yer Py yrerrr?) | Vs yyy? | : t . : : ° : ‘Addition of © complementary colors gives grey Eflects of hug Tea "Fle Conast i Brining —~T Bright, ved High Seimaating Red fModente i | Ouange “Cheering “Light orange Yellow | Moderate } _ [Wem Grey Wears Gay . White/olt white . [Retaining Tea Grey, light green | Low light blue {Relaxing - Blue, Green low im em ae haPurple Black ~ "Ecles Time Lt. Waim Overeitimated Nonger and bigger} 2 Cod Under use coal. colors shorter & for areas here —amater 4 routine or i mmgnotonous tasks | { are performed Natural Color system « Edward Herings theory Sven Hassal-ptepared a color atlas Cannot see on object f beyond a distance of 3500 times its size. Range of conversational distance - 30" To make cut facial expressions — 40° To make recogrize a face ~ 80° ‘Maximum dist. For discovering aétion — 450° for seeing peogle ~ 4000, 450 deg. (1:1) full enclosure 300.deg (1:2) Threshold of enclose 180 des (1:3) mininvini enclosure 140 deg (1:4) Loss of enclosure Shape is 2 Dimensional Form — is 3Dimensional Color — Hue or ChromaAntensity — greying effect Value = sia (adling white) (high key) Shéde (adding block) (low key) Tone- range of tints and shades Various colet systems ~ Munsell, Prang etc.q URBAN DESIGN . - Jn Uiban Design, there should be skilled deployment of architectural enersy. x rel, that the-inlluence of fine buildings radiates outward, articulating the whole fab np of the city: : Avchitecture is the articulation of space so as to produce ia the pasticipator 2 definite space experience in relation to previous and, anticipating space. + Involvement + Meeting the sky (sky line a dominant element in UD.) + Meeting the ground + Pointsin space " + Recession places (Patios, entiance aateways etc.) ~ Desir in-depth (a 1ehte" af Hover in depth) Ascent and descent (use of. varying levels as the elements convexity and concavity in design) = Relationship to man = Designer as panicinater (Bird eye view a Human person standing on ground) + Apprenension, sepresentation and sealization The nature of design ~ simultaneous movement systems +x Rélationship of mass and space + Continuity of experience (creation of harmonious movement) ~ Simultaneously contmities (movement systems based on dilleren, rates of speed) + relationship of movement systems t6 natal phenomena rhythm in time Relationship of simultaneous movement systems to city design Expiessways require free flowing forms and curves and widely spaced aniculation to accord woth the rhythm of fact vebiculer nowsmneal. Pedestian requites interest, variety and impressions of rapid change. This can be achieved by frequent wes 6f focal peint and symbalic objectives. Eg Honyii e 7 centuy A.D. temple group in Nua, Japan ways of peceiving space.Principles of desig + Unity. ~ In its simplest foun, unity is expressed by the repetition of identical elements. + + Head of well proportioned human. figure = 1/7 of total. body height + Proportion — Golden mean is a ratio 1:1.618 standard. + Cettain propontions aie moie pleasing than others. + Subliminal effect. __ + Thomas church: a landscape architect (amployed the reverse curve)."DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTUREDevilopment of Contemporary Architecture: Development and impact on soclaty: since industla) revolution, influence of .modern: art oh architecture, works of national and international architects, post-modernism in architecture. WHO'S WHO IN ARCHITECTURE 1. Alvar Aalto — Finish achitect Buldinss designed = Tuberculosis sanatorium, Finland Baker house, M.1.T: House of Cutue University 'Jyuasgle 2 Finland hell, Helin 2 Geolliey Bowa — Silankan 4. Banlel 4 im = American achitect ond pioneer cin/plinner Buitdings designed Plan-or Chicago = Reliance bulding, Chicago 4. Felis Candela ~ Pioneer in shelled concrete roofs and vaults, R.C.C stucture evolved from mathematical analysis. Buildings designed Restaurant, Xochimilce + Stock’ exchange, Mexico city 5. Lucio Costa — Bran Buildings designed Master Plan for Basia + Restoration of imp: Historie buildings in Bran! (SPHAN) 6. Anatole De Bandai ~ Pioneer of R.C.C. 7. BY.Doshi = Buildings designed + Tagore’ memorial theatre, Ahmedabad = Instiute of indology = CEPT (with D.C. Panchat)+ Induswial townships at Baroda, Hyderabad, Kalol =" Hosting a Kois ; + NIFT, Delhi -IM,Bangelore 8. Gustave Eiffel: Steel beams braced biy lace girders Buildings designed — Eiffel tower “9. Anhui Chatles Fickson — Cansdian Buildings designed — Canadian Pavilion at Osaka Exhibition . 10-Eugene Freyssinet ~ Pionéer in-use of prescribed reinfarced cone. 11.Bichard Buck Minister Fuller — Structural, Techaolosy: and writings Development of machine efficient Dyrixion House, Prototype, Geodesic domes Buildings designed +» US pavilion Montea exhibition 1967 (Geodesic) ~ Pavilion in Seattle and N.York word fairs (Geodesic) 12.Jean Louis Charles Cartign — French classical — Opera houses, Paris 13 Tony Garner Buildings designed — Cite industrielle 14 Louis Keho Building designed Yate art gallery, Connecticut ~ Post Modernism 15.Mic av Building Designed Portland public semices bldg. CP Koes INU. Township of IFFCO ‘Management Development Institue Campus Ariba Deep, New Delhi Hailey Road Apartment, New Delhi MDI Library, New Delhi Sun breeze Apartment, New Delhi Heritage city apanments, New Delhi South City plus, New Delhiish . Talkatora Indore Swimming Pool, Delhi Himachal Bhavan + “Arch of india - Buddhist and Hindu Arch of India = filanic Builing Beyond Borders Obersi Héte - Bhubaneshwar ee AP Kanvinde = NIT, Delhi Rai Rewal BLY. Doshi : TAT Natio Sete Center, Dely PREGA National losuance Academy, Pune Patang revolving restaurant International Stadium, Cochin CHET, Delhi (Central Institute of Educational World Bark, Delhi) Hall of nations Pragathi maiden, Delhi NIFT, Delhi Yashwant Reo Chauhan Academy of Development Administration, Pune, Bharat Diamond: Bourse, Bombay, INTACH, Delhi (Associate Avchitect — Rajeev Katboslig), Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Admn. Bldg. Ahmedabad Sawai Gandharve Smarak, Pune. hit Guieal - ASBT Delty Design Group - Administration block, Goa Univessity Belgian Embassy, New Delhi Jdian Embassy, Katmandy CMC, Hyderabad Conical shell footing plan Indidn Embassy, Kuwait ‘Upeal Ghosh Associate ~ Senskriti Kendra, Delhi Rajiv Khang - Shilpa gram, JaipurBath Grower - Pavilion for aational small industies Corp. Delhi . Higa Ghoan, OBB > Oberoi Hotel, Bhubaneshwva Gwalior Aiport, Gwalior» . Indian High Commission, Keala Lumpur Eaplain the crux of New Brotalism Now Batalisn’ = Use of oatetils at found he fough concrete, unplastered tyicloat ntenaly vaulted tinber, exposed PiPpWotE and unpainted favarized. “FILL UP THE BLANKS a Holocaust memotal museum in Washinaton was designed by James [aso Fred. “Building in the Garden”, the book is written by ‘Steohen white, KLBasindan wns the Avcitet of Shui Rajiv Gandhi Kendra Sri Perambudur ‘Alpen Kaho was of designe of Indust Buildings Swiss engineer Rober Malis is mous for of brides. PREVI Experimental Housing Project ip Benu a CR Nageane Bae devisned Jawahar Lal Nebwo Stadium, Madkas Mies Van Der Robe designed the German Pavilion at Barcelone in the De Stil syle. Dig Lisi Noni designed Tain Exhibition Hal ‘felis Candela populaized the use of Hiypetbotic Parabola: for the’ structural purposes : Exe Quo made use of transparent tensile structres Promenade Architecture means an, Architectue 10 walle through. ej Rewal designed Nehru Centre in Delhi ¥ Edwid Stone designed US Embsssy in Delhi if Frcs Sle was called “The of. sun and the waters" by Autilo Petrucci Fero Seatinen designed Minois loskitute of Technoloay. Hennebiaue patented system for R.C-C.Mies Van Der Rohe designed the Lake shore apartments Chicago, MAT. Seagram Bld, New York. Lusi Nerv designed the Exhibition hall at Tui, hich had vast concrete halls. “ay Louis Khan designed the Science building at University of Pennsylvania. ©. The Gateway of India designed by Geoune Whittel. uit Sullivan designed the Carson Pirie Scott score Willan Moris stated the Ans and crafts movement (emphasis on gold caaltsmanship) . Charles Rence Mackintosh was associated with the Glass glow school of Art. “Eunctionalism” means following the principle of form follows function, ALOwrS Su Design of Bauhaus school Building was done by Walter Gropiys. Tugendhat House wes designed by Mies Van de: Robe. FO MBER “Fettogani is the fition of: Ferocment -+ Origami Uapanese ant of Paper folding). Great Master of lightweight structures is Frei Orta. The concept.of. “Mile High City building” was to be supported by 3 Central Stel Mas: Frame Misedllaseous Hancock tower, Boston ~L.M. Pei Yamanashi press and Radio Centre, Kofp ~ Kenzo Tange Richwells medical esearch bldg. Philadelohia ~ Louis Kahn Plug in city paper. £.g. of wellple fi Peter Cooks — Plug in City - 1964aL) woe ee Oe ON ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKSST OF ARCHITEC WORKS _[ ARCHITECTS = | Bauhaus at Deas 1 Maer Grogs : [Richards Mectal ab, \lousKin Pennsylvania Philadelphia city tower Louis Kahn TT ake shore Dive Apatments, | Mies Van der Rohe Chicago . . | Schel of Ach. & Devin, | Mien Vane Rohe Iinois | Geneva Pavilion, Barcelona . | Mies van der Rohe. ~~ Unity heh, Wig i Robie House . FL. Wright I | Faling waters FLL. Wright * | Genel Mots Tecbscel «| Seuineen | Cente, Devt | MIT Auditorium, Kresge E. Saarineen ~~} Chapel at MIT "TE. Suaineen | Dept. of Arctectwe, MIT ~ ‘| Mies Vin der Rohe | Hockey sink, Yale E. Saasineen { Krashiki City Hall K. Tenge i Olympic Stadiums, Tokyo: K. Tange” Health House, L.A. Richard Neutra Tea Center, London Maxwell Fry. Kaufmann Resort House, California Richard Neutes N.Y, University Marcel Breur ** TBM Complex Fonds ‘Marcel Sew _ | : ue | Wold wade center IM. Yamase . ~ ‘ Le Toute Menustey, Farce’ {Le Corbusier ‘ RonChamps Chanel, Frence Le Corbusier Palace of Power Oscar Neyere! = | Museum of Modern Ait Oscar Nevers : Secretariat Biasiia, Brazil "Oscar Neyewer : US. Embassy, New Delhi = Edward Stone =| Johrson's Howe... | Phil Johnton Franaworth House Mies Van der Rohe « "poles church, | Philip Johason . [ater | tes | Us. Position, ND [Mans ' . Sdhool of Ach @ Av. Engg, Yale |PalRedsleh SSCS . Al alo - 7 | Alvar Asko. Releigh Pavition . + | Paul Rudalish idney Meyer Music Bowl Paul Rudolph Johnson's Wax factory FLW. 4 Sydney opera House Jom Utzon Munich Olympic stadivm Prairie house Guggenheim Museum; NY. A Central terminal, Dulles TWA. Terminal, Kennedy Airport Werkbund exhibition hall Walter Gropius [Goldenberg House, Philadelnhs | Lous Kabo . :Yamanashi Press Center Sansad Bhawan, Dhoke Seagiam Building 2] Mies Van der Rohe |Fish Pasion, NY. Wd fy Alvar Aalto Unit of Habitation ~ Le Corbucier Theater in Seinejoki, Finland Alvar Aalto Casa Milt, Barcelona Antonio Gaudi | Casa Batlo Antonio Gaudi Meseun of Modern At Osea N. - | Mandetsdouse="= --- “= “} Stone + Philip Goodwin Museum of Modern a, NY. Stons NY. State Theater Philip J. ‘| Philip Pasion, Brssels World Le Corbusier | hutch of RénChainps Le Corbusier / Alumitium city house estate’ Lous Kaho __t { Dumbarton aks Museum | P, Johnson El Panama Hotel Panama Stone | French Frosty, Basile (| Le Corbusier ‘Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan F.t, Weight ~~] Roosevelt Memorial, Washington Marcel Breur | US! Reseach station, Antarctica | Duck Fuller Jeepan Deep, Caleutté Maxwell Fey, [U,S. Embossy, Hogue Maree! Breur eee | Law Dept. Boston University i JL: Seu | Coystal Palace, London, doseoh Paxton Odcternolosy Monument JP. Parker Fort William, Caleuita Capt. John Brother’~ Royal Sciey of Agsicultre, Eayp VIB memion and aide lass hoses, | Hl, Fothy “| Jeddah us. Povo, Moscow’ B. Fuller : Bath Howse, New Jessey Lr Kahn | Hanar Graduate Center” W. Group Kimball art museur L. Kahn, UN, Secretariat Le Coibuser PTown Hati-Finland + | Alvar Alte, . . | Rudolph House, Florida Pau Rudolph ° Durgapur Steel Township Sten | Teves Kala Sangam Stein | American International School, ND. Stein | | Ausualian Embassy Park | Marcel Brus [Poonpe Houses, Caio Hessan Fathy [Sydney House [kenvicley [SeasTower «Fast han Bahai Lotus Temple, N.D, Favre Shabba i ladla Intemational Center, N.D. | Stein | | Kashmir Conference Center, Sxinagae | UNESCO Headquarters, Pais Extension of Yale Art Gallery Flaiton Building, NY. Guarantee Building, Buffalo Auditorium Building, Chicago Minos | Wainwright Building Sullivan { noe Weokworth Building, NY. Gilbert : L Memezial, Washingtoa DC. Bacon ; fOlly airship Hanger, Paris: ip. Hanger Pa Tassel House | Einstein Tower Chyler Building NY. } Miltary Aircraft Hanger at Orbetello, Healy 12 City Towers, Chicago Mi | Kennedy Centr, Washington DC. ett alse Heneock Fosier, Bostén | Moyes Bila Lendon {Hongkong and Shargha Bonk HK: National Gallery of Ant, Washington tM-Pei Richard Rogers jManrAen I New i eo Benand Gold Berg i | Stone | bc * Pompidou Center | Chestnut hovse US. Atomic Energy Eso Boston Avis Center Law Depi., Boston owen Endless House Amancio d Aboim Guedes oor Nagkin Capital Tower, Tokyo | Gwwathney residence, NY. 1) Levis Sen nUienty | La Se a | Piano & Roges | Robert Veni tundy | FJ. Kiesler j Gordon Bunshafe | Kico Kurskaves i eee Charles + Gwathney ‘ Emerson Museum, NY LM. Bei Daniel Burnham | Flat Iron Bldg Shiene, Lamb & Hermon | Empire state Building Rockéeller Center, NY Reinhard + Hofneister[Congress Hall, Bellin. ee Heathow Aiport UN. Secretariat Building, NY. Lincoln Center Plaza; NY. Spiller Residence Hartson + Abramnitz: | ‘Housing at Ps jeesan tee Stowe 4 ti | Panlénd Building, Oresor Vicrorta, Terminus, Beminy Dare rers oe| INDIAN Perinanent aati Maden) { Dudhsagar Dairy Complex, Mehss Adninistative . Office Complex, MP Electricity Building, Jabalpur Kanvinde; Rai, Bhalla { Stein, Doshi Axanya Housing, Indore B.V, Doshi (Vestu-Shilpa Foundation) “T Aststs Viloge, Belaour Charles Corres Hasmuth C. Patel {on Sanskrit School, Auroville | Center. for Development Studies, Tivandrum St: John Cathedial, Tiruvall ‘Mushal Sheraton Hotel, Agra Newmanu Hall Ahmedabad. _| _ Maine front Housins, Cochin, _| Kuldio Sinah - "| Univesity of Jodhpur Utm.C, dain Yarnuna Housing, ND. Design Group Asiad Village, ND. Raj Rewal ‘Aspiration buts, Auroville | Piero Cicioneci ++ Glovia Cicionect Roger Auger ee | Lavtie Baker t | Laurie Baker i Avcop (Ramesh Khosla/Ray Affleck) ‘Bharat Hotel __Comole, Qebashish Guha | | ARCOPY i | | Heliday Inn, i ————_— ——————. — [Yat Nivas, ND. | Jasbir Shawney {Prainha Coxtages, Dons Paula, Gos | Roliro D. Souza [Pasta Cote Dar Pade or Rr. 1 Gulmohur | Ahmedabad Lonry Housing, [Dena Bank, Regional Oifice: Building, + Almmedabad Kamal Managaldas & Devendie Shah