e|dx pTkGg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\.
/fli6totf / hgtGqsf] k|Zgdf b]vfkg]{
;a} unt lrGtg tyf k|jl[ Qxsf lj?4
;+3if{ rnfpg h?/L 5.
jt{dfg g]kfnL gof" hgjfbL

x:taxfb'/ s];L
klg bnfn agfO{ e'Ok+ { m' f bnfn k'h
F Lklt
ju{ d f kl/0ft u/]/ cfgf gj
cf}klgj]lzs /fHo;QfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg] ul//x]sf 5g\No:. g]kfnL hgtfs]
cfwf/e" t cGtlj{ /f] w eg] ljZj
;fd|fHojfb / ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf
Psflwsf/ bnfn k'FhLklt ju{sf]
cltl/Qm ;fdGtju{, gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lklt
ju{ nufot ;a} vfn]
k|ltlqmofjfbLx;Fu oyfjt} kdf
/x]sf] 5.
cw{;fdGtL tyf gjcf}klgj]lzs
cj:yfdf /x]sf] jt{dfg g]kfndf ljleGg
cGtlj{/f]wx h]lnPsf 5g\. g]kfndf
nfdf] ;dob]lv b'O{j6f cfwf/e"t
cGtlj{/f]wx ljsl;t x'bF } cfPsf 5g\
klxnf] 3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfb / cem
hg;d'bfosf aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]w tyf
bf];f| ,] j}bl] zs k|ltlqmofjfb / g]kfn
/fi6 a Lrsf] cGtlj{ / f] w . 3/] n '
k|ltlqmofjfb bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL
k'h
F Lklt / ;fdGtju{ ldn]/ aGb} cfPsf]
5 eg] j}bl] zs k|ltlqmofjfb cGtu{t
ljleGg k / /+usf ;fd|fHojfbsf ;fy}
d'VttM ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb kb{5. cfh
ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbf/f lgb]l{ zt tyf
kl/rflnt bnfn Pj+ gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lklt
tyf ;fdGtju{ / cfd hg;d'bfsf aLr
k|wfg cGtlj{/f]w /x]sf] 5. gj
pklgj]zjfbsf] x}sd a9\b} uPsf] /
/fhtGqsf] cGTo ePsf] l:yltdf o;
k|sf/sf] cGtlj{/f]w ;xL tyf j:t'jfbL
aGg uPsf] 5.
ctM clxn] d'ns
' sf] k|wfg cGtlj{/f]w
Psflt/ b]zLo bnfn k'h
F Lklt ju{,
gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Lklt ju{ Pj+ ;fdGtju{
tyf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb / csf]l{ t/ cfd
g]kfnL hg;d'bfosf aLr /x]sf] 5.
qmflGtsf/Lxn] of] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ /fd|f;] uF
a'em\ g / To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ lbzfdf
cufl8 a9\g h?/L 5. o; k|sf/sf]
cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;dfwfg gofF hgjfbL
qmflGtf/f g} x'g ;S5. /fli6otf /
hgtGq k/:k/ ;DalGwt 5g\. g]kfnsf]

qmflGtsf] k|Zgaf/]
cGt/f{li6o kl/l:ylt / /fli6o
kl/l:yltsf] af/]df, g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
ljBdfg ju{ljZn]if0fsf af/]df, ljleGg
sDo'lg:6 wf/f, ;d"x / pk;d"x tyf
d"n k|jl[ Qxsf af/]df dfly g} Jofks
kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. oxfF g]kfnL
gofF hgjfbL qmflGtsf af/]df ;fdfGo
rrf{ ug]{ k|oTg ul/g] 5.
xfd|f] b]z g]kfn clxn];Dd klg
cw{;fdGtL / gjcf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf
/x]sf] 5. o;k|sf/sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
d'ns
' df ul/g] qmflGt eg]sf] ;j{xf/fju{sf]
;a}eGbf pRr:t/sf] ;+ul7t /fhgLlts
cu|b:tfsf] kdf /x]sf] qmflGtsf/L
dfS;{jfbL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] g]tT[ jdf /
dhb'/ tyf ls;fgju{sf] ;xof]udf ul/g]
gofF hgjfbL qmflGt g} xf] lsgls gofF
hgjfbL qmflGt eg]sf] ;fdGtjfb tyf
;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL qmflGt xf]/ g]kfndf
gofF hgjfbL qmflGt ;Dej 5.
g]kfn clxn] klg gofF hgjfbL
qmflGts} r/0fdf 5. jt{dfg cj:yfdf
g]skf -qmflGtsf/L dfcf]jfbL_ gofF 9+usf]
qmflGtsf/L sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ xf]. /, of]
g]kfnL ;j{xf/fju{sf] ;a}eGbf pRr:t/sf]
;+ul7t /fhgLlts cu|b:tf xf].
o;sf] Go"gtd nIo gofF hgjfb /x]sf]
5 eg] clwstd nIo ;dfhjfb /
;fDojfb /x]sf] 5. of] g} jt{dfg g]kfnL
qmflGtsf] lg0ff{os g]tT[ jbfoL zlQm klg
xf]. o; kf6L{;uF g]skf -PsLs[t_,
qmflGtsf/L sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ g]kfn h:tf
qmflGtsf/L kf6L{xn] klg ;xsfo{
ul//x]sf 5g\ / Pstfsf] k|of; klg
eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5.
jt{dfg g]kfnL gofF hgjfbL qmflGtsf]
sfo{lbzf g]skf -qmflGtsf/L dfcf]jfbL_
n] 7f]; u/]sf] ;z:q hgljb|fx] sf] sfo{lbzf
aGg k' u ] s f] 5. o;sf] ;kmn
lqmofGjogsf] lglDt ;a} qmflGtsf/Lxn]
Pstfa4 t'NofO{ PsLs[t qmflGtsf/L
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ lgdf{0f, hgd'lQm ;]gf
g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f / ;+oQ' m /fhgLlts df]rf{

lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ k"/f ug'k{ g]{ x'G5.

