Preposition Materials CIS New Colored

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj
zixar A qg
i zFlin
Prepositions
in Hebrew
huk cegh rs ka rughak rzg rnuj
-1-
Why do we need to learn the prepositions so

intensively?
Is it any wonder that prepositions create so many troubles for

students for whom Hebrew is a second language?
These little words present difficulties and are troublesome in any
language. Using them is often difficult for even native speakers of
Hebrew, let alone for Hebrew as a Second Language) students.
Think about students of English as a second language: We say we are
at school with the teacher who is in the school. We lie in bed but on
the couch. We watch a film at the theater but on television.
This series of lessons on (about) prepositions will introduce the use of

prepositions in Hebrew, each preposition with usage notes. Of course,
it will be difficult to address all the potential difficulties with
prepositions in Hebrew, because, like in any normal, living language,
they are too many.
The only way the learner can master the preposition (Prepositional
phrases) usage is through practice and paying close attention to their
usage. There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition.
Like idioms, they are best learned by heart, which verb goes with
which preposition, and when the different preposition changes the
meaning of the verb (still, remember that the prepositional phrase is
with a pronoun or a noun!).
Think about look for, look at, look up, etc.
-2-
Even advanced learners of any language find prepositions difficult as a

100% (translation) equivalent to the learners first language is usually not
possible. One preposition in your native language might have several
translations depending on the situation.
Here is an example how a sentence can mean different things because the
same preposition with a verb can mean different things:
txhfv kg okj tuv
The preposition kg in Hebrew can mean "on or about. Therefore,
the sentence can mean
He dreamed (was dreaming) on the chair,
or
He dreamed (was dreaming) about the chair.
Note that the first sentence is adverbial!
Have you ever heard the question: What phrase do I need to use, fill in
or fill out? You fill in a form by filling it out! This tells us that use of
prepositions does not always follow a logical process! It has to be
memorized, as you will see from the examples below.
Therefore, anytime you write a note about a verb - write the governing
preposition (the preposition that goes with that verb), because their usage
is often different than in English, and different preposition gives the verb
another meaning. For example:
///c ihntn - believe in, as in believe in God.
///k ihntn - believe [someone], as in I believe him.
Think about the English phrases go in, go for, go over, go on, etc.,
which do not have anything to do with going.
-3-
Examples:
agree to, agree with, agree on; argue about, argue with, argue for or
against.
Prepositions are sometimes so firmly connected to other words that they

have practically become one word in meaning. In other languages they are
sometimes indeed one word.
What is a Preposition?
A preposition describes a relationship between words in a sentence.

Prepositions by themselves, without their relation to other words, are
meaningless. Would you be able to explain, for example, what the word
for is without relating it to something? It is very hard to define them.
This is why they are called in Hebrew xj
h ,ukhn,
literally, relationships
words.
Perhaps you could, by using your hands and feet to show how something is
situated in relationship to something else.
Almost always, prepositions are combined with other words. This

combination is called prepositional phrase. The number of potential
prepositional phrases is (almost) endless.
-4-
The pronoun or the noun which follows the preposition is the object of
the preposition. Examples:
Preposition
Object of the Preposition
Prepositional Phrase
to
the game
to the game
by
bus
by bus
in
the morning
in the morning
under
the bed
under the bed
A preposition is typically found before a noun, pronoun, or

substantive, and explains something about it, usually it indicates the
temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the
sentence as in the following examples:
The ball is on the table.

The bag is beneath/under the table.
The books are beside the table.
The teacher holds the pointer above the table.
The dog is across the table.
The dog is there during class.
-5-
Each of the highlighted words in the preceding sentences is a

preposition. In each of the sentences, a preposition locates the noun in
space or in time. The prepositions are showing where (and when) the
noun is.
Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time. The

relationships can include direction, place, time, cause, manner,
amount, etc., for example, "He is not like me," "Everyone was there
except Dan, "I went to school (direction), I came by bus
(manner), etc.
Preposition can, for example, describe things as happening in the

game, during the game, before the game, until the game, after the
game, etc.
For each purpose, one can use one preposition or more. For example,
in English, for time we use at, on, and in. To indicate specific
time we use at: I will see you at 6:30 p.m.
To indicate days and dates we use on: I will see you on
Monday/on January 7.
To indicate nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a
year We use in: I will see you in the morning/in the winter/in
2012/in January.
Again, you can see that this is arbitrary in English. Other languages
will use different prepositions for the same expressions. Hebrew will
use the same expression for all of them!
-6-
The same principle is used for other relations of the prepositions to the
object, for example to indicate place:
To indicate a specific place we use at: I live at Oren Street.
To indicate names of streets, avenues, etc. we use on: My house is on
Oren Street.
To indicate names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries,
continents) we use in: "I live in Minneapolis/ in Hennepin County/ in
Minnesota.
As the prepositions indicating time (above), here, too, the same
preposition in Hebrew will be used in all preceding sentences.
This does not mean that you cannot use other preposition to indicate
the same thing.
What do we do when the same preposition describes more than one

object?
When two words or phrases are used in in a sentence and they require
the same preposition, In English the preposition does not have to be
used twice: It was done by David and (by) Rachel.
However, when the objects require different prepositions, of course you
cannot omit one of them, but in English you still keep them together:
They were interested in and influenced by the movie.
In Hebrew, however, you have to separate them, and use the second
preposition after that first prepositional phrase (usually the preposition
will be conjugated in the end):
ubnn ugpauvu yrxc ohbhhbugn uhv ov - Literally: They were interested in the
movie, and were influenced by it.
-7-
Please remember this rule!
She contributes to and learns from every lesson would be in

Hebrew ubnn ,snuku rugha kfk ,nru, thv - She contributes to every
lesson and learns from it.
At one time, you were taught that a sentence should never end with a
preposition. This is not the case anymore. Everyone knows that
sometimes when trying to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition, it
creates unnecessary and awkward phrasing. Try to change the order in
the preceding sentences. Winston Churchill once reportedly exclaimed,
"That is the sort of thing up with which I will not put!" to mock
someone who criticized him for ending a sentence with a preposition.
So in English, unlike Hebrew, a sentence CAN end with a preposition.

Examples:
* Where did you go to?
* What did you talk about?
* What did you step on?
* This is a problem that we are already aware of.
* Whom will you be meeting with?
* Preposition is a word that you could not end a sentence with.
-8-
We cannot emphasize enough: Never end a sentence with a

preposition in Hebrew, unless it is conjugated! Prepositions in
Hebrew always come BEFORE the noun!
Another important thing to remember: In Hebrew, prepositions

are conjugated. They have a suffix which indicates the object! You
cannot use a preposition immediately before a pronoun.
THERE IS NO hbtk, v,tn, tUv og, etc.!!!
Also, a preposition sits in front of (is pre-positioned before) its

object, but since in Hebrew the preposition is conjugated (we add
a suffix to the preposition), the preposition can be one word with
its object:
IfI,C - in it; Ik - to him; Ikhc J C - for him, etc.
Please remember that some prepositions have one letter only, and
this letter will always be written (and pronounced) with the next
word! See the lesson on One Letter Words.
-9-
Vocabulary of Prepositions
(Hebrew-English, Short Version):
The following words are the most commonly used prepositions in
Hebrew:
Remember that each preposition can have different meanings in
context!
without
hkC
after
///rj t
without
hs
gkC
after
///-hrj t
instead of, in
place of
oIen C
at/in place; in the

hand of; among
regarding, as for,
concerning, with
regard to, with
respect to
///k gdIbC
(///'uhkt)
in; at (time or
place)
in addition to
///k ;xIb
C
(///'uhkt)
regarding, as for,
concerning, with
regard to,, with
respect to
for (e.g. pay

for)
sgC
following
,Ice g C
among
cre C
for, to
khc J C
in, within, inside;

among
through, via
because of (with
noun), due to
regarding, as for,
concerning, with
regard to, with
respect to
between; among
(e.g. among
them)
lI,C
lrs
- 10 -
kmt
C
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
kkd C
///k xj
hC
ihC
around
beyond, across
above; over;
beyond
below, beneath,
under,
underneath
against
around
///k chc x n
///k rcg n
'k ,j , n
,j ,
sdb
//k chc x
sg
on, on top of;

about
kg
sh-kg
by
hs
h-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
far from
///n eIjr
below, beneath,
under,
underneath
next to, near,

beside, close to,
by
shk
by, according to
hp
k
before, in front
of, ago, ahead of,
prior to
hbp k
from
by, near, close to
behind, from
behind
ka
,j ,
,tre
k
lI,k
n
hrIjtn
outside of; aside,

except, apart
from, aside from
///k .Ujn
aside, except
(for), apart from,
aside from,,
excluding
sckn
across
kUnn
from
- 11 -
///n .Uj
InF
into
(///h,ht)
og
///k ,IsIv
like
toward(s)
next to, near,

beside, close to,
by
of
except (for),
aside from, apart
from, excluding
kgn
until, till, up to
with
thanks to
in
Vocabulary of Prepositions (English- Hebrew, Short Version).

The following words are the most commonly used prepositions in
Hebrew:
about
kg
above
kgn
according to
hp
k `hs
h-kg
across
rcg n 'kUnn
///k
after
against
ahead of
hbp k
apart from
around
as for
at (place)
sdb
hbp k
among (e.g.
among them)
aside from
'///rj t
///-hrj t
ago
among
as per
at (time or place)
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
'///n .Uj
.Ujn 'sckn
///k
kmt
C
because of (with
noun)
kkd C
cre C
before
hbp k
`kmt `ihC
lI,C
behind
hrIjtn
below
'k ,j , n
,j ,
beneath
'k ,j , n
,j ,
'///n .Uj
.Ujn 'sckn
///k
'///k chc x
///k chc x n
beside
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
between
- 12 -
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
`kt cIre
///n .Uj
ihC
beyond
by
close to
concerning,
due to
except
rcg n 'kgn
///k
in (space)
in (time, e.g. in
3 days)
`hp
k `hs
h-kg
'///k cIre
'kt cIre
shk 'sh-kg
in addition to
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
.Ujn 'sckn
///k
///k ;xIb
C
(///'uhkt)
hbp k
in place of
oIen C
instead of
kkd C
lI,C
in front of
inside
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
lI,C
oIen C
into
lI,k
like
InF
near
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
next to
'shk 'sh-kg
'///k cIre
kt cIre
except (for)
'///n .Uj
sckn
excluding
'///n .Uj
sckn
of
ka
far from
///n eIjr
on
kg
following
,Ice g C
on top of
kg
for (e.g. pay

for)
from
from behind
sgC 'khc J C
outside of
in '///n
hrIjtn
- 13 -
///k .Ujn
over
kgn
prior to
hbp k
regarding
thanks to
through
till
toward(s)
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
via
with
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
with respect to
///k gdIbC
'(///'uhkt)
'///k xj
hC
///k rJ
tC
(///'uhkt)
lrs
,tre
k
under
'k ,j , n
,j ,
underneath
'k ,j , n
,j ,
until
sg
up to
sg
within
without
- 14 -
(///h,ht)
og
with regard to
///k ,IsIv
sg
lrs
lI,C
hs
gkC 'hkC
Sometimes in Hebrew, instead of using the preposition to for

direction, we use the ending v - v,
hC v - (to) home, vnIrs - to the
south, vshmv - to the side, vmUjv (to the) outside, etc. This syllable is
called vndnv tv in Hebrew (it should rather be called iUuhFv tv),
and
directive Hey in English.
In English, too, we not always use a preposition to indicate direction.
Thinks about the words home, downtown, uptown, inside,
outside, downstairs, upstairs, etc.
He went upstairs. Shira went home. They went outside.
When in English we use for when we indicate time (seconds, minutes,

hours, days, months, years), in Hebrew we either skip it, or (less
frequently) say lJ n C:
He sat there for seven hours - ,uga gca oa cah tuv or gca lanc oa cah tuv
,uga.
Usually, you use the word rcF to indicate this meaning:
She's lived there for seven years - ohba gca (rcF)
oa vrd thv.
I haven't been to Israel for so many years - ohba vcrv rcf ktrahc h,hhv tk.
I havent seen him for five year - ohba anj rcf u,ut h,htr tk.
When in English you use since (with a specific date or time), in

Hebrew you use either zt n or simply n".
He has worked here since 1996 - 1996-(,ba)n
oa scg tuv.
She's been sitting there since three oclock - auka (vga)n oa vcah thv.
- 15 -
Though the formal expression of visit someone is kmt,

the common
use is (also) ,t.
hka ohruvv ,t h,rehC - I visited my parents. But:
hka ohruvv kmt h,hhv!
When in English you use in for time, as in Ill be there in an hour,

in Hebrew you use sIgC
or lI,C
(in spoken Hebrew also simply
lI,).
Ill be there in a minute - ves lu,cqsugc oa vhvt hbt
IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS TO REMEMBER!

PLEASE MEMORIZE!
at noon
ohhrvumc
in a day
(lu,) lu,C
sIgC 'ouh
ouh
Ill be here
within an hour
itf vhvt
(lu,) lu,c
vga
on tuesday
hahka ouhC
since four
oclock
vgav ztn
'gcrt
gcrtn
for three years
four years ago

last week
gUcac
rcga
last year
vbac
vrcga
ten to six (5:50)
'ohba auka
auka la n C
ohba
- 16 -
gcrt hbp k
ohba
(vrG
g) rG
g
aJ
k
ten past six

(6:10)
rG
gu aa
aa) ,ues
(vrGgu
quarter past five

(five fifteen)
gcru anj
quarter to six
(five forty five)
aak
gcr
(from) Monday
to (till) Friday
sg hba ouhn
haha ouh
Ill be back by 6
oclock
hbpk ruzjt
aa (vga)
Minneapolis lies
on the
Mississippi
xhkuptbhn
kg ,cauh
hphxhxhnv
on the second
floor
vnuec
vhhbav
by bus, on the
bus
xUCIyItc
on TV
vhzhu
uky
C
on the radio
on the phone
I visited him
I visited
Jerusalem
Ihs
rC
iIpky
C
She learned
Hebrew at (the
age of) five
vsnk thv
khdC ,hrcg
aa
put a jacket over

the shirt
khgn aICkk
(kgn) kg
vmkUjv
I havent been to
Tibet
h,hhv tk
yChyc
h,rehc
ohkaurhc
I visited the
place
h,rehc
ouenC
I visited the
museum
h,rehc
iutzunc
Ive been on a
Hawaii vacation
h,hhv
vapUjc
htuuvc
I havent been on
a vacation for
seven years
h,hhv tk
vapUjc
gca rcf
ohba
I looked at him
h,kF,xv
uhkg
I am going for a
walk
lkuv hbt
khhyk
He taught me
snhk
tuv
h,ut
I talked to him
I talked to the
teacher
I helped him
- 17 -
h,rehc
'u,ut
h,rehc
ukmt
h,rChs
u,ht
og h,rChs
vrunv
uk h,rzg
I told him
I told Rachel
uk h,rnt
h,rnt
kj
rk
Im hot
hk oj
Im cold
hk re
I have pain in...
///v hk ctuF
I have headache
hk ctuf
atrv
it is hard/
difficult for me
hk vae
it is easy for me
hk ke
the book is
bigger/ smaller
than the
notebook
r,uh rpxv
iyeqkusd
,rcjnvn
Another fact that you MUST remember is that different verbs have
different prepositions, or no prepositions at all. The following sentence
must sound funny to us:
ikht ,t vFn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (not a nice thing to do!)
is the same as
ikhtk .hCrn hxuh - Yossi hits Ilan (here it is connected through a
preposition k, which makes it an indirect object).
Where is the main problem when using prepositions related to a direct

or indirect object?
The English language has the same markers for direct and indirect
objects, and this is why English speakers make so many mistakes when
using the direct and indirect object. They simply translate words instead
of thinking about the information we gave above. Look at the table
below:
- 18 -
Direct Object
Indirect object
me
He asked me
He gave me a book
you (Sing.)
I saw you
I told you
him
Miryam heard him
Miryam gave him a present
her
David likes her
David bought her ice-cream
us
They love us
They wrote us a letter
you (pl.)
I can see you
She is telling you a story
them
Reenah saw them
Reenah made them a cake
Again: Do not translate these words literally from English into Hebrew.
Think about what they indicate!
Be especially careful with idiomatic expression (where specific prepositions
govern [Hebrew: ,ufrmUn]
the verbs, so you dont make funny mistakes.

For example,
u,gs kg sng tuv = He insisted (literal translation stand on his opinion
would sound strange...).
We talk about prepositional government and say that prepositions

govern other words, for example they govern direct/indirect objects.
You need to learn which preposition governs which word (this is
extremely important with verbs).
Here are some examples for governing prepositions versus adverbial
prepositions (prepositions functioning as adverbs). Compare the
following expressions:
- 19 -
ddv kg urChs
ov - "kg rchs is talk about in prepositional government,
but talked on when kg is adverbial preposition, namely they sat ON
the roof and talked!
Thus, vyhnv kg h,nkj would be either I dreamed (while) on the bed
(adverbial), or I dreamed about the bed.
It is the same in every language.
Here is a list of verbs with prepositions, that you should study:
hurt, insult
(somebody,
something)
c gduP
watch (TV, game)
c vpum
tell (him etc.), say to
choose (somebody,
something)
c rjuc
win (a prize, etc.)
c vfuz
fall in/on, occur

(time)
k rnut
c kj
believe in
c ihntn
take care of
c kP y n
care (I care, etc.)
k ,Pfht
causes (him, etc.)
k orud
recognize (a fact)
worry about; care for
k dtus
interested in
c ihhbUgn
play (a ball, etc.)
c ejGn
I am hot, etc.
k oj
It is important to
(me, etc.)
k cUaj
believe (me, etc.)
k ihntn
promise (me, etc.)
k jhycn
deserve
k ghdn
wait for
k vFj n
prepare for (her, etc.)

explain to
k ihfn
k rhcxn
- 20 -
c rhFn
use (a tool, etc.)
c an,
a n
fall in love with
c cvt,n
touch (an object,

somebody)
c gdub
drive (a car, Ford,

etc.)
c dvub
drive (a car, etc.)

ride (a bus, etc.)
c gxub
n sjup
tell (me, etc.)
k rP x n
kg kusd
k ghrpn
too big for/on (you,

etc.)
disturb (me, etc.),

interrupt (us, etc.),
interfere
dream about
kg okuj
show (me, etc.)
k vtrn
think about
kg cauj
I am bored, etc.
k ong
a n
be angry at/with
kg xguF
fit (you, etc.)
k oht,n
defend, protect
kg idn
miss (somebody,
something)
k gdgd,n
(kt)
c exg,n
be afraid of
talk about
kg rCsn
give up
kg r,u
un
deal with
recommend
(someone,
something)
kg .hknn
give (to)
k i,ub
help, support
k rzug
answer (him, etc.)
k vbug
tell about
kg rPxn
look at
I am cold, etc.
kg kF,xn
supervise
kg jep
n
overcome,
overpower, defeat
kg rCd,n
k re
happened to
k vre
it is hard/difficult for
(me, etc.)
k vae
trust, rely upon
kg lnx
ask (someone)
too short/small
for/on (you, etc.)
kg iye
go out of , leave, exit

(room, etc.)
n aehc
n tmuh
hear about
kg gnua
be afraid of
watch over
kg rnua
beware of
n rvzb
get rid of
n rypb
- 21 -
n sjpn
Many words which are defined as prepositions often are actually

adverbs. This is one of the reasons why the number of prepositions is
different in different languages. In fact, many so-called prepositions are
hard to define.
As we mentioned before, prepositions in Hebrew NEVER appear next to

an independent pronoun (such as vz 'tuv 'hbt, etc.). Instead, an
pronominal suffix (suffix indicating the pronoun) are added to the
prepositions.
So instead of hbt+k (literally to + I) we attach the ending h to

indicated hbt, thus hk means to me.
Each pronoun has its own ending. However, with some prepositions,
specific pronouns might have a slightly different pronominal suffix. For
example, the typical suffix for 2s.f. (you singular feminine) is l , but
with a few prepositions it is rather l . For example, lk (to you etc.) vs.
lkhc a C (for you).
In general, there are two systems by which we conjugate the

prepositions, one by the singular suffix and one by the plural suffix,
though the prepositions must not necessarily be in plural.
- 22 -
Thus, the preposition with I in singular is h , while the plural with I

is h . For example: hxUx
= my horse, and hxUx
is my horses.
Some (just a few) prepositions can have a combination of the singular

and plural conjugation. For example, hbhC (the ending hb- according to the
singular) and ofhbhC (the ending ofh- [not ofb hC]) according to the plural.
Other prepositions have irregular suffixes for some pronouns, like hbInF,
hbn n.
Some preposition are different from the independent ones, for example
the marker ,t for the direct object is conjugated by -,It, (h,It,
not
h,t); the independent pronoun for with is og,
but the conjugation IN
MODERN HEBREW is l,ht 'h,ht, etc.
Sounds confusing? Dont worry, the conjugation is easier than you

might think.
Here is the overall picture. Remember, if you memorize one of each

pattern, this will makes it much, much easier to conjugate other
prepositions quickly. Just focus on the rules, and the deviations,
otherwise they are all the same!
- 23 -
Pronominal Suffixes with Prepositions