Hesmukh C. Patel Sen KapadiBhopal = 5 : Seisik Guest Haute, Bhopal Gandhi Labor Institute, Ahmedabed ~ | Steir/Doshi/Bhalla Vind Inetiuve of Forest | Aneot.D. Reje | Management, Bhopal i _ “Xahabw Inaute of Technoloy, | Shish Bes Maharastra, ‘Anbadeep complex, N.Dehi Kihei | IDLO, NRE Housing Hales Consacror Fourst Village, Bambotn H. Contractor | Buddhist Temple, Panaye Satish Gever "Sesing dates School, ND F Rom Kho "Bayon Apsenims, Coutts |Duld Mabie SS Renovation of Eden Gardens Hasmuth C. Patel Toi Bengal, Coleueg Design Group j | GebkyChodhary) Trading Corporation. Building, | Raj Reval New De { elBOOKS AND AUTHORSj Oregon Experiment eee | Survival through Design oUUKS ‘| Towntcape 2 Site Planning” a | City-Itg growth its decay its future ° | Desion “ath climate. ~ a Pattern Language Ghistophar Alexander Culture of Cities Louis Mumford Leaning rom Les Veges Robert Ventu Disepearng city [FL Weigh Image of a diy Kevin Lynch : flies [Dona Towards an organic archivectue Bruno Zevi ‘What time is this place? Kevin Lynch ‘Manual of trical heating of buildings | Koinsberger Notes on synthesis of form Chistopher Alexander Mud Atchitecie Hassan Fathy Complexity. and Contradiction in | Robert Venturi Architecture | Chis Alionder Buckminister Fuller | Richard Neus Tropical Architecture Kukaeia/ Maxwell fry. The living city FLL. Wright - Design of cittes E.N. Bacon Conservation and Planring Alan Dobby Design for real world Vietor Papanoe Vision in Motion Mohony-Nasy Our world hon at E.A. GutkindEe Meaning of 20* Century the great ianstion Kenneth Boulding. esas Introduction to study” of landscape | Hubbard and Kimball Landscape gas living Garrett Eckbo Urban Landscape Design Garrett Eckbo -- Garden Design Sylivie Crowe The patk i George F. Chadwick The Brown Decades, Lewis Mumfurd ARCOLOGY = The city in the image of man Paclo Soleri Cities in Evolution Patrick Geddes | Guides cy of Tomorrow Ebnézer Howard a The Radiant City Le Corbusier Chistopher Alexande: Community and Privacy Landscape Plancing Brain Hacket The city Development | Lewis Munford | Concerning Town Planning leCobnie Gardens are for people Thomes D. Church The teritontal imperative T Robert Ardray Perscinal space ~ Robert Sommer The city as a mechanism for sustaining | Christophe: A human contact | Hawoduction te tropical bulding design | G:A. Atkinson Preservation W. Kennet The five of the city | Peter Woit Maheriodaro and indus Civilization . | John Marshall- Auchitécture through ‘ages Talbot and Humlin {ee Oe. Matrix of man Mehely Wasyx 7 r oa 745 5 “4 i) rg ) a. Y y Ors [The af oh pig HL. Lanchester | Cay of tomorrow LeCobuier [The New City 'L. Hlbesheimer | Outline oftowa 8 city planing» | Thomas Adams. : Condition of, Man | Mumford Design fundamentals R. Seott Gaidens in Modem Landscape Christopher Tunnarc Man, society and environment Brain Hackett Pattern of streets Chvitopher Alexander | Space, time & Axchitecture S, Geidon Wits of Joseph Peston 8. Geldon Town and country planning Patick Abercrombie [Tea ann Mumford F Urban pattern *| Gallon Fisher Towards new towns for America ‘Clarence Stein UbeeSiwee “| Devid Levis | The architecture Machine Nicholas Negroponte ‘Avcectare ves housing | Pawiey | Genta Peycholosy W. Kohied Kurt Kotle | Industial Design Harold Ven Dorsen | Environmental "Technology in | Kinzeys. Sharp | Architecture : | Acoustics in buildings Kinzeyz & Shertp | Design this Day: W.D. Teagni | Ces ae for people eV—— Met Scott | Environment and man Richard’. Wagner Megelopolis Jean Gottman Your city tomorrow Guy Grueras SC oi a a ta in lt sa stn ae! ah able are My eae ae Victotian Modern Robin Boyd Aasinlides Homes Robin Boyd New Directions in Japan Architecture. | Robin Boyd An experimental towa Alvar Alto. The humenizing of Avehitecture Aivet Aho The accessible city Wiltred own The ideal cry Rose Roseman The story of the wiopians Malord.. The city of man im New woild of space Le Corbusier Your private wold “Thomas D. Church A study of ultimate gatdea Thomas D. Church Suructual digigsions on syle Feb Candela } Simple concrete shell structure Felix Candela | New way tovsoan space { Felis Candela Nothing guined’by overcrowding | Raymond Unwin Architects on Architecture Paul Heyer Dyanapalis Ooxiadis | New Landieape Chales Cones UST OF I TANT Kevin Lynch 1, Site Planning 2. Image of a City 3. What time is this place? MAR, OA ae, a 0, He, es, ee dChristopher Alexander 1. Pattern language 2. Notes on synthesis of Form 3 Oregon Experiment’ 4, Cornmunity and privacy 5. The city as a mechanism for sustaining human contact 6. Pattern of streets tumfor 1. Culture of cities 2. The Bown’ Decades 3. Fhe-city development 4. Condition of man 5. Techniques and Civilization 6. The city in History its origin, its uansformation and its prospects 7. The wibar prospect . a, The story of the Uropians Ek, Wright 1. Disappearing Gity 2. The living city bi rousi 1. Concerning Town Planning 2. City of Témonow 3. The Radiant City 4. New World of Space 5. Towards new Avchitecture EA. Gutkiod 1. Our world from air2. Revolution in Environment Town and Country planing G.A. Alkiason 1. Intteduction to impical building design ~ CP. Kuloeia Tropical Architecture Gedion 1. Space, Time aad Avchinecture 2. Woiks of Joseph Paston Ey ibber Town Desiga 1. House, Form and Culrute 2. Human aspects of uban formyoy dD 7 yO 2399-9 5.0%" pv) Sa 3go5% _ ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS ACAS = Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Services. AKFED +. Agha Khan Fund for Economic Development ARCASIA “= Architects Regional Council, Asia ASHRAE .-. "American ‘Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers . ASI ~ Archeological Survey of India BOQ + -Bilk of Quantities : BMPTC Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council BSI ~ British Standard Institution BRE ~~ _—_—Builging Research Establishment BEC +. Building Employer Confederation CAA ~ Comtmon Wealth Association of Architects, CAZRI - Central Arid Zone Research Institute. clAM + Intemational Congress for Modern Architects CBRI "= Central Building Research Institute cic + Construction Industry Development Council CIDCO == —_City and Indusirial Development Corporation of Maharastra cPCB +, Central Pollution Control Board MDA 2 Catéuta Metropolitan Development Authority MPO - Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Oégnisation buac ~ Delhi Urban ArCommission First Monday of Octobers——————-World Habitat Day oss - Global Shelter StrategyHTN: HUDA HUDCO 1AWE UNSWAREB - INTACH ISWE | TUDP MRTP MIDC MHADA NABARD BCC NBO NCHSE NRD SERC SMM SUA, TCPO UNDP High. Capacity Mass Rapid ‘Transit System Housing Development and Finariee Corporation Habitat Tectinology Nework Haryana Urban Development Authority Housing and Urban Development Corporation Indian Association of Wind Engineering Institute for Solid Waste Rescarch and Ecological Balance Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage Indian Society of Wind Engineering Integrated Urban Development Programme ” Maharastra Region and town planning Maharastra Industrial Development Corporation ‘Maharastra Housing Area Development Authority National Bank for Agriculture and Rurat Development National Building Construction Corporation ‘National Building Organization . National Centre for Human Settlements And Environment ‘Net Residential Density Structural Engineering Research Centre Standard Method of Measurement Standard Urban Area “Town and Contry Planning Organization ‘United National Development Program : ale a of istsLANDSCAPE “ARCHITECTURELandscape Designs Pnetples -of landscape design, fa meterals, planning design. AN INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ‘Landscape is 9 reflection of ‘dynamic natural and soci! systems. Too basic relationships between man and nature = | then | ~ It (by EA. Gulteind). Landscape theory — natural process, social processes, methodology, technology of values. Some of the goals of art ol chat ete Bypite, varie concealment and the development of ieee prospects. Hogarths serpentine line of beauty ~ manipulation of nature undulating contours = elimination of visual break: between garden and landscape. Landscape Design deal: with tufaces, edges and joints, steps and ramps connecting specific diffetences in elevation, paving and drainage and all the etisjons that have to be made before the project cen be built and planted. Tiees acta ‘sale arson’ from the multiple buildin t the individ Beauty by definition is the ‘evident harmdnious relationship of all sensed components. , = Elimination of incongrtious elements +, Introduction to accentuating elements. To preserve or create 4 pleasing site.character all the various elements or parts must bbe brought into harmony of Foim, colot o texte of handsome object can be emphasized though contast. . The carrying capacity of 4 land-water area isthe population of level of activity that can be sustained for 4 given length of time without depletion of the resources or breakdown of the biological (natural) systems Walls provide = enclosure, separation of areas, security, visual screen, radiation, support (lor roof, tillage, arbor, benches, lamps ete,) View isa scene observed fiom a fine vantage point.” A view is a theme that may supaest end give dled meaning to wil relited functions. The best view isnotabways ov chen the full view. The view is usually beter if enlmed or seen though an approprlate position. View Is scene observed. , Vista is as enfamed segment ofa view. Ibis 9 confined visually directed towarcks terminator dominant feature vsti iesistent, a dvectionl ataction to the eve As such, a vista is a function of the aais, ‘Auis isa linear plan element connecting two of more’ points. Axis is directional, coidelly, domiating and clten monctonovs.Ex., ancient city of Peking ~ founder Kublai Khan, Height connotes attainment, potential, expansion, exhilaration; inspiration, the subline and ieeate. - Depth: connotes regression, concentation, confinement, sheker, the piofane and the weight of pressure, Sequence in terms of planning, may be defined as a succession of perception having counting. The best souce of design criteria is field observation. The best test of desigmis pertormange. Landscape theories ~ by Wiliam Kent, Humohry Repton How can recreational units be classified. Classification of recreational units + Play lot = Community recreation areas + City ~ wide , What are the stages in Landscape Planning Landscage planning: Stages == Survey and analysis: classification of lanckcape types - Evaluation = Policy or design solution + Implementation~Biscuss how aerial photography is applied to landscape. ‘Aeial Photosiaphy: remote sensing technique can be these types Black and White, vertical aeal photograph teken on photo chromatic film (ror eet visible tebe ++ some of the invisible UV & oe They can use . oo oo > 4. Color film 2. Special Infra Red film useful for distinguishing vegetation types, detecting plant disease or reading suface temp. or heat emission. Oke remote sensing techniques: Line scanners rate Electro magnetic waves) — Side = looking radar (sends emission and secord echo from the ground). White short notes on Spatial Characteristics Dinensions of the cider of 1 2m — intimate = , Dimension of the order of 25m still an easy human scale. Enclosure, proportion and scale, light, touch and hearing, connotations, viewpoints, visual sequences, ground foun, texture and materials, visible activity, conarvence and transparency. Write down the street per e - Streets: a) Minor, b) Collec ° Aneta, d) Freeway, “rite down the Technical Documents needed for site planning Technical Document: In site planning aT Grading plan’ OF Utility plan What is the essence of land planning for any project + Essence of land planning for eng project: ~ Seek the most suitable si + Letthe site suagest olan forms = Exvact the full ste potentialHow can Earth forms be used in Landscape Earth forms (Landfosns) The significant rise or depression is a limit of visual space “Landscape Cure” is uted to blend out the bottoms and tops of engineered embankments. Such natuslized sloped and more stable and more pleasing to the eye. Blending ot simulation of natural groups forms Knitting the soil surface by seeding or application of much such as wood chips or shredded bark, The prior cross raking of the slope face is ecommended procedure White short note ot problems, water can bring to landscape and about the water edge detailing. Water: Problems: rapid run off, erosion, salutation, flooding, draught end contamination. . Water edge detailing: is most applicable on Beach or shore and the means of achieving are: dumped stone, R.C. wall, treated posts or. shaped timbers, sandbags, placed and fitted boulder stone ripiep, stone salt (connected joints), lating deck, flagstone, sheet piling, permanent dock. Mention the ures of trees and criteris for selection Food chain, Evapo’ transpiration, .climate conticl, water setention, soil building, devitus productivity. . Slope and watershed protection, windscreen, ovethead spaces definition and canopy . = Envrapment, scale ~ Backdrop Ornamentation Neise abatement + Shade, ground space definition Plan eeinlorcement in architecture Trees are the basis ~ Group tees to simulate natueal stand + Use canopy tees to unify the site + Install intermediate trees for screening, windbreak and visual interest~ Shrubs for pplementary lgvefvel ble ad sega. = Treat Se ee + Install-ground covers on the base plane to retain soils = Soil moislve, define paths and use areas and provide tuf where required 2 In all extensive. cree plantings select a theme tee, fhom 3 to 5 supporting secondary teei and a hmnited palette of supplementary species for special conditions and effects. = Choose as a dominant theme tree 2 type thet is indigenous, moderately fast growing and able to thrive with tle ene Give emphasis to trafic way nodes. = Keep the sighthess clear at roadway intersections. = Asiange the wee groupings to provide views and expansive open spaces. Use plantings to reinforce the alignment of paths ancl roadways. Concealing uiwanted areas, unpleasant views, eliminate slaré anc? reduce noise levels = Provide evolving sequences of space 0 enclose and link the various site use areas. Strengthen the protruding points of miss planting with clominent plants Establish vegetation along the mals ‘and waterways ~ helps and stabilize the banks increase evapo transpiration = Complement the topographical forms. = Use plants as space definition + =Cieate-achaborlke-entrance-portalto-each neighborhood. Detail out the site planning procedure Site planning procedure 1. Belinition of intent. 