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Water
1. Fill in the blank spaces with appropriate words given within the brackets.
(a)The density of pure water at 4C is ______________ (1g/cm3 / 1kg/cm3).
(b)Natural water fit for human consumption is called _______ (distilled / potable)
water.
(c)Smaller the particle size of a solute, ______ (lower / higher) is the rate of
dissolution.
(d)Solubility of ______ (CaSO4 / CuSO4) decreases with the rise in temperature.
(e)____________ (distilled / natural) water is used in car batteries and for
preparing injections and medicines.
Ans. (a) 1g/cm3
(c) higher

(b) potable
(d) CaSO4

(e) distilled

2. Match the statements in Column A, with the statements in Column B.

Column A
(a) A solid whose solubility increases with the rise in
temperature.
(b) A solution which can dissolve more of the solute at a given
temperature.
(c) A soluble gas in water, which acts as food for the plants.
(d) A silvery white metal which reacts explosively with cold
water.
(e) A blue coloured salt which gives off steam on strong
heating.

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Column B
CuSO4.5H2O
Sodium metal
Potassium nitrate
Carbon dioxide
Unsaturated
solution

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Ans. (a) Potassium nitrate

(c) Carbon dioxide

(b) Unsaturated solution

(d) Sodium metal

(e) CuSO4.5H2O
3. Statements given below are incorrect. Write the correct statements.
(a) Anhydrous copper sulphate turns pink on the addition of a few drops of water.
(b) Solubility of calcium sulphate increases with the rise in temperature.
(c) Solubility of sodium chloride increases with rise in temperature.
(d) A solution which cannot dissolve more of a solute at a given temperature
is called an unsaturated solution.
(e)Weight of solute in grams, which dissolves in 100g of a solvent at any
temperature is called its solubility.
Ans.(a) Anhydrous copper sulphate turns blue on the addition of few drops of
water.
(b) Solubility of sodium chloride does not change with the rise in temperature.
(c) Solubility of calcium sulphate decreases with the rise in temperature.
(d) A solution which cannot dissolve more of solute at a given temperature is
called a saturated solution.
(e)Weight of solute in grams, which dissolves in 100g of solvent at a particular
temperature is called its solubility.
4. (a) Name two naturally occurring forms of water in the solid state.
(b)Name two naturally occurring forms of water in the liquid state.

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(c)Name two naturally occurring forms of water in the gaseous state.

Ans.(a) Ice and snow
(b) River water and ocean water
(c) Water vapour and mist.
5. Natural water is usually impure. Name three kinds of impurities present in
natural water.
Ans.(a) Dissolved solid impurities, such as common salt.
(b) Dissolved gaseous impurities, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen.
(c) Suspended impurities, such as sand and clay particles.
6. (a) Why is rain water called the purest kind of naturally occurring water?
(b) Why is the first shower of rain water not considered pure?
Ans.(a) Rain is caused due to the evaporation and then condensation of water from its
natural resources, such as oceans, lakes, etc. As this is a natural distillation
taking place on a huge scale, therefore rain water is almost distilled water and
hence is the purest amongst the natural waters.
(b) Rain water, on passing through air, dissolves gases like carbon dioxide,
sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide in itself along with suspended dust and
carbon particles. Thus, the initial showers of rain water are generally impure.

7. Briefly explain how water cycle is maintained in nature.

Ans. Water evaporates from various natural water bodies like oceans, rivers, lakes,
ponds, etc., due to the heat of the sun. The water vapours being lighter than
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air, rise up and are carried over thousands of kilometres by air. When these
water vapours condense they form clouds, which ultimately cause rain. The
rain water then flows over the surface of the earth in the form of streams,
rivers, etc., and ultimately returns to the oceans.
8. State the importance of dissolved salts in natural water.
Ans. Importance of dissolved salts in natural water :
1. Dissolved salts provide a specific taste to water.
2. Dissolved salts act as micro-nutrients for the growth and development of
living beings.
9. (a) Name two gases which are commonly found in natural water.
(b) State the importance of each gas named by you in 9 (a) in nature.
Ans. (a) The gases dissolved in natural water are oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(b) Importance of dissolved oxygen in water :
1. Water animals survive on account of dissolved oxygen in water. They
remove oxygen from water with the help of their gills and use it for
respiration.
2. Dissolved oxygen kills germs and bacteria in water, and hence, keeps it
fresh.
Importance of dissolved carbon dioxide in water :
1. It dissolves limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which is used by shell
bearing water animals to form hard shells.