Form 2 (Plural Form
Ending)
Form 1 (Singural
Form Ending)
Pronoun
hbt
Wh
v,t
Qh
*Q '*Q
,t
uh
tuv
vh
thv
Ubh
*Ub '*Ub
ubjbt
ofh
of
o,t
ifh
if
i,t
ovh
*ov
'*o
ov
ivh
*iv
'*i
iv
In the next few lessons we will introduce the different prepositions by

different modes - form of conjugation (singular or plural), meaning
(time, place, etc.), behavior (deviation from the general rules), and
combinations of groups.
- 24 -
There is a list of preposition that you can relate to (English-Hebrew and

Hebrew-English). Please go again over the different use of prepositions
in Hebrew and in English.
Based on the chart, match the prepositions with the pronouns. Match
the correct forms by writing the number from of the form from the left
side in the blank column:
ov
C /1
hbt
IC /2
ov
vC /3
,t
hC /4
thv
WC /5
ubjbt
lC /6
tUv
ofC /7
o,t
UbC /8
v,t
iv
C /9
i,t
ifC /10
iv
- 25 -
We will start with the preposition k = to (remember that the meaning

of the prepositions is in context, just like in English).
Remember: k=v+
k (NO ///v
k)!
hk
hbt
Wk
v,t
Qk
,t
Ik
tuv
Vk
thv
Ubk
ubjbt
ofk
o,t
ifk
i,t
ov
k
ov
iv
k
iv
- 26 -
The preposition k can have many meaning, depending on the context:

1. 1. To: v,hfk rvhn 'rpxv-,hck lkv ',prmk gxb 'unuenk ca.
2. At a specific time: reuck 'vbuna vgak '(,)rjnk 'crg ,gk.
3. For (the sake/benefit of): sucgk lkv 'sunkk tc 'auckk sdcu kuftk ojk.
4. Pf, possession, belonging: vsGv hk 'vtuknu .rtv wvk 'rpx hk ah.
5. According to: uvbhnk 'u,gsk 'o,yhak.
6. (With pronominal suffix, following a verb) Emphasis: 'Wk lk 'uk lkv
uk cah 'hk cuat.
7. Against (=for): anak gcuf 'iyc ctfk cuy.
'jmbk.
8. (With nouns) - Adverb: jruyk 'gcuGk 'curk 'ehrk 'tuuak
9. Governing preposition for verbs (,fr mUn xjh ,khn): 'k ihztv 'k dts
k chyhv 'k chaev 'k kufh 'k ksj 'k rvhn 'k ghsuv 'k vfhj 'k jka 'k gna.
10. Governing preposition in impersonal expressions: rapt 'k ah 'k iht
k htfz 'k htar 'k sh,g 'k lhrm 'k hUGg 'k kUkg 'k chhj 'k.
11. Accusative (marker of the definite direct object): 'lrucnv wvk Ufrc
lunf lgrk ,cvtu.
- 27 -
Lets read the following conversation:
?ov
k ah vn
?vrcj vrak ah 'iurvt :vbaua
/vph ,hC vk ahu 'vrcj vk ah 'iF :iurvt
?vrcj Wk ahu !IvIt :vbaua
/ohrcj vCrv iv
k ahu ',urcj vCrv hk ah 'tk :iurvt
?ohrcj iv
k ahu ,urcj Wk ah :vbaua
/,ushsh iv ',urcj eUhs C tk iv :iurvt
?ohshsh It ohrcj iv
k ah :vbaua
/,urcj vCrv ov
k ahu 'ohrcj vCrv hk ah /ohshsh odu ohrcj od iv
k ah :iurvt
?,ushsh vcrv ut ,urcj vCrv ofk ah zt :vbaua
/ohrcj vcrv Ubk aha Qk h,rnt :iurvt
/ohrcj vCrv ofk aha hk vrnt
vrha 'if :vbaua
?rcj vk ahu ?vrnt
vrha :iurvt
/hk vrnt tk thv ',gsuh
tk hbt :vbaua
?///,Ikt a sIg ifk ahu :iurvt
Before we start with the questions, here is a reminder:

Hebrew uses "Jh" and "iht"
to indicate possession. This is the equivalent of the
verb "have" for "Jh" and "not have" for "iht."
However, each of these Hebrew
words must be accompanied by "k."
Note that the "k" is attached to the possessor in case of "Jh" and to the
non/possessor in the case of "iht."
- 28 -
For instance, "gcIF Jh Jht

k" means "The man has a hat," and "gcIF iht Jht
k"
means "The man does not have a hat."
Again: You have to add "k" to the possessor or non-possessor to indicate

have and have not.
However, you never add "k" to the pronouns (I/me, you, he/him etc.)!!!
Remember: There is no such expression as"hbtk,""v,tk" etc. in Hebrew!
Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure you
include the conjugated forms of k:
?iurvt ka vrcjk ah vn /1
?iurvtk ah vn /2
?iurvt ka ,urcjk ah vn /3
?iurvt ka ohrcjk ah vn /4
?vbauak vrnt vrha vn /5
?vrGk ah vn /6
Choose the right preposition:
/1
/vph ,hhc [vk - uk - hk] ah /,hhC ah ;xuhk
/vph vrhs [lk - ivk - vk] ah /vrhs ah vbhsk /2

/ohkusd ohrusf [ovk - ofk - ivk] ah /ohrUsf ah ohshnk,k /3
/ohskh hba [uk - vk - lk] ah /ohskh ah vrGk /4
?yrxk
,fkk inz [uk - lk - Wk] ah 'i,buh /5
/uhafg vexpv [ifk - ivk - ofk] ah 'ohshnk, /6
- 29 -
/vasj ,hbufn [vk - hk - uk] ah /vasj ,hbufn ah vbjk /7

/rpx [vk - uk - lk] ah 'if ?rpx ah iugnak /8
/,hrcgc vbhjc [ifk - ovk - ivk] ah /ijc n ah ,ushnk,k /9
?yg [lk - uk - Wk] ah 'hbs /10
?gcuF [uk - vk - lk] ah 'kjr
/11
?rjn ,hrcg rugha [ofk - ivk - ifk] ah 'ohshnk, /12
!kfut vcrv [ofk - ovk - ubk] ahu 'vchxnc ubjbt /13
/,hbufn [ovk - ofk - ivk] iht 'tk ?,hbufn kt
fhnu vcuyk ah /14
/kusd jup, [vk - hk - uk] i,ub hbt /jUp, skhk i,ub hbt /15
?ouhv inz [hk - lk - vk] ah 'vbj /16
asj cajn [lk - vk - uk] ah /cajn ah ktUn
ak
/17
?vkusd vjpan [vk - lk - uk] ah 'vbj /18
/ktrahc vjpan [ofk - ubk - ovk] ah /if ?ktrahc vjpan ofk ah 'hbIru vbhr /19
/vkusd v,hf [lk - hk - vk] ah /vrun vbj /20
/,hbufn [ubk - ivk - ifk] iht /xucuyutc ohgxub ubjbt /21
/inz [vk - hk - uk] iht /vbhjCk
snuk hbs /22
Fill in the gap:
/ouhv ijIC
___ah 'iF ?ouhv ijIC
___ ah ',hnkua /1
/jt ___ iht /tk ?jt ah ;xIh
___ /2
/,hC-hrugha vCrv ___ ahu ,hrcg ohsnuk ubjbt /3
?ouh kF ,hc-hrugha ___ ah /4
/,hc-hrugha vCrv ___ ah /ouhv inz ___ ihta rnt is /5
- 30 -
/vcuy vshkd ___ aha vrnt hngb /6

/,hhc ___ /tk ?,hhc r,x
t ___ /7
/kusd cbz ___ ahu 'vph ckF ___ aha vrnt kjr /8
?ouhv ,hrcg ___ ah 'kjr 'hbs /9
/hba ouhc vbhj C ___ aha urnt vbauau ,hnkua /10
!;x
F vCrv ___aha vrcj ah i,b ___ /11
!vrcj ___ aha h,gsh tk ?,n
tC /12
/,hc-hrugha ___ ihta kjr ___rnt hbs /13
- 31 -
The preposition c = in, inside,

with (remember that the meaning of the prepositions is in context, just
like in English).
Remember: C =v+
C (NO ///v C)!
hC
hbt
WC
v,t
QC
,t
IC
tuv
VC
thv
UbC
ubjbt
ofC
o,t
ifC
i,t
ov
C
ov
iv
C
iv
- 32 -
The preposition c can have many meaning, depending on the context:

1. Inside, within: rpxv 'ebrtc ;xfv 'atrc aU,h 'iycc ctuf 'ckc ahdrn
vpygnc c,fnv 'rsjc cauh 'eh,c.
2. Through, by way of, via, per, with: 'ygc c,uf 'kdrc lkuv
,arcnc gcum 'erxnc an,an ',hbufnc gxub.
'ohhrvmc khhyn
3. When, while, during, at: ga,c ghdv 'vkhkc iah
u,fkc 'utucc 'htnc vaukac jka 'hmju.
4. (With nouns) Mode (adverbial): 'yeac 'iuzPhjc 'agrc 'vbUntcu ,ntc
r, xc
',jbc 'aj
kc.
5. Accompanied by/with: v,ua 'kusd aUfrc tmh 'oukac tc 'vjnGc gxb
ukhnr,cu ukenc tmh 'ckjc vpe.
6. From among (superlative): 'ohskhc ezjv 'ohbcc iyev 'ohabc vphv
ohdhvbnc cuajv.
7. Regarding, concerning: 'ohGgnc zhrz 'ohxfbc rhag 'vru,c kusd
iucajc
hec 'uh,ugsc iaeg.
8. For, in exchange for: 'runjc vrp ;hkjv 'ohasg shzbc u,rufc ,t rfn
ohkea vtnc vbe.
9. (With nouns and adverbs) Adverbial: ',bhjcc 'ihtc 'ratc 'rUcgc
ihgsuhc 'xptc.
10. Governing preposition (,fr mUn xjh ,khn) with verbs: 'c ehzjv 'c zjt
c kf,xv 'c ibuc,v 'c ;zb 'c ihntv 'c exg 'c yhC v 'c gdb.
- 33 -
c
?iuthzunC ah vn
!vzv iIthzunC ,ubUn, vcrv ah 'i,bIh :vrG
/,ubun, vcrv IC ah 'iF :i,buh
?vaht vC vtur v,t ?,tzv vkusdv vbUn,C vtur v,t vn :vrG
!vph ;Ib iv
C ah 'oa ,ubun,vu 'iF :i,buh
!sutn ezj adr ov
C ah 'itf eubh,vu vahtvu :vrG
/adr vcrv od ov
C ahu :i,buh
/WC aha adr v ,t vtur v,t 'i,buh :vrG
?adr iht lC /,ubun,k
adr hC aha iufb :i,buh
/adr UbC ah zt 'ost-hbC ubjbt :vrG
?adr iv
C ah ',tzv vbUn,c
ohruphmvu :i,buh
/,uahdrn ohruphm ot ,gsuh tk hbt :vrG
Answer the following questions with full sentences. Make sure you
include the conjugated forms of C:
?iuthzunc ah vn /1
?,ubun,c ah vn /2
?vkusdv vbun,c ah vn /3
?eubh,cu vahtc ah vn /4
?vrGc ah vn /5
/,ubun, [vc - hc - uc] ah ?iuthzunc ah vn /1
/ohshnk, [vc - lc - uc] ah ?v,hfc ah vn /2
/,ubjkua [uc - vc - hc] ah ?rsjc
ah vn /3
- 34 -
/ohruphx [ubc - ovc - ivc] ah ?ohrpxc ah vn /4

/ohrpx vcrv [vc - hc - uc] ah ?vhhrpxc ah vn /5
/ohckf [ifc - ovc - ivc] ah ?,ubun,c ah vn /6
/ca j n [hc - vc - uc] oG hbt ?eh,c oG v,t vn /7
/ohckf [ovc - ofc - ivc] iht 'tk ?oh,cc ohckf ah /8
/cuy kfut [vc - uc - hc] ah /vcuy vsgx n ,tz /9
/vph ;ub [lc - hc - vc] ah /vph vbUn, ,tz /10
/ohrsj 3 [vc - uc - lc] ah /vph vrhsc ohrd ov /11
/ohph ohyhvr [ofc - ovc - iv] ah /ohyhvr ah ohrsjc /12
/kusd rren [lc - uc - hc] ah / vph jcyn ah vrhsc /13
/ohybsuyx vcrv [ovc - ivc - vc] ah /vph ;Ib ah vphjc vyhxrchbutc /14
/ohgcm vcrv [ubc - ovc - ivc] ah /,uph vktv ,ubun,v
/15
/cuy ihh [ovc - ifc - ivc] ah /ihh ah vktv oheUCe
cc /16
/ohrsj vcrv [vc - hc - uc] ah /kusd vzv iuknv
/17
/ohgcm vcrv [ivc - ovc - uc) aha 'vcrv ah rsjc /18
/,uga vcrv [ovc - uc - vc] ,scug thv /cajnc ,scug thv /19
/ohkhdr, vcrv [ofc - ivc - ovc] ah ?vktv ohrpxc ah vn /20
/ohskhk ohsdc od [ifc - ivc - ovc] ah /,ukusd ,uhubj itf ah /21
/vchxn [uc - vc - hc] ah ?iusgunc ah vn /22
/ohsdcu ohhkgb [hc - uc - vc] ohbue ?,tzv ,ubjc ohbue vn /23
- 35 -
?ohgxub vcrv [uc - hc - vc] uhv 'if ?xUCuyutc ohabt uhv /24
/[ofc - ubc - ovc] ohan,an ubjbt 'if ?ohbukhnc ohan,an o,t /25
/[ivc - ovc - uc] kpyn tuv ?ohskhc kP y n hn /26
/[uc - ovc - hc] an,an tk hbt 'tk ?ca j nc
an,an v,t /27
/ohrpx [ubc - ofc - ovc] ohnG ubjbt ?oheh,c ohnG o,t vn /28
/ohrsj vcrv [vc - hc - uc] ah ?iuknc ah vn /29
?vcrv [ovc - uc - vc] snuk v,t ?vhhrpxc
snuk v,t /30
- 36 -
Historically, the preposition kJ

- of - is a combination of k+J.
Therefore, it is conjugated exactly like k (remember that the meaning

of the prepositions is in context, just like in English).
hkJ
hbt
WkJ
v,t
QkJ
,t
IkJ
tuv
vkJ
thv
Ubk J
ubjbt
ofkJ
o,t
ifkJ
i,t
ov
kJ
ov
iv
kJ
iv
- 37 -
Note the Hebrew equivalents of her:

I am giving her a book - rpx vk i,ub hbt
I see her - v,ut vtur hbt.
It is her book - vka rpxv vz.
///hka Wka u hka hka

?lka ?vzv skueuav hn ka 'kjr :iurvt
/Wka vza h,caj 'iurvt 'tk :kjr
/vbauau hngb ka tuv hkUt :iurvt
?ifka skueuav vz 'hngb 'vbaua :kjr
/Ubka skueuav tk vz tk :vbauau hngb
?vbj ka tuv hkUt zt 'iv
ka skueuav tk vz 'iurvt :kjr
/skueua ,cvut tk thv /vka tk tuv 'tk :iurvt
/skueua cvut hbs ?hbs ka tuv hkUt :kjr
/skueuak ;x
F iht hbsk /Ika tk tuv 'tk :iurvt
/Ubka tUv zt 'ov
ka tk tuv ot /hbs ka tku vbj ka tk skueuav :kjr
!hka skueuav vz 'ofka skueuav tk vz 'tk :(tc) hbs
/Wka - Wkau 'hka- hka :rnut ejmh
/hka - lkau 'lka - hka :,rnut vrG

/Wka - Wkau 'Wka - hka :rnut shus
- 38 -
/hka - lkau 'hka - hka :,rnut vbj

/iye [hka - uka - lka] ,hhcv /,hhc hk ah /1
/cuy [lka - uka - vka] rcjv /rcj vk ah /2
/ktrahc ohrd [ifka - ubka - ovka] ohrcjv /ohrcj vcrv ubk ah /3
?ohrd [vka - uka - lka] ohruvv vpht 'hsd /4
/sutn vcuy [uka - vka - hka] ,hbufnv /,hbufn vk ah /5
?kusd [ofka - ovka - ifka] ckfv ?ckf ofk ah /6
/ohkaurhc ohrd [ovka - ofka - ivka] t,cxvu tcxv ?t,cxu tcx ovk ah /7
/snjb [vka - ka - uka] jtv /jt ah kjrk /8
/"vphjc ohrd [ovka - hka - uka] /ohruv hk ah /9
/chct-k, iupmc [ofka - ubka - ovka] ,hhcv /chct-k,c ohrd ubjbt /10
Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentences
make sense. Some sentences are connected in context:
/___ rpxv vz 'iF ?___ rpxv vz ',hnkua /1
/___ rcjv tk tuv 'tk ?__ rcjv tuv hbs 'vruphm /2
/___ v,hfv ,t ohcvut ubjbt /3
/___ ,hcv tk vz 'tk ?___ ,hcv vz 'vbj 'hngb /4
/__ .hnv ,t v,ua v,t vnk /vbaua __ .hnv vz /5
/___ vrunv vz 'iF ?___ vrunv vz 'vrha 'i,b /6
?___ rpxv vpht 'vbaua /7
- 39 -
/,hcc ___ reICv-,jurt
,t ohkfut vrau ,hnkua /8

?___ c,fnv vz ?vrha 'vzv c,fnv
hn ___ /9
/hngb ___ c,fnv vz /___ c,fnv tk vz 'tk /10
/___c,fnv tk vza ,rnut vrha /11
/,hc-hrugha vCrv ivk i,ub ___ vrunva ,urnut iv /12
- 40 -
,t - the marker of a definite direct object
h,It
hbt
W,It
v,t
Q,It
,t
I,It
tuv
v,It
thv
Ub,It
ubjbt
(of,It*)
of, t
o,t
(if,It*)
if, t
i,t
o,It
ov
i,It
iv
- 41 -
?ohe
gIm ov vn
k
/I,It vtIr tk hngb /iIkj
C hngb ,t vtIru
cIjr
C lkIv iurvt /vkhk uha fg
!v,It gunJ
k kIfh iurvt /vrha :vruphm
/i,It od gnua
iurvtu 'uhJ f
g ,ura iv od /rn , kmt vbju kjr
?h,It ,gnua
,t 'hngb :egIm iurvt
!W,It
gnua
cIjrv
kF ?egIm v,t vn :,rnut hngb
/uhJ f
g (if,It
) if, t gnua rcF cujr v kF kct 'iIfb :rnut iurvt
/(of,It
) of, t gnIa rcF hbt 'iIfb :egIm Uvahn
Fill the missing prepositions in the gaps. Make sure the sentences
make sense. Some sentences are connected in context:
/________________________ h,rdx 'if ?iukjv ________________________ ,rdx /1
/________________________ ubj,p tk sug kct 'ohc,fnv ,t ________________ ubkche /2
/________________________ ohgnua tk ubjbt 'iurvt 'tk ?________________ ohgnua o,t /3
/________________________ ubtre tk 'tk ?vgsInv ________________ o,tre /4
/ohkaurhc ________________________ ubhbe ?vb,nv ________________________ o,hbe vput /5
?vbIg tk v,t vnk /vkt a ________________________ h,kt J 'i,b /6
?________________________ vtur
Uvahn
?hngb vpht /7
- 42 -
/oJ ________________________ ubnG ?,IrhPv