h;nfO{ s= dfcf]n] qmflGtsf tLg hfb'doL
xltof/ atfpg'ePsf] 5. qmflGtsf/Lxn]
of] dxfg\ sfo{ k"/f ug}k{ g]{ x'G5. o;sf
nflu g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;ft tof/L
ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] 5. g]skf qmflGtsf/L dfcf]jfbL_n] clxn] hgo'4sf]
hudf hgljb|fx] sf] sfo{lbzfnfO{ c?
;d[4zfnL t'Nofpg] of]hgf agfO/x]sf]
cj:yf 5. hgljb|f]xsf tof/Lsf]
l;nl;nfdf g] s kf -qmflGtsf/L
dfcf]jfbL_n] ;x/nfO{ cfGbf]ngsf]
s]Gb|efu / ufpFnfO{ k[i7efusf] kdf
juL{s/0f u/]/ tof/Ldf h'6s
] f] 5.
;du| g]kfnL gofF hgjfbL qmflGtk|lt
/ ;z:q hgljb|fx] sf] sfo{lbzfk|lt
blIf0fkGyL
;+ z f] w gjfbLx,
cj;/jfbLx, gj;+zf]wgjfbLx / gj
dfS;{jfbLx ;d]tsf ljleGg k /
/sf ;+zf]wgjfbLxn] ljljw k|sf/sf
e|dx k}mnfO/x]sf 5g\. oL e|dxnfO{
qmflGtsf/Lxn] e08fkmf]/ ug{ clt h?/L
5. o; ljifodf g]kfnL ;dfhdf dxfg\
ax; rnfpg cfjZos 5.
g]kfnL gof" hgjfbL qmflGtsf]
kyk|bz{s l;4fGt
dfS;{jfbn]lggjfbdfcf]jfb jt{dfg
g]kfnL gofF hgjfbL qmflGtsf] kyk|bz{g
l;4fGt xf]. dfS;{jfb sfn{dfS;{ -;g\
!*$* !**#_ / k|m] 8l;/s P+uN] ; ;g\ !*@) !*(%_ f/f k|ltkflbt
;j{xf/f juk{sf] d'lQmsf] l;4fGt /
ljrf/wf/f xf]. dfS;{jfb ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf]
lj1fg xf]. of] k'h
F Ljfbsf] k|f/lDes
cj:yfdf ljsl;t ePsf] j}1flgs
l;4fGt xf]. Gftds tyf P]ltxfl;s
ef}ltsjfb, cltl/Qm d"Nosf] l;4fGt,
ju{;3+ if{ tyf Oltxf;df ank|of]usf]
e"ldsf ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj /
j}1flgs ;dfhjfb tyf ;fDojfb o;sf
cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'g\ .
dfS;{jfbsf tLg ;+36s c+u /x]sf
5g\. tL x'g\ bz{g, /fhgLlts cy{zf:q
/ j}1flgs ;dfhjfb.
dfS;{jfbsf] dfS;{jfb n]lggjfb
dfcf]jfbLdf cfh h'g ljsf; ePsf] 5,
To;sf tLg u'0ffTds r/0f 5g\, tL x'gM\

-s_df S;{ j fbsf] r/0f M

dfS;{jfb Ps j}1flgs tyf qmflGtsf/L
l;4fGt xf] / dfS;{jfb ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf]
lj1fg xf]. dfS;{jfb ;j{xf/f ju{sf]
d'lQmsf] qmflGtsf/L l;4fGt / ljZj
b[li6sf]0f xf].
-v_n] l ggjfbsf] r/0f M
dfS;{jfbsf] u'0ffTds ljsf;sf] bf];f| ]
r/0f n] l ggjfb xf] . k' F hLjfbn]
;fd|fHojfbdf k|jz
] ug',{ pTkfbs zlQm
/ ;j{xf/f cfGbf]ng tyf 1fglj1fgsf
ljljw If]qdf yk k|ult x'bF } hfg' / o;
k| s f/sf] gofF kl/l:ylt cg' k
dfS;{jfbnfO{ gofF prfOdf ljsl;t
ug'k{ g]{ P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf aLraf6
n]lggjfbsf] hGd ePsf] xf]. n]lgg ;g\ !*&) !(@$_ n]lggjfbsf
k|ltkfbs x'gx' G' 5.
-u_ df cf] j fbsf] r/0f M
dfS;{ j fbn] lggjfbsf] u' 0 ffTds
ljsf;sf] t];f| ] / gofF r/0f dfcf]jfb
xf]. ;fdGtL;fd|fHojfbL zf]if0fsf] bf]xf]/f]
pTkLl8taf6 cfqmfGt cljsl;t
b]zxdf qmflGtf/Lsf ;d:ofxsf]
;dfwfg ug'k{ g],{ ;g\ !(%# df :6flngsf]
d[To'kZrft ?; Pj+ k"jL{ o'/f]ksf s}of}F
b]zxdf k'FhLjfbsf] k'gM:yfkgfsf
sf/0fxsf] vf]h u/L To;af6 lzIff
lng'kg]{ tyf To;af6 pTkGg ;dfhjfbL
;dfhsf cGtlj{/f]wxsf] ;dfwfg
ug'k{ g]{ / cfw'lgs ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4df
n8fO{+ n8\gk' g]{ P]ltxfl;s cfjZostfsf]
k[ i7e" lddf dfcf] f/f dfS;{ jfb
n]lggjfbsf] yk kl/dfh{g tyf ljsf;
u/L To;nfO{ dfS;{jfbn]lggjfb
dfcf]jfbsf] t];f| ], gofF / u'0ffTds
prfOdf k'ofpg] sfd ePsf] xf].
dfcf]T;]t' -;g\ !*(# !(&^_
dfcf]jfbsf k|jt{s x'gx' G' 5. ;j{xf/f