2. Procurement of topographical survey. 3. Pragram development. 4, Data gatheing and analysis. 5. Site reconnaissance. 6, Organization of reference plan set and file,+ T.cPreparation of exploratory studies. 8. Comparative analysis.a revision of studies leading to any approved conceptual " > plaa. 9. Development of preliminary developmient plans and estimate of costs. 10.Preparation of construction plans, specifications and bidding documerits How ie conceptual plan made : The Conceptual Plan Formulation of bate plan éoncépt: to sketch or diagram the uie areas and plan foocens are conceived in harmony with the natural and constructed fotms, forces and features. of the total project site vty All exteior volumes connlled or fiee ave formed of 3 volumetic elements: -the bbase plan, the oveihead plane and the venicl space divider. In the selection of base-plane materials and teste contider use sip-ncise, slat, heat, drainage compatibility-durability, availability, weather resistance, maintenance, cost. ARBORICULTURE Discuss the methods of plaiting — Methods of planting ~ = Transplanting from nurseries ~ Prapagation by cutting = Grating Layenng Roadside trees ~ = Suited to climate and soil - Hardy and robust ~ Shading but not sending out large branches “= Evergreervor be in leat during summer. = Deep sooted. = Species having large and thick leaves to be avoided and they require more moisture’ 4 y yo. 4 y SHeeocken Tate ~ In heavy clay soils kees fast growing trees at least 15m away from the road, + Should be plented 1.8.to 3ni away from the outer edge of the side width, ~ Suitable spacing - 9 t0.1 5m Protection against pest ~ a Light spraying with a'week mixture of lime water and blue vitriol or.tobacco solution, Best sedson for pruning is end of Feb. or the cold weather Lopping (lor developing a certain shape). - Weeding . ~ Felling trees jardens in terms of landscape List down the elements of Mughal Some Elements of Mughal gardens “Tenaces,Cher bagh divisions Pavilion = Use of water - ranks, channels, chadar/Chite, Chinkhanas What are the criteria for plantation on the roadside? Critetia for plantation on toadside: 1, Habitual 2. Root system 3 Stott of canopy. Density of foliage Form Period of leaf fall, Mow Nuisance from fit Lifespan 9. Rate of groweh 10 Resistance to wind 11. Spread ht ratio 12 Soll ype 13.Depth of ground waterWite short notes on shubs and climbers” 2 “Shrubs Acalypha +, Variegated pretty foliage Aeimhus - Herbaceous perennial shrub Angustifolis - 0.5 ~ 1m high Senishade Rosy spikes of flower invainy season Boussiaillee: Vigorous growing heavy climbing shrubs attractive heading and Fencing plants 1.5+4m high. Climbers Cleredendiun splendens - Woody stem’ Caimso’ scadlet flowers during early summer, compact, growing dimbers . Bigonia gracis + Exceedingly spreading light yellows flowers in march Epipiewmum auieun “Evergreen ornamental shade’ from sun Porane Volubilis + dull white Hower crowded in large (Horsetait Creeper) dense panicles in Dee Quisque indica Pale pink/wite to cimson red flowers hardy and thrives in any good soil quick growing reauites large wellis for supper FILL UP THE BLANKS Coinage of term ‘landscape architect’ by Frederick Law Olmsted Careless of Versailles ~ by Andie Le Noith (Ordered Landscape) Wilham Penn landscaved Philadelphia Bickinhesd Park near Liverpool Joseah Paxton The proces: by which the individual maintains its internal environment in an approximately permanent state is called Homeostasis Comfon zone concept by Victor Oleea Site Planning book is witten by Kevie Lyach ‘ & & & & & * € € 3Tang Is anfiilly planting grass on side slopes of embankments and erodi soils ° Stieei oles should be kept Q.6m back from the curbside: walks min. width In , . Landscape Architecture — J.O. Simonds. POINTS.TO REMEMBER 2 Some garden cities of America — Reston, Columbia Housing ~ Redbun, Ville Radiance The measure of man ~ dimensions by Henry Dreyfus Shading ~ Deciduous trees ~ cut of summer sun and’allow winter sunlight — hence ideal - — Roger Barkers analyses of behavior setting for direct observation — techniques of analysis: Site Designs Patten of activity © Panteis of circulation Sensible form thet supports them Housing can be eithei detached, attached, Apartments (walk up served by stairs and elevator) + Punctuation (In the cohtinuing navative of the stiet, function and pattern change from place to place, this shoud be acnowledged by rome physical signal) MISC. “+ A dry soil (Sand, gravel ete.) tends to result in higher’ temp, anc low humidity; yet soils, loams and predominantly clay soils in poorly drained. mach areas trend to Cause lower temp end higher humidhty. + Gradient — Rate of slope between two points expressed os a percentage, or as 2 ratio of horizontal distance to veitical change in elevation, or as an angle. + The vulnerable area around @ tree it equal'to its spread plus one third the area around it needed to, + Gravel backfill and weep holes at the base of the retaining walls relieve the pressure and weight of rain water behind the wall."+ Quyfey of water aniving at any’ point in «°Wateshed is deved from 2 combination of several varlables Q = ACI where A. area of waterthed in actes C- Coefficent of run off. * 1 ts a quantity derived: trom the amount of rain that ean that can be expected for a selected storm frequency combined with the facthest clistance. That drop of water will have to run before reaching the collecting point. + Soil Abundaat supply of earthworks fs a reliable index of fertility, Water lable is that undergrousd sulace below which the intesices af soil grains ave filed with water. . . a 2. Toposchy Sliper < 4% - flat (ued for al)-bemeen 4 to 1086 ea, arades suitable for between 4 to. 10% easy grades suitable for movement and 2 informal activity, activity > 1036 steep used for will suitable as free play, Stope < do not drain will unless they ate’ paved and carefully finished > 0 materiel begins to slumps down hil 0 = 2056 fer loose wer clay or sit 100% for compact diy clay or forened leve! Gradient of roads between, 1 40 10% normal max. 17% for vehicle cimking 20 to 25% for pedestrians * 3. Site characters 4. Maps of aerial photographs (vertical) 5. Climate - Effective Temp: is the sensation produced by the combination of radiation, ambient temp, relative humility and ait movement. Abed : Fraction of the total radiant energy of a given wavelength incident on a surface that is séflected back instead of a given wavelength incident on a surface that is reflected back instead of being absorbeld for mitror 1.0. For matte black surface zero Water surface usually has low: ‘Albedo but it angle incidence is decreased after . ‘For inhared adiation-the Albedo of most natural material is low. Conductivity of the material decreases, as there is diier and less dense convection, Inversion is station when ats coldest at the ground & warmer higher upfand wy one Q the basic ote The world ts plianin ease And comervatior ui a centraf police! wei! Aodad uinve . and becornes beadticape when if a heen or desewbed in hems q ls Phyvingraphie cand Encivenmeial sthoracleristies . landscape ‘varies caccoxthing te These cehaseclew'shes and .atcoeding Te “the hislorrval “impact gf man on it. Thus andicape da roflectien 9? Alynanve , retval cand Acct Ayskems sbandscape “architecture, seamcerned with the planing sand design Q Wud and deatér jon wae dy, Aad . Environmental sraméwer® Clearly these ave vot recent human prececapatiers , rded “Ihe” veometous planning ancl cavrangement .g) tard or yrecultiye wand Accial Plapases has Leen goin on dince “The sasfiest efutligatiens 6) China, Ey? ind Te Middle East ‘ . The dite dervacey af the Orient tod “ihe earls” Recorded —dlemestie Yasden a Thebes we both ver, clear example @]” aonsciow dandseape -clewgn. . The words phoning ess awed use saggele fuman — cuilereenticn by bfinrton hewean There. DB ne Such thing 0, tred man made dandscape rather There au res gh human adepitin of Natural Aysiens. INerceve here ax Too Spe @ adogtation .— Mopitatren may he related fo our une o Janel fer rowing ereps, >ratarng lock er sypplying fesources ex ot 7 can take 142 jer 9) “Vingrek he? meale on dhnd aa an enpression of philosgphreal anol avast wagesat The Second Lipe a epnerciiled, by “the rat Genders q the world suck as ‘the Willa larte , prodact op 6% vwilueoy Renaissance in May “Two cbaxic relationships efueen mon and nature T- thou — f ‘reprercnb va mulial adaptation Leboeen y- it 4 man and ni . : reflects estrangement Gutkind indentified Stages tn Mand changin willtude - ab his’ enufronment cover The known pesiod of civilization | Te dist stage ja the F- though Imac ren wthavacterised dy feow ~ jias oh aunpredicasle es a Me Acoonc Slaqe sh tne Gp Greerrg seh) cenpiclenee more sacironel veedepslothens of te feadin fe camer pos difjcrent neecls man” saccepls “the cla tianges gh nalise and 1 Thow arelatienships persists . 3. The Wid shge hus ded te cus present situation wand iy “Ihe “ene ctelvanced Lchnolegiecal lecreten ae Hill in; This is “The loge oP sags anel rk bit odedicnshifs Wyobelised by stuilomabile - onieated . . ‘. fresh lage according Te Galkindd dies ro [suee fle deserites it as an age ¢ nespesibily cand samifiea tions . “Te Leite celitecle a Acer hansfesmed inte Srenewed — uodessteneling aad insigi tile “the awoski ag ) ndtase weengues, MO cee | “Rivence Lavo Cunsteo “ bh ag Acuomacner’s tntesort — nest Callenb ach’ Etcrepia - g his. ine cgay nahin 9 Eccopia, cemisting Gp novthern ‘Colfisna , Cregen and Leshinglen , Focily th “dun en pitaciples 2 Linsenia tion” Feri ssio Cr Lavoscare Aecimectore lesdreape . selynaime ara seonhanpiog _archifecTuse lotic. .aad finite — 2 sdexgnec! ew Nord Oy s iGeatial pur 1258 comed The Term eidscape architect te fe abe un repensile for fist area o} Acenic landscape t on Josemite “valley ” in Califeenia hs plorviog prefeesien smerged! aut o) and scape Githlechise ig 1907 The fasth tmrensicn tine aly sa. important aye 3 dantseape architechixeco > Panctice Ox Lanoseave fcrarecrone A There now ape be few cleasly definable and Deleted Jypes 4 paclire 1 landscape evalisatiom and pleanoin 2 ecend achvily 6 dandsceype axchitects is sie planning 3. delailed deerdsccype design 4 feusth Jorra oh Decelsedipe anihitecluxe is Urban Cesta i | 1 yAN TT 4j f Fens g | dageg cu oa lie Capen Ihstessy am review q dscape deg begins tolth emerging wan alec cleging Accieties based ven a sicultuxal cand a iyi approach “GE the cuiniy 4, fine - evenly we systems ¢) farsccpe desi feedocd ene dared von Grometsy and the ther on nat allheugh the rationale wii meaning: hax vaviee! avi hy time? vend place ’ Preductisit / ewse ty ¥ bndseqpe design ur Yasdens “ond parks, it uh wonvenient te deal in frstedypes dhitfeal dlp Tivo mujer allegories Ancbtectuval and Nels ae boseally ial Jerms( rarely achievas ese “von Fhace — Acarces PTE ypes € dk. luesreenens 2, Ysrgee Pamanes =; bold peests] [Rese ged j dsespphive ina de sphice Gudence . “f [ sally cengnises weccocunls Le Thacher land Gites wee, vrsrted “Gorden IT Gosdens at the ‘tne . ef thes Genspuction | lice enLanioscrpe” Desi Ano Aceccurvee ue ining Aanchedpe caceoschop. Bub original Doren meaning — “san ongaizartbn of fits wend villages ” Onsins Or The Garon Concer | The meaning. ‘of word garden ean dhe Laced the Hebrew” gan — Te “pnctec! ox defend , ©“ ainpllying a dence ey arch sere df oden ex - Plesuse delet eden do Thas in “the aovitenpora vy Exglih wwosld Gouden vce have ca ceombjinetiem a) “he ltée - meaning The enclosuye 4) Bane] fez pleasuse and delat nee 8 866 6 8 6 Ht 7 PR } 1 r-niyrrennemeqnes yoy oda Le ot Brayton Foypr, Persia. . ( oxi ‘a apie dayoutrand form abo Lire in agyicedturalp 0 Evenaeres Vi Auey. We may reoard The Tenced veh ct G palek hs wthe original Pprotetype if dens ware mace ker pleasure and a neprerentachta; 4 vadise - The dimensiems and shape 9} plertin beds ute those 9} the Melts d hatin Channels and ponds were Incorp. poxcited } unctonal reasons as well wa lor Oke Acnsucs anfoup ment o) wah ina kat climad 4, Shade uso provided by fprest trees planted ta neqtlas igrooe a 5. ke Garden ation protected with walls “fo animals’ and ~ iktnuders . vThe heacls qf shite ancl ruling wclasses dived in Mace seompberes )° Sun baked brick with jasdens 0) thes c Han ing gestens 4 Babylon upere sunigue - Reep od Nuwe Vauey Cloyer 5 t “Reiegious and Aymbolic Aigificonce 4 «certain Trees and Jomets auch Yas the detus , > Papyrus hte palo As mise to Hie ume 3 pat or OFNaMe: purpose . Tl. he mck butt mesidences and ste in “lhe cagsreatteal seninbiy sorta ideh Coen Thebes ~ Wpical’ A Consists 4} pes and axfal avean mit ops flower beds * nds, anclesuses and a Hine vine Trellis "uinder unhick one walked prem the Gate Te the house : &. rut Tees woe planted hoe Bhade 3, Tune uN, oe Channels and arden pavilions, ee Yasdeo usta dévrounded of “Fersian Grevens EA _SARPENS. 1.” Kings. 0) “Tersia cveated Lasik formal Gardens for delight, vomecraled Ue sloy deve health wand juey 2. Ik alace’ Uasdent vould have tri action Cheonely Gunning Theough it caus Though were a ‘ jield ¢ da Zeenernic cesop * Tj ao Gwe by hig high Jook- cuit Towers wind. wa ke 4 Fruit drees and Scented Qlewers ODL Lu bice tach ditiveen sills 43 vibetfear 5. exsian, jacdens eve been Wescibed ay ae o} Ihe sagurcaltvsa| sbontscape sein prto ying wo) (ex Irigation and gir Hoang and ind” umbued” teith 44 mbel ism > db JD Des Doe den deen doey dina deem gerd 2 a) dy poo deCin Ne Necend” mayer cvadle: civilf ation gad Source + Ease Clesign wear The“ Crieah Cities toese plonned ann Ysid Seton with wide ~ Face planted aleedls oritnted® Noth: Sith “cd Eat - West Te het hicvaschial axial sand Symmetecal organi 4 aedanguler enclosures neprerenteat “the tos ancl ole The “Reaching oe} Cahuctun en Which Thal “Reciety, woces alruclurvedl “The palace o} “the _Torbickten Cry in” Peking wocts atlesigneel ar oO Sesies 4 spores ov anclo€urs ea Baddhism made ‘leeng inscuds iiile Chinese philesap Is. hong reverence o) rcluse gad meditatten wulded © Sheength “Fe the Chinese Ialeresh joo natusal Londdeepe or the duios } nahere . Be Chinese teord Jor dandscape- Shan Shui means — Mowuilains and yoaler , . The Jin Yong boa shacemenye | dhétweca Carteesstin: forces ail fous Auch ay rivers cand mourtis and uceman and man.