________________________ o, nG
vpht /8
/________________________ h,tre 'iF ?vzv rUPhxv ________________________ ,tre 'vbj /9
/________________________ cvut tk rcF hbt tk ?,hnkua ________________________ cvut
v, t /10
/________________________ v,ua hbs ?vzv .hnv ________________________ v,ua hn /11
?________________________ cvut v,t :i,b ________________________ ,ktua vruphm /12
hbs /13
!________________________ er cvIt hbt :vrhak rnut
!sutn ________________________ cvut tuv /kjr ________________________ cvut hxuh /14
/________________________ h,tre 'iF ?rp xv
________________________ ,tre
/15
/________________________ ubsnk 'iF ?,uasjv ohkhnv ________________________ o,snk /16
/________________________ ubgna tk 'tk ?ohasjv ohrhav ________________________ o,gna /17
/,fkuv thv itk ______________________ ukta ovu 'vbj _____________________ utr hngbu i,b /18
/_________________________ ubtre tk sug 'tk ?ohc,fnv ________________________ o,t
re
rcF /19
/vbjk ________________________ i,ub hbt ?skueuav ________________________ i,ub
v,t hnk /20
/vga hmj ________________________ ohkacn ov /ohdsv ________________________ ohkacn ov /21
/________________________ ubj,p 'iF ?iIkjv
________________________ o,j,p
/22
/________________________ h,rdx tk 'tk ?,ksv
________________________ ,rdx /23
?rfux hkc ut rfux og ________________ cvut v,t ?lka ____________________ cvut v,t lht /24
/ohcgr ov ot od __________________ h,kta /ohtc ov ot i,bu hbs _______________ h,kta /25
/________________________ h,bnzv
'if ?vchxnk vbauau hngb ________________________ ,bnzv /26
?,utc i,t /vchxnk ________________________ vbhnzn hbt 'vbaua ',hrc /27
- 43 -
/vpe-,h
ck vec r ______________ ihnzn ktUn

J /28
/ ______________ h,hpt hbt /sutn vcuy ,tzv vdugv /29
/sutn ______________ cvut tuv /vrG ka rcjv tuv shus /30
/vktv ,uktav ____________________ uhafg ______________ ,uktua i,t vnk vbhcn tk hbt /31
/sutn ____________________ cvut tuv /kjr ______________ cvut i,buh /32
/________________________ h,c,f 'if ?vbauak c,fn ,c,f /33
/vba kf ____________________ ohgxub ov /kuhyk ,uskhv ______________ ohgxub ohruvv /34
/vphjc _______________ v,be thv ?ohrpxv ___________ v,be thv vpht /35
/______________ h,htr 'if ?uka vrcjv ______________ u kt
fhn ______________ ,htr /36
/______________ gnua tk hbt 'tk ?__________________ gnua v,t 'W,ht rcsn hbt 'hbs /37
/________________________ h,tre tk 'tk ?reucc iu,hgv ________________________ ,tre /38
?________________________ ,htr ,t ?hka ohhpeanv ________________________ vtr hn /39
/________________________ hk vb,
b thv 'if
?rpxv ,t _____________________ vb,

b vbj 'vbaua /40
/rpxv ,hcc vhv lht ________________________ ktau hbsk tre tct /41
/kun,t ________________________ h,jkau c,fn ________________________ h,c,f /ktrahc hbs /42
/________________________ v,pt vra ?vdugv ,t ________________________ vpt hn /43
?ktrahc ohrhfn o,t hn ________________________ /44
- 44 -
h,h
t - og
The preposition og
(with) has a strange behavior in Modern
Hebrew. We use og
when it is NOT CONJUGATED, but the
conjugation is with -,ht!
In classiceal Hebrew you will find Wn g 'hn g,
etc.
Also, in formal Hebrew, the conjugation for 2pl.m (o,t) and f. (i,t)
starts with -, t,
while in spoken Hebrew it is -,It, like all other
pronouns (which makes it logical!). Thus: of,It
- of, t are variants,
and if,It
- if, t are variants.
Note the difference from the prepositions we had so far (in light blue):
h,h
t
hbt
W,h
t
v,t
Q,h
t
,t
I,ht
tuv
v,h
t
thv
Ub,h
t
ubjbt
- 45 -
of, ht
o,t
if, ht
i,t
o,h
t
ov
i,h
t
iv
///hn og vChx nk
,fkk vmIr hn
/v,ht
tuck vmur kjr kct 'hbs og vChx nk
,fkk vmur ,hnkua
!vChx nk
o,ht
,fkk vmur kjr
!l,ht
er ,fkk vmur hbt :,hnkuak rnut hbs
/iurvt og ,fkuv vbhru 'h,ht
tc v,t 'rsx C :hbsk ,rnut ,hnkua
/ub,ht
,fkk vmur thv /u,ht ,fkk vmur tk kjr :,hnkuak rnut hbs
?vChx n
k of,ht
,fkk vkIfh hbt :vtc kjr
/if,ht
tc tk hbt /,fkk ,ukIfh i, t :rnut hbs
:rx jv
,t UnhkJ v
/[h,ht - v,ht - l,ht] rCsk vmur hbt 'vkthbs /1
?[ub,ht - i,ht - if,ht] ,fkk ,umur i,t /yrxk
ohfkuv ubjbt /2
?[i,ht - u,ht - l,ht] rcsk vmur ,t /itF hbs /3
- 46 -
/[h,ht - o,ht - i,ht] ,fkk vmur hbt ?vrhau kjr og ,fkk vmur hn /4
/[v,ht - ub,ht - h,ht] ,fkuv hbtu 'khhyk
,fkuv vruphm /5
?[ub,ht - of,ht - o,ht] ,fkk kufh hbt ?vChx nk
ohfkuv o,t /6
?[og - u,ht - h,ht] sunkk vmur hn /vbhjC
k snuk
hbt /7
/iupkyc
[l,ht - o,ht - u,ht] rCsk vmur uvahn 'i,b /8
/9
/vhdIkIhC ,snuk [u,ht - v,ht - h,ht] vrd ,ta
,hybsUy
xv
/[u,ht - og - v,ht] rcsn iurvt ?vrInv [v,ht - og - ,t] rCsn hn /10

/[v,ht - ub,ht - h,ht] ,fkuv hbtu 'v,hcv ,fkuv hngb /11
sunkk ohcvut ujbt /ubka vrInv [ub,ht - v,ht - og] ,hrc g ohsnuk Ubjbt /12
/[o,ht- ub,ht - v,ht]
/[i,ht - o,ht - h,ht] ,fkk vmur hbtu 'kUhyk ohfkuv ov /13
?[h,ht - ub,ht - if,ht] kIftk ,fkk vkufh hbt 'vbj 'vrha /14
?[h,ht - u,ht - l,ht] tuck vmur v,t /yrxk lkuv hbt /15
/[og - h,ht - v,ht] ,rcsn hbt 'if ?vrha [l,ht - og - v,ht] ,rCsn
,t /16
/vsgxnk
[og - o,ht - i,ht] ohfkuv ovka ohruvv hf 'ohjnG
ohskhv /17
/[u,ht - h,ht - og] h,ser tk 'tk /hbs [l,ht - u,ht - og] , se
ra h,gna 'vbj /18
?[h,ht - ub,ht - l,ht] kuftk vmur v,t /kuftk lkuv hbt 'i,b /19
?vbhjC
k [v,ht - o,ht - l,ht] snuk hn 'ktuna /20
/chct-k,k [v,ht - u,ht - o,ht] gxub tuv /rUehck utc uka ohrcjv /21
?[ub,ht - o,ht - og] tuck vmur hn /ejGnk
ohfkuv ubjbt /22
?[og - u,ht - h,ht] ,fkk vmur uvahn /sck ,fkk vmur tk hbt /23
/[ub,ht - h,ht - o,ht] rudk vmur tk hbt kct 'ohcuy ohruv hk ah /24
/[v,ht - u,ht - og] sunkk vmur thv ifku 'cuy shnk, tuv /25
- 47 -
sckn 'sck
hs
ck
hbt
Ws
ck
v,t
lsc k
,t
Isck
tuv
vs
ck
thv
Ubsc k
ubjbt
ofs
ck
o,t
ifs
ck
i,t
osc k
ov
isc k
iv
- 48 -
In Modern Hebrew, sck means alone, by oneself in the sense that no

one is with the reflected pronoun. It needes to be distinguished from hn m
gC,
which means by myself in the sense that no one helped in the action.
For example:
/unmgc c,fnv ,t c,ufu usck srGnc cauh tuv
He is sitting in the office by himself (=alone, no one is with him), writing
the letter by himself (=no one else is writing it, or writing it with him).
/unmgc kuftk kufh tuv kct 'usck iuahk vmur tk eubh,v
The baby does not want to sleep by himself (=no one with him), but he can
eat by himself (=without help).
Originally, both words meant the same. hS

ck is biblical, and hn m
gC is post
biblical.
sck is (etymologically) derived from sC+k, the same as scC sC (=together

with, at the same time as, step by step with), sckn (=beside,
excluding, apart from) - IS
cKn sIg iht ohvk
tv tUv wv - the LORD he is
God; there is none else beside Him. Also rJ
tn sck, rJ
t scKn and n sck or
in sck.
Thus, in Modern Hebrew we have the following prepositions:
besides, excluding,
apart from
n sck
alone
besides, excluding,
apart from
- 49 -
sck
sckn
Note that in many cases the independent form sck can replace the
conjugated forms:
vs
ck vcah thv is the same as sck vcah thv.
Choose the best

matching preposition:
?[hsck - lsck - usck] v,taf vaug v,t vn /1

/.uchec [vsck - osck - usck] ccu,xn tuv /2
/ovhba er '[osck - usck - isck] khhyk ohfkuv ov /3
/[vsck - usck - hsck] h,rd tk ogp ;t /4
/[usck - isck - osck] ,hhcc ohFjn ohskhv /5
/[lsck - vsck - hsck] oa vrtab thv /6
?[osck - vsck - usck] ouhv kf ,cak vkufh thv lht /7
/,hhcc [usck - lsck - hsck] hbt ouhv /8
/[ubsck - isck - osck] ;ujv kg ohcauh ubjbt /9
/[vsck - usck - osck] ,uhvk sjp
n tuv /10
- 50 -
[///hn m
g kg - hn m
gn - hn m
gk] hn m
gC - nm
gC
hn m
gC
hbt
Wn m
gC
v,t
ln m
gC
,t
Inm
gC
tuv
vn m
gC
thv
Ubn m
gC
ubjbt
ofn m
gC
o,t
ifn m
gC
i,t
on m
gC
ov
in m
gC
iv
- 51 -
The word hn m
g is connected to omg = bone, and thus shifted to
substance, essence, and self. In this sense it is post-biblical.
hn m
g is self - conjugated as above with or without different prepositions.
The meaning is in context. Examples:
hn m
gk - to/for myself - hnmgk cauj hbt - I am thinking to myself; vbue thv
vnmgk vz ,t - She is bying it for herself.
hn m
gC - by/in myself - hnmgc vz ,t vaug hbt - I am doing it by myself; tuv
unmgc ihntn - He believes in himself.
hn m
gn - from myself - hnmgn vcrv arus hbt - I demad a lot from myself.
hn m
g kg - about/on myself - unmg kg er rcsn tuv - He talks only about
himself.
Note the following expressions:
hnmg og rcsnu hsck gxub hbt - I am driving alone, talking to myself.
unmgc ahhc,n tuv - He is ashame of himself.
vz ,t h,hag vnk gsuh tk hnmgc hbt - I myself dont know why I did this.
hnmgk h,caju ,ukhkc h,cah - I sat at night, and thught to myself.
And as a governing preposition with verbs:
unmgc ihntn tuv - He believes in himself.
hnmgc h,bbuc,v - I looked at myself.
lnmgk rt, - Imagine [to yourself].
unmg ,t vGug tuv - He is pretending.
- 52 -
/unmgn tkn,n vzv jpv .1

/inzv kf vnmgn ,ejnb hka (post) vgsuvv .2
/unmgn veb,n rhafnv .3
?ruyp unmgn cbudv .4
?vnmgn tpr,vk vkufh vkjnv otv .5
/atrv ,t unmgk rcua tuv .6
/shv ,t unmgk gegen tuv .7
/vnmgk ,gsUn thv .8
/unmgk rzug tka hnk ohrzug tk .9
/onmgc vz ,t uc,f ov .10
/hnmgk vz ,t h,c,f .11
/vhdrbt vnmgk ,epxn ktrah .12
/lnmgk vz ,t chhj v,t .13
/unmgk vz ,t ord tuv .14
/,Ufzv ,t onmgk ohrnua ov .15
/unmgk orud osta ohrcs ah .16
/unmgk .hcrna eubh, vz .17
/onmgk udtsh ohrUxv .18
/kdrc onmgk ohruh ov .19
?onmgk oharn ov vn .20
/onmgk ohbust ov .21
/onmgk uaga ezbv ,t ohbhcn ov .22
/inmgk er ,udtus iv .23
/hnmgc er vhuk, h,hhv 'hsck h,khhy ohhguca .24
- 53 -
It is also connected to ht n m
g (independent) and ,Utn m
g (independence),
and to omg C - actually, in fact.
/[vnmgc - hnmgc - onmgc] ohrughav ,t ,uagk kufh hbt /vrz

g lhrm tk hbt /1
?[hnmgc - lnmgc - unmgc] uhs rv
,t ie ,n
v,t !sucFv kF /2
/rzg tk sjt ;t /[onmgc - unmgc - ubnmgc] kfv ubhag ubjbt /3
/[onmgc - vnmgc - unmgc] kfutv kf ,t vbhfv thv /ihUmn kacn
tuv /4
/[unmgc
- hnmgc - vnmgc] vbhjCv
kf ,t c,f tuva' rnt tuv /5
/[inmgc - onmgc - unmgc] ,hcv ,t ohebn ov /6
/[vnmgk - hnmgk - unmgk] ;xfv ,t vjek thv /7
/[vnmgn - hnmgn - unmgn] .jkb ru,pfv /8
/[onmgc - hnmgc - inmgc] ack,vk ohkufh tk ,ueubh, /9
/[lnmgc - unmgc - vnmgc] vsucgv kf ,t vaug tuv /10
/[unmgc - inmgc - lnmgc] ,ucua,v ,t tumnk vfhrm ,t /11
/[unmg kg - lnmg kg - hnmg kg] runak lhrm v,t /12
?v,ut vbue ut '[lnmgc - inmgc - vnmgc] vdugv ,t vput ,t /13
/[unmgc - vnmgc - hnmgc] ,hbufnv ,t h,dvb /14
/[inmgc - vnmgc - onmgc] vFUxv ,t ohyaen ov /15
/vmur hbt vn gsuh tk [onmgc - unmgc - hnmgc] hbt /16
- 54 -
khc a C - For
(in the sense of to)
hkhc a C
hbt
Wkhc a C
v,t
Qkhc a C
,t
Ikhc a C
tuv
vkhc a C
thv
Ubkhc a C
ubjbt
ofkhc a C
o,t
ifkhc a C
i,t
okhc a C
ov
ikhc a C
iv
- 55 -
Often, one can replace khc a C with k, but they are not always the same.
You can say hka rcjv khcac vb,n h,hbe and hka rcjk vb,n h,hbe, both mean
I bought a present to/for my friend.
Note that most verbs are governed by the preposition k and cannot be
substituted by khcac. For example:
iycv hk ,ctufa uk h,rnt - I told him (uk) that my stomach hurts that I have
stomach ache). You cannot say ukhcac h,rnt.
In other words, ukhcac has to have for.
/c,fn (uka 'uk 'ukmt) h,jka ifk 'inz vcrv (ukhcac 'ubnn 'u,ut) h,htr tk /1
Do not mix the English for to indicate time with for in the sense of
to:
I havent seen him for a long time - inz vcrv rcf u,ut h,htr tk.
He came for a week - gucak tc tuv.
NEVER guca khcac oa h,hhv, as we often hear students saying!!!
Other common mistakes with khc a C are mixking them with the ending of
other common prepositions (logical mistakes), even common among
Israelis:
ov
khc a C vz ,t v,be thv instead of okhc a C,
as also lkhc a C,
instead of lkhc a C,
and Ubkhc a C,
instead of Ubkhc a C.
- 56 -
Qkhc J C q Qkhc J C q Qkhc J C q Qkhc J C ,rzv vb,nv ,t h,hbe

okhc a C
ov
khc a C
[lkhcac - vkhcac - khcac] vshkdvu 'iurvt [ukhcac - khcac - lkhcac] vpev /1

/kjr
okhcac] h,nkha rcf hbt /vpev [khcac- hkhcac - lkhcac] okak lhrm tk v,t /2
/[lkhcac - vkhcac /[khcac - hkhcac - ukhcac] cuy tk vz /vpe v,ua tk hbt /3
/[okhcac - ukhcac - ikhcac] tuv 'if ?vbhsu ,ur khcac ?ernv hn khcac /4
- ukhcac] ,ub,n hk ah 'if ?ohskhv [hkhcac - okhcac - khcac] ,ub,n lk ah /5
/[ikhcac - okhcac
okhc J C q okhc J C q ov
khc a C q ov
khc J C tuv vzv ijkuav
ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C q ofkhc J C thv ,tzv vb,nv
/________________________ c,fn hk ah ?shus vpht /1
?________________________ uvan lk ah :vbj ,t ,ktua ,ur /2
/shus _____________________ vhbpnavu 'wdruwd ________________________ vpev :rnut ;xuh /3
/________________________ kfv vaugu'vka ,ubcv ,t ,cvut thv /4
/________________________ v,ut h,bfv ?vdugv ,t ,kfut tk ,t vnk /5
/________________________ vz'vra if ?hkhcac vz 'shus /6
/________________________ h,nkha rcf/okak ohfhrm tk o,t /7
/________________________ cuy tk vz /ethbue v,ua tk hbt /8
/________________________
,ub,n hk ah if ?ohskhv khcac ,ub,n lk ah /9
/________________________ vzv vpev if ? hxuh khcac ?vpev hn khcac /10

- 57 -
kkd C - Because of
hkkd C
hbt
Wkkd C
v,t
Qkkd C
,t
Ikkd C
tuv
vkkd C
thv
Ubkkd C
ubjbt
ofkkd C
o,t
ifkkd C
i,t
okkd C
ov
ikkd C
iv
- 58 -
In formal Hebrew, the preposition kkd C is combined with a noun, as the

equivalent phrase because of in English. This phrase (kkdC followed by a
noun) is the connected with another sentence, which comes before or after:
Sentence + Noun + kkdc (order from right to left)
or
Noun + kkdc + Sentence (order from right to left).
Examples:
rhuutv dzn kkdc h,tc tk - I didnt come, because of the weather.
h,tc tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - Because of the weather, I didnt come.
In colloquial Hebrew they use a kkdc (because, for) in cause clauses.