clwgfosTj cGtu{ t ;j{ x f/f

;f+:s[lts qmflGt / lzIff cGtu{t
lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] l;4fGt g} dfcf]jfbsf]
d'Vo dfGotf xf].
o;/L cfh cGt/f{li6o ;j{xf/fju{sf]
xftdf Pp6f ;fj{ef}d l;4fGtsf] l;+uf]
ce]B OsfOsf] kdf dfS;{jfb
n] l ggjfbdfcf] j fb /x] s f] 5.
dfcf]jfnfO{ cfhsf] ljZjsf] dfS;{jfb
n]lggjfbsf kdf u|x0f gu/Lsg sf]xL
klg ;Rrf sDo'lg:6 aGg ;St}g.
dfS;{jfb cfh cw{ ;fdGtL /
gjcf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]zsf]
;fdGtjfb tyf ;fd|fHojfblj/f]wL gofF
hgjfbL qmflGtsf] kyk|bz{s l;4fGt
dfq geP/ k'h
F Ljfb tyf ;fd|fHojfb
lj/f]wL ;j{x f/f qmflGtsf] o' usf]
kyk|bz{s l;4fGt aGg k'us
] f] 5.
g]kfn s] k'h
" LjfbL b]z xf] t<
g]kfnsf sltko cy{ljb\xn]
sl/a b' O { b;scl3b] l v g] k fn
cw{;fdGtLgjpklgj]lzs cj:yfdf
5}g / ca of] b]z k'h
F Ljfbdf km8\sf]
dfl/;Sof] eg]/ ts{ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\.
o; k|sf/sf] egfOk|lt sltko cfk"mnfO{
sDo'lg:6 egfpg] kf6L{ / ;d"xn] /
gjdfS;{ j fbL, pQ/dfS;{ j fbL,
pQ/cfw' l gstfjfbLx
Pj+
;+zf]wgjfbLxn] ;d]t ;f]xL s'/fsf]
;dy{g ub}{ cfPsf 5g\. s] jf:tljstf
g} oxL g} xf] t< t/ jf:tljstf o:tf]
xf]Og. ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # df ;DkGg
ul/Psf] O:6OlG8of sDkgL ;/sf/l;t
/fi63ftL;'uf}nL ;lGw kZrft g]kfn
cw{ cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfdf k]ml/Psf]
s'/f huhfx]/ ePs} xf]. o;} qmddf
bf];f| ] ljZjo'4sf] k|lqmofdf g]kfndf pBf]u
Joj;fosf] ;' ?jft eof] / b] z
cw{;fdGtL cj:fydf ablnPsf] lyof].
bf];f| ljZjo'4kZrft gjpklgj]zjfbsf]
k|lqmof ;'? eof] / To;sf] c;/ g]kfndf
klg kg'{ :jfefljs lyof]. o;/L cfh
g]kfn Psflt/ cw{;fdGtL / csf]l{ t/
cw{ cf}klgj]lzs x'bF } gjcf}klgj]lzs
cj:yfdf km]l/g k'us
] f] 5.
xfdLn] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f s]
5 eg] ;fdGtjfb eg]sf] d"ntM
hldgdfly ;fdGtL :jfldTj, s[lif k|0ffnL
/ pTkfbg ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t zf]if0f
pTkL8gd"ns /fHo Joj:yf xf]. o;sf
cltl/Qm ;fdGtjfbsf cg] s f} F
ljz]iftfx /xL cfPsf 5g\. /fhgLlts
If]qdf ;fdGtjfb lg/+sz
' /fhtGq /
;fdGtL ;f]kfg k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t x'G5.
sfn{dfS;{n] eGg'ePsf] 5 ;fgf]
kl/df0fsf] ls;fgxsf] v]tL / :jtGq
b:tsfl/tf ldn]/ pTkfbgsf] ;fdGtL
k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/ tof/ x'G5. -k'h
F L,
efu ! k[i7 #%(_ To:t} k|m] 8l/s P+uN] ;
eGg'xG' 5, ;fgf] kl/jf/sf] JolQmut
pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t dWoo'uLg ;dfh
;fdGtjfbdf cfwfl/t lyof]. o;
k|sf/sf] ;dfhdf pTkfbgsf ;fwg
JolQmut pkof]u cg'k ag]sf x'Gy].
To;} tL cflbd, e2f, 5f]6fdf]6f /
lqmofzLntfdf cToGt} ;Lldt k|sf/sf
x'Gy]. pTkfbg l;w} pkef]usf nflu
x'GYof], :jod\ pTkfbgsf] pkef]usf] nflu
p;sf] ;fdGtL :jfdLsf nflu. -dfS;{
P+uN] ; /rgf ;+ux| efu #!, k[= *&_.
ctM dfS;{P+uN] ;sf pQm egfOxdfly
Wofg lbF b} xfdLn] ;fdGtjfbsf
ljz]iftfxnfO{ cfly{s, /fhgLlts /
;f+:s[lts ljz]iftfxsf] ;du|tfdf
a'em\ g cfjZos x'G5.
;du| cWoogaf6 s] lgisif{df k'Ug
;lsG5 eg] g]kfn clxn] k'/fgf] k|sf/sf]
jf zf:qLo ;fdGtjfbL k|sf/sf] geP/
cw{;fdGtL km]l/Psf] rrf{ dfly g}
ul/;lsPsf] 5. lxhf] h:tf] geP/
clxn] g]kfndf s]xL xb;Dd k'h
F Ljfbsf]
ljsf; t ePsf] 5 t/ of] k'h
F Ljfb
cw{cf}klgj]lzs x'bF } gjcf}klgj]lzs
pTkL8gdf cfwfl/t 5. k'h
F Ljfb g]kfnL
;dfhsf] d"nk|jl[ Q xf]Og, bnfnx
gf]s/zfxL k'h
F Ljfb g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
d"n k|jl[ Q xf].

lh= k|k'= ;sf=!@

b= ut]
g+= !^#@)^#^$
@)&@sf=;fn
cfOtaf/

/fi6 = ==

l/e;{ l/kf]df )=)))! k|ltzt;Dd

Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] pgn] atfP.
/fi6 a}+sn] k'; % ut] % ca{ lgIf]ksf
nflu cfjfg u/]sf] af]nsaf]ndf !*
ca{ ?k}ofF dfu ub{} @* ;+:yfn] cfj]bg
lbPsf lyP. a} + s tyf ljQLo
;+:yfx?n] u/]sf] uf]Ko af]nsaf]nsf
cfwf/df cfOtaf/sf] lgIf] k sf]
Aofhb/ )=^^ k|ltzt pgn] atfP.
l/e;{ l/kf] / cfp6/fO6 ;]ndfkm{t
clws t/ntf lgoGq0f ug{ sl7g
ePkl5 @)&! ebf}b]lv /fi6 a}+sn]
lgIf]ksf dfWodaf6 t/ntf p7fpFb}
cfPsf] 5.
o;}u/L, rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] kfFr
dlxgfdf ;/sf/L nIosf] kfFr k|ltzt
dfq} ljsf; vr{ ePsf] 5. ;/sf/n]
vr{ ug{ g;Sbf d'n'sdf cfly{s
lqmofsnfk v'lDrPsf x'g\. h;n]
a}+ls k|0ffnLnfO{ clws t/ntfsf]
df/df kf/]sf] 5. s"n @ va{ * ca{
*& s/f]8 &@ nfv ?k}ofF ljsf;sf
nflu ah] 6 5' 6 \ o fPsf] d f d+ l ;/
d;fGt;Dddf !! ca{ !@ s/f]8 &!
nv ?k}ofF dfq} vr{ ePsf] 5. t/fO{
cfGbf]ng / ef/tLo gfsfaGbLsf
sf/0f ljsf; cfof]hgfx?sf] sfd 7Kk
ePsfn] ljsf; vr{ x'g g;s]sf] xf].
To;} u /L, /fli6 o k' g lgdf{ 0 f
k| f lws/0fn] k" 0 f{ t f gkfPsfn]
e"s Dkkl5sf] k' glg{d f{0 fsf nflu
5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 t Ps ?k}ofF klg
vr{ ePsf] 5} g . e" s Dkkl5sf]
k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] (! ca{
?k}ofF ah]6 5'6\ofPsf] lyof].