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2. It acts as food for water plants. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide

is converted into carbohydrates and oxygen.
10. What is the effect on the solubility of gases in water when :
(a)temperature is increased

(b) pressure is increased.

Ans. (a) The solubility of gases in water decreases with the rise in temperature.
(b) The solubility of gases in water increases with the increase in pressure.
11. What do you understand by the following terms?
(a) Distilled water

(b) Potable water.

Ans.(a) Distilled water : Water obtained from natural water by distillation, such
that it contains no dissolved solid or gaseous impurities is called distilled
water.
(b) Potable water (drinking water) : Natural water, free from suspended
impurities, germs bacteria. etc., such that it can be safely used for
consumption of human beings and animals, is called potable water.
12. State five main physical properties of pure water.
Ans. Physical Properties of water :
1. It is a colourless, transparent, clear liquid.
2. It has a flat insipid taste (tasteless).
3. It has no smell.
4. It boils at 100 C and freezes at 0 C, when the atmospheric pressure is
76 cm of mercury.

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5. It has a density of 1 g cm3 at 4 C. The density decreases if water is

heated above 4 C or cooled below 4 C.
13. How will you prove experimentally that tap water contains dissolved
impurities? Draw a diagram of the apparatus.
Ans. Take a watch glass and pour about 2 cm3 of tap water in it. Evaporate this water
slowly by placing it over a beaker containing boiling water.
When all the water in the watch glass evaporates, hold the watch glass against
light. On the watch glass are seen concentric rings of solid material which tend
to get denser near the centre.
The rings are formed due to the dissolved salts left behind after evaporation.

14. How will you prove that natural tap water contains dissolved gases?
Draw a diagram of the apparatus.
Ans. Take a round bottomed flask and fill it completely with natural tap water.
Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram along side. Heat the round
bottomed flask with a bunsen burner. It is seen that after a few minutes tiny
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bubbles of a gas are given out, which collect in the test-tube. This gas is
dissolved air, which is expelled out from water on heating.

15. Why is water called a universal solvent?

Ans. Water is a polar covalent compound. When it comes in contact with any
substance it breaks the electrostatic forces holding the molecules of that
substance. Thus, the molecules break loose from the substance and hence
dissolve in water. Thus, water is called a universal solvent.
16. State the percentage of dissolved nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide gas in
water with respect to air in a tabular form.
Ans. Percentage of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide :
In air
Oxygen 21%
Nitrogen 78%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%

In water
Oxygen 30% to 34%
Nitrogen 65%
Carbon dioxide 0.06%

17. (a) A small piece of freshly cut sodium metal is dropped in a trough of water.
Describe your observations.
(b)Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and water.
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(c) What will you observe when neutral litmus solution is added to the
solution obtained in 17 (a). Give a reason for the observation.
Ans. (a)(1) It floats on the surface of water.
(2) It melts to form a silvery ball.
(3) The silvery ball darts over the surface of water, giving tiny bubbles
of hydrogen gas.
(4) It gradually decreases in size.
(5) It catches fire and burns with a golden yellow flame.
(6) It finally disappears and the water becomes warm.
(b)

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2.

(c) The neutral litmus solution turns to blue colour. It is because the solution
contains sodium hydroxide which is an alkali. The OH ions of the alkali
turn neutral litmus to blue colour.
18. (a) A small piece of calcium is dropped in a beaker containing cold water
along with a few drops of neutral litmus solution. The water is gently stirred
by means of a celsius thermometer. Describe at least five observations.
(b) Write a chemical equation for calcium and water.
Ans. (a)(1) Calcium metal sinks in water.
(2) It rapidly reacts with water to liberate tiny bubbles of hydrogen gas.
(3) The area around the metal gets some what milky because of the
formation of sparingly soluble calcium hydroxide.
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(4) The neutral litmus solution turns to blue colour.