We will avoid that use here.
This is different, however, from itf tk tuv vkkdca vchxv - The reason
why he is not here (literally the reason that because of it he is not
here); lkuv tk tuva vchxv - The reason why he is not going).
In Modern Hebrew, the preposition kkdc has negative connotation. In

positive connotation k ,usuv or ,UfzC are used.
This is not the case in the earlier Hebrew sources, where kkdc is used both
for positive and negative, though often negative:
lkkdc hapb v,hju (Genesis 12:13)
lkkdc wv hbfrchu (Genesis 30:27)
;xuh kkdc hrmnv ,hc ,t wv lrchu (Genesis 39:5)
wv lfrch vzv rcsv kkdc (Deuteronomy 15:10)
- 59 -
In Modern Hebrew:
.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh tk rhuutv dzn kkdc - because of the weather, we couldnt be
outside (negative)
.ujc ,uhvk ubkufh rhuutv dznk ,usuv - Thanks to the weather, we could be
outside (positive).
Choose on the correct preposition:
/vphrGv
[ubkkdc - kkdc - vkkdc] cuzgk ohfhrm ubjbt /1
![vkkdc - hkkdc - lkkdc] vre kfvu 'inzc ,tc tk 'shus /2
/ubtc tk oadv [ubkkdc - ukkdc - kkdc] /3
!sutn vae ubk vhv oujv [okkdc - ukkdc - kkdc] /4
/ouhv usnk tk ov [kkdc - okkdc - vkkdc]a v,hca v,hv /5
/vghmp [kkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc] ejha tk tuv /6
/cu,fk kufh tk tuv cajnc vke, [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc] /7
/inzc ubtc tk [ubkkdc - ikkdc - okkdc] /rjUtn utc iv /8
/ohbah tk ubjbt [kkdc - okkdc - ubkkdc] /cujrc ohegum ohabt /9
/,uhgc ubk ah [vkkdc - ubkkdc - okkdc] /cuy uscg tk ov /10
/kdrusf ejan tk tuv [ikkdc -kkdc - ukkdc]a ,uchxv vkt /11
/itf tk tuv [ukkdc - kkdc - vkkdc]a vchxv ,tz /12
- vkkdc - kkdc] ,unk vbfun tk thv kct '[kkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc] ,unk ifun tuv /13
/[ukkdc
/jhkmn tk tuv [ikkdc - ukkdc - kkdc]a ,uchx vcrv ah /14
- 60 -
hka tctv tuv hkkdc eru" rhav ,t xhbfvk

/ejGnk inzc ohghdn tk ubjbt [lkkdc - kkdc - hkkdc] /rjtn shn, v,t :vrG /1
iugav [ubkkdc - ukkdc - kkdc] vz
'[lkkdc - hkkdc - kkdc] tk vz 'tk :shus
/inzc h,tc tk [ubkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc] /rsxc tk hka iugav /hka
?rsxc tk iugav hn [kkdc - hkkdc - lkkdc]u :vrG
!vfuc thv [kkdc - vkkdc - lkkdc] "vecrk ,hag vn 'ktUna
:vbj /2
vfuc thv /[vkkdc - hkkdc - kkdc] vfuc tk thv /vecrk oukf h,hag tk :ktuna
- kkdc] vfuc thv zt 'yrxk v,ut ubhnzv tk iv /vka ,urcjv [vkkdc - kkdc - ikkdc]
/[vkkdc - ikkdc
?,tzv vmkujv ,t ,hbe vnk 'vbhbP :iurh /3
/vka gcmv [vkkdc - kkdc - ukkdc] odu 'vka rhjnv [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc] :vbhbp
/,hhcc ubrtab [ukkdc - kkdc - hkkdc] /sutn gr rhuut dzn vhv :,hrhg /4
?kuhyk o,fkv tk [ofkkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc]a vchxv ,tzu :vrha
h,rtab [hkkdc - kkdc - vkkdc] /ruev [kkdc - ukkdc - vkkdc] vkuj hka ,cv :sr
u /5
- ukkdc] /vzhdrn ,tzv vkjnv /vsucgk lkv tk rhnt [ubkkdc - vkkdc - ukkdc]u ',hhcc
tk thv [ukkdc - vkkdc - kkdc]a 'ouj vk ahu 'rcs oua ,kfut tk thv [ikkdc - vkkdc
- vkkdc - kkdc] odu 'inzv kf ohegum .ujc ohabtv 'vzn .Uju /cuy iuahk vkufh
/iuahk vkufh tk thv [okkdc
vkufh tk hbt [hkkdc - okkdc - vkkdc]a 'inzv kf vehzun ohgnua ohbfav :vecr /6
- ukkdc] /jUbk vkufh tk od hbt [hkkdc - okkdc - kkdc]u 'ohegum od ohbfav /sunkk
!,hhcv hrugha ,t h,bf v tk vz kf [okkdc - kkdc
?rughav kf ,ejmu ,rchsa vz [kkdc - vkkdc - lkkdc] tk vzu :vrunv
- 61 -
v kkd C
k ,IsIv
Determine if the missing part is ///v kkdc or ///k ,usuv:
/kuhyk ubtmh tk rhuut(v) dzn ________ /1

/.ujc vchxnv ,t ,uagk ubkufh rhuut(v) dzn ____ /2
/agr _____ sunkk ubkufh tk /3
/h,ser tk ,Uphhgv _____ /4
/vasjv vpUr, _____ vthrc thv /5
/vasjv vpur,v ____ cuy r,uh ahdrn tuv /6
- 62 -
oIen C - instead of
hnIe
n C
hbt
WnIe
n C
v,t
Qn Ien C
,t
InIen C
tuv
vnIe
n C
thv
Ubn Ien C
ubjbt
ofnIe
n C
o,t
ifnIe
n C
i,t
on Ien C
ov
in Ien C
iv
ouenc means literally in (the) place of.
- 63 -
In spoken Hebrew the longer form is often used - vz ouen C:
ejGnk lkv tuv vz ouencu 'rpxv ,hck lkv tk tuv - He did not go to to school,
and instead (of this) he went to the game.
This use is to reflect the English and instead. The reason is that the
word ouenc
is felt as a construct case (unlike oIenc)
and it needs to be
followed by a noun or a pronoun.
Also, in colloquial Hebrew it is sometimes stressed on the first syllable

rather than the last - oIen C,
often indicating instead (not instead of).
It even appears in the end of the sentence, against the strict Hebrew rule,
that a preposition does not appear in the end of the sentence, unless it is
conjugated.
?ouenc vz ,t hk i,h, hkut - Maybe you (can) give me this instead?
It has adverbial use!
Note: Do not mix InIen C instead of with InIen C in his/its place

(physical place)!
Expressions such as If I were in your place are also not to be mixed with
the preposition.
/[ouenc - unuenc - vnuenc] vtc ,rjt hvahnu 'czg vrunv /1

?[lnuenc - unuenc - hnuenc] sucgk kufh uvahn /ouhv sucgk kufh tk hbt /2
/[unuenc - vnuenc - hnuenc] eja, ,rjt hvahn /vkuj rn, /3
/[onuenc - inuenc - unuenc] sucgk lhrm rjt uvahn /cuy ohscug tk ov /4
- 64 -
/[ubnuenc - vnuenc - hnuenc] h,fkv zt ',fkk vkfh tk thv /5

/[hnuenc - ifnuenc - ofnuenc] ovk ruzgt hbt ',hhcc rtahvk ,ukufh i,t /6
/[inuenc - vnuenc - unuenc] vrchs vbj zt 'tc tk vmr nv
/7
ohtpur [onuenc - ofnuenc - unuenc] Gpjn
tuvu 'ohtpur ,urGg ryhp tcmv /8
/ohasj ohkug ova
?[ubnuenc - unuenc - lnuenc] scug ,ntc cajnva
ohcauj ubjbt /9
- vnuenc - onuenc] vsucgv ,t uGgh ohyICIra ohcauj o,t ?ohcauh o,t vn /10
?[ofnuenc
![ifnuenc - ofnuenc - inuenc] vz ,t vagh tk sjt ;t ',uskh /11
/[onuenc - unuenc - vnuenc] tc rjt uvahnu 'shep,v ,t ,czug sru /12
/vrhsk [vnuenc - unuenc - hnuenc] xbF hha uvahn ,apjnu 'v,hcv ,rzuj hbt /13
![ofnuenc - onuenc - inuenc] ,fkk ,IgCm tk
ub, /14
- 65 -
shk and sh-kg

near, next to, beside, at
hs
h-kg
hbt
Ws
h-kg
v,t
Qsh-kg
,t
Ish-kg
tuv
vs
h-kg
thv
Ubsh-kg
ubjbt
ofs
h-kg
o,t
ifsh-kg
i,t
osh-kg
ov
ish-kg
iv
This preposition, like some others, is a combination of two words - kg and

sh.
- 66 -
Do not confuse this preposition with hs

h-kg, which means (done) by.
A variant of sh-kg is shk, and they are used interchangeably.
,Ur sh-kg cauh hbt -I am sitting next to Ruth - is the same as shk cauh hbt
,Ur.
Note that the at and beside are other English equivalent to sh-kg and
shk:
ijkuav sh-kg cauh hbt - I am sitting at the table.
The conjugation of shk is the same as sh-kg.

Translate the following sentences into English:
1. The river flows by the village.
2. The library is by the post office
3. There is a park there, and our house is next to it.
4. The store is open, and there are many people next to it.
5. The children are playing, and there parents are standing next to
them.
6. David stood there next to her.
- 67 -
/rpFv
(shk) sh-kg oruz rvbv /1
/2
/rtusv (shk) sh-kg vhhrpxv
/hka ,hhcv (shk) sh-kg .g ah /3

/(vshk) vsh-kg snug shus /4
/(ushk) ush-kg ubka ,hhcvu 'ert
Pv oa /5
/(oshk) osh-kg ohsnug ovka ohruvvu 'ohejG n ohskhv /6
/(vshk) vsh-kg ohabt vcrv ahu 'vjU,p ,Ubjv /7
/[osh-kg - ush kg - sh kg] ohbagna ohcvut tk ohabt /1
/[vsh kg - ubsh kg - ush kg] rd kthbsu 'vphjc ohrd ubjbt /2
/[vsh kg - ush kg - sh kg] ,cauh h,uru 'ijkuav [vsh - ush kg - sh kg] ,cauh vbj /3
/[sh kg - hsh kg - ish kg] h,sng hbtu ',Ubjv [ish kg - vsh kg - sh kg] usng iv /4
ot vrucs ,t ohktua ovu 'ijkuav [ush kg - osh kg - sh kg] ohcauh hbsu vfkn /5
/[ush kg - osh kg - vsh kg] ,cak vmur thv
?kun,t [sh kg - vsh kg - lsh kg] vcaha vahtv hn 'shus /6
/[vsh kg - ish kg - ush kg] cauh ckfvu ',urcsnu ,ucauh iv /7
/[osh kg - ush kg - vsh kg] cauh ibj ouhv 'vgub /8
?[hsh kg - vsh kg - lsh kg] ,cak kufh hbt 'vruphm /9
?iukjv [ush kg - sh kg - lsh kg] snug v,t vnk /10
?[ifsh kg - hsh kg - ush kg] ouen ah ',uskh 'vjhkx /11
/ye r nr
PUxv [vsh kg - ush kg - sh kg] vrd vkua /12
![ish kg - vsh kg - hsh kg] ,cak kufh tk hbt /inzv kf ,urcsn h,uru vbj /13
/[ubsh kg - hsh kg - lsh kg] hUbP ouen itf ah /lk vfjn hbt /14
[sh kg - ush kg - osh kg] ut '[sh kg - lsh kg - hsh kg] ,cak vmur v,t 'i,buh /15
?vbhsu rhnt
- 68 -
in 'n - from, [comparative (than), superlative]
hbn n
hbt
Wn n
v,t
Qn n
,t
Ubn n
tuv
vbn n
thv
Ubnn 'Ub,h
t n
ubjbt
oF n
o,t
iF n
i,t
ov n
ov
iv n
iv
- 69 -
The preposition n has many functions:

1. Leaving a place: vphjk ohkaurhn, h,hCn h,tmh, ktrahn h,gxb.
2. Marking a start of a time, crg sg reucn = from morning to
evening, ouhvn - from today, hbuhc vgcrtn - from June 4th, ouhn
haha - from Friday, auka vgan - from 3 oclock.
3. Indicating a reason (out of), ,ubkcx rxujn - out of impatience,
agr curn - from so much noise, cgrn ,n - starving from hunger,
sjpn ,n - scared to death, jur rmuen - out of impatience.
4. Comparative, ovn kusd - greater than they are (then them), eu,n
acsn - sweeter than honey, hbnn cuy - better than me, dkan ick whiter than snow, ubnn ezj - stronger than him.
5. Indicating origin, iusbukn tc - coming from London, ihxn han silk from China (Chinese silk), rcjn c,fn - letter from a friend,
ubnn sunkk - to learn from him/it.
6. Indicating material, cvzn yhaf, - Jewelry of gold (golden Jewelry),
vyhj jnen vdug - cake from wheat flour, rhhbn vfxn - mask of
paper (paper mask), irut .gn ijkua - table of pine wood.
The preposition n is a shorter form of the classical in,

following the
comlete (and thus disappearance) assimilation of the b. This will also
explain the ending oF and iF (not of and if) when conjugated.
Note the dissimilation (semantic dissimilation) Ub,h

t n instead of Ubn n
(from/than us), do distinguish this form from Ubn n = him.
- 70 -
In higher register of Hebrew, n alone (without r,uh,

than) can
indicate comparative: ,rcjnvn kusd rpxv - the book is bigger than the
notebook, or vbnn kusd - bigger than it (literally).
When indicating part of a whole, n is the equivalent of the English

of:
ovn sjt - one of them.
ohkhhjvn sjt - one of the soldiers.
ub,htn sjt kf - each (and every) one of us.
n can also be part of a combined preposition, such as rIjt n - from

behind, and sdbn 'sgC n 'hbp kn 'hrujtn 'kgn ',j,n, etc.
Before gutterals, especially wg 'wt, and before r, the preposition n can be

vocalized as n (not n).
/oseun rrug,vk vmur tk [hbnn - ub,htn - ovn] sjt ;t /ohkmg ubjbt /1

/[ovn - ubnn - ovn] r,uh cuaj r,uh tk sjt ;tau 'cuaj tuva cauj tuv /2
- ivn - ovn] sunkk rapt /ohskhv [hbnn - ovn - n] uvan sunkk rapt shn, /3
!vcrv [ub,htn
!vcuaj [ivn - ubnn - vbnn] ,jt kfu ',ukta vcrv ah /4
tk ov kct 'kufv [hbnn - ovn - ub,htn] ohkcen ubjbt /ubka ohruvv vkt /5
/rcs oua [oFn - ovn - ub,htn] kcek ohbfun
- 71 -
/[ovn - ubnn - vbnn] sutn vbua tuv kct 'vhks ka oIt,v

jtv vz /6
ovn] sunkk lhrm [ub,htn - hbnn - vbnn] sjt kfau 'vnfj thva ohcauj ubjbt /7
/[vbnn - ub,htn ?[lnn - ivn - ovn] ,aehc vn ?ohkvbnv og ,rchs /8
?[vbnn - lnn - ivn) ,aehc vn ?vbhr og ,adpb /9
/[ivn - iFn - ovn] sunkk ohfhrm o,t /sutn ,unfj iv /10
/jhkmvk kufh [ofn - hbnn - ovn] sjt kf 'ohshnk, /11
hba [lnn - hbnn - ovn] h,kche 'if ?ohskhv [hbnn - ovn - n] c,fn ,kche /12
/ohc,fn
?vcuy [vbnn - lnn - hbnn] aeck kufh hbt 'vecr /13
/[ubnn - vbnn - hbnn] vkusd r,uh thv 'if ?ohkaurhn vkusd r,uh chct k, /14
!kufv [n - ubnn - hbnn] aeck kufh hbta rcj hk ah /15
/[ivn - ovn - ub,htn] vz ,t ucbd ov /ubka vz /16
- 72 -
InF 'F - like, as,
hbInF
hbt
WInF
v,t
lInF
,t
UvInF
tuv
vIn
F
thv
UbInF
ubjbt
ofInF
o,t
ifInF
i,t
ovIn
F
ov
ivIn
F
iv
The preposition F is reflected as InF (as a construct state form - ,Ufhnx,
and ///InF when next to the stressed syllable (UbIn

F vs. of InF).
But
compare ktrGh lngF hn.
,InF is a variant in higher register: o,In
F is a variant of ovunf.
In colloquial Hebrew, all conjugated forms are by ///InF (a logical
error) - ofIn
F (stressed on In).
- 73 -
The preposition n has many functions:

1. "Similar to, like someone/soemething else: dkaf ick - (as) white
as snow, anaf rUrc - as clear as the sun, hbInf - like me.
2. Approximately, about: gUcaf - about a week, ordukhe ohragf about 20 kilogram, ohgca icf - about 70 years old.
3. As (function): rpuxf iubdg - Agnon as an author, gsnf

,Urp xv
literature as science.
4. (Combined with nouns or adjectives) adverbial: vrUJF - correctly,
properly, vtr
bf - probably, apparently, it looks like,
presumably, supposedly, likely, icUnf - of course,
certainly.
In Modern Hebrew, F often appears with demonstrative pronouns: vzF

- like this, such as this, and so vkt
F ',tzF . They are not always
interchangeable with vz InF,
,tz InF,
vkt InF.
The difference is
approximately as in English between like this and such as this.
/[vunf - uvunf - unf] ,uhvk ohmur okuf /oxrUpn tuv /1

![lunf - uvunf - hbunf] iht !hk ,rzga vsu,
/[unf - hbunf - vunf] suerk vmur hbt /vcuy ,hbser thv /2
/[ivunf ubunf - ovunf] sucgk ohkufh tk ubjbt /rvn ,uscug iv /3
- unf] vtrb tk uka jtv kct 'uka tctv [unf - ovunf - uvunf] vtrb tuv /4
/[uvunf - ovunf
- 74 -
/[ubunf - ovunf - unf] uhv okufa htuukv /ohcuy ohabt ov /5

![ofunf - ovunf - ubunf] iht ann !ohbhhUmn ohrcj hburu hng /6
,uagk kufh tk hbt /lka ohruvv [unf - ovunf - ubunf] ohrhag ohruv iht hk 'ibj /7
/[ovunf - hbunf - lunf] kufv
/[ofunf - ovunf - ubunf] ack,vk ohcvut tk ubka ohskhv /8
/[ifunf - ofunf - hbunf] eUhsc cauj hbt /ohesum o,t /9
- ubunf] ohrcsn ukhpt ov /ovka ohruvv [ubunf - unf - ovunf] ohtrb ov /10
/[ovunf - ofunf
/[vunf - uvunf - unf] .r tk iurus kct 'rvn .r thd /ohbuau ohnus iurusu thd /11
/[uvunf - vunf - unf] vzr thdu 'vzr iurus
/rInj [lunf - unf - uvunf] scug tuva rnut tuv /12
"Uthn"
vaugu '[lunf - uvunf - unf] .r 'kU,j [hbunf - unf - vunf] vtrb
- vz vn /13
]
!vku,j ?kU,j [uvunf - unf - vunf
/[lunf - unf - vunf] ,uhvk vmuru 'vka tnht ,t ,cvut thv /14
![ovunf - Ubunf - unf] ,uhvk ohmur tk ubjbt !rsxc tk ov /15
- 75 -
lrs - through
hF r s
hbt
WF r s
v,t
lF r s
,t
IFr s
tuv
vFr s
thv
UbF r s
ubjbt
oFr s
o,t
iFr s
i,t
oFr s
ov
iFr s
iv
The preposition lrs comes from the noun way, road, manner,
mode. Some linguists claim that the Hebrew use of lrs in the sense
of through is influenced by the German durch, but its use in this
sense is already biblical.
- 76 -
Logically, the common verbs with the preposition lrs (through) are
rcg - pass, and vtr - see.
/[vfrs - ofrs - ifrs] ,utrk rapt ht 'ohfkfukn vktv ,ubukjv .1
/[lrs - vfrs - ufrs] rucgk rapt ht /rudx vzv rgav .2
/[ofrs - vfrs - ufrs] rucgk kufh oujva ohrnuj vkt .3
/vka okugv ,t ubk ,utrvk vmur ,rruanv [hfrs - ufrs - vfrs]a rha vz .4
/ohrmUn ,ubek rapt [ufrs - ifrs - ofrs]a ,IbuUen ,uhUbj ah ouhv .5
/ybr y
bhtc ,hktrGh vhzhu
uky ,utrk rapt [ofrs- ifrs - hfrs]a ohr,t ah .6
/[vfrs - ofrs - lrs] ohrcug ohhnva ,bbx n oa ah .7
/ybr y
bhtvn ohrha shrIvk rapt [ufrs - ofrs - ifrs]a ,ubfu, ah .8
/ohrpFv
[ofrs- lrs - ufrs] rcug kUhyv ka kUkx nv
.9
/,s
kInk vka vcvtv ,t vtrn thv [ifrs - vfrs - ofrs]a ohrha vc,f kjr
.10
/ohrIPhmv uxbfb ofrs [ofrs - ifrs - vfrs]a 'ddc ohrIj ah .11
/ist
k-ihCk
vghdv ,hrcv ,umrt [vfrs - ofrs - ufrs]a ahtv vz .12
k"ujc vbhn z thv [lrs - vfrs - ufrs]a 'hktrah iupky rpxn vk ah .13
/(.rt
k-.Ujc)
/[ofrs- ufrs - lrs] rcug rItva kUkxnv vz .14
?[offrs - ofrs - lfrs] kv
bn
k ,ubpk
lhrm tuv 'ctIh
.15
!sutn vcrv sunkk ohkufh ohskhv [lrs - ofrs - ufrs]a ohejGn vkt .16
/jurck kufh zdv [ofrs - ifrs - ufrs]a 'ohesx oa aha ,uhvk kufh .17
/ktrahc ohhjv hkgc kg vcrv sunkk rapt [vfrs - ofrs- ufrs]a rpx vz .18
/vkjnk kuphy tumnk rapt [vfrs - lrs- ofrs]a 'iInrIv
tmn asj rejn .19
ohsuvhv [ofrs - lrs- iFr s]a 'ihkIP 'cIerec
(sewage pipe) cUhC-,Ik
g, uhv .20
- 77 -
/ujrc
/ktrGh kg snkk ohkufh ohrunv [ufrs - vfrs - ofrs]a ohcuy ohrnuj vkt .21
sdb - against, opposite,; versus, counter
hs
db
hbt
Ws
db
v,t
lsd b
,t
Isdb
tuv
vs
db
thv
Ubsd b
ubjbt
ofs
db
o,t
ifs
db
i,t
osd b
ov
isd b
iv
The preposition sdb is also combined with other preposition and