gfsfaGbLn]= ==
lg0f{o u/]sf sf/0f gub nfef+zdf
s8fO u/] klg b'j} a}+s ljutdf /fd|f]
nfef+z n}hfg] ;"rLdf lyP. PncfO{;L
g] kfnn] klg cfkm\ g f] nufgLsf]
cg'kftdf PncfO{;L OlG8ofnfO{ /fd|f]
nfef+z lbFb} cfPsf] 5. gfsfaGbLsf
sf/0f a}+s / ladf sDkgLn] klg
cl3Nnf] jif{h:tf] gfkmf sdfpg
g;Sg] x'Fbf tL sDkgLdf c;/ k/]sf]
5. s] x L lbgcufl8
Ps
cGtjf{tf{df 8fa/ OlG8ofsf k|d'v
sfo{sf/L clws[t ;'lgn b'unn]
g]kfndf b]lvPsf] ;d:ofsf sf/0f
Joj;fodf c;/ b]lvPsf] atfPsf
lyP. ef/tLo gfsfaGbLsf sf/0f
ef/tLo sDkgLnfO{ 3f6f nfu]sf] csf{]
If]q c6f]df]afON; xf]. b;}+ / ltxf/sf]
;dodf c6f]df]afON;sf] Joj;fo
cTolws a9\g] eP klg o;k6s
To:tf] ePg. /fi6 a } + s sf]
tYof+scg';f/ sflQs;Dddf cl3Nnf]
jif{s f] t' n gfdf $#=# k| ltztn]
cfoft cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] 5. cl3Nnf]
jif{ sflQs;Dddf Ps ca{ $& s/f]8
?k}ofFsf] e]Osn / e]OsN;sf kf6{kh
' f{
cfoft ePsf]df o; jif{ *# s/f]8
?k}ofFsf] dfq e]Osn / e]Osn kf6{;\
cfoft ePsf] 5. ;Ldfdf ePsf]
cj/f]w g]kfn / ef/t b'j}sf] lxtdf
5}g, o'lglne/sf lgb{z
] s >]i7n] eg],
s" 6 gLlts dfWodaf6 ;d:of
;dfwfg gx'g] xf] eg] xfdLnfO{ emg}
3f6f 5. pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf
k"jc
{ WoIf;d]t /x]sf >]i7n] s"6gLlts
dfWodaf6 ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
Joj;foLn] klg cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 kxn
ul//x]sf] atfP. pgn] eg], ;d:of
hlt a9\b} hfG5. b'Ok{ IfLo ;DaGw
sdhf]/ x'G5, ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{
/fhgLlts bnxn] l9nf] u/]sf 5g\.

7u===

jflif{s @ ;o hgf sfdbf/ k7fPsf]

/ cfkm\g} ;+:yfsf] gfddf 3/ hUuf
/x]sf] x'gk' g{] 5. t/, Joj;foLn] eg]
o;sf] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\. P]g tof/
ug{' cl3 Jofj;foLnfO{ ;'emfjsf nflu
k7fPsf] t/ Joj;foLn] o;nfO{ dfGg
g;lsg] atfPsf 5g\. >d tyf
/f]huf/ dGqfnon] d:of}bf k7fPkl5
Joj;foLn] 5nkmn u/]sf] / gofF P]gn]
s]xL 7"nf Jofj;foLnfO{ dfq} kmfObf
k'Ug] eGb} :jLsfg{ g;lsg] atfPsf
x'g\. Jojf;foLnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg
nfu]sf s]xL Joj;foLs} l8hfOgdf
;/sf/n] of] tof/L yfn]sf] c;Gt'i6
Jofj;foLsf] egfO 5. o; cl3

;/sf/n] 3/] n ' sfdbf/ k7fpg]

Dofgkfj/ ;'lrs[t ub{} yk @% nfv
w/f}6L /fVg' kg{] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof].
Tof] lg0f{o df klg w]/} Joj;foL
c;Gt'i6 5g\. s]xL Joj;foLn] o;df
cfly{s rnv]n ePsf] cf/f]k ;d]t
pgLx?n] nufPsf 5g\.

