ALCOHOLS

-non-hydrocarbons
Contain hydroxyl group (-OH)
Can derived from an alkene
General formula: CnH2n+1OH

NAMING ALCOHOLS
1. Obtain the name of alkane
2. Replace the ending e from alkane
with ol
3. Example: methane : methanol

Draw:
1. Ethanol
2. Propan-1-ol
3. Butan-1-ol
4. Butan-2-ol

ISOMERS OF ALCOHOL
Draw the isomers and name these
alcohols:
C3H7OH (2 isomers)

 C4H9OH (4 isomers)

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF
ETHANOL
1. By fermentation
-

Yeast is added to sugar or starch and left in a warm

place for several days in the absence of oxygen
(anaerobic)

C6H12O6
Glucose

2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2
Ethanol + carbon dioxide

Temperature : 18-200C
Catalyst : zymase from yeast
Other condition: Absence of oxygen
*ethanol then purified by fractional distillation

2. By hydration
ethene + water ethanol
CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
temperature : 3000C
pressure :60 atm
Catalyst
: phosphoric acid

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ALCOHOLS

Liquid at room condition

Colourless
Has a sharp smell
Completely miscible in water
Low boiling point
Highly volatile

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL

1. Combustion
-

Complete combustion, produce carbon dioxide and water

C2H5OH + 3 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O

2. Oxidation
-

Alcohols can easily oxidised to carboxylic acids, (-COOH group) with presence
of oxidising agents such as acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution and
acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution
acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution: orange to green
acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution: purple to colourless
CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O

3. Dehydration
-

Involve removal of water

Ethanol ethene + water (draw!!)
Two methods to carry out :
(a) Ethanol is passed over a heated catalyst such as unglazed porcelain chips,
porous pot, pumice stone, or aluminium oxide
(b) Ethanol is heated under reflux at 170 0C with excess concentrated sulphuric
acid

USES OF ALCOHOLS

As a solvent in perfumes/cosmetics
As a thinner in varnish, ink
As a cleaner for compact disc.
As a fuel for transport
As a raw material for the manufacture of
vinegar,
As a raw material to make industrial
product such as antiseptic and cough
syrup.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
General formula: CnH2n+1COOH
-COOH group is called carboxyl group
as the functional group of carboxylic
acid
Naming for carboxylic acid:
~anol change to ~anoic acid
Example: methanol : methanoic acid

STRUCTURAL FORMULA
Draw the structural formula for:
Methanoic acid

Ethanoic acid

 Propanoic acid

Butanoic acid

 2-methylpropanoic acid

3-methylpentanoic acid

Preparation of ethanoic acid

Heating the mixture of ethanol and
acidified potassium dichromate (VI),
K2Cr2O7 under reflux (oxidation
reaction)
C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O
Ethanol

ethanoic acid

Physical Properties of Ethanoic Acid

Colourless liquid at room
temperature
Has a sharp and pungent smell
High melting and boiling point
compare to other covalent
Soluble in water
Changes the moist blue litmus paper
to red
Has a pH of 3-4 (weak acid)

Chemical Properties of Ethanoic

Acid
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. Ethanoic acid
can ionized partially in water to produce
low concentration of hydrogen ion, H +
Weak monoprotic acid
Ethanoic acid can react with:
Base
Metal carbonate
Metal
Alcohol

i)

REACTION OF ETHANOIC ACID WITH A BASE

(neutralization)
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa
ethanoic acid

sodium

ethanoate

ii) REACTION OF ETHANOIC ACID WITH METAL

CARBONATE
CH3COOH + CaCO3

(CH3COO)2Ca

ethanoic acid

+ H2O + CO2

calcium ethanoate

ii) REACTION OF ETHANOIC ACID WITH METAL

CH3COOH + Mg
ethanoic acid

(CH3COO)2Mg

+ H2

magnesium ethanoate

Iv) REACTION OF ETHANOIC ACID WITH ALCOHOL

(esterification)

USES OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Carboxylic acid widely found in nature
Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) : Vinegar
Methanoic acid : Ants
Propanoic acid : Milk
Butanoic acid
: Butter
Lactic acid
: Sour milk

Uses of carboxylic acid

i- make food flavouring
ii- preserve food
iii- manufacture foods such as vinegar and yogurt
iv- manufacture of soft drinks

Iron (III)
ethanoate,
Fe(CH3COO)3
+
Carbon
dioxide, CO2
+
Water, H2O

Sodium
ethanoate,
CH3COONa
+
Hydrogen, H2
Metal, Na
34ETHANOIC
ACID,
CH3COOH
Base, Ca(OH)2
Calcium
ethanoate,
Ca(CH3COO)2
+
Water, H2O

Metal carbonate,
Fe2(CO3)3
Alcohol,
CH3OH

Methyl
ethanoate,
CH3COOCH3
+
Water, H2O