becomes one:
sdbk, sdbn,
sdbF.
- 78 -
Though the governing preposition of ojkb - fight - is C, the

preposition sdb is often used in Modern Hebrew: gaPc ojkb - fighting
agaist crimes.
A common use of sdb is in the following phrases:

sdb vghc , ahdn - file a suit, enter an action
sdb eh, j, p
b - open a (criminal) file/case against
sdb vj
fIvqvht r - proof against
sdb oUaht - indictment/accusation of
sdb ihdp v - demonstrate against
/,uphrG [isdb - sdb - vsdb] vrhsk jUyhC ubk ah /1

cUaj [isdb- isdb - usdb] iuxhjv /;ruj ,ukjn [usdb - isdb- sdb] ,ueubh,k iuxhj ah /2
/sutn
/[usdb - vsdb - osdb] okUFJ ,cauj thv /vcumg thv /3
?esum tk v,t hkut '[sdb - usdb - lsdb] okugv kf ot 'i,buh /4
/sutn vezj [vsdb - ubsdb - sdb] ubejhG a vmucev /5
ov hf [osdb - vsdb - usdb] ubbuk,v ov /ohbfav [ubsdb - osdb - sdb] UbbIk,v ov /6
/vkhkc vezj vehzun ohghnan
/eujv ,gmv [sdb - osdb - vsdb] ughcmv ,xbfv hrcj /7
/eujv [usdb - vsdb - sdb] thv oust rutc vghxb /8
/[hsdb - osdb - isdb] rcs oua hk ihtu ',ucuy ,urUjc iv /9
- usdb] vjfuv ;t ovk v,hhv tk kct '[osdb - vsdb - hsdb] ohrcs vcrv vag tuv /10
/[sdb - osdb
- 79 -
!ca j nv
[sdb - lsdb - usdb] ynja
ejGk kufh v,t /11
/iuatr ouhc [vsdb - osdb - sdb] ejGb ubjbtu 'haha ouhc vtc vmucev /12
/[osdb - sdb - vsdb] ,Iht r vk ahu 'o,ut vxp, vryanv /13
/14
/vrc jv
[usdb - vsdb - sdb] eh, vj,p vryanv
vejhG jurvau 'jUrv [osdb - vsdb - sdb] ejGk ovk vae vhva urnt ohbejGv /15
/[usdb - vsdb - osdb]
/[isdb - vsdb - usdb] ejGk vae vhvh /sutn ,ucuy vktv kxrUsFv ,Ihbe j G /16
/vryanv [sdb - osdb - vsdb] vnhkt vbdp v v,hv sbkrh
tc
/17
/vry a nc
[vsdb - osdb - usdb] ubbuk,v ov zt 'vkhkv kf ughrpv ohbf av
/18
/[isdb - hsdb - sdb] rcs oua hk ihtu 'sutn ,usnjb iv /19
- usdb] ughcmv tk ohrjtv /eujv [osdb - sdb - usdb] UghC m v ohrIybx ohauka /20
/[sdb - osdb
![vsdb - isdb - sdb] ,ujfuvv kfu 'vz ,t v,Gg thva rUrc /21
/ovka iumrv [usdb - osdb - sdb] uvan ,uagk ohabt jhrfvk rUxt /22
/[usdb - sdb - osdb] ,ujfuv vnf ah kct 'vz ,t uGg ov ot ohgsuh tk /23
/ohaU,h [osdb - vsdb - sdb] ezj rnujc ohan,an ov /24
- 80 -
sgC - for,
in favor of; through
hs
gC
hbt
Ws
gC
v,t
lsgC
,t
IsgC
tuv
vs
gC
thv
UbsgC
ubjbt
ofs
gC
o,t
ifs
gC
i,t
osgC
ov
isgC
iv
There is also the combination sgC n - through, from behind - less

used in Modern Hebrew. The preposition lrs is usually used instead.
iukjv sgc(n) vkf,xv thv - She looked through the window.
- 81 -
sgC is a variant of sgC .

sdbu sgC is pro and con.
unmg sgc rcsn is speaks for itself.
usgc gbun - prevent someone from
/rUzjhn
[ubsgc - sgc - usgc] sgc ubjbt .1
"?ohrautn ,uhvk [usgc - hsgc - ofsgc] gbun vn" :ohtruek vbup iu,hgv .2
/[lsgc- ubsgc - hsgc] hbt - gbf ak
lhrm tk v,t h,ut .3
/ohxhnv ,t [osgc - usgc - sgc] okha tk ehxgnva igy scugv .4
/[usgc - hsgc - sgc] ghcmt tk hbt /,xbF-r
cj ,uhvk oht,n tk tuv .5
/[usgc - sgc - vsgc] oUka,u
vkhkc vsucg kg urchs ,xbFc
.6
/[usgc - osgc - hsgc] ghcmvk hk htsf ot cauj hbtu 'thab ,uhvk vmur tuv .7
/[sgc - osgc - hsgc] h,nkha hbt /hka ohrcsv vkt .8
- isgc] ubgcmv ubjbt "!ghcmha - ,uykjvv [sgc - osgc - hsgc] hn" :rnt tuv .9
/[ubsgc - usgc
ohmur od ubjbt kct '[sgc - osgc - ubsgc] ubjbt ',uchahv hshnk,
sdb tk ubjbt .10

/[ubsgc - usgc - osgc] uhvh ova
/[osgc - usgc - vsgc] okha tku ,ubjc uvan jek tuva vrnt vryanv .11
/ktrah ,bhsn [vsdb - sdb - usdb]u sx t thGbv [sgc - osgc - usgc] ubhdpv ikudc .12
?[usdb - vsdb - sdb] ghcmv tuv vnk /eujv [hsdb - sdb- usdb] ghcmv tuv .13
- usdb - hsdb] ,uchx gcau [vsgc - usgc - ubsgc] ,uchx gca ah - asjv iPad-v .14
/[osdb
?"[isdb - usdb - ubsdb] ut [vsgc - ubsgc - usgc] thGbv"
:ohktua ohktrahv .15

isdb] ut [isgc - ubsgc - usgc] tuv ot u,ut ukta iv 'ivhkg rnt tuva vn hrjt .16
/[usdb - sdb !shv ,t ohr
ha - vz [ubsgc - sgc - hsgc] hn .17
- 82 -
kUn - against, opposite to, in favor of; versus
hkUn
hbt
WkUn
v,t
lkUn
,t
IkUn
tuv
vkUn
thv
UbkUn
ubjbt
ofkUn
o,t
ifkUn
i,t
okUn
ov
ikUn
iv
Often the preposition kUnn - opposite, in front of, oppositely - is

used.
hka ohhbhgv kUnn - in front of my eyes.
- 83 -
/ohsnug ubjbt [ubkun - ikun - kun]a ,ubfxv vkt /1

/o,ut ubhtr tku [okun - kun - ubkun] ubrcg /2
/[ubkun - ukun - kun] tc rIFha ost ubhtr 'cujrc ubfkvaf /3
/[okun - ukun - ofkUn] ju,p ,uhvk lhrm .cIev 'iupkyc
ohrae,n o,taf /4
/[ubkun - kun - vkun]a vrhsc vrd thvu 'itf ohrd ubjbt /5
/[kun - ukun - okun] sungk kufh tk tuv /ubnn ohezj ov /6
/[okUn - ubkun - ukun] hUFhx ubk iht /ohcuy ohbeja ov /7
![ukun - lkun - kun] snuga ostv hn ,gsk lhrm shn, v,t /8
/[okun - ubkun - kun] eUhsc vgxb vnUstv ,hbufnvu 'cujrc ugxb ov /9
/[okun - ubkun - ikun] ssun,vk ohfhrm ubjbta ,uhgC vcrv ah /10
/[okun - kun - ofkun] hUFhx ofk iht /okugv kfn ohbeja ovk ah /11
?[ofkun - ukun - ifkun] yyIn
,
h ost oIt, P ot uag, vn ',IbC /12
![ukun - ubkun - ikUn] ihdp vk
lhrm - vktv ,urcjv /13
!ohxen ;ub [okun - ubkun - ukun] vtrb out,pu 'rvvn Ubsrh /14
/[ukun - okun - vkun] ,snug vka ,Unsv
eru 'o,ht itf tk thv /15
/ohvucd ,urut og ,hbufn vgxb [okun - vkun - ubkun]u 'ahcFc
vkhkc ubgxb /16
/ohabt vcrv [ukun - kun - okun] rcsku sungk sjup tuv /17
?[okun - ukun - vkun] cauha vz hn ?vsgx nc
oa vkUa ,t vtur v,t /18
/ohabt user [ubkun - okun - ukun]u 'iusgunc ubcah /19
/ay aUy
n [kun - ukun - vkun]a ca j nv
lxna ,rnut thv /20
/ct zv
[okun - vkun - ukun] tc out,pu 'rghc vfkv thv /21
!ruja kU,j [kun - ukun - ubkun] rcg out, pu
'cujrc ubfkv /22
/vasj vhd IkIbf y kg vmr vu
kvev [okun - kun - ukun] sng vmr nv
/23
/[ofkun - vkun - okUn] vPnvu
v,hfc ohcauh ov /24
/[ofkUn - lkun - ukun] ka
chu v,hC v ofhkt ghdh ;av
/25
- 84 -
,nUg
k - compared with/to; in contrast with, against;
opposite
h, nUg
k
hbt
W, nUg
k
v,t
l, nUg
k
,t
I,nUg
k
tuv
v, nUg
k
thv
Ub, nUg
k
ubjbt
of, nUg
k
o,t
ifnUg
k
i,t
o, nUg
k
ov
i, nUg
k
iv
In our time of statistics, prices, studies, and continuous comparison of

almost anything, the preposition ,nUgk is very common!
- 85 -
?vrcga vbac ohrhjnv [v,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk] ouhv ohrhjnv vn /1

/[,nugk - o,nugk - u,nUgk] iye vhv ihkty x 'rkyhv
kg ohcaujaf /2
/vcUmg ,cauh '[u,nugk - o,nugk - v,nugk] 'u,ahtu 'ejumu jna tuv /3
/ejak lkv '[h,nugk - o,nugk - u,nugk] 'tuvu 'vcrv usnku ucah ov /4
![u,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk] sn
d vtrb tuvu 'ohebg ann uhv ov /5
/vjna inzv kf '[,nugk - i,nugk - v,nugk] 'v,ujtu 'inzv kf ,xguf thv /6
/cuy lf kf ubcmn [o,nugk - ,nugk - ub,nugk] /ohhbg lf kf ov /7
![o,nugk - u,nugk - ub,nugk] iInrt uka ,hhcv /sutn iye ubka ,hhcv /8
tka ohskh '[o,nugk - i,nugk - v,nugk] /ohnfj uhvh vcrv ohejana ohskh /9
/ohsunhkc ,ujp ujhkmh ohejan
?tuvv rrenv [o,nugk - ,nugk - u,nugk] vzv rrenv lht /10
[h,nugk - v,nugk - ,nugk] 'hka ,cvu 'sunkk ,fkk vyhkjv ohbfav ka ,cv /11
/tcmk ,fkk vyhkjv
/[o,nugk - u,nugk - v,nugk] aphy vhv lknv vnkaa 'vnfj ,tzf thv /12
/uk ohsdb,n '[,nugk - o,nugk - u,nugk] 'ohrcjv kct 'eujc lnu, thGbv /13
- o,nugk - u,nugk] 'ohrjtu 'rurcu ytk ovka oav ,t ohn,uja ohabt ah /14
/ohaea enu
rvn ohn,uj '[,nugk
vakj vhhbav ,unsv [o,nugk - i,nugk - v,nugk]u ',y
kau
vezj ,tzv ,Unsv
/15
/,gbf
bu
/ouhv kf ,kfut [i,nUgk - ub,nugk - h,nugk] hbtu 'vezj vy th
s ,uaug iv /16
ohkcuxa '[u,nugk - o,nugk - v,nugk] 'ohrjtu 'anac ohkcux tka ohabt ah /17
/anac ,ues anj ovaf od vae
- ub,nugk - i,nugk] sutn ,uke ubka ,ukkuxv /sutn ,ubye vktv
,ukkuxv /18
/[v,nugk
?ohfunb ohabt [ub,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk] ack,vk ohvucd ohabt ohfhrm lht /19
ohrucsv [o,nugk - i,nugk - ,nugk] ,Ihe
bg ,utrb ohrIcsv
ka ,ufknv /20
/[i,nugk - o,nugk - ,nugk] sutn ,ubye ,utrb vkt /,ukgIPv
- 86 -
?,usvhv [i,nugk - ,nUgk - v,nugk] tCv okIgv kg ,Urm

bv ,cauj vn /21
ohrjt [i,nugk - ,nugk - o,nugk]u 'onmgc ohsdcv ,t rujck ohmura ohrcd ah /22
/okhcac ubeh ovka ohabva ohaecna
- 87 -
,UfzC
thank to, due to
,UfzC
hbt
W,Uf
zC
v,t
l, UfzC
,t
I,UfzC
tuv
v,Uf
zC
thv
Ub, UfzC
ubjbt
of,Uf
zC
o,t
if,Uf
zC
i,t
o, UfzC
ov
i, UfzC
iv
An interesting phenomenon in Hebrew is the tautology in possessive

phrases, namely indicating possessive twice:
oh,nv ka o,ufzc ohhj ubjbt - We are alive thanks to their death; literally
twice their.
- 88 -
Do not confuse this preposition with ,UfzC - right of (,Ufz = right,

credit)
- u,ufzc] /ohtpurv ka ihhUmnv kuphyv [o,ufzc - ,Ufzc - u,ufzc] kmhb ctv /1

/ohhjc rtab tuv [o,ufzc - ,ufzc
!vzv ouenv vbcb [o,ufzc
- ,ufzc - u,ufzc] !ovk ohrzug tk o,ta rsxc tk vz /2
/rGv ka [i,ufzc - v,ufzc - u,ufzc] vnhh, x v v,hcav /3
![v,ufzc - l,ufzc - h,ufzc] vsucgk vkCe,v
hka vrcj v !Wk vsu, /4

/tmnb hbta ouenc hbt [h,ufzc - of,ufzc - ,ufzc] /vcrv hk o,rzg /5
///[l,ufzc - ub,ufzc - h,ufzc] ut lkkdc iukt ,t h,rfhv ot ,gsuh tk hbt 'aua /6
/thrc kfut ,kfut hbt [u,ufzc - h,ufzc - v,ufzc]u 'hk ,kacn hka tnht /7
- u,ufzc] od kct 'intnv ka [o,ufzc - u,ufzc - v,ufzc] vjmhb kdrusfv ,mUce /8
/ohbejav ka [o,ufzc - ,ufzc
/,ubun,v ,t h,kche [l,ufzc - i,ufzc - h,ufzc] !lk vsu, ',hkd /9
- u,ufzc - ,Ufzc]u oht
CFv ka [,ufzc - h,ufzc - o,ufzc] kmhb hka ,hhcv /10
/ohbf av
ka iupkyv
[o,ufzc
/kusdv hubhav tc [ub,ufzc - u,ufzc - o,ufzc]u 'vcrv vag tuv /11
/vbhjcc h,jkmv [v,ufzc - ,ufzc - h,ufzc]u 'vcrv hk vrzg vrunv /12
/vsrh vky c tv
[u,ufzc - o,ufzc - v,ufzc] !vkannv atrk sucfv kf /13
/,hkdbt rcsn hbt [v,ufzc - h,ufzc - u,ufzc] /u,ht sunkk sutn h,hbvb /14
ujhkmv ov /[v,ufzc - i,ufzc - h,ufzc] ujhkmv tk ov :uhsrc
rnt in t nv
/15
/ovka .n
tnv
[h,ufzc - ,ufzc - o,ufzc]
!rsvb lubhj ukche ohskhv [u,ufzc - i,ufzc - o,ufzc] /sutn vae uscg ,ubbdv /16
!inzc
vchahk h,gdhv [v,ufzc - h,ufzc - l,ufzc] 'hk ,rF
zva
kzn vzht /17
/ckfv [o,ufzc - u,ufzc - ,ufzc] kmhb eubh,va iu,hgc h,tre /18
- 89 -
/ohhe hbt [,ufzc - h,ufzc - o,ufzc]a ohcuyv ohrcsv kf vkt /19

/ohnjukvu ohmukjv ka [o,ufzc - u,ufzc - v,ufzc] vne ktrah ,bhsn /20
/h,rjcb [i,ufzc - v,ufzc - h,ufzc]a ,ucuy ,uchx vcrv ah /21
/,hhcv ,t ubhbe [u,ufzc - ub,ufzc - o,ufzc]u 'ubk urzg ubka ohruvv /22
- 90 -
ign
k - for, toward; for the sake of; so that
hbgn
k
hbt
Wbg n
k
v,t
lbgn
k
,t
Ibgn
k
tuv
vbgn
k
thv
Ubbgn
k
ubjbt
ofb g n
k
o,t
ifb g n
k
i,t
obgn
k
ov
ibgn
k
iv
An interesting phenomenon in Hebrew is the tautology in possessive

phrases, namely indicating possessive twice:
ohskhv ka obgnk vcrv ohaug ov - They do a lot for their children;
literally twice for.
This phenomenon occurs with pronominal suffixes with nouns, for
example hxuh ka urcj - Yossis friend. Not only is it completely normal in
Hebrew, but sometimes the sentence might sound weird without it.
- 91 -
/czg tuv ztu '[ubgnk - ignk - hbgnk] kufv h,hag /1

/[ofbgnk - ubgnk - vbgnk] ukkp,v tbt /ju,hb ,rcug h,ujt /2
/[ubgnk - obgnk - ubbgnk] kufv uaghu 'ovka ohskhv ,t ohcvut ov /3
/[obgnk - ibgnk - ubgnk] ,ujm
bn ,Ihbe j Gvu
'uhhj kg ectb intnv /4
/[ofbgnk - obgnk - ubbgnk] vcrv ,uagku ohrzv ,t ihcvk lhrm /5
/"[ubbgnk - ignk - ibgnk] tk ot [ibgnk - vbgnk - lbgnk] vGg"
:ohvuktk vkhp, /6
/[ofbgnk - obgnk - ubbgnk] ,unk ohbfUn ubjbta ohrcs vcrv iht /7
/vghna-hscfu
oharhj ohskhk ka [ignk - vbgnk - obgnk] vmUce thv "gna" /8
ohhjv hkgc og ,Uvszv ,fUkv, thv "[obgnk - ibgnk - hbgnk] ohsgum" /9
/,usCgnc
- obgnk] kufv ohaug ubjbt " :rnut iyrx hkuj ohskh ignk iudrhtv ka kvbnv /10
/"[ubgnk - ubbgnk
/vhPIh
, tn
ohkugv ka [obgnk - ubgnk - ignk] asj ohejGn-rsj oeUv /11
- ignk - vbgnk] ;xf ubpxt /,nh
hev
irev
[ubgnk - ignk - vbgnk] ;xf ubpxt /12
/vrcga vbac od [ubbgnk
- hbgnk] ,uagk ohkufh o,t vn - yd ,ucrIxn ohab" :hktrah iu,hgc ,r,uf
/13
"?[ibgnk - vbgnk
![vbgnk - hbgnk - lbgnk] kufv vagtu l,ut cvut hbt 'h,ur /14
- ignk - obgnk]u [ubbgnk - hbgnk - ifbgnk] 'iagk
ehxpvk ,ufhrm i,t ',uvnht /15
!ifka ,ueubh,v [ifbgnk
kufh hbt vn" tkt '"?[ignk - vbgnk - hbgnk] ,uagk vkufh vbhsnv vn" kta, kt /16
/"?vbhsnv [ignk - hbgnk - vbgnk] ,uagk
/okugv ;ux sg lk, thv [ubgnk - ubbgnk - vbgnk]u 'u,ut ,cvut thv /17
/[ubgnk - vbgnk - obgnk] unjkb ov /ovka ,s
kunv ,tz /18
/[ofbgnk - ubgnk - obgnk] shg v
k ifun tuvu 'rcs oua uag tk ova ihntn tuv /19
- 92 -
/ohkhhjv kuf ka [ignk - ubbgnk - obgnk] ohkkp,n ubjbt /20