“hinese axclens Oversimplipicertion deads te ho main Jers foresal Gordes : ‘ ‘ . buitt wa Aethings pe The dummes the Aecendl mayou y fhe oom g palaces ope (peril foom derives pe Families , Consisting pret, kmaller private gatde reels, Aticams, Unkes and Mached 16 Louk _fslands , offen stocked with + dwellings saad. - exotic plants. and antinals }rom ubiitaot " wouaitsies:. pavitrena to the duse asdens were gfico thele cd te lonallbeds, Aubuabao villas Built fe special Peypeses se: Hh meschanls aad viewing the moon oa Lstus! urna ucieds sleviees, Ct. Wang Shi- Yoan ) (Eq. Summer Palace near Reivag 5 , Zgordley gd whelher iP wes a davge atile “or a Smal ters garden v lhe chyeclives weve the Same : Te crete we Kyte furdscupe | ta usheh The ecitsasting Jrvees ° ° wsese hesmenicrul woven ed ky aalise { , Thay jer “The Anclividuedd inf corilemplecticn ex her “a Sclease jeer he fenboamity oh Social dife Pet aT tren rrer errr ee!Sn ee ee en y so eke wou asad od a hills belt, Ds it hegan “le lake xhe pe Hiven “Ihe name ©" Canden 3) Leas ae ° bhi 4 i: west | The Summer “Pak ty Cripcise Qanlon be une vealed “Longevity | wet ee NO I one wh ‘e intesesti ng example: o) a private Tous Gosden J is r ’ 7 Ua Shi Yoon (* the bu | “the masles a) Jjshiog né bop | Shan ~ Mow being Sher - dekes | “He ‘dest Chance house had enon enclosed Gaseo . “ke (ero toes used pox a vavicly 4} purposes + — recseation , vest , study, ineditation 2 aid apprccialie oh The processes ane outeties ¢ nd@luse | Briva: and guich uceve wwentio€ Symbolism oan phevaledt in Gey fedtuce . Wales asa balence Te band “Rocks Corvlained ail Cocnkiuve forces o] “ke Too, Plonls Aymbelized mans dife i¢ Ontuomne .JAPAN fe Topo Shiite aelgion shod ened Fly Gsden osms worse adepteel by nobles, weve Keavil us} deenced aeligitus dheliels , Aumbetign yard Chirere Inbfoence is vaxyrn . q ortians - h v d Mediation “won “the Gaudens Chie) puspese - - Coluring. Bamakura Pe sie >, 4papodtnce dag Zin= Buddhicin Dibught new eencepils ie. . vije. - Marden suses Seen Smore Sheielly as an aid te -meditelien : = foe chi puspese i coca andesed wilh wall ancl “he meleimship. of The viewer TeAhe Gord wi ited deter dosing Muromachi pewed : >The chy arden — Ry cans ji Wa a prime txaniple “Temples conlsinecl day Garces a placeste Jind Apisitue peace in Tesbulest climes - Second Aye o) Gorse most seommenty wunrccidted unith Japan "ane wsuclly eatled “ Slretk Garden ‘ The idea I tel (raden scr the crealion o) a Acties 4 views wand Sxperieares ta“ the grslen > — Heally “they Jallowed a Chekwive vewle \texound — a9 irvegule Ye shaped dake and woos doid out with.” cbetels cxncl “lusns ts selattien te planting and Tepeqraphy suck cTheil “the ache le SEV MRIS ie bid oe bee boob ae beeen vectra! eeaxden OU nel de Acer at any onetime’. ae “The iLlurion 4 Space and derdrcape continu ty set wa ajax f ‘6h sTepanere garden , La ~ Concegl 4 borrowed Lordscape wa, opening up a view? o) a wlinkyat valluy or motilats Wee”. prequertly applied / : & Kelsuva, Smpevial Villa near Kyoto . Greece Au “Keme . Se Gree. “The priodle house Seems to have heen a vey odes: affris” in sompasision with The impovteant doctal pleces such ots the Agora and Gyrmeasiae , Theater and Sacred grows. des - ‘ving Fooms 62 house Jaced ‘eal an Inner cout hich — weers often “paved Vand Aleoedted itt AMectoes enel plavils in pots ,=Kéman house basically Jollaoed che Greek pattern «Hoses were built ‘dusk to. “the sleet wilh, incocrd ieeng tooms cotinected by colonnades and open "9 onto «an open square ow atrium jaxdens were’ enenttally social sanctuaries andlased Ahetters som te pierce Sun, lOiad wlust and noise 9 the ateerte - Shede voces Prouided 6 Jusroundin stico Tthere una bitte and for ieee — Feleting P| an its hielly in wpol's ov > ly Ucar Lhie. a aised © bed and stone “dee cove : marble ta blé :The basic form originated in Feesta Te jivat and Josem ost, “the ane q the Isler arden unas based vom an tn Co} paradise, well woatered and 4 wile ‘and honey eescr ik Koran . Wiles wear: ementiat raleat 9 The Geren; : “Practical and Bymbalie perposes — ‘the woafes channels were onbelved to ouar the ee ilo four. Major reclangular portic Aymbolls a “the cosmos an the fous drivers °} Organ ation uy axial and 6 Goomstic The Y row 4) plats — war Ps we “and netlivsal 0 an athactive onPrast * ~ _ Corley pladls deere inchuted for 8 yribe dies - “the Cypress, Aymbel 9 ot leati: aatechs boi oo the Zalmenel ae tie and hope on ~ oA. the Letites 3 whe Garden » Assoctaled wit Co the meetin Jo} Wales “chimnels anda dacoe aw comeleic pall there unoudld typical bea ne Tas ed Pavilion » house oy dun fete rly Cualiperduig ‘ot the scale ) wotth an open porm @ w wonchite cts fied Shes 3 plow 9 ee and ai ie intimale sel elween hates and out finally The gine would he-- ~Aurround ed 4 a prctedioe stoall with: amall Bwess i Pavilion a the. Corners and Geis a cated in, aide che”. Moslem expansion into Egypt ond Novth Africa reached — Aoutthern Spaio by the eighth cefluaxy. =" Remnasts i “the “Feomen Empive inspived wthe edoption . oh cthe iilesnal gourtyaxd as alypical lov oF gpsdens within the fortipied palaces” . , 3 the! tulers . . ~ Spesish version 6} lene Gaxdea ay therefore 4 . combination % mall “Ramana Loutlyard and the Vslamic koncept q Apace division ard syrbolism ~ [ele as wel symbshically and asa cooling agent . The Mosnoc Greden anaes The Islamic Garden ta India is commonly sehevred fo as. Maghul” garden afte The Megha emperors 3 Turkish origin : The — Moghals adopted the “Persian garden as “heir piss j model . . ~ 4 wan a lwelling place In ifs oven ight and wooly vain ancksed » prdleded selling “Jor dite, and leasure articular ~ — Horticatiewe dwar ain obsession and the Gasdens unt. pitted with all Rinds o} trees’ , erpectally pout es lowering ~ Arotter variation an the. llamic arden theme in Indian woos “the “tomb garden °} Moghels Th worship o} ancecters — adloptes! I, oth,tors a — mongol soncegt 2 nal Pexstan , The Teh was - obuitt “with « Garden wohich wor whed-” pleosuve ucatil the leah the individual , te thus (01 jo e diving a ' ee enjoyed shy doth the & 4 ad the Meoevar_bveore ee ~ The Time between disintegration o) “the “Roman” Enpive and “the samergerice 2} Modern Eeirope ~The Sense « eeinmiinity “Teelation within a hostile edseape uA pepe, evoked in HesseS noucl Narcissus and — “Goldmetnd . oe ~ dark aga wat Chavaclerised bp war, turmoil and pla Me. - Citioy and “-fown were. wlense and povtifred Space aohich woe, aeailable uverx cred Junction hee OUT, hood ow medicinal hecbs , . Gardens sunre tho devdted to “his avpos With'y The uvalls oy casties and haxonted: Atrengholds : — Jno monasteries more extensive aneas were planted — with }ruit Trees , vines , vegetables and dHar lowers , . Mest fnportantt element woo “lke physic axclen larled with Aitken diferent: ; herbs eohich uuene the basis of dvugs @ medical Science .ub s ‘were concoted” into dotions- aac preparations variou, i[Inesses. non balm = — “fox sdeg and scoxpien bites Chamomile, — for “Hever and migrabe. Myrtle = uleers , spiting 93 blood , » : . faactuced Gobtsranship an wisential component’ 4 wthe middle ages , “with ah craft guilds and an. dhventivences Capable J soloing Call Teiads o} prectzal problems, alt thecanfe .aocieited with aesthetic or omamént . > TTraty . fs he middle” ages propesed Joo Borbavison 1 Gite an ovdered —poltttect” System ubesed on emmesce , ho The unealthy “ wvistocracy which it Auppovted tuned their“ attention @ mefinem eat 4h Gasden clesiga which eld 29 aque place tite the. ther atts ,-the most imporleat in)luence BOS the tstiting 3 Pliny on (jacdéns ~ povaphyased by Uberti The Aheory proposed tat “the gueden be Abengl dimked “he the house Foggia and Other architetuccd extension, “ile “the Uandscape. The villa should che dleccted ona hillside The Ville Medic lesigned Michedosso fe Cosimo de” Mediciyyy HIV! Gr DOD DQOQvVE vraueuers Warden 6) “The Vatican — Bramante Vila d’fste Aesgned by Piero Ligoria , France; ~ Bench Garden perticwlorly neled. Jor th une ¢ parteracs.. , ‘ Te ovigin 3 the farlerve dey ta the we 3 low chedges te Aeperdle one Rind Q herb yom another junckenal divistens became ornamental in. hemaclues and Ys ventl nothin soletaeh tke NJac ques Boyeeau sdewdoped The af There wos “them y prterre . Tatar ardens usere designed by Architects French Gardens amere eleslanad by prajesstenal “J OF prays qatdners TRained iA clesign — Northern leance as eomparaty fal and woodee C forest ig ardens “thus el To appeet's a clearings ina jerest - Strong arial Layout - Sycimeley Mecthemecicet Prepostiany ~ fle nding practices tn forest dend surrounding The 2 asdens required setting alleys drettrhg “fren a Seem tietl point ~ There pxcvided Sheigkt dines and Jacilitated i Manenverability . a“phar? palfern war incorpoxet ea in the destga the gorden andalso in Urban fern 1 w sonst! in The sradialing avenues Vers ates | TaRis , Wastino ren D.C, _ “Two masfexpieces dy Andee le Nolec . @D Vaue-de- Vicomite bebnged ,-Fovaver ® Versailles ee Sarai ti gar Tepreseit “the ucttimeite expression of the Conceph— ope Gicinets reiilly oad exed Lorids.ca oe . 4 Vase Ww pervect example oh house and arden unit Clesgned by - Andee Le Note (Gaxdenee > Le “Bran . Vaux =de- Vicomite . Le Vaux § avchikets } The garden cds desigacal fe wie by may pepe at om te belonged /to Fouever Jinemce minister te LooisKIT ersailly war Ke ecenfer G geveeomen? with alt lplomate , prbtieal’ funchom “that i implied , anlerZainment+ % a. ’ v h England athe Prosperity expandeck, «the ep Claw ~ altered? “their walled medieval garde sactoxding To ideas imported ‘prem Palys - g . . ~ Gavdens which seesuelted form a. distinct prota a human scaled architectural garden wa mode 0 deo recl and pitin axlensien ot Maney heme —thell it “4eeGed | The Toxmac Greve he Encamp Ne inffvence 5) French aren War enoxmour pecially tn tlelland and “Srgland Crilemporar views ~Ahowo the unswite Gili 4 rigid Jorma when — Auperimposecl on “the Crdulerte ne Crolish i caprtecttasal ond scopes . dS ~The intiinate octldoor room duality “Tedes garden way dlestroyed 7S and? SRagt ageaclens laberate designs We VE, 3 The imple payter usie replaced Uny mo vavells and Simple [postr 5 Pveplacedd with jesmal pocks and Chebercte -cudle'swerks i The dondseape Gorden usa an entivel Ali)Joent toncept The rind Tears uohich all “eutleredl Englishmen made! Thsewgh “ile Mes to Tal bret hen in cerita” wit rugged 5 picturesque cenes cences auch ax “they would Ae€ On the jour pete epreeiled on Lanvas a“hk patstings were net adual “Gees bor compositions cone 4 ical tlemenh —xelegled nel vavrangeel a emphasis. “te Lradeless cbeqro “le tee “aodscape “Trough tie ayes PI oe. and ctmsequently on’ -fieir weétuvn “te England ‘ound “thelr” Stil) ermal gasdens ontlvntn cand acnethractive . One othes iajfvence uses, 7 the conical. Seences en Inpevted poxseclatn word = dacqver wsovk utepicled. natuval aperdens 5 dakes and upélertalls and Ihe weve inLloeatial inthe wleudcpment 9) “a new Aystem o} gestering ik Englend — The dandscape ardeo awoaig predwc e) “ihe “Rematic ne cement . — Ys form avers based an ativect abservectien 4 naluve and the prlociples of paiding _ of aidamental impetleance woos “he eliminetien 3 visual bee - belween Gasden and C ondseape - 5 — Sunken fence susthelic seat ett” “ashich They agprevciled |oe ean Uae int sy . ward en The Hatin tby Claude ee J —~ Willian Keith uvoy “he yest projessional to Alesiqn qordens in “the neo manner. Lancelet “Brown — Called Capability Brown Unlike & Kewr he dit nel approve g] architectural Features - jn The Yarden ~ ¥ Terrace and parterses sere te de cleared ea rom the rare howre until, nethin war Left excep pros $ sup te The Jourdethons 6D henken Jence woauld glimindle the visual , which came might Ubecsndary Te Ee psarance 4 “Theexe desdscapes Aepended oy cod that management vand productive wagsiculivce ‘ Humphry “Repton palished atheory 3) doadscape geedening and diecame “Hie decing exponent of : Style Repten nrdified Browené ethics Jormala ond faveured che Sheslerection on “lhe “fervace “ts donnect the house to the Gorden . na Stlarical enay “Regten WwOA delerred ot as Me. Milestone because 9 atic wher lke milestones Aah on “the dvtucioay deadieng te he heuxe wee uct vl hess than & mile @part . iAueea Thewsen Downie 0 sthamnpion o} the | . dijjecstt- to define deture it uwer lovgely fovmlers Lanpscare Garver [a he Daicep States . — Thonn deljersn temsdetled The Monticello Cece dordseape sden ~ he publited! Mis “lhesry ix BA wor chad on wosk °} “Keptn ard embodied the Aame “theoxy of preturesque ts fheory wer ynoralisdr'c in be , Aressing The refinement and Aephistreation needed t.' appre cate The anbtler Aubtletes natural forces Lavoscape Ox Feswer Gants Ano Ine Eececee ~Reviuat Gweven . Toe “Renedern pectcyper- pndicaps = Flows Andale Gorden Gorden Combined result 8) Nitla Gavdens + Caaential Charocferistic wear a scallection a) “plants. ‘the move uunuswal “Ihe beter . + iron ee remeber tears a een ee ee oe Leven b bt , yIss Gerresve cdexpti inveiled The herbracoour tbeider ~ st tellection 9) sexdy._ peeeonial jlesexi Plows uhick evided a. vuccesaion o} flowers Theuglout apring . Aummey cand, jet (atk (ute Clesign ~ Heian (ies French Chateaux English Mane fouses Te Mepten Ganbew tlosware Aue Kimence < th fieclctin Tothe aludy o} Lndscape design . * - agreed “thel “theve were die Current aly bea et Gorden design (Thee “Classic @ The Kemaniic The Clasic wos femal 4 dwar, uinjprincl, ts imply Ing seatraint dad alleachon dyin tp vavid 2 lability . Corttrast cand “an . emetional upped German Cate design Concept — heuse ond its Ausreundings cara wall pats} one arcliteclural “Acheme round Surrounding a howe Ahould dhecome a oe d cdtdeot reems . ,Sunset magazine encouraged Ahe dladop ment oh : wa difealyle: in aakiek “The Goiden val al oh tampon oils — Terrace , Gorbecun dnd Awimming pect = combined. tle a home onvitrenmdl the soit ambiance 4 O Resovt “Tomuare — Sa inh dacdsaape avckitect peepee’ hee inler nelated approaches to Uandseape | destgn peg — Te fda! — Tk ewphet¢ ~ Ne plist Thomas Choren Cee AR . as Wes He avoleed an ‘appreach te design huiled An vthe enuixenmenh and Aectal covtext . — He aiepted a TIkeory Akat followed wea owditeclure Ths “tecogniged Thee Sources ¢h Jere. . Oo humon needs ond. the Apect nat ce ord che Loo eo 7p re personal ald cleat Ye sal KE Ai ae . © nalusel ? . cain | wrcteva 4} oh house hosh spilled out inte ” “he gesden | ox -tuusl sie pecsved |e ' wares yryyy, FNM YN YAW ; yoy. oe J. ae acana peo YOR A ey) By: 4° Chock deccleped an esthetic “Theowy sbawd on Cobtsia . cp (leven alould héve no sheginsng aad ne End an “HT kkeuld abe pleasing unten asen Jom a yu neh only from Te howe : Vreven - |e fiom, (lose Ano Cittearore Opes Aida (Verdi) Julius Cesar } file Clapatra _] Anetes? Rene Morebs - aT Eat - Narcissus and Gol mund.~f- .