(5) The thermometer registers a rise in temperature.
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 (g)

(b)

19. (a) About 2 cm3 of water is boiled in a test-tube, such that steam comes out
freely. A burning magnesium spiral is introduced in steam. Describe your
observations.
(b) An invisible gas G is formed in the test-tube. A burning candle is brought
near the mouth of the test-tube. State your observations.
(c) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between steam and magnesium.
Ans. (a)(1) The burning magnesium spiral continues to burn for a few seconds and
then stops burning.
(2) It forms a white powdery residue which crumbles from the spiral.
(b) The gas burns with a pop sound and the candle flame goes off.
(c) Mg + H2O (steam) MgO + H2
20.What do you understand by the following terms?
(a) solute

(b) solvent (c) solution.

Ans.(a) Solute : A solid which dissolves (disappears) in a liquid (generally water)

to form a solution is called a solute.
(b) Solvent : A liquid (generally water), which dissolves a solid in itself so as
to form a solution is called a solvent.

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(c) Solution : A homogeneous mixture of solid substances, in a liquid

(generally water), having the same physical properties in every part of it,
which may be gradually changed by changing the relative amount of its
components, is called a solution.
21. State three characteristics of a true solution.
Ans.(i) A true solution is always clear and transparent.
(ii) Particles of a true solution break down to molecular size and hence cannot
be seen under a microscope.
(iii) A true solution can easily pass through a filter paper.
22. State two differences between melting of solid and dissolving of solid in water.
Ans.(i) Melting involves absorption of heat energy, but dissolving does not.
(ii) Melting takes place at a fixed temperature, whereas dissolving takes place
at any temperature.
23. Name the suitable solvent for the following solids.
(a) Sulphur (b) Rubber (c) Resins (d) Paints (e) Iodine (f) Wax (g) Chlorophyll
(h) Phosphorous (i) Sodium (j) Sugar.
Ans.
Substances

Sulphur

Rubber

Resin

Paints

Iodine

Wax

Chlorophyll

Phosphorus

Sodium

Sugar

Solvent

Carbon

Benzene,

Ethyl

Turpentine

Alcohol

Petrol

Alcohol,

Carbon

Mercury

Water

disulphide

alcohol

alcohol

carbon

disulphide

disulphide

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24. Define the following terms :

(a) Concentration of a solution. (b) Dilute solution
(c) Concentrated solution

(d) Unsaturated solution

(e) Saturated solution

(f) Supersaturated solution.

Ans. (a) Concentration of a solution : Amount of solute (by weight) present in a

given weight of a solvent is called concentration of a solution.
(b) Dilute solution : A solution in which the amount of solute is very small
as compared to the solvent is called a dilute solution.
(c) Concentrated solution : A solution which contains a comparable amount
of solute in a given mass of the solvent is called a concentrated solution.
(d) Saturated solution : A solution which cannot dissolve any more of a solute
at a given temperature, is called a saturated solution at that temperature.
(e) Unsaturated solution : A solution which can dissolve more of the solute, at
a given temperature, is called an unsaturated solution at that temperature.
(f) Supersaturated solution : A solution which can hold more of the solute
at a given temperature than a saturated solution is called a supersaturated
solution.
25. You are provided with three solutions of a solute, such that one of them is
unsaturated, the others beings saturated and supersaturated. Using a tiny
crystal of solute, how will you distinguish between them.

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Ans. Introduce the tiny crystal of solute in each of the solution and gently stir.
(i) If the crystal of the solute dissolves, then the solution is unsaturated.
(ii) If the crystal of the solute neither dissolves, nor grows bigger in size, then
the solution is saturated.
(iii) If the crystal of the solute does not dissolve, but grows bigger in size, then
the solution is supersaturated.
26. (a) What do you understand by the term solubility of a solute?
(b) Why is temperature always specified while stating the solubility of a solute?
(c) State one way of increasing the solubility of a solute?
Ans.(a) Solubility : Weight of solute (in grams) when dissolved in 100 grams of
solvent (generally water), at some particular temperature, to form a
saturated solution at that temperature is called solubility of the solute at
that temperature.
(b) It has been found that the solubility of a given solute changes with the
change in temperature. Thus, the temperature has to be specified for the
solubility of a solute.
(c) By increasing the temperature of solvent, the solubility generally increases.
27. (a) Name two solids whose solubility increases with the rise in temperature.
(b) Name the solids whose solubility decreases with the rise in temperature.
(c) Name two solids whose solubility does not change with the rise in
temperature.
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(d) Name one solid whose solubility first increases and then decreases
with the rise in temperature.
Ans.(a) The solubility of potassium nitrate and potassium chlorate increases with
the rise in temperature.
(b) The solubility of ceric sulphate and calcium sulphate decreases with the
rise in temperature.
(c) The solubility of sodium chloride and potassium chloride remains the
same with the rise in temperature.
(d) Solubility of Na2SO4. 10H2O first increases and then decreases with
the rise in temperature.
28. Briefly describe how will you determine the solubility of potassium nitrate
at 50 oC.
Ans. (i) Take a clean china dish and weigh it accurately. Let the weight be x.
(ii) Boil some water in a beaker. Add to it enough of potassium nitrate crystals
and stir till the crystals stop dissolving.
(iii) Pour off the clear solution in another beaker and then suspend in it a
thermometer.
(iv) When the thermometer records the temperature 50oC, pour off the clear
solution in the pre-weighed china dish. Weigh the china dish again.
Let the weight be y.