- ignk] ov /[obgnk - ofbgnk - ubbgnk] tk ov /ohjrpv ,t Upye, kt tbt /21
/vbUfav
ka ohcaI,v [vbgnk - obgnk
/uka ohscugv [ubgnk - ignk - obgnk] kufv vagh kgpnv /22
/ivka ,ubcv ka [ignk - ibgnk - ibgnk] ;xf Ufxj
ov /23
- hbgnk] ,uagk lhrm hbt uhafg '[ubbgnk - obgnk - hbgnk] vcrv uag hka ohruvv /24
/[ubbgnk - obgnk
- ignk - ubgnk] tku '[ignk - ubgnk - ubbgnk] kIgp k lhrm ubka ohscIgv iUdrht /25
/sxInv [obgnk
- 93 -
rUcg - for, on behalf of
hrUc
g
hbt
WrUc
g
v,t
lr Ucg
,t
IrUcg
tuv
vrUcg
thv
Ubr Ucg
ubjbt
ofrUc
g
o,t
ifrUc
g
i,t
orUcg
ov
irUcg
iv
Do not confuse rUcg with rUcgC - because!
/ubscg [vrucg - urucg - ubrucg]a gdrv vz /1

/reucc [ubrucg - hrucg - orucg] ouek ohrcs aha cuy /2
/[vrucg - orucg - urUcg] rtkus iuhkhn ygnf ohmur ov /reh ,hhc vz /3
/[orucg - rucg - hrucg] h,nkhaa ohrcsv ,t h,kche tk sug /4
vrucg] v,ag vrcjv vnu 'vrcjv
[orucg - vrucg - rucg] ohba vcrv uscg ov /5
- 94 -
?[orucg - urucg /[urucg - ubrucg - lrucg] ughcmh ova cauj sngUnv vz /6

/[ifrucg - irucg - vrucg] vrp, vka tnhta vkn Gv
,tz /7
/aecn v,ta vn ,t [rucg - ubrucg - lrucg] tmnb ubjbt /ubhkt tuc /8
?[ubrucg - vrucg - urucg] ktrah .rt hvn :ubnmg
,t ohktua ubjbt /9
?[ofrucg - orucg - urucg] cuy kfut vzht ohgsuh ohhjv-h
kgc lht /10
?okan ehxgnv [irucg - orucg - urucg]a djv
hnh
ov vn /11
/[orucg - urucg - irUcg] kusd ouh vza urnt kxrUsFv ,Ihbe j G 'iujmhbv hrjt /12
ovk ah /ohskhv [urucg - orucg - rucg] hnUtk jUyhCn
;xf ohkcen ktrahc /13
![orUcg - vrucg - urucg] ;xf vcrv ohkcen ovu 'ohskh vbuna
- lrucg] r,uhc vcuyv ,Urap tv
,tz ot euscku lnmg kg cuajk vfhrm ,t /14
/[orucg - irucg
- ubrucg - lrucg] ,bhhUmn ,tzv vhhbev"
:urnt vrcjv ,t ubea ohkvbnv /15
"![urucg
/[urucg - ubrucg - ofrucg] ihhUmn iur,hp ubk ah /ubhkt utuc /16
/[lrucg - orucg - urucg] jUyhc tmnh tuvu 'juyhcv ifuxk lk /17
/[lrucg - hrucg - urucg] sucgku u,ht sucgk rtab hbt /18
/[lrucg - hrucg - vrucg] vnht,nv vphkjv ,t lnmgk rujck vfhrm ,t /19
?[ubrucg - lrucg - urucg] ,nkha vnf !vph gcuf vzht /20
?[vrucg - hrucg - lrucg] ube ova vb,nvn vmUrn v,t 'hbs /21
/[orucg - lrucg - hrucg] ouenv ,ntc vz /itf hbta jna hbt /22
/[hrucg - lrucg - orucg] kufv uagh ovu 'yeac ca, v,t /23
/[irucg - orucg - vrucg] rd, t thv ,tzv kdrusfv ,mucea ohcauj ov /24
?[rucg - urucg - ofrucg] r,uhc cuyv iIrznv
,t urjc, lht /25
/[vrucg - ubrucg - urucg] ghcmb ubjbta cauju ',x
bF-rcj
,uhvk vmur tuv /26

- 95 -
rcg k - toward(s),
in the direction of, to
hr c
gk
hbt
Wr c
gk
v,t
lr c
gk
,t
Irc
gk
tuv
vrc
gk
thv
Ubr c
gk
ubjbt
ofr c
gk
o,t
ifr c
gk
i,t
orc
gk
ov
irc
gk
iv
- 96 -
,Ugmn t C - through,
by way of, by, via
h,Ug
mn t C
hbt
W,Ug
mn t C
v,t
l, Ugmn t C
,t
I,Ugmn t C
tuv
v,Ug
mn t C
thv
Ub, Ugmn t C
ubjbt
of,Ug
mn t C
o,t
if,Ug
mn t C
i,t
o, Ugmn t C
ov
i, Ugmn t C
iv
The word hg
mn t in Hebrew means mean as in English - both
something to use as a tool and middle!
/ohbct lu,jk rapt [,ugmntc

- u,ugmntc
- h,ugmntc
]a hkF vz /1
/;hhUzn iIFr s [v,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc] jrc tuv /2
vbea ohjrp vk jkau vahtvn htratv xhyrf ,t cbd tuv !vPmUj
vzht /3
/[o,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc - v,ugmntc
]
- 97 -
/vkjnv ,t tprk rapt [,ugmntc - v,ugmntc - h,ugmntc]a vasj vyha ,tz

ohrcs xhpsvk rapt [u,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- v,ugmntc]a vbfI,
,tz
/ohhshv tku 'kuev [i,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc]
sjuhn xrUe
ah /ohckf [u,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc - o,ugmntc
] htupr kuphy ah
/ohckf ka [,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc] kUPhyk
- h,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc
]a ohejGn ah" :ybr y
bhtc vkt a c,f uvahn
"?ebC k .Irpk
lht sunkk rapt [o,ugmntc
ohskhv vn ,gsk rapt [,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc]a sjuhn rhafn ah
/.Ujc ohruvvaf ,hhcc ohaug
,t ie,k
rapt [u,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc]a ,uhrehgv ohfrsv vkt
/cmnv
hba ihc khscvk rapt [u,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc]a ohhUxhb vkt
/ohrnujv
o,ut ,ubek rapt 'vktv ohnG Cv
,t ,ubek ohmur o,t ot" :c,f ifIxv
/"[of,ugmntc
- h,ugmntc - o,ugmntc
]
/idy
br -hbr e [,ugmntc - o,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
] vhvh kUPhyv
/jmr v gmUC [,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc - v,ugmntc
]a hkFv
vza ,bguy vryanv
ohkufh od o,t [,ugmntc
- ub,ugmntc - of,ugmntc
] /ofk ruzgk ohkufh ubjbt
/ebC c vtu
ukv kcek
rhcgv tuv [o,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc - u,ugmntc
]a ,urcj ka vnhar i,b tuv
/ebC k ohpxf
/cajn [o,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc] vehxUn cu,fk ohkufh ohruuhg
/ohbd ibf,k
rapt [u,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- v,ugmntc]a vbfu, ,tz
ouhc ohxUCuyut vnf ,gsk kfub [u,ugmntc - o,ugmntc
- ub,ugmntc
]a re x vz
/itF urcgh
/,UthrCv ,t rP Jk
rapt [,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc - v,ugmntc
]a ,uehbf y vkt
/ohrn x n [v,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc] ,rC Ujn vbun,v
,ukjn ij c tk
rapt [v,ugmntc - o,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc
]a vcUaj vehsc ,tz
/ohhbhg
/ohejr n ca j
k rapt [v,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc]a sjuhn rhafn vz
,t eusck rapt [v,ugmntc
- o,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc]a ,uyha gcrt ah
/ohbU,bv
ukfu, [i,ugmntc - of,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
]a ,uasj ,uyha usnk, xrUec
/cuy r,uh ahdrvk

/,IrIpty n [i,ugmntc
- u,ugmntc
- ,ugmntc] cmnv ,t ubk rt , n rruanv
/uka ,uadrv
,t ubk rhcgn tuv [o,ugmntc
- i,ugmntc - u,ugmntc
]
- 98 -
/4
/5
/6
/7
/8
/9
/10
/11
/12
/13
/14
/15
/16
/17
/18
/19
/20
/21
/22
/23
/24
/25
Plural Pronominal Suffixes with Prepositions
As we mentioned in our first lesson, prepositions can have either

pronominal suffixes in singular, namely the same of those with nouns in
singular, or pronominal suffixes in plural, namely those with nouns in
plural.
For example:
hxUx
is my horse, singular noun, and therefore the ending is h .
hxUx
is my horses, plural noun, and therefore the ending is h .
- 99 -
Compare again the pronominal suffixes:

Form 2 (Plural Form
Suffix)
Form 1 (Singular
Form Suffix)
Pronoun
hbt
Wh
v,t
Qhh
*Q '*Q
,t
uh
tuv
vh
thv
Ubh
*Ub '*Ub
ubjbt
ofh
of
o,t
ifh
if
i,t
ovh
*ov
'*o
ov
ivh
*iv
'*i
iv
The pronominal suffix uh is pronounced av: uhkg = alav.

The pronominal suffixes with suh, Wh , vh
, ofh , ifh , ovh
, ivh
, are
pronounced either as a regular eh vowel (as by most Israelis), or ey.
The most common preposition conjugated by the plural form are the
following: kg 'ihC '(hbP kg 'hbp kn)
hbp k '(hrIjtn)
hrj t 'kt '(k ,j , n ',j , n)
,j , 'kg
/,IsIt 'hP
kF 'hs
h kg 'ihC 'hs
h-kg 'hP
kF 'hCdk 'hCd
- 100 -
kg - on, on top of, over; about; aboard
(hkg) hhkg
hbt
Whkg
v,t
lhhkg
,t
uhkg
tuv
vh
kg
thv
Ubhkg
ubjbt
ofhkg
o,t
ifhkg
i,t
ovh
kg
ov
ivh
kg
iv
Note that the spelling here is tkn.

hhkg here is often spelled hkg (hkg ), but
here it is consistent with my system of spelling.
kg looks like word in singular, yet is conjugated with the plural suffixes.
However, in poetic biblical texts, as well as in some early Modern Hebrew
poems (khkDC oJ 'vgc
d hkg - a poem about Trumpeldor), the plural form hkg
is used.
- 101 -
kg also appears in combination with other prepositions, such as: ,IsIt kg about, kgn - over.
As a suffix, kg indicates the English super, such as kg ,bhs n superstate.
kg is often used as a prefix - hkIe-kg - supersonic, hgc y-k
gsupernatural, etc.
Note the different meanings of kg.

Like almost all prepositions, it appears in idiomatic contexts, and receives
a special meaning in context:
;t kg - despite, IhrUC
kg - thoroughly, lrs kg - according to, like,
cIrv kg - mostly, sh kg - near, close by/to, hs
h kg - through, lF hs
h kg
- thus, thereby, ln xqxh
x
CqsIxh kg - on the ground/basis of, kIF kg
ohbP - anyhow, at any rate, ujrIF kg - against his will, iF kg therefore, ,bn kg - in order to, vke
b kg - easily, vP kg - by heart,
hP kg- according to, ///a oUJ kg - because, oJ kg - (named) after, in
the memory of.
In colloquial Modern Hebrew there are many expressions with kg, such
as jUy
C kg - for sure, uhkg scug - trick him, hhkg ejIm
- laugh at me,
mock me, vPUev kf kg lkuv, etc.
- 102 -
- kg] rcsn tuvu '[ivhkg - vhkg - uhkg] cauj inzv kf tuv /vbhr ,t cvut tuv /1
/;ux hkc [uhkg - vhkg
uka tctv od /,hhc hrugha ihfv tk tuv hf hrut [uhkg - vhkg - kg] vxgf tnht /2
/[uhkg - ovhkg - vhkg] xgf
/[ofhkg - ifhkg - ovhkg] ukta okuf ?vchxnk o,tc tk vnk /3
!oukf lk h,hag tk ?[ovhkg - lhhkg - hhkg] ,xguf ,t vnk /4
/[ovhkg -kg - ubhkg] ubrchsaf euhsc utc ov /5
/vkhkv kf [kg - ovhkg - hhkg] h,nkju 'yrxc ohshjpn ohrcs h,htr /6
/[ofhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] ofk h,rphxa ohrpxv vkt /7
/[ivhkg - ovhkg - hhkg] ,cauj inzv kf hbt - vkt ,uhgcv /8
/[ubhkg - vhkg -hhkg] ,xguf hbt hf 'v,ht ,rcsn tk hbt /9
/[hhkg - ovhkg - lhkg] ukta okuf /,tc tka kcj /10
/vcrv [uhkg - ovhkg - kg] uc,f ifk 'ohcuaj ohabt ov /11
/[ubhkg - ovhkg - uhkg] yrx ubhtru 'ohdb heh
uv
kg ubsnk /12
/inzv kf [vhkg - kg - uhkg] cauj tuvu 'v,ut cvut tuv /13
/[ivhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] ofk h,rphxa ohrcjv vkt /14
vbrutu ,hrG /ohcuy ohrcs [lhkg - hhkg - ovhkg] h,gna !l,ut rhfvk ohgb 'hrUt /15
/vchxnc [uhkg - ivhkg - lhkg] urchs
/[uhkg - ubhkg - ofhkg] ubkta uhafg euhsc /o,tca cuy /16
/[ivhkg - hhkg - vhkg] h,gna kct 'i,ut rhfn tk hbt /17
/[uhkg - lhkg - ovhkg] ukta okuf ?,hhv vpht 'hbur /18
/lf rjt [hhkg - ovhkg - uhkg] lk rpxt hbt /ohbhhbgn ohabt h,adp /19
/[vhkg - hhkg - uhkg] ou,jk h,jfa kct 'ewm h,jka /20
/sutn [kg - ubhkg - uhkg] ghPava yrx ubhtr /21
- 103 -
/[uhkg - ubhkg - hhkg] vmhknn hbt /sutn cuy yrx vz /22

!rcs oua vk h,hag tk /[vhkg - uhkg - hhkg] ,xguf thv vnk gsuh tk hbt /23
?[vhkg - uhkg - lhhkg] hk rpxk vmur ,t /lka rcjv kg urchs okuf /24
/ohcuy ohrcs er [kg - ovhkg - ubhkg] ubgna /rsxc ov /25
/[ovhkg - uhkg - vhkg] cauh ku,jvu 'vxrUFv [uhkg - kg - vhkg] ,cauh thv /26
This lesson deals with the preposition kg to indicate must, have to,
and should.
A common use of kg with infinitive and pronominal suffixes is in the
sense of "have to, must:
,fkk hkg - I must go!
vz ,t ,uGgk Whkg - You must do it!
However, if kg is followed by a (definite) noun, it does not get a suffix:
rnujv ,t ihcvk ohshnk,v kg - The students should know the material.
Choose the best preposition in context, and TRANSLATE the

whole sentence:
/vcrv sunkk [ofhkg - kg - vhkg] /,ubhjcc jhkmvk ohmur o,t ot /1
/ohnh vnf vyhnc cfak [lhhkg - ovhkg - vhkg] /vkuj ,t
/vahdp u,ht gICek
[ubhkg - uhkg - lhkg] 'kvbnv og rcsk vmur v,t ot /2
/ohn vcrvu gcuf ,jek [vhkg - uhkg - ovhkg] /kuhyk ouhv ohtmuh ohskhv /3
/jubk [lhhkg - uhkg - ifhkg] 'crg v ,tmk ,umur i,t ot /4
!vmur v,ta vn itf ,uagk kufh tk v,ta 'ihcvk [kg - lhkg - uhkg] 'iukt /5
- 104 -
/vz ,t rrck [vhkg - ubhkg - kg] /vre vn euhsc ohgsuh tk ubjbt /6

?itf ,uagk [lhhkg - uhkg - hhkg] vn hk hrhcx, hkut /7
/Jtrn u,ut ibf ,
k [vhkg - ovhkg - uhkg] 'xbF ohmur ov ot /8
!lnn cuy r,uh iej G tuva ',usuvk [lhkg - vhkg - ofhkg] /9
/oseun oa ,uhvk [vhkg - uhkg - ivhkg] hf ',urvnn iv /10
!,ntv ,t er shdvk [vhkg - lhkg - uhkg] 'l,ut uktah ot /11
/,uasjv ohkhnv kf ,t sunkk [vhkg - ivhkg - ubhkg] 'vbhjck ohsnuk ubjbtaf /12
!vbyev l,ujtk ruzgk [ivhkg - lhkg - vhkg] 'ckus /13
ifnmg ,t kutak kuf osue
[uhkg - ifhkg - ovhkg] 'vz ,t ihcvk ,umur i,t ot /14
/,ukta vnf
/ub,htn ars b vn ihcvk [ovhkg - vhkg - ubhkg] ',ehhUsn vcUa, ,,k
hsf /15
/ohbah vkhkca 'ihcvk ofka iyev skhv [kg - ofhkg - uhkg] /16
/,utcv ,usUebv ,t ihcvk [ivhkg - vhkg - ofhkg] 'vrhs ohGP j n o,taf /17
/tpurk shhn ,ubp k [vhkg - kg - uhkg] 'cuy ahdr, tk cUa thv ot /18
?rpxv-,hck ofskh ,t ihfvk hsf ,uagk [ofhkg - kg - uhkg] vn - ohruv /19
/rIyhke , ihfvk [kg - uhkg - lhkg] 'khj,n v,ta hbpk /20
- 105 -
,j , - under, beneath, underneath, below; instead of

Also: ,j , n and ///k ,j , n in the same meaning (conjugated the
same as here).
This preposition is not so much used in a conjugated form in
Modern Hebrew.
h, j ,
hbt
Wh, j ,
v,t
Qhh, j ,
,t
uh, j ,
tuv
vh
, j ,
thv
Ubh, j ,
ubjbt
ofh, j ,
o,t
ifh, j ,
i,t
ovh
, j ,
ov
ivh
, j ,
iv
/[,j , n - uh, j , n - vh
, j ,n
] urcg ovu vvucd
rs
d oa v,hv /1
/[,j , n - vh
, j , n - uh, j , n ]u 'rhev kg v,hv vbun,v /2
- 106 -
/[uh,j, - hh,j, - vh,j,] rjt uvahn ehxgvk hsf 'scugv ,t uryh

p ov /3
- ovh, j , n - vh
, j , n ] ,jt vnue ohrd ubjbtu ',hahnjv vnuec ,urd iv /4
/[ivh, j , n
!vg,pv ovk v,hv [,j , n - uh, j , n - ovh, j , n ]u 'jhyav ,t uzhzv ohryuav /5
- vh,
j ,n
] iuhbj ,ubcku
;Idbzhs (f.) rFhF ,t shruvk ohmur hf 'chct-k,c ubdp v ah /6
/[ovh, j , n - uh, j , n
?vh,
j ,n
- uh, j , n - h, j , n cu,fk vn /eUCxh
pk
hka vbun, vkgn hbt /7
cuy cuy kf,xvkk ,urhvzc ictv ,t ohrvk ohfhrm 'ohhj-hkgc ohG P j naf
/8
/[,j , n - vh
, j , n - uh, j , n ]
/okUx [ovh
, j ,n
- ,j , n - uh, j , n rucgk ohsjupa ohabt ah /9
'ohgure (strings) vhr,hna vryhd ,rUmc (monument, statue) vy r s
bt vneUv
/10
iurfhz (tablet) ,hjuk ah [ovh,j,n - ,j,n - vh,j,n
]u
- 107 -
hs
gkC - without
hhs
gkC
hbt
Whs
gkC
v,t
lhhs
gkC
,t
uhs
gkC
tuv
vh
s
gkC
thv
Ubhs
gkC
ubjbt
ofhs
gkC
o,t
ifhs
gkC
i,t
ov hs
gkC
ov
iv hs
gkC
iv
hs
gkC is etymologically a combination of kC and hs
g.
Note that the spelling here is tkn.

hhs
gkC here is often spelled hsgkc, but
here it is consistent with my system of spelling.
- 108 -
When not conjugated, always use hkC,

