L-08 Introduction To Bridge Engineering (Coloured)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Lecture - 08
Introduction to Bridge
Engineering
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
www.drqaisarali.com
Reinforced Concrete Design II
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Topics
Introduction
Bridge Components
Types of Bridges
Loads for Bridge Design
Analysis & Design of Simply Supported RC Slab Bridges
Design Steps for Simply Supported RC Slab Bridge

Example
Famous Bridges in the World
Introduction
Bridge is a structure having an opening not less
than 6000 mm that forms part of a highway or over,

or under which the highway passes.
Structures < 6000 mm generally called culverts.
Bridge
Culvert
Introduction
Bridge is the key element in a Transportation
System:
It controls the capacity of the system.
It is the highest cost per mile of the system.
If the bridge fails, the system fails.
Bridge Components
A bridge consists of super structure and sub
structure.
Super structure: Structural parts of the bridge which provides the horizontal span.
Sub structure: Structural parts of the bridge which supports the horizontal span.
Bridge Components
Deck
Girder
Diaphragms
Pier Cap
Pier
Pile Cap
Piles
Types of Bridges
Bridges can be classified according to:
Materials (concrete, steel or wood etc),
Usage (pedestrian, highway, or railroad),
Span (short, medium, or long),
Structural form (slabs, girder, truss, arch, suspension, or

cable-stayed).
Types of Bridges
It is however suitable to classify bridges according to
the location of the main structural elements relative to
the surface on which the user travels:
Main structure Below the deck line,
Main structure Above the deck line, or
Main structure Coinciding with the deck line.
Types of Bridges
Main Structure Below Deck line
Arched, Truss-Arched Bridges, Masonry Arch, Concrete
Arch, the Steel-Truss Arch, and the Steel Deck Truss.
Masonry Arch
Masonry Arch
Steel Deck Truss Bridge
Types of Bridges
Steel Truss Arch
Concrete Arch
10
Types of Bridges
With arch shape, gravity loads are transmitted to the

supports primarily by axial compressive forces.
At the supports, both vertical and horizontal reactions must

be resisted.
Arch
Axial force
Axial force
11
Types of Bridges
Salient features of Arch Type Bridge
The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments in the

superstructure.
The most suitable site for this form of structure is a valley, with
the arch foundation located on dry rock slopes.
The conventional curved arch rib may have high fabrication and
erection costs, although these may be controlled by skilled
labor.
The classic arch form tends to favor concrete as a construction

material.
12
Types of Bridges
Salient features of Arch Type Bridge
The arch rib is usually shaped to take dead load without

bending moments. This load is then called the form load.
If the form load is large, the live load becomes essentially a

small disturbance applied to a compressed member.
13
Types of Bridges
Main Structure Above Deck line
Suspension, Cable Stayed, and Through-Truss bridges are

included in this category.
Suspension: Deck is supported by two main cables through

secondary cables (hangers).
14
Types of Bridges
Cable-stayed: Deck is supported by tower directly through cables.
15
Types of Bridges
Through Bridges
16
Types of Bridges
Salient features of Suspension Bridges
The flexible cables of a suspension bridge is shaped and

supported to transfer the major loads to the towers and
anchorages by direct tension.
The deck is hung from the cable by hangers constructed of high

strength wire ropes in tension.
This use of high strength steel in tension leads to an

economical structure.
17
Types of Bridges
Salient features of Suspension Bridges
The main cable is stiffened either by a pair of stiffening trusses

or by a system of girders at deck level.
This stiffening system serves to:

a)
Control aerodynamic movements,
b)
Limit local angle changes in the deck.
Stiffening
trusses
18
Types of Bridges
Salient features of Cable Stayed bridges
As compared with suspension bridges, the cables are straight

rather than curved. As a result, the stiffness is greater.
Aerodynamics instability has not found to be a problem in such

structures.
19
Types of Bridges
Salient features of Through Bridges
A bridge truss has two main structural advantages:

1.
The primary member forces are axial loads;
2.
The open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth
(due to lesser dead load) than for an equivalent solid web girder.
Both these factors lead to economy in material and a reduced

dead weight.
The increased depth also leads to reduced deflection.
Economical for medium spans, aesthetically pleasing.
20
10
Types of Bridges
Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line
Girder bridges of all types are included in this category.