-GONSTRUCTION - : SYSTEMS AND MANAGEMENTdeem te OTS ELEMENTS » THESE ARE THE RyenT AWO WHE ACTIVITY, THE evpr fe a srectele ACOOMPLISHMRNT XHAT OCCLIES ATA DEPHIT polvt OF The ~ THe. AcAWiTY TS THE WORK REQUIRES TO AccomPLtsy 4 SPEC(FIe EVEN TM THE NETWORK FATS ARE REPRESENTED SY CROES AND THE EVENT NUMBERS ARE [woicaTes fy mE Clecces. THE ncTivries are REPRESENTED ety weRows JolvRig two cikis CPM is USED FoR THOSE PROTECTS FOR WHICH. THAR ESTIMATES CAN BE MADE With CERTAINTY ante PERT Eusep FoR THOSE PROSECTS FoR wHicH TIME CAN nor BR CERTMUTY | EsyMaTRD wire FURTHER, CPM enphasized yho wbtone hte beduecen is ackdi tora i wesowrees 49 shorlen a clunabion of vavtyus i aotrties tp a proect and Re inewented cost of prare- adtdidoral wesources PERT feorporaks uncertainty ast completion Hime of vorious pls tr a project médet ond konce fh te ned my ve eeanch and clewetepretd projects.that zone of member where tensile stress will be caused by extergal loads, Th Tensile stresses in concrete will thus be neutralized and it will not crack.” Principle of inducing compression tn 2 PSE beam In PSE, follow tube is replaced by concrete beam, steel sod by steel tendons and nearby anchorage devises and hyc:aulic jacks for public steel tendons, PRE STRESSED CONCRETE definition “Conetete in which there have been introduced internal stresses of such magnitude. ‘and distribution that the stresses resulting from given external locating are counter acted to a desired degree”. Materials used for P.S.C. Concrete: High strength concrete mixes M20 to M60. normally used for PE.” Need for high stiensth concrete in P.S.C. 4. PSC members in general carry heavier loads and higher stresses. Hence high strength needed 2, There is high concentration of stresses at end archorges which may silt weaker Concrete. . 3. Use of high stength concrete is proportionately more economical e.g. M&O concrete is 15 to 20% costlier but 100% stronger compared to M20. concrete Min. Recommended mix for PSC: Pretension PSC: M35 Post Tensioned PSC: M30 Nosmal mix used for PSC: M40 Steel used for PSC High strength steel with yidd strength varying from T1000 N/mm* to about to about 1800 N/mm’. C. for Rec. steel used is Fe 415 grade._ OTHER PLANNING TECHNIQUES “Time-chainage chars are’oted extensively for the planning and contol of linear construction works such ai roads and tunnels, There are other technicqies that can be employed, but many ate adaptations or refinements of those mentioned abcve. None has gained wide acceptance, however, and so they are not described in this Guide. Project mianagers in developing counties will be more effective.if they concentrate on understanding the funddamental objectives of the project, and happily simple techniques for its planning and contol rather than tying te find “magic” techniques to solve thei problems. Background: Drawbacks of Reinforced cement Concrete. i} Weakness of Concrete in tension: Concrete in tension zone cracks i) Cracking may cause steel to must and concrete to.deteriorate due action of atmosphere. + To limit width of cracks to acceptable limits, steel: steess has to be kep! low Total width of cracks in Conc. = Total elongation (SI.) ‘SI = Stain in steel x 1 Stain in steel = stress in steels, To keep steain in steel low, fs (stress in steel) must be kept low due to above limitation, St is not feasible to use steel of grade > FeSO0 or so. (bb) Cracking in concrete makes concrete in tension zone inellective to take svesses. Seetion is accordingly not fully utilized and hence structurally not fully elficient SHORT NOTES Discuss in detail Prestressing Presteessing is the techniques of anifically intoduction « concrete member a compression force of permanent nature, 0 that it causes compressing stress's in 1 4 J t { ! t t ' t t s ‘ x x1. Describe the main techniques used for planning of building projects. The main techniques used for planning building projects are — + Bar charts, sometimes known as Ganit chan, Network analysis; sometimes known as critical path methods (CPKA) or program evaluation and review rechnique (PERT). The diagrams may be “precedence”, and follow the same pinciples, ivityson-ariow" of An outline of these techniques is siven below. BAR CHARTS ‘Mast piojects, however complex, stat by being depicted on a bar chart. Even _when-a more ‘sophisticated technique is necessary for detailed planning, the results ave often shown to bar chert form. The principles are very simple, as described * below a * alist of project. activities is prepared; > a + the tine and resources heecled for each activity are estimated. A hosizontal bar drawa to a time-scale represents each activity . + Activites are plotted on a chart with a horitontal time scale. It is then ~ possible to see when they are planned to start and end. CRITICAL PATH: ANALYSIS. , "ACTIVITY-ON-ARROW" METHOD ‘As with bat chars, the fist step is the preparation of a list of project actities. Honever, an important difference from bar charts it that estimates of the time and resources needed for each activity ate not usually made at this stage. The til of . the arrow represents the stét of an activity and the head its end. The ‘arows ave then arrmged to depict the logical sequences of attvitis, thus productig # network. Its only at this stage that estimates of dutaion and resources for each activity sre added. It then becomes posible to caleuate the shortest time needed + to complete the project, and the sequence of activity necessary to achieve this. This is known as the critical path.Forms of Steel used 1. Wires: 4 & 7mm dia 2. Strand: Wires wound as strands of rope e.g. of wound 12.7 mm dia 3. Rods: 1216 39mm dia 4. Ropes: Made out of strand: Bending of cables in ecéentiically prestressed beams. Cables are bent such that the effective eccentricity is proportional to ext. ‘oment fo that no tension develops at anj section of beam at any stage of loading Methods of Pres 1. Pre tensioning : “A-method of Prestressing concrete in w the tendons (Presuessing steel wires or road ae tensioned before concreting” ° 2. Post tensicning A mathod of prestressing concrete in which prestressing steel is tensioned against the hardened concrete” ° 3. Re tensioning: i) Tenders must be temporarily anchored against some abutments, when tensioned. ii) Presteess is transfewed to concrete after, it has set ii) Prestress force is wanslerred to concrete through bond between steel and concrete, Advantages i) Less expensive, no care of sheathing needed. WY Arno. of unit can be cost simultaneously, iil) Factory process, between conttol in quality and reliability Disadvantages 1) Method suitable for factory production which limit size of member due to difficulty of transportation 8) Less of orestress due te cluster shoryuu? + 5 . rc r r iit) Bending of cables difficult; hence @ tival prestressing with straight cabl. adopter. Less efficient compared to post-tensioned method. Applications Pre tensioning is normally: adopted for factory made precast elements; where pemmanent bed oF provided for such tensioning. + Precast building elements e.g. wall panels, slab panels, beams casements ete Railway sleepers Electic poles etc. Long line method “A method used for manulacture of pretension precast identical elements (such as wall panels, slab panels, each piles or sailway sleepers, in which a long permanent bbed with strong abutments at each end is used for casting 4 no. of clements simultaneously” Steam curing A process of accelerated’ curing normally adopted for manufacture of factory produced pretensioned precast cone elements by, long method in which the recast cements are cured by passing setwated steam. 24 hous steam cving is countered adequate. Steam curing enables casting beds to be used quickly. Post Tensioning 1. A duct to place prestressing tendons is forced in cone member at the tine of casting, ‘ Advantages 1. Less loss of prestress compared to pretensioning. 2. Cables can be bent, hence more efficient. 3. Stage prestressing possible.” Variance = SQR {(b-2)/o) Number of standard deviation, Z = Dye date for completing the project(s) + Expected time for completing the projeet(E) Resource allocation Total effective forces = Resources actually utitzed Elfecve force rate CEFR) = [Torel effective force/Tetal available force] x10, IFEFR >- 709% then satisfactory : . EST Earhest stare time, LGTY = Latest. gore toe LET — Latent ficishing tine EET — Boelfeat fae Mime. - : 7 Hi r 1 Lavy | Duration }EST LUST (EFT | LET | Total } Total | Remarks | 4 . t Hy ie 3 j4 [s [6 |7 Is Critical ry Ws) 15 Be % 2 5-6(G) | { “ 7 T 1 1-2(A) 11 o [4 ji fs [, | 4 | - oo r ot - fo3@) (3. |1 4s ja. fe oj7 fa. | i jaa | - 4.30) i ~ do ts [s. |e ‘Te | j + 3-4(D) B 5 |e |e 6 : . ase [4 8 fi jo lie fa ja | ~ cae aes 15C) [12 O }O [1 Jr2 [42 fo | cui “y . ! ! 15 [1s |16 116 }1 Jo I Caves | - Jn. 6-7(H) Solve the above problem: koi, ,Coastuction Systems and Management: Building systems and Pielabricaticn of building elements, principles of jointing, and principles. of modufar coordination, Piviect Mansgement Objects Dette planting of the project Development of schedule - Petiodic views of progress of work Ensuring optinum use of resources such as chen, materials, money, machinery etc, by reducing idle oF teduced utilization Project management is nothing but the at of managing the functions in an oxdedy and eflective manner withia the stipulated time, at least cost and’ with optimum waination ofthe resources. “palitly based PERT :- Eventbastel Based on fixed time estimate for! Takes into account the uncertainties in the activities: the time estimates of performing the activities . He hive. for regular jobs for when| Menor pro, Fon Good for regular jobs tor wher 4 EGE? mepet these ets past expeience and telable date of repetitive duration of the activities could be timed well Float j Slack | DETERMIIS Ti pgpearetctsr fe Expected une = (atime bi () in 6) a shontest possible time to complete the activity Ophindstic eshirrabe i | ! operons in which case, the (1 in 6) b = longest possible time even if every thing goes wrong presin ish eat (iin 6) 0 teats of past experience when is most likely asApplications For heavy loads and lange spas in buildings and bridges. CASE STUDIES IN PSC 1. Hall of nations, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi 2. National co-operative Development Building, New Delhi 3. Ecc’s Administrative office building, Madras 4, Office Building for cental Elecuical Authority sector f, 2K. Puram, New Delhi, (Precest prestessed concrete Busing) . Wieas Swan, 1 Buildings). 6. Akbar Hotel, New Delhi 7. Fly overs at ISBT, IIT, CHIRAG Dethi and other locations “Eatse, New Delhi (Precest” presvessed concrete 8. 5.5 KM long Ganga Bridge at Patna (SPAMS: 63.53 + 45X121.065 + 63.53m) %. Roof for ponece,coliseum, Puerto Rice (Hyper Bolic Perabelic Shell 102mm thick, with 42.4 M:cantilevers ~ Roof area 84.4 mx 70,7 a). 10.Aiizons STBTG “aie coliseum 116 m dia. Hyper bolie parabolic shel! with light weight concre e. 11 Univesity of lings ‘tackum, USA 122m die. dome wth post tensioned ‘ing beam. . "2.Second Hooghly Bri at Calcutta, India Spans (189.88 — 457.2 189 $4.m.) cables stayediovidge. PREFABRICATED, PRECAST ROOFING AND FLOORING SYSTEMS Brill described re the arous prefdbicated, precast wolng and Hooring systems the mow cic item in precast indusial housing and presents them as a pant solution of the answer te. he acute housing problem in India. Preabrication is a relatively new concept inthe bulcing industey | yyA. be LO we ke A SENCERMESS. param Fs fArok TAUST ONG Coumurs au = “HOW FOBT ARR Dasiqune TO MOVE PoRwwA CRACKS 7 IM THE STRUCTURE HHH Can) NOT rasee, PRasio, STRUCTURAL SYSTEMSSHRINKAGE 5. HEA Pr meres . OvuT EXPANSION f- WIHeS MoFsTURE ‘ABbED To Pr \oyexeens |g FLUNG, PRESSURE UPLIETMENT OF STR TURES , SETTLEMENT (Ss fUSTANTENBOUS Th SAD SertLemewr fs nef ivsTavTENBOUS tNatAy CME DEPENE To prevent tra MOfSTURE CONPITIGN FROM CilAnes, Poe, SAND /COMESS IR, NON sweltlve MapReMig Ae & PRovipED BELOW FOUNDETIONL fi AsSoch Ten oF SoTaetltckR wih Lime awh HEAT - We DESTaw Pi STONG COLUM AND WEAK REAM CONCEPT Fatiure Has TO Be sUCTILE. AUD Tr CAM RE URED by PROPES. DETAILING ANID DESTeNING LUPE, REfRORCED FACTOR. . SHEAR WALL AMD FLAT. SLAB Gasea [x COMaP RATION Rea & elhasHa tn assimpt on BEA stee| ta elastic but. concrete ts nat ERROR DUE TOM@ SUCH ASSUMPTION IS 5% EARTH QUAKE $— EATH QUAKE KMAASS FORCE. THE TMLER THE BUILOING ANID NARROC) THE Bulubi vq | > GLIA TER THE PROBLEMS. TOF REsy Buielig. BECOME cRTTiAL . VNEATE Cis ONS, nicl ts wma RT MRT on ann SieUC WEE u , Le ek boom LoyStructural System: Behavioral characteristics of traditional building materials like mud, timber, bamboo, etc. principles of strength of materials design of _structural elements in wood steel and RCC efastie and limit state design. MUD Background: OI the vatious types 0! uadtional building mateials available, mud isthe most widely wied and wil ein so long into the foreseeable future, 14 Describe the advantages of mud as 2 building material. Mud, a5 4 building mzierial has the following advantages: + Ie is-cheap, and in most pans of the world, it is readily avalable-one cease why me rermidety ved +f provides. excellent heat insulation, s® inside mud building is cooler insumimer and hotter in winter than a building made with steel and concrete: , + leis strong in compression (ie. dificult to squash) and so-makes good walls: Bit mud also has some serio s disadvantages. . 