NOT hs
gkC.
vhsgkc ,uhjk kufh tk tuv /kjr hkc ,uhjk kufh tk tuv - He cannot live without
Rachel. He cannot live without her.
kct '[ovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkc] ,uhjk vkufh tk thv /sutn u,ut ,cvut thv /1
/[ovhsgkc - uhsgkc - vhsgkc] ,uhjk kufh tk tuv od
/[ivhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc] rapt-hta jCy nc
ohkFv hba vkt /2
/[uhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc] rs, xvk
hk vae uhafgu ',hbufnv ,t h,rfn /3
ohhj ubhhv lht - vktv ohcajnv [ovhsgkc - hkc - hhsgkc] ,uhjk rapt lht /4
?[ubhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc]
/[ovhsgkc - uhsgkc - ubhsgkc] od jmbk rapt kct 'cuaju cuy iejG tuv /5
/ongan vtrb rhev [uhsgkc - ivhsgkc - ivhsgkc] /,ubun, itf ohak cuaj /6
'[uhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc] rcs oua ,uagk kufh tk tuv /sjhc inzv kf ov /7
/[ovhsgkc - vhsgkc - uhsgkc] rcs oua ,uagk vkufh tk thvu
?[ofhsgkc - lhsgkc - ovhsgkc] ohrs,xn ofka ohskhv /8
/[vhsgkc - hhsgkc - uhsgkc] hk re /khgnv ,t vfhrm hbt /9
?[ivhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc] ,hhcv ,t cuzgk h,kufh lht ?,uhbev ,nhar vpht /10
/[uhsgkc - ubhsgkc - lhsgkc] khj,b tk /Wk ohfjn ubjbt /11
![vhsgkc - hhsgkc - ivhsgkc] ;hF ann /,aIC
j,v
,t hk ushruv ;ux ;ux /12
/sunkk kufh tk tuv [hhsgkc - uhsgkc - ovhsgkc] /ohrUsf jeuk
shn, tuv /13
[ubhsgkc - hhsgkc - vhsgkc] vkufh tk thv /sjh shn, ubjbtu ,ucuy ,urcj ubjbt /14
/[ubhsgkc - vhsgkc - hhsgkc] vkufh tk hbtu
- hhsgkc - vhsgkc] ,Uskh v,ut v,hv tk hka ,Uskhv /ohrsvb ohrcj hk uhv /15
/[ovhsgkc
- 109 -
/[vhsgkc - ubhsgkc - uhsgkc] khj,b 'inzc vchahk tuch tk tuv ot /16

vhsgkc] kufh tk ann hbt /ohhkdr hkc unf hbt ,hbufnv [ivhsgkc - hkc - vhsgkc] /17
/[ivhsgkc - hhsgkc - ovhsgkc - ivhsgkc] ,hhcc rtahvk ,ukufh ,uskhvu 'crgv ohtmuh ubjbt /18
/[ubhsgkc
/[vhsgkc - uhsgkc - ovhsgkc] cUmgu 'itF tk thv /19
/[ofhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc] vnka vhv, tk ofka vhr p xva
ohrpx vkt /20

![hhsgkc - ovhsgkc - vhsgkc] itf h,hhv tk /hk urzga vkt kfk vsu, /21
[uhsgkc - hkc - hhsgkc] /oUJ [hkc - hhsgkc - uhsgkc] kfut kuftk vmur tk hbt /22
/rcs u,ut tk kfutv
/h,kchea vrzgv [hhsgkc
- hkc - vhsgkc] vbhjcc jhkmn h,hhv tk /23

- ovhsgkc - hhsgkc] j
mbk ohkufh ov" :htbI,hgk rnt tuv /ouhv ejGh
tk izIr /24
"![lhsgkc
/[ovhsgkc - uhsgkc - hhsgkc] kack
vkufh tk hbt /ohbIF, nv
,t vfhrm hbt /25
![uhsgkc - ubhsgkc - ofhsgkc] khj,b 'inzc utuc, tk ot /26
/[vhsgkc - ovhsgkc - uhsgkc] sunkk kufh tk tuv /vbj og sunkk vmur irut /27
/[vhsgkc - ofhsgkc - hhsgkc] ukhj,, /inzc vahdpk ghdvk kfUt tk ot /28
tk ,t oda ohgsuh ubjbt /[uhsgkc - ubhsgkc - lhhsgkc] yrxk lkb tk ubjbt 'vbhr /29
/[lhhsgkc - ubhsgkc - uhsgkc] ,fkuv ,hhv
- vhsgkc] lk okak ohkufh tk ubjbt /lka ,uvzv ,sug, ,t ohfhrm ubjbt /30
/[ubhsgkc - lhsgkc
/[ubhsgkc - ofhsgkc - hhsgkc] ufk /tuck vkufh tk hbta rgymn hbt /31
- 110 -
kt - to
hhkt
hbt
Whkt
v,t
lhhkt
,t
uhkt
tuv
vh
kt
thv
Ubhkt
ubjbt
ofhkt
o,t
ifhkt
i,t
ov hkt
ov
iv hkt
iv
The preposition kt is mostly used with movement and direction.

Therefore , it often comes with verbs such as vbp 'jka 'lkv 'rzj 'ghdv 'tC.
To speak to (not with) is kt rChs (not k rchs), as it used to be many
years ago...
- 111 -
In colloquial Hebrew, there is (again, the logical) change of ///kt to ///kt.
Though it is informal, it is the main use in Modern Hebrew:

ofhkt instead of ofhkt
ifhkt instead of ifhkt
ovh
kt instead of ovh
kt
ivh
kt instead of ivh
kt
Please note that kt and k are usually NOT identical. They are used as
different governing prepositions.
Always hk rpxn 'hk ihntn, etc. but ovhkt lkuv 'hhkt tc, etc.
/kfutv og ubk uFj, kt kct 'gcac [uhkt - ofhkt - ubhkt] tucb ubjbt /1
/gucav ;uxc ghdh tuva ubk shdvk [kt - uhkt - ubhkt] rae,v tuv /2
/,ues vnf sug er vFj /[ivhkt - lhkt - hhkt] lrsc hbt 'ktUna /3
![vhkt - lhhkt - hhkt] hbnn vcvtc - vecr /4
?ohbug tk o,t vnk '[ofhkt - kt - hhkt] ,rcsn hbt 'ohskh /5
/[lhhkt - uhkt - ubhkt] cre,v kusd ckf out,pu 'ertPc ubfkv /6
/,hrcg [ivhkt - ubhkt - uhkt] rcsk khj,v uvahnu 'vhbrIphkec
,uhjv idc ubsng /7

/rtusc uka rpxv ,t [kt - uhkt - vhkt] jka, thva aehc tuv /8
/rumhec ubg,a ,aecn hbtu '[ivhkt - hhkt - ofhkt] ,ukta vnf hk ah 'ohshnk, /9
/[ivhkt - ofhkt - uhkt] rah vsGvn
- ohhry
,Ierh ubk ah 'ohreh ,IjIek /10
- 112 -
/vtcv vbac [vhkt - ubhkt - uhkt] ruzjbqcuab /iuknv ,t sutn ubcvt /11
/hk urzg,a aecnu [ifhkt - uhkt - vhkt] vbup hbt /12
/rjUtn r,uh [hhkt - kt - ovhkt] h,prym v hbtu 'ufkv ov /13
vrzj thv ut [vhkt - ovhkt - uhkt] rzj tuv /sjhc cua ov kct 'usrpb vbju hsd /14
?[ovhkt -vhkt - uhkt]
?uczga ,ujuek [ovhkt - ofhkt - kt] urhzj, lht :ohexgv hkgc kfk /15
/vbhjck sjh snkbu vbunac [vhkt - hhkt - lhhkt] tuct hbt 'vkUa /16
/ouhv er v,ut h,kche kct 'guca hbpk [kt - hhkt - vhkt] vjkab vkhcjv /17
!djk [ubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt] ughdh ubka ohskhv hf 'sutn ohjnG ubjbt /18
ruzgk hkfu, ,ta vuue,c [uhkt - lhhkt - ofhkt] vzv c,fnv ,t ohc,uf ubjbt /19
/ubk
/[ifhkt - uhkt - vhkt] vcure hfv vsgxnk ufk 'inz ifk iht ot /20
!vph tk vrUmc [kt - uhkt - ubhkt] rchs tuv /kvbnvn ohmurn tk ubjbt /21
/sutn [uhkt - vhkt - ovhkt] ugdgd,v ohskhvu 'gucak vgxb thv /22
/[ubhkt - hhkt - lhhkt] vkta hk ah 'h,ur /23
euhsc [vhkt - ovhkt - ubhkt] ohrae,na ',urhfnv habt ,t ohtbuG ubjbt /24
/crg ,jUrt ohkfut ubjbtaf
/vktv ,unuenv [ubhkt - kt - uhkt] ruzjb sug ubjbt /25
/,ubgk ohchhj tk o,tu 'vkta [ofhkt - vhkt - hhkt] hk ah /26
?vkhkc rjutn lf kf [kt - uhkt - lhkt] rae,va vhv vz hn 'oUjb /27
xbFhh ubka ckfva ohmur tk ov hf '[ovhkt - uhkt - ubhkt] ohfkuv tk ubjbt /28
/v,hhcv [ubhkt - uhkt - ovhkt]
/gcac
[ubhkt - hhkt - uhkt] tuck kfut inz hk vhvh ota 'i,bk shd, /29
/ruehck [ubhkt - kt - ovhkt] ohghdn ktrahn ubka ohrcjv /30
- 113 -
hbp k - before, in front of, ago
hhbp k
hbt
Whbp k
v,t
lhhbp k
,t
uhbp k
tuv
vh
bp k
thv
Ubhbp k
ubjbt
ofhbp k
o,t
ifhbp k
i,t
ovh
bp k
ov
ivh
bp k
iv
/[ofhbpk - ivhbpk - uhbpk] ,ujU,p uhvh ,uhUrap tv

kf - cuy usnk, ot /1
- vhbpk - uhbpk] ru,c h,hhva ukhpt '[ubhbpk - hhbpk - vhbpk] vPUek ,fkuv thv /2
/[ubhbpk
/,ubgku turek ohfhrm o,ta ,ukta vnf ah [hbpk - ofhbpk - ivhbpk] /3
![hhbpk - ofhbpk - ovhbpk] ohhjv kfu 'ohrhgm sug o,t /4
/[ovhbpk - hbpk - vhbpk] rUrn , vtr, 'vrvbnk
cre , ,af
/5
gxhb ubjbtu '[ofhbpk - ubhbpk - uhbpk] gxhh hbs /gmntc gxhb ubjbt 'ehmhtu vkUa /6
- 114 -
/[ofhbpk - ovhbpk - ubhbpk]

?[lhbpk - ubhbpk - vhbpk] ut vjUrtv hrjt .Urk htsf /7
/ohcuaj ohkhdr, vnf ah ucu 'ijIC
ah [ovhbpk - ofhbpk - uhbpk] 'ohshnk, /8
kuftk htsf vnk ,uchx vnf [ifhbpk - ivhbpk - uhbpk] ?vsG-,U,
,ucvut i,t /9
/u,ut
xhhd,v tuvu 'yxUdItC h,xhhd,v hbt /[ubhbpk - uhbpk - hhbpk] tcmk xhhd,v tuv /10
/htnc
!tkpb ;ub [ovhbpk - ubhbpk - vhbpk] ubhtru 'vsmnk ousxn

ubgxb /11
hhbpk - uhbpk] kvbn itf vhv tuv /vba [vhbpk - hhbpk - hbpk] itf sucgk h,kj,v /12
/[ubhbpk /[ovhbpk - uhbpk - hbpk] ghdv xhtUk
/hbav ouenc vhv tuv /13
- vhbpk - hbpk] ohba auka 'vka ,ujtv [hbpk - ivhbpk - vhbpk] vb,j,v thv /14
/[ivhbpk
,uebk lhrm shn, hbt ',utc iva [hhbpk - ivhbpk - hbpk] !,hhc ,Iebn tbIG hbt /15
/[ivhbpk - uhbpk - hhbpk]
- hhbpk] sungk h,hxhb hbtu '[hbpk - hhbpk - ovhbpk] usng ohvucd ohabt vcrv /16
/[ubhbpk - ovhbpk
- vhbpk] shn, lkuv tuv vnk /u,aht [uhbpk - hbpk - vhbpk] inzv kf lkuv tuv /17
?[ovhbpk - uhbpk
/[vhbpk - ivhbpk - uhbpk] sug h,hntv oUhtva ,ugsuh ,upUr,v
,urcj /18
/[hbpk - uhbpk - ubhbpk] lkv lhrsnv 'kuhyc ubhhvaf /19
!of,ht ,fkk ohmur ubjbt ?[hbpk - ubhbpk - ofhbpk] ohmr o,t vnk /20
/[hhbpk - lhbpk - uhbpk] tk c,fnv /,c,f vn rfuz tk hbt kct 'rgymn hbt /21
/[uhbpk - ovhbpk - hbpk] sug ovka sh,gv /22
/ohgrzv
,t [uhbpk - ovhbpk - ivhbpk] ,ukdkdn ohknbv ,t ubhtr /23
/vbhav
[hbpk - hhbpk - vhbpk] ohruphx hk vtre hka tnht /24
sug ghdv hbur kct '[ubhbpk - hhbpk - hbpk] vchxnk vghdv thv /rjUtn ,me ubgdhv /25
- 115 -
/[ovhbpk - uhbpk - vhbpk]

/[vhbpk - ovhbpk - uhbpk] sug vaev ekjv kct 'ujhkmv ov uhafg sg /26
- ovhbpk - ubhbpk] suerku vkfvu i,jv [vhbpk - hbpk - ovhbpk] ,fkk vuumn ,tz /27
/[vhbpk
/[ubhbpk - uhbpk - hhbpk] jbUn rpxvu ijkuav shk cauh hbt /28
/[ubhbpk - vhbpk - ovhbpk] vtc vbhs ,t ubhtru 'cujrc ubfkv /29
/[uhbpk - ofhbpk - ubhbpk] cuzgk ohfhrm ubjbta ohrgymn ubjbt 'vtk 'iugna /30
- 116 -
hrj t - after, following
hhrj t
hbt
Whrj t
v,t
lhhr j t
,t
uhrj t
tuv
vh
rj t
thv
Ubhrj t
ubjbt
ofhrj t
o,t
ifhrj t
i,t
ovh
rj t
ov
ivh
rj t
iv
/[ivhrjt - ovhrjt - vhrjt] vgxb vryanvu 'rvn ugxb ov /1

/[hrjt - vhrjt - uhrjt] ,meu 19-v vtnc vre vz /2
?[ovhrjt - uhrjt - lhrjt] ;sur uvahn ukhtf .r v,t vn /3
/[ovhrjt - hhrjt - vhrjt] vceg vryanva ugsh tku 'ugxb ov /4
!ihhUmn vahdrn hbt ,ukng,vv [hhrjt - hrjt - vhrjt] /5
![ovhrjt - vhrjt - uhrjt] lkuv tuvu ,fkuv thv /6
/[hrjt - ovhrjt - uhrjt]u ejanv hbpk u,a ov /7
- 117 -
/[ofhrjt - hrjt - ubhrjt] utuc, o,tu 'osue lkb ubjbt /8

/[uhrjt - vhrjt - ovhrjt] odu vchxnc ura ov /9
/[hrjt - ubhrjt - uhrjt] .r ckfvu 'ert
Pc ubmr /10
/[uhrjt - ofhrjt - ubhrjt] tucb ubjbt /uhafg ,fkk ohkufh o,t /11
?[uhrjt - hrjt - vhrjt] ut 'vnjknv inzc vre vz /12
/,fkuv thva ouen kfk [vhrjt - hrjt - uhrjt] lkuv tuv /13
/ohkc
Cv utc [uhrjt - hrjt - ovhrjt]u 'oa uhv ohrUatv osue /14
?[vhrjt - ubhrjt - ofhrjt] ut reucv ,jurt hbpk ohmr o,t /15
- uhrjt - vhrjt] vfkv thv ut [hrjt - vhrjt - uhrjt] lkv tuv ?osue lkv hn /16
?[ovhrjt
/okugv ;ux sg [vhrjt - hrjt - uhrjt] lk, thvu 'u,ut ,cvut thv /17
?[ubhrjt - vhrjt - ovhrjt] ut vsuebv hbpk ?,Itfr nv
,t ohna vpht /18
/[ovhrjt - ivhrjt - uhrjt]u jU,hbv hbpka ,ubun, vkt /19
/[hrjt - vhrjt - ubhrjt] vrhtav vnstv ,shgra
vn ubhtr /20
/[ovhrjt - ubhrjt - hrjt] utc ov /osue oa ubrd ubjbt /21
?,urhp ohkfuta [uhrjt - hrjt - ovhrjt] ohhn ,u,ak cuy vz /22
/[ifhrjt - uhrjt - ubhrjt] gxhb ubjbt /guxbk ,ukufh i,t /23
/[vhrjt - ubhrjt - vhrjt] ,snug vbps
,t ubhtru 'rI,c ubsng /24
?[hrjt - uhrjt - lhrjt]a hahka ouhc ut 'tcv hahka ouhc lka ,skuvv ouh /25
![ovhrjt - uhrjt - vhrjt] .r ckf ukhtf rvn vmr thv /26
?[ofhrjt - lhrjt - vhrjt] ut 'vkjnv hbpk iagk ,exp v /27
tk hka iugav hf [uhrjt - ovhrjt - hhrjt] vcrv h,ne kct 'gcac une ov /28
/kmkhm
/vrPxnc ru, hk vhv [hhrjt - hrjt - uhrjt]u 'tpurv kmt ru, hk vhv /29
/ejGnv khj,h [vhrjt - uhrjt - hrjt]u 'vbunac rndh, ,tzv ,hbfu,v /30
- 118 -
hCdk - regardin, about, concening
hhCdk
hbt
WhCdk
v,t
lhhC dk
,t
uhCdk
tuv
vh
Cdk
thv
UbhCdk
ubjbt
ofhCdk
o,t
ifhCdk
i,t
ovh
Cdk
ov
ivh
Cdk
iv
/vhhb C-h
rnuj
[ubhcdk - ovhcdk - hcdk] gshn utmn, vp /1
/[ovhcdk - vhcdk - ubhcdk] ohbU,b oua ubk iht kct 'vrc jv
kg vgsuv ubkche /2
/vrea vn [hcdk - vhcdk - uhcdk] reha tk ihsh hjhct
/3
/[ofhcdk - ivhcdk - uhcdk] epx
ihta ,uscUg
iv vkt /4
?[vhcdk - ovhcdk - ofhcdk] ofka vgsv vn - vktv ohasjv ,UthrCv hbhhbg /5
/[uhcdk - vhcdk - hhcdk] vkta
hk ahu 'lrC C jU,hb
,uagk lhrm hbt /6

/aajv
ohhe vhv [ovhcdk - hcdk - ubhcdk]a 'cfr -hkF vnf Ues c
b /7
/[vhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk] vjuyc tk hbtu 'uvahnc h,cvt,v /8
- 119 -
?ktrahc ohrzv ohscugv
[lhhcdk - ovhcdk - hcdk] lka xjhv vn 'vcvz /9

?[vhcdk - ubhcdk - ivhcdk] ohaug vnu ',unhhe iv otv - iy
C-,IaUj, /10
/[ovhcdk - ivhcdk - hhcdk] vkta hk ahu 'ohasj ohhbput h,hbe /11
/[vhcdk - hhcdk - uhcdk] dGUn
hk ihta cfr kg c,fn h,kche /12
ovhcdk - hhcdk]a 'gdn-,Ia
sg
[hhcdk - hcdk - ivhcdk] ,ubhhbgn ,uscUg vnf vbhv /13
/,ukta vnf hk uhv [ivhcdk /[vhcdk - ivhcdk - hhcdk] jUyc tk hbta ,hkdbtc ,urUa vnf itf ah /14
?[ivhcdk - vhcdk - ofhcdk] ohkaurh ka ,Ugnanv hvn 'ohrcj /15
?[uhcdk - vhcdk - ofhcdk] ohcuaj iuznv
hchF r n ?ohcauj o,t vn /16
/ouhv ohkaurh [hcdk - ivhcdk - vhcdk] ,hrCv-,um
rt
,Uhbhsn hvn gsuh tk hbt /17
/ohba 5 hbpk
[uhcdk - vhcdk - hcdk] ,uhbhsnv v,hv vn gsuh hbt
/[vhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk] ,ntv vn ,gsk vmur hbtu 'vrc jv
kg h,tre /18
/[uhcdk - ovhcdk - ofhcdk] xpu,
tk jUyhcva ohre n vkt /19
lhrm ,urjtv [ubhcdk - hcdk - lhhcdk] iufba vna ,gsuh hbtu 'lk ,dtus hbt 'hPhm /20
/[uhcdk - lhhcdk - ovhcdk] od iufb ,uhvk
/[vhcdk - hhcdk - ovhcdk] vrzg lhrm hbta ohrcs vnf ah /21
/[ivhcdk - uhcdk - ofhcdk] iufb vn iuktac
ubnx,a ohaecn ubjbt /22
/vhy
Cn tk
gcm [hhcdk - hcdk - vhcdk] vkta hk ah /23
/[ivhcdk - ovhcdk - hhcdk] yCk,n hbta ohkhn vnf itf ah /24
/[vhcdk - uhcdk - hhcdk] ,gs-,u
uj ,aecn hbtu 'in av
,t ,ubek vmur hbt /25
/"[ofhcdk - vhcdk - hhcdk] UkUjh tk ,IkCd nv"
:ohscugk
rnt kvbnv /26