Examples are:
Slab (solid and voided),
T-beam,
I-beam,
Wide-flange beam,
Concrete box girder,
Steel box,
Steel plate girder.
Concrete Box Girder Bridge

21
Types of Bridges
Girder Bridge Under Construction
Box Girder Bridge
22
11
Types of Bridges
23

Loads to be considered in bridge design can be divided
into two broad categories:
Permanent loads,
Transient loads.
24
12

Permanent Loads
Self weight of girders and deck, wearing surface, curbs and

parapets and railings, utilities and luminaries and pressures
from earth retainments.
Two important dead loads are:
DC: Dead load of structural components and non structural

attachments.
DW: Dead load of wearing surface.
25

Permanent Loads
Material Properties for Pavement
bitumen = 2250 kg/m3 = 22.1 kN/m3 (140 lb/ f3)
concrete = 2400 kg/m3 = 23.6 kN/m3 (150 lb/ f3)
Load factors for Pavement Dead Loads
The maximum load factor for DC = 1.25
The maximum load factor for DW = 1.5
26
13

Transient Loads
Gravity (Live) loads due to vehicular, railway and pedestrian

traffic.
The automobile is one of the most common vehicular live

load on most bridges; it is the truck that causes the critical
load effects.
Lateral loads due to water, wind, earthquake and ship

collisions etc.
27

Transient Loads
Following effects caused by Live load are also very
important and must be considered in the design of a bridge.
Impact (dynamic effects),
Braking forces,
Centrifugal forces (if present) and
The effects of other trucks simultaneously present.
28
14

Vehicular Design Loads
The AASHTO design loads model consists of three distinctly

different loads:
Design Truck,
Design Tandem,
Design Lane.
29

Design Truck
Previously HS20 was used as Design truck. The H denotes

highway and S denotes Semi tractor and 20 is the weight of
tractor in tons (USC units).
The new vehicle combination as described in AASHTO (1994)

LRFD Bridge specifications are designated as HL-93 for
Highway Loading accepted in 1993.
30
15

35 kN
(8 kips)
(3.5 tons)
145 kN
(32 kips)
(14.5 tons)
4.3 m
(14 ft)
145 kN
(32 kips)
(14.5 tons)
4.3 m to 9.0 m
(14 ft to 30 ft)
HL-93 Truck Load

31

Design Tandem
110 kN
(24 kips)
(11 tons)
110 kN
(24 kips)
(11 tons)
1.2 m
(4 ft)
32
16

Design Lane Load
The AASHTO design lane loading is like a caravan of trucks.
It is 9.3 kN/m and is assumed to occupy a region of 3.0 m (10 ft).
It is applied as 3.1 kN/m2 or 0.064 k/ft2 (64 lb/ft2) of pressure to a width of 3.0 m or 10 ft
over the entire length of bridge for FEM.
9.3 kN/m
(0.64 kip/ ft)
3.0 m (10 ft)
Bridge
33

In summary three design loads should be considered: the
design truck, design tandem, and the design lane.
These loads are superimposed by two ways to yield the live

load effects, which are combined with the other load effects.
The two ways of superposition are:
Truck + lane,
Tandem + lane,
34
17

Load Modifier
A factor accounting for ductility, redundancy and the

operational importance of the bridge.
It is taken as 1.05 for simply supported bridges and is

applied on already factored values of bending moments.
35
Analysis and Design of Simply

Supported RC Slab Bridges
Simply Supported RC Slab Bridge
This type of bridge consist of only slab (without any other supporting
member such as girders).
This form of bridge is widely used when the bridge crosses a minor road or
small river.
In such cases, the span is relatively small and multiple spans are infeasible
or/and unnecessary.
36
18

Analysis of Slab Bridge
Slab bridges can be analyzed as 3D, 2D and 1D models.
If it is to be analyzed as 1D model (line analysis), the bridge width will be

divided into various strips of specific width (E). These strips are called
design lanes.
37

Analysis of Slab Bridge
The
design
lanes
are
then
transformed to line elements (1D

model) for line analysis. The moment
are calculated from line analysis.
These moments (M) are then divided

by the design lane width (E) to get
moment per foot (M/E) for the slab.
Moment Obtained from 1D analysis

M/E M/E
M/E
M/E
M/E
Design lane widths can be calculated using equations given on next slide
38
19

Design Lanes
Design Lane Width
For single lane loaded:
E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 (L1W 1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft
W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (Overall width of
bridge, W 1) or 30 ft
W1
39