n'
lDagL===
n'lDagL z"Go k|foM 5. n'lDagL cfPsf
ko{6s klg lgMz'Ns 3'd/] kms{g] u/]sf
5g\. sf]ifsf] of]hgf k|dv
' ;lxt sf]ifsf
cGo tLg hgf kbflwsf/Ln] n'lDagL
g6]ss
] f] klg tLg dlxgf eGbf a9L
eO;s]sf] sf]ifsf sd{rf/Lsf] egfO 5.
sf]ifsf kbflwsf/Ln] sf]ifsf] tnj eQf
vfFb} :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf ;o/ ul//x]sf]
eGb} sd{rf/Lx?n] cfklQ hgfPsf 5g\.
n'lDagL If]qleq} ljZj zflGt k"hf
eO/xFbf ;d]t kbflwsf/Ln] pQm
sfo{qmddf d'v b]vfPgg\. cfGbf]lnt
sd{rf/Lsf dfu ;Daf]wg ug{ eGb}
sf7df8f}aF f6 n'lDagLsf] ofqf to u/]
klg kbflwsf/Lx? ?kGb]xL ;b/d'sfd
e}/xjfeGbf cufl8 a9]sf 5}gg\. ;+3if{
;ldltsf ;+of]hs /ljGb|gfy z'Snfn]
n'lDagLdf df}nfPsf] e|i6frf/ k"0f{ ?kdf
lgoGq0f gx'bF f;Dd / Hofnfbf/LnfO{
s/f/df gnUbf;Dd cfk"mx?n] u/]sf]
cfGbf]ng g/f]lsg] atfP. pgsf
cg';f/ sf]ifleqsf] OlGhlgol/ zfvf
tyf jg:klt zfvfdf a9L dfqfdf
df}nfPsf] e|i6frf/sf] 5fgljg u/L
e|i6dfly sf/jfxL gx'bF f;Dd Hofnfbf/L
sd{rf/L r'k nfu]/ a:g] 5}gg\.
sd{rf/Lx?sf cg';f/ jg:klt zfvfsf
sd{rf/Lsf] ldnfdtf]df cj}w ?kdf sf7
laqmL x'g] u5{. sf]if dftxtdf *#
hgf Hofnfbf/L sd{rf/L 5g\. pgLx?
;a}nfO{ s/f/df nUg'kg{] cfGbf]lnt
sd{rf/Lsf] dfu 5. pkfWoIf, ;lrj
/ k|jGwsn] cfk"m lgs6sf JolQmnfO{
aflx/af6 NofP/ l;w} s/f/df lgo'Qm
u/]kl5 sf]ifdf ;d:of rls{Psf] sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lx? atfpF5g\. sf]iffWoIfn] klg
*# hgf sd{rf/Lsf dfunfO{ a]jf:tf
ub{} cfk"m lgs6sf JolQmnfO{ l;w}
s/f/df nlulbPsf 5g\.
sf]ifsf k|jGws Odfgl;+x df]Qmfg
/ Joj:yfkg kIf / cfGbf]ng/t
sd{rf/LaLr b'O{ k6s / sf]ifsf
sfo{sfl/0fL ;b:o anaxfb'/ cfrfo{;uF
Psk6s jftf{ ePklg lgisif{ cfPg.
tLg bnaf6 tLghgf kbflwsf/L lgo'Qm
ePkl5 n'lDagLdf pgLx?aLr af]nL
af/faf/sf] l:ylt ;d]t cfPsf] b]lvFb}
5. jt{dfg pkfWoIf g]skf Pdfn]sf]
sf]6faf6, sf]iffWoIf g]skf dfn]af6
lgo'Qm x'ge' Psf] xf] eg] ;b:o ;lrj
Pdfcf]jfbLsf] sf]6faf6 lgo'Qm ePs
x'g\ . kbflwsf/Lx? cfk"mv';L sfd ub{}
lxF8g\ yfn]kl5 sd{rf/L cfGbf]lnt ag]sf
x'g\ . sd{rf/L cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f n'lDagL
ljsf; sf]ifsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL
aGb ePsf 5g\. cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf
sd{rf/Lx?n] dfofb]jL dlGb/ afx]ssf
;a} zfvf tyf sfof{nox?df tfnfaGbL
ul/lbPsf 5g\. jiff{b} l] v s/f/df sfd
ub{} cfPsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ :yfoL ug{k' g{]
d'Vo dfu /fVb} tfnfaGbL ul/P klg
n'lDagLdf hf/L cfGbf]ngsf] s8L
kbflwsf/Lx?s} n8fOF xf] eGg a'lemG5.
;| f ] tsf cg' ; f/ kbflwsf/Lx?s}
;xof]udf sd{rf/Lx? ;d]t kIf ljkIfdf
plePsf 5g\. sf]ifsf ;b:o ;lrj
clhtdfg tfdf 3/ljbfdf uPsf]
df}sf 5f]kL pkfWoIf l;4fy{ dxh{gn]
sf]iffWoIf cf]d cof{nsf] ;xdltdf
cfkm\gf] :jsLo ;lrj / rfns lgo'Qm
u/]kl5 n'lDagLdf ljjfb a9]sf] xf].
o; cl3sf pkfWoIfsf :jsLo ;lrj
/ rfns x'bF f x'bF } k'g lgo'Q ul/Pkl5
sd{rf/L cfGbf]lnt ePsf x'g\ .

b]p jf===
clxn] geO{ dxflwj]zgsf] d'vd} f tfg]/
kbflwsf/Lsf] pDd] bj/f agfpg]
/0fgLlt b]pjfsf] /x]sf] 5. kl5Nnf]
;do sf]O/fnf kIfsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
tyf j} rfl/s g]tf rGb| e08f/L
b] p jflt/ nfu] s f 5g\ . ;' z Ln
sf]O/fnfn] dgf]lgt u/]sf Zofd l3ld/]
;d]t ;Dks{ sfof{no b]lvg yfn]sf
5g\. To:t} nlntk'/ @ sf ;f+;b\
;d]t /x]sf k|efjzfnL g]tf rGb|
dxh{g dfq xf]Og, df]/ sfFu;
|] sf

k"0f{ ;fIf/ of]hgf ck"0f{

sf7df8f}F . ;/sf/sf] ;g\ @)!%

leq g]kfnnfO{ k"0f{ ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ug{]
of]hgf k"/f gx'g] ePsf] 5. ;g\ @)!%
;lsg xKtf lbg klg afFsL gePsfn]
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo of]hgfcg';f/
g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)!% ldq k"0f{ ;fIf/
3f]if0ff ug{] ;/sf/sf] of]hgf k"/f gx'g]
ePsf] xf]. clxn];Dd @) lhNnfnfO{
dfq k"0f{ ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5.
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf pklgb{z
] s
lji0f'k;
| fb ld>sf cg';f/ clxn];Dd
nlntk'/, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, wflb, kfFry/,
tgx' F , nDh' , sf:sL, :ofhf,
gjnk/f;L, ?kGb]xL, lrtjg, c3f{vfFrL,

Ko'7fg, u'NdL, bf, ;'vt]{ , g'jfsf]6,

kfNkf, d':tf / eQmk'/ u/L @) lhNnf
dfq k"0f{ ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff ePsf 5g\.
e"sDksf sf/0f klg tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
nIo xfl;n ug{ g;lsPsf] pgn] atfP
. clxn] s]xL lhNnf k"0f{ ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff
eO;s]sf] / s]xL 3f]if0ff x'g] qmddf
/x]sfn] cfpFbf] jif{ g]kfnnfO{ k"0f{ ;fIf/
3f]if0ff ul/g] pgsf] egfO 5. ;/sf/n]
!% b]lv ^) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf (%
k|ltzteGbf w]/} gful/s ;fIf/ ePdf
k"0f{ ;fIf/ lhNnf 3f]if0ff ub{] cfPsf]
5. clxn] ;/sf/n] ljleGg lhNnfdf
;fIf/tf cleofg rnfO/x]sf] 5.