/[vhcdk - hhcdk - ovhcdk] vkta hbnhx vnf hk ahu 'ohrcsv kg h,caj /27
/"[hcdk - ubhcdk - hhcdk] ,uxpu, tk vktv ,utruvv" :urnt oa uhva ohabv /28
/ksc
v kf iht [uhcdk - hhcdk - ovhcdk] /,Pfht
tk hk /29
/"[ivhcdk - ifhcdk - ovhcdk] ohhbhmr vktv ohrcsv /cuy ucaj," ,ubck rnt crv /30
- 120 -
hP
kF - toward(s), to
hhPkF
hbt
WhPkF
v,t
lhhPkF
,t
uhPkF
tuv
vh
PkF
thv
UbhP
kF
ubjbt
ofhP
kF
o,t
ifhP
kF
i,t
ovh
P
kF
ov
ivh
P
kF
iv
- vhpkf] ,unhktv /ohskh [ovhpkf - vhpkf - hpkf] ,Unhkt kg yrx ubhtr /1

/vktv
,ubhsnc ,heUj thv ot ukhpt ',hrxUn tk thv [ivhpkf - ovhpkf
ohsC t , n ut ohjmrba ohrcd vbInaf
ah vba kf gmunnc ah ',uburjtv ohbac /2
,ubc [hpkf ivhpkf - vhpkf] '[vhpkf - hhpkf - ovhpkf] - vjpanc ,unhkt kkdc
/ovhskh [vhpkf - hpkf - ovhpkf] ut 'oduz
- 121 -
/[ubhpkf - uhpkf - hhpkf] vahdrn hbt vn ,gsuh tk hbt kct 'snjb rUjc tuv /3
uhpkf -vhpkf] ,unhktk ,unru,
ohab otv :ktua vphj ,yhxrchbUtc asj rejn /4
?[ivhpkf /5
ahdrn tuva vn [ubhpkf - hhpkf - uhpkf] vahdrn hbt ot h,ut kta o,Ir
[uhpkf - hhpkf - ovhpkf]

uhv vnu 'ouhv ,sc ohab [vhpkf - hpkf - ivhpkf] ,uh,ruxnv
,usngv ivn /6
?ohba vtn hbpk [ivhpkf - ovhpkf- vhpkf] ,usngv
,ucuj iv vnu 'ebC v [ubhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf] ubka ,ucIjv vn rrck ohfhrm ubjbt /7
/[ubhpkf - ovhpkf - uhpkf] ebcv
- uhpkf - ovhpkf] ahdrvk lht eUhsc ohgsuh tk ohabta ,h,rc j vmUce ,tz /8
/[vhpkf
ohfhrm otv ?ohhj-hkgc [hpkf - ubhpkf - ovhpkf] xjh
h, vk
ohfhrm lht /9
?ost-hbc [ubhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] unf [hpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] xjhh,vk
'[uhpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] sucf ka xjh vhvhau ohruvv ,t lhrgvk lhrma icun /10
ohskhv [uhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] sucf ka xjh od ,uhvk lhrm ohruvv kfk kct
/ovka
/[vhpkf - ivhpkf - uhpkf] ,ubgyk
vchav vrc jv
ypanv ,hcc /11
/[vhpkf - ubhpkf - ivhpkf] ,Uhrjt ubk ahu ubka ,ubCv iv /12
/rsxc kufv ukhtf ,dvb,n thv .uj [hpkf - vhpkf - uhpkf] /13
ohahaev [uhpkf - ovhpkf - hpkf] srGnv
ka ,udvb,vv ,t vbhcn tk hbt /14

/[hhPkf - ovhpkf - vhpkf] vhy
reruhcvu
vhpkf] ,sjUh
n ,uhrjt ah ostku 'vthrCvn
ekj ov ohhjv hkgc ',usvhv hP-kg /15
/[ovhpkf - uhpkf od cuaj kct 'ohrun [uhpkf - hpkf - ovhpkf] ohskhk ah xjh vzht sutn cuaj /16
/[uhpkf - uvhpkf - ovhpkf] vjpank ah xj
h vzht
- 122 -
/[vhpkf - uhpkf - ubhpkf] ,Uahstv thv ,Ubgzdc ,h,hntv vbfxv /17

kufu 'ktrah [ubhpkf - vhpkf - hpkf] o"Utv ka ,Uhbhsnv kg ohgsuh ubjbt /18
/ouhv sg [vhpkf - ovhpkf - uhpkf] ,uykjvv
ovhpkf - ubhpkf] udvb,v ova unf [hpkf - ovhpkf - ubhpkf] ohdvb,n tk ubjbt /19
![ivhpkf /[ubhpkf - vhpkf - uhpkf] ubka ,ujycvc sng tk lUbhjv srGn :urnt ohrunv /20
/[ubhpkf - ivhpkf - uhpkf] ohahst ,uhvk ubk ruxtu ',ubFUxn ohfrsv ,ubUt, /21
'[uhpkf - hhPkf - ofhpkf] tk sungk ohfhrm o,t uhafg :ohkng,nk rnt intnv /22
/[hhPkf - ofhpkf - uhpkf] htrvaf
'rhev [ofhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf] tkt

ovhpkf - ubhpkf] ohsvutk aha ,ubgyv
,t ohbhcn ubjbtu 'ubsxpv :rnt int
nv
/23
/[uhpkf hkt dvb,vu '[hhpkf - vhpkf - uhpkf] ohkt vhv hka kgcv :,y
puak vrnt vahtv /24
/vjp J unf
- ovhpkf] udvb,v ifku 'ohPuh,tv [ovhpkf - hpkf - ivhpkf] ,unUse ,ugs uhv /25
/vph tk vrUmc [vhpkf - ivhpkf
?rhav [ofhpkf - uhpkf - hpkf] ofka vadrvv hvn /26
/[ivhpkf - uhpkf - ovhpkf] ohrunv ,usngcu lubhjk ,uasjv ,uhbfu,c ubs ov /27
- uhpkf] ,uchhj,v kf iht ebcku 'ebcv [ubhpkf - uhpkf - hPkf
] ,Uchhj,v
ubk ah /28
?[vhpkf - ubhpkf
?[hpkf - ovhpkf - ofhpkf] udvb,h ofka ohrcjva ohPmn o,t lht /29
/vbcv [vhpkf - ubhpkf - ofhpkf] ukd,a ohaecn ubjbtu 'ahdr cmnc ubjbt /30
- 123 -
,tre
k - towards,
in the direction of
h,t
re
k
hbt
W,t
re
k
v,t
l, tre
k
,t
I,tre
k
tuv
v,t
re
k
thv
Ub, tre
k
ubjbt
of,t
re
k
o,t
if,t
re
k
i,t
o, tre
k
ov
i, tre
k
iv
/vchxnv ,trek vjnG lf kf hbt

/h,trek Ufkh ov 'lhrm hbt ota gsuh hbt
/h,trek tuck ohbfun tk ov kct 'ovhkt h,rae,v
- 124 -
lI,C - inside,
in, within, among
hfI,
C
hbt
WfI,
C
v,t
lf I,C
,t
IfI,C
tuv
vfI,C
thv
Ubf I,C
ubjbt
offI,
C
o,t
iffI,
C
i,t
ofI,C
ov
ifI,C
iv
- 125 -
lI,k - into
hfI,
k
hbt
WfI,
k
v,t
lf I,k
,t
IfI,k
tuv
vfI,k
thv
Ubf I,k
ubjbt
offI,
k
o,t
iffI,
k
i,t
ofI,k
ov
ifI,k
iv
- 126 -
lrItk - into
hF rIt
k
hbt
WF rIt
k
v,t
lF rIt
k
,t
IFrIt
k
tuv
vFrIt
k
thv
UbF rIt
k
ubjbt
oFrIt
k
o,t
iFrIt
k
i,t
oFrIt
k
ov
iFrIt
k
iv
- 127 -
hs
h-kg - by, by means of, through
hs
h-kg
hbt
Whs
h-kg
v,t
lhhs
h-kg
,t
uhs
h-kg
tuv
vh
s
h-kg
thv
Ubhs
h-kg
ubjbt
ofhs
h-kg
o,t
ifhs
h-kg
i,t
ovh
s
h-kg
ov
ivh
s
h-kg
iv
- 128 -
,IsIt - about, concerning, regarding
h,IsIt
hbt
Wh,IsIt
v,t
lhh,IsIt
,t
uh,IsIt
tuv
vh
,IsIt
thv
Ubh,IsIt
ubjbt
ofh,IsIt
o,t
ifh,IsIt
i,t
ovh
,IsIt
ov
ivh
,IsIt
iv
- 129 -
Hebrew-English list of prepositions:

regarding,
concerning, with
respect to
between; amongst
throughout
excluding
without
regardless of
without
within
k xj
hC
behind, following,
past
ihck ///ihC 'ihC
kfc
kkfC
hkC
k ra e hkC
(///hkt)
hsg
kC
,rdx n C
instead of, in place

of, in lieu of
oIen C
during, for (time),

within
la nc
as for, concerning,
with respect to,
with regard to, as
far as
k g dIbC
before (in front of)
,UjfIb
C
in addition to,
apart from
k ;xIbC
on top of
for
with
about
to, toward, onto,

into
onto
at
with regards to
in, inside, upon, at,
throughout, on
(day)
by means of, via,
per. with
sgC
,rz
gC
hrjt
kt
hbP kt
kmt
k rat
,Ugmn t C
as for, regarding,
concerning,
following, with
respect to, with
regard to, as far as
k ratC
because of, due to,

for, on account of
kkd C
in accordance with,
as per
considering
kg ;xIbC
,IsIt
thanks to, due to

during
along with
- 130 -
k ot , v C
c ca j , v C
,UfzC
inzC
og sj
hC
to, into, upon, per
along, for
lrItk
except (for), apart

from, aside from,
excluding, besides
n sck
as for, concerning,
with respect to,
with regard to, as
far as
hCdk
for
beside, next to, at
following
among, amongst,
with
near, close to
,cIyk
shk
,Ice g C
cre c
,cr e C
ahead of
atrC
for, to, in order,

for the sake of
khcac
because of, on
account of
kJ C
on behalf of
oJ C
lI,C
per
kfk
in, inside (of),

within, amongst,
amid
without
tkk
within
oUj, C
like
k vnIS
along, toward(s)
underneath
except (for), apart
from, aside from,
excluding, besides
iUuhfk
n vyn
k
*ygn
k
through, via
thanks to
lrs
k ,usIv
,kUz
*,Irn
k
except (for), apart

from, aside from,
excluding, besides
n .Uj
for
la n
k
except (for), apart

from, aside from,
excluding, besides
toward, towards
rcg k
like
toward, for
in spite of,
notwithstanding,
despite
to, versus
according to, in
accordance with,
under
ign
k
,nUgk
hp
k
including
F
(,t) kkuF
toward
hP
kF
as, like
InF
- 131 -
from
beyond
across, past
above, beyond,
over, on top of, off
out of
under, beneath,
underneath, below
versus, against
apart from
in
rcg n
k rcg n
kgn
lI,n
k ,j , n
sdb
kg ;xIb
round
chcx
for
rUcg
till, until
sg
ahead of
kg vkug
on, on top of, atop,

over, about, upon,
aboard
kg
*;t kg
on top of
hCd kg
next to, close to,

beside, by
sh kg
over, on top of,

across
hbP kg
by, by means of
hs
h-kg
due to
hbp k
alongside
smk
towards
,tre
k
including
,ICrk
across
cjIrk
for
oJ
k
into
lI,k
from, since, of, off,

than
behind
than
without
regardless of
through
inspite of, despite
with
before, in front of,

ahead of, prior to,
ago
og
ce
g
in front of,
opposite, versus,
across
n
hrIjtn
rat
n
hkC n
ca j , v
k hkC n
c
sgC n
kUn
except (for), apart

from, aside from,
excluding, besides
k .Ujn
on behalf of
ogy n
except (for), apart

from, aside from,
excluding, besides
sckn
- 132 -
within
*lI,
below, beneath,
under, underneath
,j ,
for
,rUn,
except (for), apart

from, apart,
outside of
k yrP
by, near, close to
kt cure
by, near, close to
k cure
of
ka
English-Hebrew list of prepositions:

aboard
about
kg
apart from
,IsIt 'kg
'sckn 'k yrP

;xubc '///n .uj
F 'InF
above, over
kgn
as
according to
hp
k
as far as
k ratC
as for
k rJ
tC
as per
k ot , v C
across
ago
ahead of
along
along with
alongside
amid
among, amongst
'kUn 'hbP-kg
'k rcg n
cjIrk
hbp k
'atrC 'hbp k
///kg vkug
iUuhfk 'lrItk
og sj
hC
as regards
k ratC
aside from
///n sck 'n .uj
at
atop
because of
c 'kmt
kg
ka C 'kkdC
smk
before
,UjfIb
C 'hbp k
lI,C
behind
hrIjtn 'hrjt
below
,j , n ',j ,
(n) vy n
k 'vqk
beneath
,j , n ',j ,
(n) vy n
k 'vqk
'ihC 'cre c
lI,C
- 133 -
beside
shk 'sh-kg
besides
,kUz '///n .Uj
between
ihck ///ihC 'ihC
beyond
by
by means of
close to
concerning
considering
despite
kgn 'rcg n
k cure 'sh-kg
',Ugmn t C
hs
h-kg
'k cIre 'sh-kg
,cr e C
ratc
'k xj
hC
k
in
in accordance with
in addition to
in front of
in 'n
lI,C 'C
hpk 'k ot , v C
k ;xIbC
kUn 'hbp k
oIen C
c ca j , v C
in place of
oIen C
,Irn
k
in spite of
,Irn
k
including
kkuF ',ICrk
(,t)
,UfzC 'kkdC
'(positively)
ce
g
during
la nc
'inzC
except
'n .Uj 'k yrP

,kUz 'ygn
k
following
from
'rUcg 'khcJ C
'sgC 'ignk
',cIyk 'oa
k
'la nk
',rUn,
'kkdC 'lrItk
hCdk
in lieu of
due to
excluding
for
'sckn '///n .Uj

,kUz 'k yrP
',Ice g C 'hrjt
///k ratc
inpite of
;t kg
inside (of)
lI,C
instead of
oIen C
into
lu,k 'k 'kt
like
k vnIS
'F 'unF
near
cure ',cr e C
ktqk
next to
shk 'sh-kg
notwithstanding
,Irn
k
of
n 'ka
- 134 -
off
kgn 'n
on
(day) C 'kg
on account of
kJ C 'kkdC
on behalf of
ogy n 'oJ C
on top of
'hbP kg 'kgn
kg 'kg ;xIbC
hCd
onto
opposite
hbP kt 'kt
thanks to
through
throughout
till
to
toward
kUn
,usIv ',UfzC
k
'sgC n 'lrs
lI,C
c 'kFc
sg
,nUgk 'kt 'k
'ign
k 'kt
'rcg k 'hP
kF
,tre
k
out (of)
k .Ujn 'lI,n
outside
k yrP 'k .Ujn
over
kg 'kg 'k kgn

hbP
underneath
past
k rcg n 'hrjt
until
k sg 'sg
'k 'kfk
,Ugmn t C
upon
kg 'k 'c
versus
kUn 'sdb
per
prior to
hbp k
regarding
ratc
'k xj
hC
k g dIbC 'k
regardless of
'k ra e hkC
ca j , v
k hkC n
c
round
chcx
since
n 'ztn
than
rat
n
under
'k ,j , n ',j,
hpk
',j,n ',j,
n vyn
k
via
,Ugmn t C 'lrs
with
',Ugmn t C 'og
cre C ',rz
gC
with regard to
'k (rJ t
C)
xj
hC 'k g dIbC
hCdk 'k
with respect to
'k (rJ t
C)
xj
hC 'k g dIbC
hCdk 'k
- 135 -
within
'la n C 'lI,(c)
',rdx n C
oUj,c
without
- 136 -
'tkk 'hkC
hkC n

Some important use of preposition to practice:
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
Rachel is at the office.
We buy groceries At the supermarket,.
Is Roni at home.
He is sitting at his desk.
She is working at the kitchen table.
He has papers on his desk.
We go to the store at eight.
What time do we have to be at the airport?
He lives at Oren Street.
They live in Haifa.
We are staying at that hotel.
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
The movie starts at 7:30.
His birthday is on Tuesday.
The mall closes at midnight.
He have a test on Friday.
We have dinner in the evening.
We return on April 24.
We go there in the summer.
He goes to Minneapolis in February.
We are leaving in two days.
He goes to work early in the morning.
They always leave on time.
He was born in 1999.
We usually go on holiday in the summer.
We Will we be in time to catch the bus.
The game starts at 4:00.
- 137 -

He is having a party on her birthday.
I cannot sleep at night.
He died at the age of 90.
I get up early in the morning.
!lrgb rcf vzv ekjv /vhmput kfk ,ukue xhbfvk

/ohkhnv ,t (ubnn 'ub,ut 'ubk) rhcxvu (ubnn 'ub,ut 'ubk) snhk tuv /1
/ytk r,uh ohrcsn (kct 'ot 'ut) cuy r,uh ihcn hbt /2
/ohba vCrv (ubnn 'uk 'u,ht) h,scg /( hka 'hk 'h,ut) rhfn tuv /3
/vzv iuthzunc reck (htsf 'kt 'kkdc) /4
/c,fn (uka 'uk 'ukmt) h,jka ifk 'inz vcrv (ukhcac 'ubnn 'u,ut) h,htr tk /5
/xUCuyut (kg 'og 'c) oak h,gxb /6
/(vka 'vk 'v,ut) ruzgk kufh hbt ot (uka 'uk 'u,ut) h,kta /7
/aac
(vbnn 'vk 'v,ut) audpt hbta (vka 'vk 'v,ut) h,rnt /8
iy
cv ( hk 'hkhcac 'hk) ,ctufa uk h,rnt '(h,ut 'hka 'hkmt) esc tpurvaf /9
/,hrcg rCsk
hk (hkut 'vae 'h,n) kct ',hrcg ,true hbt /10
- 138 -

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huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

huk cegh rs ka rughak rzg rnuj

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Why do we need to learn the prepositions so

Is it any wonder that prepositions create so many troubles for

This series of lessons on (about) prepositions will introduce the use of

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Even advanced learners of any language find prepositions difficult as a

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Prepositions are sometimes so firmly connected to other words that they

A preposition describes a relationship between words in a sentence.

Almost always, prepositions are combined with other words. This

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Object of the Preposition

under the bed

A preposition is typically found before a noun, pronoun, or

The ball is on the table.

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Each of the highlighted words in the preceding sentences is a

Some prepositions do other things besides locate in space or time. The

Preposition can, for example, describe things as happening in the

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

What do we do when the same preposition describes more than one

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Please remember this rule!

She contributes to and learns from every lesson would be in

So in English, unlike Hebrew, a sentence CAN end with a preposition.

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

We cannot emphasize enough: Never end a sentence with a

Another important thing to remember: In Hebrew, prepositions

Also, a preposition sits in front of (is pre-positioned before) its

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

at/in place; in the

for (e.g. pay

in, within, inside;

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

on, on top of;

next to, near,

by, near, close to

outside of; aside,

next to, near,

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Vocabulary of Prepositions (English- Hebrew, Short Version).

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

for (e.g. pay

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Sometimes in Hebrew, instead of using the preposition to for

When in English we use for when we indicate time (seconds, minutes,

When in English you use since (with a specific date or time), in

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

Though the formal expression of visit someone is kmt,

When in English you use in for time, as in Ill be there in an hour,

IMPORTANT EXPRESSIONS TO REMEMBER!

for three years

four years ago

ten to six (5:50)

ten past six

quarter past five

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

put a jacket over

huk cegh r"s ka rughak rzg rnuj

I have pain in...

Where is the main problem when using prepositions related to a direct