Design Lanes
Design Lane Width
For multilane loaded:
E (inches) = 84 + 1.44 (L1W 1) W 1/NL

L1 = Same as single lane loaded case = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft
W 1 = Minimum of (overall width of bridge, W 1) or 60 ft
NL = No. of design lanes= INT (W/12)
S
W
W1
40
20

Multiple Presence Factor
Multiple presence factors modify the vehicular live loads for the probability
that vehicular live loads occur together in a fully loaded state.
These factors should be applied before analysis or design only when doing
three-dimensional modeling, working with substructures.
A factor of 1.2 is also used in the line analysis of edge strip of a slab bridge.
41

Minimum Slab Depth for Slab Bridge
Minimum depth for R.C.C Slabs (h):
h= 1.2(S + 10)/30 (where S is in ft.)
Where S = span of bridge (c/c of bearing).
42
21
Design Steps for Simply Supported RC

Slab Bridge
Step 01: Sizes
Minimum depth for R.C.C Slabs:
Depth, h (ft) = 1.2(S + 10)/30
Where S = span of bridge.
Step 02: Loads
Determine load DC, W DC = hconcrete
Determine load DW, W DW = hwearing surface
Dead Loads
Step 03: Analysis
Determine slab moments due to dead loads:
MDC = W DCS2/8
MDW = W DWS2/8
43

Slab Bridge
Step 03: Analysis (Continued)
1.
Determine slab moments due to live loads:

Moment due HL-93 Truck load, MTruck
(Max. moment due to truck load can be obtained by placing the middle axle at mid span of
the bridge and rear axle load at distance of 14 ft from the middle axle load)
32 kips
32 kips
8 kips
14 ft
14 ft
S/2
44
22

Slab Bridge
2.

Moment due Tandem Load, MTandem
(Max. moment due to tandem load can be obtained by placing the two loads at distance of
2 ft from the mid span)
24 kips 24 kips
2 ft
2 ft
S/2
45

Slab Bridge
3.

Moment due design lane load, MLane
0.64 kip/ft
MLane = 0.64 S2/8
Take greater moment value among MTandem and MTruck and multiply it by
impact factor of 1.33 and then add it with MLane
Therefore, MLL+IM = 1.33(MTandem OR MTruck) + MLane
Convert MLL+IM to moment/ft, Divide MLL+IM by E design lane width.
46
23

Slab Bridge
For Interior Strip, Single Lane Loaded, E is given by:
E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 (L1W 1)
(1)
For Interior Strip, Multilane loaded, E is given by:
E (inches) = 84 + 1.44 (L1W 1) W 1/NL
(2)
Finally, Design Lane Width E, is the smallest value of (1) & (2)
Determine Mu for interior strip:
Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM ] (per foot)
47

Slab Bridge
For Edge Strip, E is given by:
E = Barrier width at base + 1 ft + (1/2) strip width Full strip width or 6

ft (whichever is less)
Because the edge strip width is limited to 6, one-lane loaded

(wheel line = lane load) with a multiple presence factor, m of 1.2
will be critical. Hence edge strip moment per foot width is equal to:
Determine Mu for Edge Strip:
MLL+IM (Edge strip) per foot = (MLL+IM) 1.2/E
Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM ] (per foot)
48
24

Slab Bridge
Step 04: Design
a) Design for Interior Strip (calculate As using Interior Strip Moment)
b) Distribution
reinforcement
for
interior
strip
(bottom
transverse
reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
Atransverse = (100/S or 50 %) of As
(whichever is less, But It should not be less
than As(Shrinkage)
Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag
c) Design for Edge Strip (Calculate As using Edge Strip Moment)

d) Distribution Reinforcement for Edge Strip ( Same Procedure as Above)
e) Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in top face of slab (long and
transverse both): For grade 60 steel,
Ast = 0.0018Ag
49

Slab Bridge
Reinforcement Detail in Slab Bridge:
A
A
As per shrinkage and

temperature reinforcement
requirements
As, Main reinforcement

(to be designed)
Transverse Bottom reinforcement

(least of 100/S % or 50 %) of As

50
25

Slab Bridge
Reinforcement Detail in Slab Bridge:
Bridge Reinforcement Animation
51
Example
Design Problem: Design of
simply supported slab bridge
for HL-93 live load.
Span length of 35 ft centre to

centre of bearings.
Roadway width is 44 ft curb to

curb.
Allow
surface
for
a
of
future
3
wearing
inch
thick
bituminous overlay.
Use fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60
ksi.
52
26
Example
Solution:
Step No 1: Sizes.
Span length of bridge (S) = 35 ft c/c
Clear roadway width (W) = 44 ft (curb to curb)
For a curb width of 15 inches, total width of the bridge (W 1) =