1+ eis etcded eesly by water, which makes is use dificult in arees with zooks ave difficult 20 mae. + Iehas a lowtenile strength (ie. is easy to pull apart), which means mud roots se difficult to rake. + Ivis susceptible 0 mechanical damage, Rodents can easily make holes in muct wally arsi under the foot, or thieves can cig their way into the hour. + Mus does not gio wood propelly, 10 gapt often develop around woodes ss00% and windows in mucl walls, Consequently mud houses often heve few Snenings and are badly ventisted. When walls ate made of einorced mud ~ “iaitle plastered with rad, oF sundried mud bricks, this problem is not 56 severe. ° : + Mud toaks yp water and becomes heavy. Contequently, wooden beams supporting # mt roof begin to 599, the mud cack and the soof stats leaking. Tor seduce sossing of beams, many villagers in the states of Utter Pradesh and Porjab bu't very naew rooms, across which even a bed can not be Kept, Bu evn these rooms tend to leak in heavy rains.2, Describe the ways in which the disadvantages of mud as ¢ building material 7 can be overcome. Most of the disadvantages can be overcome by suitable improvements in degiga ~~ and technology. Stabilization: Qither matesils (e.g, bitumen or cement) can be added to, md to improve its strength and resistance to water. This t@chaique is known 4s ‘soil stabilization. . ” Architecture: ‘can be used to enhance the advantages and educe’ the disadvantages gud. “Narrow streets and dosely packed houses can produce’ a eused cool environment in a hot tegion arid overhanging roofs can reduce erc ‘By ain, Structural techniques: have been used to eahance the characteristics of mud, For instance, in several parts of the world, walls of eaith are’ vadiionslly made by tamming successive layers of eaith between shuttering, which makes a wall that can take the weight of the roof. 3. Detail out the performance characteristics of mud a5 a building material with special reference to traditional walling systems. nal eaith walling system: Performance of tr Special properies + Traditional method with promising future Economical aspects 2 Low cost Stability + Medium to good Skilsrequied + Traditional workmanship Equipment requied =: | Masony equipment, tampes, fim work Resistance to + Lose to medlvm earthquake Resistance to huricane 2 Mediumto good - Reslitance to hucane 2 Medium to good Resistance to in + Depends on mixtire and coating Resistance to insects - Medium to low Climatic sitbitny + Het, wopicl and dey climates Stage of experience + Tradtional%, Discuss the major types of earth wall construction. There ate five major types of earth wall construction. + Wattle and daubl + Pubbled clay and cob + Rommed earth 7 8 Adobe or sundiied bricks De + Compactéd seil blocks Wattle and Baud: Io the wattle and daud method a light framework is built of wood that acts ad reinforcement. The mud it then placed around this forcement and then belt in adalteral thickness 4 eaten Je an, edeauate _Poddled-Clay-and-Cob: In the puddled cay methed mud is placed ia a liquid! or setritiguid form, layer on layer to provide 2 laminated wall. To speed up the process sometimes rocks and stones are used. Another technique is to use mud of 4 sler consistency and hand-shape the mid Willi’ The strength of the wall depends on the density achieved with thorough mixing and allows for the construction of larger siructueés than would be poisible with a liquid mixwure. ‘Generally these techniques ate used for nen-load bearing walls. : In the sammed earth construction method, shon forms: of xe placed on top of existing walls and then tied together. Damp earth is then placed and!’ compacted wish « tampiy tod unil maximum compsction i achieved. The compacting is done in layers with the formmorks constantly ising ‘Adobe Bricks: Adebe or sun diied bricks ate made by casting puddlled mud into 2 wooden of metal from and allowing them to dry in the sun. The use of sun- diied bricks, which are ciied before use, eliminates: the problems of puddle construction wherein a large mass has to be dried. A lage volume of mud if placed will take 2 long petiod-of time for the inner mass to-dry. Athinnee. brick diies fasterCompcied: Soil Blocks: Sl at low meistue cones and a predefined mix compacted in a manuel or mechanical press to make blocks which ey or nay not be stabilized with lime or cemem. These blocks usually have a specific gravity in ‘excess of 1.85: and possess mechanical Propenies often equal to or in excess of 5 burnt clay bricks, 5. Discuss briefly the methods for improving earth walls, Methods for Imaroving Eath Walls : + Keep the wall dry after construction ; Block wall ave usually superior to.mud and pole walsMud and pole-walls should not be used when @ supply of duable poles is aveilable, and the sol i not suitable for block making * Avoid the use of pure black cotton soil for corstiuction, because it shrinks greatly on drying, leading tc’ cracking and distortion, Black cotton soil may be used with lime stabilization. * Provide’ adequate eaves width (roof oveshang) to reduce wall erotion, However, eaves width is limited to ebout 0.5 ov little more because of wind damage end door cleasances. The provision of verandahs can often be well for wall protection. * A foundation wall be constvcted either kom fred clay beck, stones set in cement, mud mortar or even stabilized soil blocks. The foundation wail minimizes the effects of all types of water-caused damage to the bast of the sll. * Plaseing is am essential means of protecting the wall hom water and insectae * Seleaion of proper sts for houtes and provision of adequate site damage i a very wieful and effective low cost techniques. * Choose a free-draining and non-swelling soil to construct buildings on, Consmetion of earth buildings on and with sweling soils may lead to loundation and wall distortion during the rainy season,POINTS TO REMEMBER Low cost Brice + A'S" walls are stable and strong if coriugated or buttressed = 9" wall are capable’ of load bearing up 10 3 storey. © 2596 veg byt uap-bond. Med — COB — Good for anything exceot‘heishi, pitiedaly good lor cured of 10 weal PISE ~ (rammed eath) song 4 idedl fer solid square single storey houses. ADOBE ~ (tun died brick) can easily cope with @ storeys. a nh PREESED-BRIEKS Sinath and very song tnd can build 3-stSteys WATTLE AND DAUB ~ Elegent-and fine for selec zones and. can be do wherever these is cane or bamboo. G@NERETE Physical properties of conciete Workability — measured by slump test “Consistency — measured by stump test ‘Water/cemént ratio governs the strength of the concrete Segregation — leads to haney combing Bleeding Expansion ~ depends largely gn type eb aggregate Vieot apporatys for determining the setting time of cement. ‘Aiter placing of concrete it should be will compssted by rodding, tamping 0 vibrating to remove all air pockets. Accelerator (Cakium chloe) ae used in cold weather to Increase the rate 0 hardening of concrete. STRECTIBRE Fer slabe: Min weit. © <0.159% of total cross section are mild steel high0.19% mmoxdis 7 >1/8 xtotl th. of sab - For columns longitudinal Rein. > 0.8% of gross cos sectional area of calumi > 6% di, > 12mm ibe ics. bd se MIO 3 2.5. + mildsteel- 14Q 1/30 eo Gadel an MISS 4. O.6Delomed 230 190 Bas M20 4 5 0.8 feints "Ma ty = &R M - BM. 1 Mi § bending stress ¥ = dibt from neutral axifto pt, under consideration £ . Modules of elasticity : R + Radius of curvature of beam Z Section modules = Vymax. Fa we . ing of. 2k - I ensure uniform distibution of the load + Avcidance of continuous vetical joiciseithe! on the face oF the interior of wall Crowsjoints in consecutive courses should be as far apart as possible Boye window ~ A curved bay window Die stone ~ Molding ananged over an opening to deflect water Broach savare Stone hall pyramids bonded across the angles of a tower at its junction with an octagonal spite Bia aa » Hr, aPLANNING CITY PLANNING, PLANNING THEORY, TECHNIQUES OF PLANNING, TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING| | L. i |+ Meio the'wall constuctisn afd the coating well. Allow good evaporition cof capillary moisture from the- walls by cleafing the low vegetation from around! the wal: a : In areas of heavy yeersound reef its difficult dey mud blocks and the high rainfall coupled with low evaporation causes permanent dampness of walls, in these areas durable housing will require cement or lime stebilized blocks or composite construction with bumt day blocks, 6. Desciibe the Techniques for mud wall protection, . Techalgues for Mud Wall Protestion For, mid walls to be provided against rain, overhanging roofs are generally used. A $864 eal goes «lng wey In combating mud wl fles. Seme of the local techniques adopted for preventing the action of ih water on walls are: a'slope and a slight Bein is created, or.a iegular mud bench of eda 18 tmacle against the wall bate (they provide a place tosite 199), or a small cinal dug to collect and drain tain water Falling from the roof and the wails. Another technique adepted is to have foundations and plinth made of burnt clay bricks. or stones. On burnt day ‘brick or stone foundations, thick sand eement bedding with two coats of bitumen can be laid over the plinth. Alternatively an impervious plastic or polythene sheet all along the foundation would be @ good solution against water seepage. Another way of plotecting mud walls is that to semi-beke the extemal wll, instead of diving tem, to make them saterproof. Matting can be used on the external suface “or'brick tles as wateresistant surfaces. 8 mud brick walls are plastered with li plaster on exch side it has been observed that it “does not fail even when icundated for severel days. A waterpioof plaster on each side apparently = purrolona or cement-mud or cement provides enough support for the wall until it becomes hard against by drying.” 1. Write short notes on stabilized earth walls” Stabilized Earth Wall ° The soil that is used forthe construction of earth walls can be stabilized by the scltion of ling, cement, bitumen and other cementaious matetals, if the soil quality’ is bad or mukistory construction is desired. Stabilized earth walls are stronget, mote resistant: agaiast moigite, rain and insects attack than traditional construction. ° Clayey sells shoud! not: be stabilized with cement’ because epcience shows pace results for ths kind of taiiation, Net Residential Density: It refers to dwelling units per acre of lend area actually in.Use 07 proposed to be used for residential: purposes. ‘What is Gross Residential Density (G.R.D.)? Gross Residential Density: It is computed on the basis of net residential land area plus traversing steets, alleys and diives and one half of Scunding streets and one quarter of bounding street intersections. What is neighbourhood density? Neighbourhood Density: It refers 10 dwelling units per acre of land area in wie OF proposed for development as @neighbouhood area including residential land, area for local shopping, school and public open space and land taken up in the stieets.Define Town © Census Definitions of ‘Town’ (1901) A Town includes, i. Every Municipality of whatever size. All civic lines not included within municipal limits. Every ether continues collection of houses permanantly inhabited by: not / less than 5000 persons, which the provincial superintendent may decide to teat ab 2 town for census purpose. A settlement is also referred as Town’.(4971) A density of not less than 400 per sq. km. 6.-A population of 5000 oF more. _ co A local municipal govgrament, which will be looking alter the urban aga. di Thee fourths of the occupations of the male working population should be engaged in non-agricultural occupations and «. The place should have, according to the Superintendent of the state, # few pronounced urisn characteristics What is the Census Classification of a-Town? Census Classification of Towns Case-1 = > 1,00,000 Class = It : $0,000 to 99,999 Chss-lll 20,000 to 49,999 Class IV 10,000 to 19,999 Class 5,000 to 9999 Write shor nate on Town Centee Town Centre: This is the area in which the commercial and-administative life of the town takes place in the highest and most complicated form and in wnich the rmott centeal services supplied by the town are made avilableyo ) Now nn Sys yo LVAD Y, Aa aal Write short note on Urban’ Agglomeration, Urban Agglomeration: An urban agglerieration includes urban! area outside “the municipal boundaries of a city’ but includes rural pockets.” Write short note on Standard Urban Ave (S.U.A.) Standard Urban Avea: It is defined as the projected giowth area of the principal city and includes. i. a cote town with @ minimum popuation of $0,000 ii. Contiguous 8 constituting other uiban as well as rural adiministration units having close mitual socio-economic inks with the core town, Define Zoning Zoning It isthe legal regulation of the use of land. It is an application of the police power for the protection of the public health, wellare, end safety. The regulations include provisions for the use of the property and limitations upon the shape and bulk ofthe buildings thet occupy the lend, Zoning is neither a substitute nor an alternative for a comprehensive len. White shor note on Sub Division and Redevelopment Sul Division: I may be dlined a4 folows “Ary lane ot potion thet of shown ‘on the last. preceding tax rolls as a unit or as contiguous units which is divided for purpose of sale, either immediate of future, and subdivides into five or more parcels within any one year shall be considered to be a sub dition.” Init a method of transforming 2 city olan into a reality Resdevelopment: It is the revision oF replacement of an existing landuse and population disuribution pattein through the acquisition of @ predominantly built-up. area and desrance and rebuilding of this area according to a comprehensive * metropolitan — wide plan.re the new innovations in Zoning? New Techniques in Zoning: 4. Benes or Incentive Zoning: Mary communities wil allow increased residential densest developers vill include, some units earmacked for low and.moderate ~ income tenants, The developer gets the scale economies of «denser development and the community moves a bit closer to meeting its low and moderate income housing goal 2 Tamer of Development Rights (TDR): The intent of TOR is to concentrate development in’ areas where itis wanted. and to reset in areas wheie it it not.” To. do this sending and receiving ates ave designated. “Property omens in-the sending seaswho de .nat.develon the {ull extent ‘permitted by the law may sell their unused rights. to property owners’ in receiving areas. This technique might be sed to preserve open space to init the developmen in an ecological fasile sien 3. Incusionary Zoning: In-hi developes who build mare than « speated number of units must indude 2 certain percentage of units for low and rmodeiste income haute holds of some other designated stolp. of househotds. It differs from the incentive or bonus aporosches. In that inclusion of low and moderate income units is not, discretionary: Elaborate the Goal of Gomprchensive Planing Goals of Comprehenstig Pinning 1, Health: Achieving ‘a pattern’ of londuse that protects the public health is a wwelhestablished and legiimate goal of planning.” One aspect ofthis might be prohibing denstes 6 development, wich threaten to oveload water or sewer faite. In seas which do not hive public water sewer lati, i may mean spacing houses for enough apart 0 prevent leakage fiom septic tanks from contaminating well activities which produce health hazards from residential areas. It may mean banning certain types of indestial operations liom the community entirely so on. . 2. Public Safety: The goal may manifest itself numerous ways. I might mean requiring sullicient road width in new sub-divisions to ensure thar ambulancesand: fire requirement have adequate accent in emergencies. Ine tigh crim Ha it might meen leying out patterns of blifdings and spaces which provide fewat sites where smusslag and robberies can be committed unobserved. 