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(v) Evaporate the solution to dryness and obtain dry crystals. Reweigh the
dish with dry crystals. Let the weight be z.
Calculation
Wt. of saturated solution of KNO3 at 50 C = (y x)
Wt. of crystals = (z x)
Wt. of water in solution = (y x) (z x) = (y z)
Solubility of KNO3 at 50 oC =

( z x)
100
( y z)

29. (a) What do you understand by the term solubility curve?

(b) State three applications of solubility curves.
Ans. (a) Solubility curve : A graph drawn for the change in solubility of a
substance with the rise in temperature is called a solubility curve.
(b) Applications of solubility curves :
1. They are used to determine the solubility of a substance at some
particular temperature.
2. They are used to compare the solubility of two or more substances at
a given temperature.
3. They are used to calculate the amount of a substance which will
crystallise out, when the saturated solution of the substance at a
higher temperature is cooled to a lower temperature.

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30. You are provided with a saturated solution of copper sulphate at 70 oC.
solution is allowed to cool slowly to room temperature (20 oC). Answer
the following questions.
(a) State two observations as the solution cools down.
(b) State one reason for each of your observations in 30(a).
(c) Is the solution at room temperature saturated or unsaturated?
Ans. (a) (i) The crystals of copper sulphate crystallise out as the solution cools.
(ii) The colour of copper sulphate solution fades with the cooling of the
solution.
(b) (i) The solubility of copper sulphate decreases with the fall in temperature.
Thus, excess of copper sulphate at a lower temperature separates from
the solution in the form of crystals.
(ii) Because of the separation of copper sulphate crystals, the number of
copper ions in the solution decrease. As blue colour is due to the
presence of copper ions, therefore the colour fades.
(c)

The solution at the room temperature is saturated.

31. What do you understand by the statement that solubility of a salt S at 34 oC

is 48 g?
Ans. It means at 34 oC, 48 g of S will completely dissolve in 100 g of water to
form a saturated solution.

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32. Explain the following :

(a) Why does effervescence take place when a soft drink bottle at room
temperature is opened?
(b) A chilled soft drink bottle does not produce a lot of effervescence on
opening. Why?
Ans. (a) The solubility of a gas is directly proportional to pressure. When a soft
drink bottle is opened the pressure suddenly decreases, which in turn
lowers the solubility of carbon dioxide gas. Thus, the excess gas in the
soft drink rapidly bubbles out thereby causing effervescence.
(b) The solubility of a gas increases with the fall in temperature. Thus, when
a chilled soft drink bottle is opened the gas does not bubble out rapidly
because of increased solubility. Thus, it does not produce a lot of
effervesence.
33. Why can fish and water plants live in river water, but not in a stoppered
bottle of distilled water?
Ans. River water contains dissolved oxygen which is absolutely essential for the
survival of fish and water plants. Thus, fish and water plants can respire and
hence survive. However, distilled water does not contain any dissolved oxygen.
Thus, fish and water plants die in it for want of oxygen.

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Numerical Problems
1. A china dish weighs 28 g when empty. When a saturated solution of sodium
nitrate is poured in it at 20 oC, the weight of the dish is 75 g. When the
solution is evaporated to dryness, the china dish along with the crystals weigh
50 g. Find the solubility of sodium nitrate at 20 oC.
Ans.