44 + (2 15/12) = 46.5 ft
Minimum thickness of bridge slab is given by formula:

hmin = 1.2(S + 10)/30 = 1.2 (35 + 10)/30 = 1.8 ft = 21.6 22
53
Example
Solution:
Step No 2: Loads.
Slab load (wDC) = hconc

= (22/12) 0.15 = 0.275 ksf
Wearing surface load (wDW ) = hwearing surface

= (3/12) 0.14 = 0.035 ksf
54
27
Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
Dead load moments:

Slab moments (MDC) = wDCS2/8
= 0.275 (352)/8 = 42 ft-kip/ft

Wearing surface moment (MDW) = wDW S2/8
= 0.035 352/8 = 5.3 ft-kip/ft
55
Example
Solution:
Live load moments:
Truck Load moments:

MTruck = 350 ft-kip
56
28
Example
Solution:
Live load moments:
Tandem moment:
Mtandem = 372 ft-kip
Lane moment:
Mlane = 640 352/8 = 98000 ft-lb = 98 ft-kip
57
Example
Solution:
Live load moments:
Mtandem > Mtruck, therefore we will use Mtandem
MLL+IM (Including impact) = 1.33Mtandem + Mlane

= 1.33 372 + 98 = 593 ft-kip
To convert MLL+IM to moment/ft, Divide MLL+IM by E design lane width.
The AASHTO code recommends separate calculation of E and resulting

bending moment M for an interior and edge strips of a RC slab bridge.
Hence next slides discusses interior and edge strips separately.
58
29
Example
Solution:
Design Lane width E for interior strip:
For single lane loaded:
E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 (L1W 1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S = 35 ft) and 60 ft = 35 ft
W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (W1 = 46.5 ft) or 30
ft = 30 ft
Therefore, E = 10.00 + 5.0 (35 30.00) = 172 in = 14.3 ft
59
Example
Solution:
Design Lane width E for interior strip:
For multilane loaded:
E (inches) = 84 + 1.44 (L1W 1) W 1/NL

L1 = 35 ft
W 1 = Minimum of (W 1 = 46.5 ft) or 60 ft = 46.5 ft
NL = No. of design lanes.= INT (W/12) =INT (44/12) = 3
E = 84 + 1.44 (35 46.5) 46.5/3

= 142 inch or 11.84 ft 15.5
Therefore, E = 11.84 ft (Least of all)

60
30
Example
Solution:
Interior Strip Moment (per foot)
MLL +IM (Interior strip) per foot = 593/11.84 = 50 ft-kip/ft
Now,
Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)]
Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 (1.25 42 + 1.5 5.33 + 1.75 50)
Mu (interior strip) = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft
61
Example
Solution:
Design lane width for edge strip: According to AASHTO LRFD

code A4.6.2.1.4,
E = Barrier width at base + 1 ft + (1/2) strip width Full strip width

or 6 ft (whichever is less)
E = 1.25 ft + 1 ft + (1/2) 11.84 11.84 ft or 6ft
E = 8.17 ft > 6 ft
Therefore E = 6 ft
62
31
Example
Solution:
Edge Strip Moment (per foot):
Because the edge strip width is limited to 6, one-lane loaded

(wheel line = lane load) with a multiple presence factor, m of
1.2 will be critical. Hence edge strip moment per foot width is
equal to (Reference: chapter 4, Barker and Puckett) :
MLL+IM (Edge strip) per foot = (593) 1.2/6 = 59.3 ft-kip/ft
Mu (edge strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)]

Mu (edge strip) = 1.05 (1.25 42 + 1.5 5.33 + 1.75 59.3)
Mu (edge strip) = 172.48 ft-kip/ft = 2069.79 in-kip/ft
63
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
(a) Design for Interior strip:
Interior strip moment (Mu) = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft
Effective depth of bridge slab (d) = h cover Dia of bar

used
Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken

equal to 1.
d = 22 1 1 = 20.5 inch
Asmin = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2
As = Mu/{fy (d a/2)}
After trials, As = 1.80 in2,(#8 @ 5 inches c/c)