sf7df8f}F . ;/sf/n] sDa/ s;]/

sfd ug{] xf] eg] @ jif{df ! xhf/ %%
d]ufjf6 lah'nL yk u/L ;bfsf] nfuL
nf]8;]l8 cGTo ug{ ;lsg] ;+;bsf]
s[lif tyf h n;|ft] ;ldltn] hgfPsf]
5. ;ldltsf cg';f/ lgdf{0ffwLg
cfof]hgfx? lg/Gt/ lagfcj/f]w lgdf{0f
x'g] jftfj/0f eP b'O{ jif{leq klg b]z
nf]8;]l8 cGo pGd'v x'g5
] . clxn]
em08} !% ;o d]ufjf6 lah'nLsf] dfu
5 eg] & ;o *) d]ufjf6 cfk"lt{ 5.
;fy} lgdf{0ffwLg cfof]hgfx?df e6fe6
sfd eP klg @ jif{df /fli6o k|zf/0f
nfOgdf ! xhf/ %% d]ufjf6 lah'nL
yk x'g5] . olb b'O{ jif{df ;a} cfof]hgf
k'/f eP/ ! xhf/ %% d]ufjf6 lah'nL
pTkfbg ePdf !)) jif{df ;d]t
pTkfbg gePsf] ljh'nL pTkfbg x'g5] .
hn;|ft] ;ldltsf cg';f/ /f0ffb]lv
u0ftGq;Ddsf] !)) jif{df dfq &*)
d]ufjf6 ljh'nL pTkfbg ePsf] 5 /,
o;df ef/taf6 NofOPsf] !*)
d]ufjf6 klg 5. ;+;b\sf] hn;|ft]
;ldltsf cg';
' f/ tbf?stfsf ;fy
sfd ePsf] cj:yfdf @ jif{leq $$
j6f cfof]hgf ;DkGg x'g ;S5g\. o;}
cfly{s jif{df ;DkGg x'g ;Sg] @! j6f
cfof]hgfjf6 @ ;o % d]ufjf6 lah'nL
pTkfbg x'g ;S5. cfufdL cfly{s
jif{df ;DkGg x'g] @# cfof]hgfaf6 *
;o $* d]ufjf6 lah'nL pTkfbg x'g
;Sg] ;ldtn] hgfPsf] 5. of] cfly{s
;efklt tyf k"j{sf k|efjzfnL g]tf
tyf ;f+;b\ cd[t cof{n klg b]pjflt/
v' n] sf 5g\. dflyNnf g]tfeGbf
tnsfx?;Fu hgfwf/ x'g] ePsfn] b]pjfn]
klxn] lhNnf ;efklt, k|efjzfnL
;f+;bx?nfO{ cfk"mlt/ tfGg] /0fgLlt
clVtof/ u/]/ cufl8 a9]sf 5g\.

jif{leq %) d]ufjf6sf] dflyNnf] d:of{b\ L

P, @% d]ufjf6sf] dflyNnf] dfbL, @@
d]ufjf6sf] dflyNnf] rfs" / !)
d]ufjf6sf] d8\s' vf]nfnufotsf
cfof]hgf 5g\. b'O{ jif{leq ;DkGg x'g
;Sg] dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dflyNnf]
tfdfsf]zL -$ ;o %^ d]ufjf6_ sf]
cfof]hgf xf]. o;}u/L !$ d]ufjf6sf]
s'nv
] fgL y|L, #) d]ufjf6sf] rd]lnof,
@) df]ufjf6sf] tNnf] df]bL, #)
d]ufjf6sf] vfgL vf]nf tyf $)
d]ufjf6sf] vfgLvf]nf!, @& d]ufjf6sf]
dfbL vf]nf, $@ bzdnj % d]ufjf6sf]
;~h]g, @! d]ufjf6sf] tNnf] x]jf, @%
d]ufjf6sf] sfa]nL, nufotsf cfof]hgf
klg cfufdL cfly{s jif{leq} ;DkGg
x'g ;Sg] cfof]hgf xf].
o;/L x]bf{ ;/sf/n] 7f]; of]hgf
agfP/ sfd ug{] xf] eg] b'O{ jif{df a9\g
;Sg] ;Defljt dfunfO{ ;d] t
Psxb;Dd k"lt{ x'g5] . g]kfn ljB't
k|flws/0fsf cg';f/ jif{l} kR5] em08} s'n
dfusf] !) k|ltzt ylkg u/]sf] 5.
t/, To;sf nflu ljleGg cfof]hgfnfO{
lgdf{0f ;'rf? u/fpg kof{Kt l8h]nsf]
Joj:yf ug{k' g{] ;ldltsf] 7x/ 5. b'O{
jif{leq ;DkGg x'g ;Sg] cfof]hgfx?sf]
lgdf{0f klg clxn] t]n cefjsf sf/0f
/f] lsPsf] 5. ;+ ; bLo ;ldltn]
jftfj/0f agfP @ jif{leq ;DkGg x'g
;Sg] cfof]hgsf] ljj/0f g} tof/ u/]/
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5.
cfof]hgfn] klg OGwg cefjsf] ;d:of
ef]lu/x]sf] 5. e"sDk / e"sDkkl5sf]
;'Vvf klx/f]n] d'xfgb]lv ljB't\ u[x;Ddsf]
k]g:6s / x]8/];sf ;Dk"0f{ kfOknfO{
Iflt k'ofPsf] 5. ljB't\ u[xsf] ;fy}
d'xfgdf Iflt k'uk] l5 ? !@ s/f]8sf]
gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5. dd{t sfo{ eO/x]
klg OGwg cefjn] s]xL dlxgf nfUg]
cfof]hgf ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o
lji0f'k;
| fb l3ld/]n] atfP.