3, Protecting the Public Welfare: This is.a very important category, and clearly covedaps with other categories. Public welfare should be addressed with social, cultural and economic framework. t Write short notes on Stucture Plan, Concept Plan, Comprehensive’ Pla District Plan and Master Plan, : Structure Plan: A stuctue plan which singles out for atention of certain aspect of the environment usually the land uses, the ‘mein movément systems and the. ———rtecicn oF eiizal Tacies and buildings. Such a plan aims to influence certain key locational decisions while recognizing that there are many other things that can't end pethaps should not be dedided'at the outset. 4 Concept Plant A concept plan expresses only the broad lines of how an area should develop. It i @ statement of intention more then prescription for action Indeed the miin virtue of the concept plan is that it can focus discussion on overall intentions sather than diverting the discutsion prematurely into detailed . issues, Comprehensive Plan: The most synoptic is a comprehensive plan, which seeks to combine in.one document the prescriptions for all aspetis of city development. It includes an analysis of the city's economy, its demographic characteristics, and the history of iu spatial developrient as 2 preface to plan for how the city should evolve over 20-year period. District Plan: This plan generally leads to direct actions. ht expresses in more ‘concrete foum regarding the desired land uses, circulation systems, infraswucture systems and envisonment character, usually looking Forward 5 (0°10 years.| Master Plans This can be telened as master key to the sivaton at Ht the + coinpichensive scheme of development that includes the geceral fundamentals: Lind Use Plan is an expression of a community's intent as to what its future : c pattern of landutes should be. It idemtlies areas that dre to-be devoted tp various types, densities, and intensities of use’ categories, such as residential, commercial, industial, and various public user. It also identfes the palaciles and standard q We an esny on Land Use Plan a g 4 vs 1 that should be applied in the develoment ‘or conservation of the areas. Nh wy . . . .. s . Write shert note on Urban Land Use and Urbenited Avei 5 “Uitits"Land Use: Uiban land ite is ¢ ter commonly used 1 refer to the spatial disuibution of city functions ~ its residential ‘communities or living areas its $ 4 Indusval, commercial, and setal business dubia or mejor work areas and tse hl b institutional and leisure time functions. ~~ he Urbanized Aree: Urbanized Aveo iz an area with atlest one ty of 50,000 i poptlation or more and the surrounding urban finge that includes 1. Incorporated places of 2500 or more. a 2. Incorporated places of less than 2500 having atleast 100 dieting units with 4 density of 200 dwelling wits per sq. km. Tenitony devoted to commercial industrial transportation recreational dnd other stone Come on of purposes functionally ‘elated to the central city. 4, Unincorporated teritory with a.density of atleast 200 d.us/sq. km. List down the differences between Planning and Urban Planining s 4 3 # Wu etal Vani Diffefence between Planning and Urban Planning i.” Urban Prinning is concerned primarily with pubic use involving a broadly defined group of chiens with diverse interests te @ delbeate, seconsciout activity that usually involves petions * tained professionally as planners. os day rots, tt blo ey:OOD 5 S D Staws -EOEH emMee It's goals and objectives, 2s well a the mesns, of achieving them, are o. highly uncertain. ‘ Define City , CITY: “Chry te meant uber, in contast with’ rural oF agicdture with ¢ recognition: that riany of ou ban communities have within their confin “substantial areas. that are stil cual or seniual in. cheracter and that mist planned as part of the whole. UNITED NATIONS DEFINITIONS _A'Big City’ isa locality with 5,00,000 sr more-population — ‘A aly is 6 localty with 1,00,000 &1 mere population ‘An Liban Locality i locality with 90,000 or more population, +A Rural Loatty is @ location with lessthan 20,600 population Whet are the opinions of leading experts on city plasning? CITY PLANNING * Aecording to George McAney City planning means simply getting ready for the future in the cy grove itis the guidance’into proper channels cf » community's impulses towsrd a large end |, broeder life > According to James Ford City Planning 45 a science and an art concerned primarily with the city’s ever changing pattern As g pute scicace st cxammes cannes (history, ethnology) arnt reciprocal influences of man and envisonment (urban geography and ecology). As an applied. science it synthesizes these findings with those of the economic, seciological and political sciences as well ds the techfiological branch of statistics, ” il ancl sanitary engg., architecture and landscape architecture. As an art it uiiizes the materi, nsvucts or organizes cine, moulds events and guides tends to bring about the changes in city design that it contemplates.According to N:P, Leivis City planning is simply the exercise of such freight 24 will promote the orderly and dightly development of a city and its environs along ‘rational. lines with due regard for health, amenity and convenience and for its commercial and industeist advancement, What is 2 Site Plan? “Site Plan: A site plan is one which shows the accurate location of buildings, dimensions of the parts with the tgatment of open spaces and perhaps even the ey materials to be used for the constuction. Wiite an exiay on the historic evolution of city planning throvgh the agés. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND : The history of toun plang ecesany inves the study of min in elation to fis environment and his efforts to-build sround himielF the ervzonment he desires. Quite often man can adapt himielf to very rigorous conditions under which at frst sight human existence seems impossible. Smalacattered bands of aborigines lve precatiously in the almost watedess deserts of Central Austai. Bushmen manage te sumive in the Kalahari Desert. Eskimos ive in the Avetic water and Kauels on the dey steppelands of Southern Russia. As the quite well known points, the imponar: stages of growth ofthe prehistoric men can be summaized 2s follows 1, The nomadic stage wherein he lived in caves and hunted animals lor food, 2. The domestication and pastoral sage wherein man domesticated avimals and cuhivated food sts, However he had to shift 10 new lands the yield ofthe earth diminished a 2. The dlacovery of artical methods of increasing the yield ofthe eaah which led ta establishment of permanent human settlement; 4. The fina stage of specialisation of wades by individuals and the emergence of the tailor; docor, mechanic, pies, culvator, ete. snd 5, The emagence of the ‘divine king!*to whom all land metals end crops belonged and for whom a monumental tomb had to be erected alter his death. The besinnings of wade and specialisation exetdsed an importantractois involved in sich choice were fertility of surounding land, availabilty > ample water, means of communication with other settlements, availabihty ~ building materials and other rave materi ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS MESOPOTAMIA The Assyrians. are the -eelest known residents. of cities. In Mesopotamia enormous luxury developed among the rules who derived their wealth from the ppeatantry but suffered from frequent invasions from their neighbours. The most Famous among Assyrian town is Babylon ‘of about 2000 BC, now entirely destioyed. Herodotus bas described this city in length and it contained housestof “B40 4. stones high. A distinguishing feature of the city was the broad procesionl highway leading tthe scared enclose of Zeus Beli, the Assyisn God. 18 Eaypt Enypt wes less lable, to. invasions than Mesopotamia, The ‘divine Kings’ were honoured with magrificeat funeral rites, which find material expression in the great Poramids, and later in the sock-cut tombs at Thebes. In about 2500 BC, the town of Kahuna was laid out oh 2 gridiron pattern for housing the workers engaged ‘on construction of Pyramids, Greece . . in Greece, the Minoan ‘mariarchal ciilisation proposed in about 2000 BC and recent excevationt have shown that this civilisation, with its pottery, pictographic wing anit aeorge sen, reached « high lee to which the later cute yin debt. Several baibatien tibes intruding from the roth, including the Achaians, the lonians and the Dotians over-ren the Minoan cwilsation on the Iland of Grete and Mycenean civilisation on the meiniand of Greece: and by sbout 1500 BC 2 wonderful civilisation giew up around the In Greece was considera shores of Aegean, The Greek Gods were quite 2 different conception from the...there was a.whole hierarchy Ps ed wo we roe ie ded harm be "The splendour of Greek BF vitsason was reflected in much of town bulding tha was ceed out. Every 'Gieck Chy pouesed an ‘apo’ or market tguae, uted for public assenLies, “government lies, « these gymnasium, ind » fountain supplying « constant "stein ch wt to bain, The hua of he county vith ts deeply senated seo ~ Cease and steep narrow valleys did not encourage the development of formal tosis 00’ gid ton pattem and the Greek Cites mainly consisted of nartow sindingstees bordered by iigtcant pve hoises inlubted both by: he Gretls and the lage slave popsation: in-ake easly days ob the Greek Cry States; minor watlafe-between the ei was heduept. and hence defense was siven special importance. Sites 2f Seat tactical strensth were commonly choten and care was taken so that Spacious agricultural belt was retained outside the town’ *° Provide food sees. In Gresktewes gst emphasis wa id on monumens Seilcing and pocesionalhishways. Even 1 tht day, the dy of seometiy it sociated with the name of Eucid, medicine with Hippocrates; ethics with Socrates and Plo, seosréphy with Herodotus Hippodamus is supposed to have planned atleast 75 cities on a cheaver-board pattern including Piraeus, por of Athens, Rhodes, ancl Syacute. Avbale land in Greece was limited: andl as-” Population inceared, it could-only be supported by imports of siting for vehich the Greeks changed thet lve of. As see trading People they found colonies ‘ouncl the shores of Mediterranedn and Black séas acquiing both wealth and slves. However due to their peculiar ‘physical and politcal circumstances, the City State develesped. Ths developed local patictiam in 4ts citizens who indulged in dbliberete slow, vunghant an and noble generosity, By abou 300 BC ‘Alerarsder the Great had re-established an autocratic dlvine kind type of Enipite. His empire an autocratic divine kind type of Empire. His empire lasted only a few years and in the west the power of Rome was tising during the same time.the dies. The determining elements in the medieval town were the bounding wall “and the central open space where the principal chucchis usually locaied and were the tows hal, the-guild hal, the maiket and the inns. The wal with its inost both ‘defined and symbolized the town. By its persistent adaption Jo the site and by : defense needs, the pattern‘or medieval town quite often tended towards to be infornal and regular. The walled forfication but the municipal ordnance and guild regulations which prevented unconttclled. setdement of outiides and the surplus population was generally caied for by building new cities. The typical medieval town ranged in'sité fram 400 to 40,000 population But Paris and «. Vere, even in 14% centuy-had imore than’ lakh peoplé each and Londen only 40,000. It may alto be mentioned that as ealy as 12% century, the merchants ~~ Sware sBenNg a BOSE BoitSw Of their profit for THE Benelt of thoi Tllow citizens such as for building churches, hospitals and markers. The citizens of medieval town had a common meeting piece in the Market Square. Here regular inarkets were held under the supervision of the merchant guilds whose civic builders were gtouped around it. Open spaces the piazza, the plaza, the place and the platz were all common in European cites. WY Xonned Simgielski intetorsusaunding buildings Forming ctiling. The'velation of the * defines « piazza as basically and architect walls, the paved pedéstian avea a floor and the sty heights of the buildings to the width and breadth} the pioma is of utmost importance. L.B. Abert’s formula that the width should aot excced three heights of the surrounding buildings seems to be generily followeo but there afe Heh empoin Siena are exceptions. Piazza di S. Marco, in Venice ead P: finest examples. in tit cegad. However, the growing moortence of inenational commerce from the. 15% century omvtids tock adventage of the weakness that was inherent if thé-cralt guild and the walled own, Merchants withthe capital enoush puchased! raw materials and the instruments of production began to settle inthe countryside outside the walled town, Stil another factor was the extension af he dass-war. The mediel system, based on aearchy of soca an knew nO economic equality and there were vast gaps between the rich and the poor,. ‘ amphitheter seating 80,000 jpeope in which chaioe races and cicutes wer: held and geet public announcements were mide. The town was plane throughout wth trees; sanitation was elibote; ouilding laws were st ecforced, Byzantiom by veason of is strategic Position was the centie of woe! trade and special nationalities that lived there achieved! ts height of prosperity * 900 AD. The city is supposed ta have had 1,000,000 people. Byzanti- auchitectwe developed based. on Roman Enginceting ski tor the method covering a square space with a dome. t ~ In 7 éennuy AD the islam religion was preached by. Mohammed and by ¢ dime of his death, he was master of all Arabia. His followers envied outa se. of military campaigns and in the next three centuries conquered all Northern Abi. andl much of Souther Europe, The Moslem conquests are atsocisted with nes. types of architecture-called Sarcanic, Mohammedan and Arabic. In 776 AD the capital’ of the Islamic world was built at Bastdad » The town was ‘perlectiy circular, the outer walls pierced by four gates at the points of compass. Roads leu i ' } straight to the place and public buildings, which occupied the centre of the town | and were suttounded by an inner well. In the 10" cectury the Twks conquerea Baghdad, defeated Byzentine army and occupied Jerusalem, The Pope called for a holy war’ and the ‘esult was the series of crusades, foughi between Christians and Moslems, for the prize of Jerusalem. Ultimately in 1453 the Turks destroyed Constantinople. | MEDIEVAL EUROPE . Alter a difiodt