64
32
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
(b) Distribution reinforcement for interior strip (bottom

transverse reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as

a percentage of the main reinforcement required for positive
moment as follows but not less than Shrinkage reinforcement:
Atransverse = (100/S or 50 %) of As
(whichever is less)
100/L = 100/35 = 16.9 % < 50 %
Therefore, Atransverse = 0.169 1.80 = 0.304 in2
Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @

8 inches c/c)
65
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
(b) Distribution reinforcement for interior strip (bottom transverse

reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
Maximum spacing for temperature steel reinforcement in one way

slab according to ACI 7.12.2.2 is minimum of:
3hf =3 22 = 66
18
Therefore #5 @ 8 inches c/c is OK.
66
33
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
(c) Design for Edge strip:
Edge strip moment (Mu) = 172.48 ft-kip/ft = 2069.79 in-kip/ft
Effective depth of bridge slab (d) = h cover Dia of bar

used
Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken

equal to 1.
d = 22 1 1 = 20.5 inch
Asmin = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2
As = Mu/{fy (d a/2)}; After trials As = 2.014 in2, (#8 @ 4.7

inches)
Finally use #8 @ 4 inches c/c both for interior as well as edge

strips
67
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
(d) Distribution reinforcement for edge strip:
Atransverse = 0.169 2.014 = 0.34 in2
Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @

8 inches c/c)
Maximum spacing for temperature steel reinforcement in one way

slab according to ACI 7.12.2.2 is minimum of:
3hf = 3 22 = 66
18
Use #5 @ 8 inches c/c as bottom transvers reinforcement

everywhere.
68
34
Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
(e) Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in top face of slab

(long and transverse both): For grade 60 steel,
Ast = 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8 inches c/c)
Finally use #5 @ 8 inches c/c.
Final Recommendation:
Main steel (bottom) = #8 @ 4 c/c for interior as well as exterior.
Transverse bottom reinforcement = #5 @ 8 c/c throughout.
Top steel (long and transverse) = #5 @ 8 c/c.

69
Example
Solution:
Step No 5: Drafting
(Shrinkage reinforcement)
(Shrinkage reinforcement)
(Bottom transverse reinforcement)
(Main reinforcement)
70
35
Some Famous Bridges

Longest Bridge
DanyangKunshan Grand Bridge in China (164800 m)
71
Some Famous Bridges

Longest Span
Akashi Kaiky Bridge, Japan (1991 m)
72
36
Some Famous Bridges

Highest Bridge
Si Du River Bridge (472 m high)
73
Bridges in Pakistan
Lansdowne Bridge, Sukkur
74
37
Bridges in Pakistan
Jamshoro Bridge, Jamshoro
75
Bridges in Pakistan
Attock Bridge, Attock
76
38
Bridges in Pakistan
Malir Bridge, Karachi
Longest Bridge in Pakistan (5000 m)
77
Bridges in Pakistan
Chiniot Railway Bridge
Constructed in 1877.
78
39
Bridges in Pakistan
Bridge on M2 Motorway
One of the highest in Asia.
79
References
Design of Highway Bridges by Richard M. Barker.
ACI 318
80
40
THE END
81
41

L-08 Introduction To Bridge Engineering (Coloured)

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Design Steps for Simply Supported RC Slab Bridge

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

than 6000 mm that forms part of a highway or over,

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

It controls the capacity of the system.

It is the highest cost per mile of the system.

If the bridge fails, the system fails.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Materials (concrete, steel or wood etc),

Usage (pedestrian, highway, or railroad),

Span (short, medium, or long),

Structural form (slabs, girder, truss, arch, suspension, or

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Main structure Below the deck line,

Main structure Above the deck line, or

Main structure Coinciding with the deck line.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Arch, the Steel-Truss Arch, and the Steel Deck Truss.

Steel Deck Truss Bridge

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Steel Truss Arch

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

With arch shape, gravity loads are transmitted to the

At the supports, both vertical and horizontal reactions must

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Salient features of Arch Type Bridge

The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments in the

The classic arch form tends to favor concrete as a construction

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Salient features of Arch Type Bridge

The arch rib is usually shaped to take dead load without

If the form load is large, the live load becomes essentially a

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Suspension, Cable Stayed, and Through-Truss bridges are

Suspension: Deck is supported by two main cables through

Reinforced Concrete Design II