@ jif{df ! xhf/ %% d]ufjf6 lah'nL yKg ;lsG5 M hn;|f]t ;ldlt

d]nDrLsf]===

nfv ?k}ofF k'us

] f] 5. cfof]hgf k|dv
'
e/fO{n] eg] t]n cefjsf sf/0f sfd
7Kk ePsfn] ;xh?kdf t]n pknAw
u/fP tTsfn /f]lsPsf] sfd ;'? x'g]
atfP. cfof]hgfsf nflu b}lgs &
xhf/ ln6/ l8h]n cfjZos k5{.
dfl;s ?kdf @ nfv ln6/ t]n kfP
sfd tTsfn ;'rf? ug{ ;lsG5
cfof] hgf k| d ' v e/fO{ n ] eg] .
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] d]nDrL gbLaf6 b}lgs
!& s/f]8 ln6/ kfgL sf7df8f}s
+ f]
;'Gb/Lhn Nofpg ;'? lgdf{0fsf
eO/x]sf] 5. @)^% df3 * ut] sfd
;'? u/]sf] rLgsf] ;Lcf/;L;L sDkgLn]
;':t ultdf sfd u/]kl5 ;/sf/n]
@)^( c;f]h ( ut] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf
tf]8s
] f] lyof]. clxn] sfd ul//x]sf]
O6flnog sDkgL ;LPd;L 8L /fe]Ggf;Fu
@)&) c;f/ #! ;Demf}tf ul/Psf]
lyof]. cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu
@)%& k'; !& ut] d]nDrL vfg]kfgL
ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof].

OGwg===

cfPsf] nufgLstf{ ;flgdf xfO8f]

k|fh
] S] 6sf k|aGw lgb{z
] s 8f ;'j0f{bfz
>]i7n] atfP. OGwg pknAw ePdf
k';' sf] clGtd;Dddf sfd ;DkGg ul/g]
pgn] atfP. ;'Svf klx/f]n] tftf]kfgL
uflj;l:yt #=! d]ufjf6sf] e}/js'08
hnljB't\ cfof]hgfdf a9L Iflt k'us
] f]
5. sl/a rf/ s/f]8 (! nfv %#
xhf/ gf]S;fgL ePsf] ;f] cfof]hgfsf
sfo{sf/L clws[t k'0ok|;fb kf]v/]nn]
hfgsf/L lbP. To;}u/L an]kmL vf]nf
sl/8f]/df /x]sf] o'lgs xfO8]n k|flnf/f
lgld{t $=@ d]ufjf6sf] a/fDrL vf]nf

a/fxfsf] = ==
a/fxfn] ;'grfFbL, xL/f / kTy/sf
u|fxsnfO{ dfq xf]Og, kl5Nnf] r/0fdf
g]kfne/sf hgtf / ljb]zdf /x]sf
g]kfnL hgtf;d]t 7Ug] u/]sf] ;|ft] n]
atfPsf] 5. g'gb]lv ;'g;Dd, w/fg,
sf7df8f},F kf]v/f, xs x'bF } o's;] Dd
eGg] gf/fsf ;fy Jofkf/ ;'? u/]sf]
a/fxfn] b]z / ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL
gful/s / /fh:j;d]t 5nL u/]sf]
;|ft] sf] bfaL 5. ;|ft] sf cg';f/ a/fxf
Hjn]/L cj}w?kdf ;'g leq\ofpg]df Ps
gDa/sf] sDkgL xf]. o;n] b}lgs bzf}F
lsnf] ;' g cj} w ?kdf xs,
a]nfotaf6 g]kfn leq\ofpg] u/]sf] 5.
u'0f:t/ / cj}w ;'g cfoftdf o; cl3
klg sf/jfxLdf kl/;s]sf] a/fxf Hjn]/L
kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnsf]
kmfObf p7fpFb} k'gM cfgf] cj}wwGbf
;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5.
a/fxfn] ljleGg k|flnx?sf] ;d"x
g} agfO{ cj}wwGbf ;~rfng u/]sf]
;| f]tn] atfPsf] 5. xfn a/fxf
;d" x cGtu{ t a/fxf ;] le P08
sf] c k/] l 6e;\ lnld6] 8 -w/fg_,
z'esfdgf l8kf6{dG] 6 -w/fg_, ef]hk'/
km]G;L :6f]/ -w/fg_, cledt ;]le P08
qm]l86 sf]ck/]l6e ln= -sf7df8f}_F ,
s[kfb[Zo l8lh6n lqk'/Z] j/ -sf7df8f}_F
nufotsf cGo ;+:yf /x]sf 5g\.
a/fxfn] ;'grfFbL, xL/f, kTy
/nufot
oL ;+:yfx?af6 klg cGo cj}w sf/f]af/
ul//x]sf] ;|ft] sf] 7f]sj' f 5. oL ljifodf
xfd|f] vf]hva/ hf/L 5.

lrlgof sDkgLn] l;d]G6 pTkfbgsf] cg'dlt kfof]

sf7df8f}F . nufgL af]8s
{ f] xfn} a;]sf] a}7sn] lrlgofF sDkgLnfO{ g]kfndf
P3f/ nfv 6g Ifdtf a/fa/sf] l;d]G6 pBf]u ;~rfngaf/] dfu u/]sf] cg'dltnfO{
;b/ u/]sf] 5. nufgL af]8s
{ f cWoIf /fw]z kGtsf cg';f/ ;'?df pQm lrlgofF
sDkgLn] !$ ca{ ?k}ofF nufgLsf] cg'dlt kfPsf] 5. nufgL af]8n{ ] rLgs} 7"nf]
l;d]G6 pTkfbs sDkgLnfO{ g]kfndf nufgL ug{ cg'dlt lbPsf] 5. x'jflhg
l;d]G6 sDkgL ;f3fOnfO{ g]kfndf l;d]G6 pTkfbgsf] cg'dlt lbPsf] xf]. sDkgLn]
g]kfndf pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ j}bl] zs nufgL -Pkml8cfO_ Nofpg];DaGwL k|:tfj
af]8d{ f k]; u/]sf] lyof]. pQm sDklgn] casf] b'O{ aif{leq sRrf kbfy{ lSn/
pTkfbg;lxtsf] sf/vfgf ;~rfngdf Nofpg]5. cf]nL k|wfgdGqL ePkl5sf]
af]8s
{ f] klxnf] a}7sn] ;f];DaGwL k|:tfjnfO{ :jLs[lt lbPsf] xf]. of] lg0f{okl5 ca
sDkgLn] g]kfnsf] pBf]u ljefudf ;fem]bf/ sDkgL btf{ u/L sfo{ cl3 a9fpg]
5. rLgs} xf];\ L u'k| n] x]6f}8+ fl:yt lzjd\ l;d]G6 pBf]udf nufgL ub{5} . lzjddf
xf];\ Lsf] &) k|ltzt tyf g]kfnLsf] #) k|ltzt nufgL x'g5] . ;/sf/n] @)&#
;fnkl5 ljb]zL l;d]G6 cfoftdf k|ltaGw nufpg :jb]zd} pTkfbg ug{ rfxg]
pBf]unfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf lbg] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 nufgLstf{ cfslift{ ePsf x'g\ .
o;}u/L, nufgL af]8n{ ] d'ns
' sf nflu cfjZos phf{sf] dfu cWoogsf nflu
of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf 8fS6/ o'j/fh vltj8fsf] ;+of]hsTjdf dfu cWoog
;ldlt u7g ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{ cf]nLsf] cWoIftfdf
a;]sf] af]8{ a}7sn] phf{ dfu cWoogsf nflu ;ldlt u7g ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf].
;ldltdf phf{ dGqfno / nufgL af]8{ ;d]t /xg]5g\. a}7sn] nufgL af]8{ P]g
k|efjsf/L / ;do;fk]If agfpg P]g ;+zf]wg d:of}bf tof/ ug{] lhDd]jf/L af]8n{ fO{
lbPsf] 5. pQm d:of}bf k|wfgdGqL sfof{nodf k]z eO{ cfjZos ;+zf]wgkl5 k'gM
a:g] af]8{ a}7saf6 kf; x'g5] . ;fy} a}7sn] nufgL af]8s
{ f] g]tT[ jdf lghL If]qsf]
;xsfo{df jfo' phf{ lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ ug{] lg0f{o klg u/]sf] 5. a'9L u08sL ljB't\
cfof]hgfsf] dfucg';f/ nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f a}wflgstfnufotsf nflu k|fljlws
;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o a}7sn] u/]sf] 5. af]8{ a}7sn] 7"nf kl/of]hgfsf]
;]o/ sf/f]jf/, d"No, s:nfO{ slt z]o/ nufotaf/] k|efjsf/L dfkb08 tof/ kfg{]
lg0f{o klg u/]sf] 5. kGtsf cg';f/ a}7sn] d'ns
' df pmhf{sf] dfu a9]sf
;Gbe{df ;f]nf/, jfo' phf{ pTkfbgsf nflu uf]vf{h o's] sDkgLnfO{ clVtof/L lbg
;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5.