Wt. of saturated solution = (75 28) g = 47 g

Wt. of crystals = (50 28) g = 22 g

Wt.of water in the saturated solution = (47 22) = 25 g

Solubility of sodium nitrate =

Wt. of crystals
22
100 =
100
Wt. of water
25

= 88 g / 100 g of water at 20 C.
2. A china dish weighs 30 g when empty. When a saturated solution of potassium
sulphate at 30 oC is poured into it, the weight of the dish is 57.5 g. When the
solution is evaporated to dryness, the china dish along with the crystals weigh
32.5 g. Find the solubility of potassium sulphate at 30 C.
Ans. Wt. of saturated solution of potassium sulphate = (57.5 30) g = 27.5 g
Wt. of crystals of potassium sulphate = (32.5 30) = 2.5 g
Wt. of water in saturated solution = (27.5 2.5) g
= 25 g
Wt. of crystals
2.5
100 =
100
Solubility of potassium sulphate =
Wt. of water
25
= 10 g / 100 g of water at 30 C.

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3. You are required to prepare 100 g of crystals of potassium nitrate from its
saturated solution at 75 C. If the solubility of potassium nitrate at 75 oC is
155 g and at 20 oC is 31 g, find the weight of potassium nitrate solution at
75 C, to achieve this.
Ans. Wt. of saturated KNO3 solution at 75 C containing 155 g of crystals
= (100 + 155)g = 255 g
Wt. of saturated KNO3 solution at 20 C containing 31 g of crystals
= (100 + 31) = 131 g
Amount of crystals formed when 255 g of KNO3 sol. at 75 C is cooled

= (255 131) = 124g.

When crystals formed are 124 g, wt. of KNO3 sol at 75 C = 255 g.
When crystals formed are 100 g, wt. of KNO3 sol. at 75 C
=

255
100 = 205.65 g.
124

4. A salt S has solubilities 125 g / 100 g of water at 80 C and 32 g / 100 g of

water at 20 C. Calculate the weight of salt S solution at 80 C, which will
yield 50 g of its crystals at 20 C.

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Ans. Weight of saturated solution of S containing 125 g of crystals at 80 C

= (125

+ 100) = 225 g.

Weight of saturated solution of S containing 32 g of crystals at 20 C

= (32 + 100) = 132 g
Wt. of crystals formed when saturated sol. of S is cooled from 80 C to 20C
= (225 132) = 93 g
When crystals formed are 93g, wt. of saturated sol. of S at 80 C = 225 g
When crystals formed are 50 g, wt. of saturated sol. of S at 80 C =

225 50
93

= 120.96 g.

5. Solubility of potassium chloride is 50 g / 100 g of water at 90 C. Find how

much potassium chloride is needed to prepare 100 g of a saturated solution
of potassium chloride at 90 C.
Ans. Wt. of saturated solution of KCl at 90 C containing 50 g of crystals
= (100 + 50) = 150 g
When saturated sol. of KCl at 90 C is 150 g, wt. of KCl crystals required
= 50 g
When saturated sol. of KCl at 90oC is 100 g, wt. of KCl crystals required
=

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50 100
g = 33.33g.
150

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6. 50 g of a saturated solution of salt S at 40 C is evaporated to dryness when

24.5 g of dry salt of X are left behind. Find the solubility of X at 40 C.
Ans.

Wt. of saturated solution of S = 50 g

Wt. of dry crystals in solution S = 24.5 g
Wt. of water in solution = (50 24.5) S = 25.5 g
Solubility of S =
=

Wt. of crystals
100
Wt. of water
24.5
100
25.5

= 96 g / 100 of water at 40 oC.

6. Solubility of potassium nitrate solution at room temperature (30 C) is 60 g /
100 g of water. 240 g of saturated solution of potassium nitrate are allowed
to evaporate such that 80 g of water evaporates. Find the amount of crystals
deposited due to evaporation?
Ans. Wt. of saturated sol. of KNO3 at 30 C containing 60 g of crystals
= (100 + 60) = 160 g
160 g of saturated solution of S contain crystals = 60 g
240 g of saturated solution of S contains crystals =

60
240 = 90 g.
160

Amount of water in 240 g of saturated solution of S = (240 90) = 150 g.

When 80 g of water evaporates, the amount of water left = (150 80) = 70 g.

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150 g of water dissolve in it, KNO3 crystals = 90 g.

90 70
= 42 g
70 g of water dissolve in it, KNO3 crystals =
150
Amount of KNO3 crystals formed during evaporation = (90 42) = 48 g.

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