;/sf/f/f If]q ut sfo{q md ;fj{h lgs

sf7df8f}F. k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] tTsfn ;'wf/

sfo{of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf d'Vod'Vo If]qut sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5.
dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] xfn} cfof]hgf u/]sf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf d'Vo;lrj
8f ;f]dnfn ;'j]bLn] sfo{of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf !) j6f If]qut sfo{qmd
;fj{hlgs u/]sf x'g\ . o;df ;\qmd0fsfnLg tyf ;du| ;fj{hlgs If]q,
cfly{s If]q, pBf]u If]q, pmhf{ If]q, sfg'g If]q, s[lif If]q, zflGt ;'/Iff If]q,
s"6gLlts If]q, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg If]q / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft
If]q /x]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos
gLltut, sfg'gL, k|lqmofut tyf ;7gfTds Joj:yf ldnfpg] ljifonfO{ If]qut
sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf lbOPsf] d'Vo;lrj 8f ;'jb] Ln] hfgsf/L u/fP . ;Lo
9fFrfcg'?ksf] tLg txsf] sfo{;r
" L / clwsf/adf]lhd k'gM;+/rgf, tbg'?k
hgzlQm tyf Ifdtf ljsf; of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g] / e|i6frf/lj?4sf]
/fli6o /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ cg'udg ug{] ljifonfO{
;\qmd0fsfnLg tyf ;du| ;fj{hlgs If]qut sfo{qmdcGtu{t Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 pgn] atfP.
cfly{s If]qdf cy{tGqdf k/]sf c;/sf] oyfy{ lrq0f;lxt xfn} ;/sf/n]
hf/L u/]sf] :j]tkq sfo
f{Gjog ug{], s]Gb|Lo /fh:j af]8{ u7g ug{,] cfGtl/s
/fh:j e'QmfgLdf ljB'tLo e'QmfgL k4lt nfu" ug{] / ljQLo If]q ljsf; ;ldlt
th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{]nufot sfo{qmd ;d]l6Psf 5g\. pBf]u If]qsf
sfo{qmddf pBf]u ljefusf] ;a} ;]jfnfO{ cgnfOgdf n}hfg] / ljQLo 3f6fdf
uO{ w]/} sd Ifdtfdf ;~rfng eP/ ?U0f cj:yfdf k'us
] f pBf]usf] cWoog
ug{] of]hgf 5. k}t+ L;j6f pBf]usf] ?U0ftf klxrfg u/L l;kmfl/; ug{] / dlxnf
pBdzLntf ljsf; sf]if k|ltjif{ !) lhNnfsf b/n] lj:tf/ u/L tLg jif{leq
yk $^ lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ug{] sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5. pmhf{ If]qsf
sfo{qmddf ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ e/kbf{,] jftfj/0f tyf ;f}Gbo{d}qL tj/df qmlds
?kn] lj:tf/ ub{} nlug] 5. ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu ljB'td\ f kx'Fr a9fpFb} n}hfg
u'?of]hgf tof/ ug{] / g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:osf
nflu cfjZos cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug{] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5.
sfg'g If]qcGtu{t ;+ljwfgadf]lhd gofF sfg'gsf] ljifo klxrfg ug{,]
;+ljwfgadf]lhd tTsfn ;+zf]wg ug{'kg{] P]g ;+zf]wgsf] nflu s]xL g]kfn P]g
;+zf]wgsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug{] / ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yf Pj+ sfof{Gjog pknlAwaLr
b]lvPsf b"/LnfO{ ljZn]if0f u/L ;'wf/sf pkfosf] klxrfg ul/g] ePsf] 5. s[lif
Pj+ kz' ;]jfsf] k|fljlws ;]jf tLg xhf/ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf k'ofpg] / s[lif
ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{qmd /x]sf] d'Vo;lrj 8f ;'jb] Ln] atfP.
zflGt ;'/Iff If]qcGtu{t b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ P]gnfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg P]gn]
k|lt:yfkg ug{ tLg dlxgfleq Joj:yflksf;+;b\df ljw]os k]; ul/g] ePsf]
5. s"6gLlts If]qsf sfo{qmddf rf}yf] lad:6]s ;Dd]ng ;g\ @)!^ df
g]kfndf ug{] / ;xh?kdf /fxbfgL ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfo{qmd ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] 5. e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg If]qsf sfo{qmddf dfnkf]t sfof{nodf
a}s
+ sfpG6/ ;~rfng ug{] of]hgf 5. ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft If]qcGtu{t
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