peiod duing the 9* and 10 centuries, there sas a fairly rapid, ade development in the Mediterranean, the Netheilands end other move advanced areas of Europe. Merchant traders from the riorth and Venice, Milani 3 Nurembers, Antwerp were among the earliest wealthy market centers along this, 4 connecting route. The medieval ciy fist developed as a sees of wading post uibetein men banded themselves.together for protection, Cooperation was af” aecessity ad sented in formation of "gules, chaives, and “Fltlls!, Trade, of Industiial production, mechanisation, and orgarisation helped expansion of || SIRRBPE Atassoa os desctbed eh sucdlrd types of viloge plan. The simplest one - ne Bae Dancoly waste siplest and wes special intchded foi an ashram (heritage) or «ee ABR ter ets eben. The Moana ean, was sable for aangenet - a 3 of aie social grades, the highest class being in the centre of the village. The aa ae Padinake village named aftér-the lotus leat, was of gtid-won patie. The Cy TP cate ot the: Siete pater ley inthe fac that in the Aryan cane it was, (4 2% fitable for defense ard philcsophically the sign sepresened the principle of re evolution, . Cp Bes According to Mayamata, Sthapathi or a townplemner should possess the Cy BE. © following quaiiaton, - 3 + Sthapanarhs (ability to plan a town or an edifice) (Sy SE 9, Cantina (krone of siveying) (Wy 23: Chitraimah (skill in draftsmanghip) 4, Sarvadessimah (capacity of reconnoitering localities), 5. Vastundabhiparaiah (Mantty over Architecture and town-plenning); and Ob 4. Thorough knowledge of the holy scriptures and Puranas. ahs 3 Prof. Pattick Geddes spoke of town-planning principles ia the Indian Scriptures ou as.an evidence of planned orgvited and orderly life ofall people in vilage town ote and city alike. re} oe Byzontium veges In the 3% and 4* centuries AD, the Roman Empire everwhere was in dicts O c singe noithemn barbarian people who had leamt the ait of wartare while serving in her aimies were now demanding their independence. The collapse of Roman ae: {power in the west Tesulted in the movement of the cavital of the Empire to Byzantium (Constantinople) a more convenient administrative centre for the Empire's most valued eastein possessions. From 3% to 13* Centuries AD, E Constacinope developed an individual type oF ciation that deived from the, Greek; Syiian and Roman Sources, The Hippodrome in the city was gigantic “jo fou, Patalputra was about 9 oles in length and! 1.5 miles in bieadth, The onset‘of auspiciousness:.or Good Fortune; this being the path by which the villaj Paesis went daily in the performance of che tite of. pradlething itcuranbulation. The centre of the village at the sntessection of the two steels vas the recognised meeting place for the Council of “Elders, teguated local alfais. A Banyan or Pipal uee planted on 2 mound sulliced f the mote-house or Assembly hall except wheee the villege was 0 lange one anc could alld a pillared mendepam or 2 pavilion of wood, brick or stone, The Manasare or Mayamsia discusses the following. Cognate topics of Tow ~| Planning: 1. Bhurpanksha (Examination of sil), Bhumi-Semgreha (Selection of site); Dikgericheds (determination of directions), Padovinyona (Division of the land and zoning), Baltarma-vidhena (Ceremonial ites), Gramavinyasa, Nagervinyase (Planning of villages ane towns) Harmyeh Bhumividhana (Building and their diffeent stories); Gopurevichine (Construction of gate. ways); Mandepavidhana (Constwciion of temples); and 1 0.Rajavesbmavichhana (Constuetion of Royal Places and other buildings). POM Ow ew The Manasare gives the maxinum width of the main village streets are 5 lands or 30 A. The other varied in width from 1 to 5 oendhs, The size of a single cottage vias reckoned as from 24 ft, by 16 ft, co 40h, by 39 ft. The arasc ecogises tony eet cesses of vilages and towns according to the tent of and owned by them commencing with « vilage unt which war $00 dandias 01 400 59, ft. so that the extent of the largest cities would be 20,000 anda of about 30 sq. miles. OF this about one third was devoted to building Space and the rest of the oaricutuel lands owned by the community. Either a village oF town was square in plan but 4 rectangle with the long sides :unning east and west 40 a to secure a proper circulation of air In the deseription of Ayodhya in Ramayans, the ratio between its breadth and length was given as one 2 4p 2seddan bred——V——“—6€———” ess conquered Britain and founded several towns such as London, Baths, Gloucester, Lincoln, etc. : However despite the. general appearance of eutward prosperity, there was “ growing discontent among: the people. Steicism spread among the more educated. The poor became followers of Mithas, of Isis, and then of Chis All these ‘eligious preached in some measure righteousneds equality, immorality and salvation.~ Gradually inspite of- persecution the precepts of Christianity penetrated the Roman Empire and eventually in 325 AD it became 's State religion under. Constantine: “ANCIENT INDIA: er d In India, though town planning has.been neglected during -ecent,times.it was Fully developed ancient art. Town planning or Stapethyam was one of the four Upavedks, the other three being Silas, Vasta sad Manessce. Excavated femains of Mohenjedaro anc! Harappa which seemed to have existed in 2500 BC reveal well-planned towns with large rooms, good ‘drainage and elegant architecture! treatment. Most of our ancient towns were founded on banks of riven 20 8 to ensure abundant supply of weter easy drainage, defense and navigation. It will probably be & revelation to many to know how scientifically the problems of town planning were dealt with Io ancient-ladian Saiptuies such as Kautys's Arche Satta (400 BC), Sips Seitea (500 AD), Manasars, Atayamata, etc. Teil, S; Pataliputea, Kenchiputam, Steerangam and Madurai are a lew good examples of Ewell thought planning in ancient India In his book ‘Ancient and Medieval Architectue’, E.8. Havell descibing ancient Indian town states that the ‘two principal streets which formed the ams of thes cosmie cross.wiere broad avenues probably slanted with unbrangeous trees. The. lg one running easi and gist wascalled the Rejaoauhe (King's street); the shore ne pointing north and south was Mohelale (Broad Steet) ot etherwite Vinwno from the name of the mythical elephant. The road or wade path running round thsilese inde the wal or ckade was aed te Mangas ~ ved the way\ \\ \\ From ealy days the imoontence of law was well recognised in Rome Twelve Tables ofthe Law were fist witten down in the 5* Century BC and Gofernment placed in the hands of we elected Covsul, cucted by the sents and! subject ultimately to approval of the popular assembly of all ful citizens. By the besioning of the Chistian er, Rome had become the mistress of af Meditesanein counties and there ested » pemanert ay with loyalty only ta its leaders, The diving king reappeared end there war a great ase of home luxury made possible by the importation of enormous umber af slaves, The Rowans excelled in the establishment of new towns and redevelopment of old towns. The teligious auspices, defense requirements and techrital considerations conditioned the new town. ‘The establishment ef the city will was the frst consideration and ‘ext of importance were the main crossroads. The Romans based their towns on a faht angle crossfeimed by the road ealled the ‘decumnays' and the ‘card the former rworing est west. At the. cossng ofthe two rosde the Forum was tatablished and its primary function wor the purveying of stave law and state tdligion Typical examples of Reman towis and Tingac, Sichester end Chaster all “of which vere id cue generally on gid itonfthion, om intresting example of Roman town leid cut on lines less igid than shove Gres is Pompei emlous for its disastyous fare Regulations about cleanliness in cies and stieet widths occur inthe frst twelve Tables of the Law. The house owner mist not built up to the edge of his plot, bet mutt leave 2 6" cleat space. Rouds for vehicilarealfic must be 45° wide The drainage of Roman towns was elaborate and the mann drain of Rane (Closce Marima) is 4 mosteriece of engineesing. Water was bo. lead nipes along aqueducts, These aqueducts, bridges, defensive alk, ioucations and droinage works were usuelly built of & concrete and rubber core, laced with cement bonded brick oF stone. Imperial Rome had about 1,000,006 inhabitants who: Wed at a slave density over 200 to the acie. In the days Impeil of Rome, ‘monumental architecture had ceased to"grow from the People, it was presented to the city by. a benefiient.ruler or a munificent citizen. In 40 AD the Romans te A J AE, AE A AR oe, 2 re Pe athe maiter and beggar. The disruption &f the economy and social basis of the smeceval city hed set in. RENAISSANCE PERIOD Wh the fl of Constantinople in 1453, Venice of Italy become the her of ancien chilsation and had monopoly of tade with Fer East. Greek scholars oak reluge in Westem Europe in considerable numbers. This together with discovery of Ameriéan by Columbus forty yeas Iter and the invention of printing with its immense power to spread knowledge, resuted in a great advance of the human spirit, named the Renaissance, which changed the face of Westem Europe within 2 century. hhaly was at the centie of the movement. Florence was the first home of the new leaming and they developed for the fist time the new ‘cult of the neil tha was to have 2 profound influence upori all future western civilization. South of Alps the Rerassance opened with a burst of exuberance that was accompanied by an influx ef siches that péured in fiom the New Wedd. Newh of Alps the emphasis of the aew leasning was less on the beauties of ancient itereture and the quesiions of foim and style. Bacon, Erasmus and Luther soughé the destruction of evils that result hom igroranee and obscuiantiso, The revival of dlasscal leerning challenged the itksome authority of the church and there was growing irttation at the wealth and woddiiness of the church itself As 2 result of the invention of printing and manufacture of paper (learnt from the Chinese), iocal dialects merged into stendard languages ~ Italian, English, French, Spanish, German — and national consciousness took the place of the medieval city loyalties. The Reneissance resulted inthe establishment of larger stronger and more stable units of government; the consequent decrease in the importance of defense 45 an element in tomn detiga, uinbined with the wealth of creative telent available [ed 10.2 gun-power and cannon in the 154 century, the towns had to: abendon completely they old system of sunple walls, defense for the most part-olel system of simple walls, defended for the most part by a citizen soldier. Theywere forced to ‘adopt new methods af fortifications having outworks, salients, bastions, in star-like formation that were suitable lor attacking forces any side. Each city hed a paid standing army and the amy bavacks had as prominent place as the monastery had in the medieval period. It was not until the 16* century that carts and wagons came into general use within towns and hence the sveets of the medieval town, primarily intended for pedestrians, required changes. The ‘avenue’ became the hallnark of civilisation and-was laid'itraight according to the principles set out by Albin and Pallacio. In the middle Of 17* centuy, Londen had 2 population of 2,00,000 and wias ‘one the chief: commercial cities of the world. In 1666 occurred the Great Fire of "London that swept away many of the conditions of filth and over cowding ‘esponsible for thé plague which had shortly preceded it. This afferded a woader ‘opportunity for replanning and Sic Chistopher Wieh prepared an excellent plan, ~ which was not adopted by the insistence of land owners to sebuild sheit * propattes quickly and the opportunity was loit-en immortal lesson for ali people. > However 3 great deal of planning work in regacd to John Nash did Oxford ~ reas, Regent Sweet, Wateiloo Piace and Regent Paik. Mention must also be > made of fine plansing work done in Bath and’New Town’of Edinburgh. Super gaidens and squares, giandiose palaces and monumental examples of planning; such as Piazza del Popolo of Rome sprang into being in several European cities in the Renaissance petiéd Aansteidam affords @ good example of Dutch talent in city building. The original foum of Amsterdam was an regular one. With areat focesight, the Dutch planner cof the 16 century laid out in advance a series of canals and long shallow building blocks that ‘rounded out the shape of the city and provided effective water- ccontection with the harbou. The combination of tee-lined watercourses and the unified block fronts had an inesistible charm, akin to that of Verice. L Paris supposed to be most beautiful city in the world, is another magrificent example of renaissance planning. Pati originated in Reman immes fom 2 cass: -roads ner the nth bank ofthe Seine a point where there wee sever] lands the Grande Croisee. At different times ftom 12% 10 19% century, six walls were exected around Pai for fotlications at fit cbstrycted town ¢xpansion. bit later falling into disuse, provided land forthe sng roeds.” Two other great influences cover the ety ave the constuction of Garde and Squires by Louis XIV and Loui XV, ‘snd the magnificent sieetiplanning cated out by Napolean ¥ and! It through the agency of Haussman,. A few years after the French Revolution, a Commision was appoidted to prepare plens for ieprovenest cf Pais: The propor of ths body considerably Influenced the improvements canied out by Napoleon | (Bonaparte) and Napoléon Ill which mainly related: to_ sanitary improvements, tratlic circulation, slum dearance, wide straight soads (Boulevards) ” capable of being commanded by cannon and breaking up of insurrections. Ik must however be: said that renalsance planning did ftle for the cemmon people; its.aim as grandeur of visual effeet and nat sociological. In the Words of Thomas Shavp, "behind the pleasant facades of the houses of the gentry and the mote prosperous merchants which lined the main streets of the country, towns, out cf sight beyond the ndlrow arch-ways that gave the dead end alleys eccess to the iain streets, the lower orders of society were congregsted in cronding and crowded cottages”. * The application of mechanical power together with the gieat cheriges in communications during 19% century formed the basis for the beginning of the industrial reveistion Nineteenth Century Planning — Industrial Revolution” The effect of the indistialrevoltion on the distibution of population in western counties was tremendous. Prior to thit revolution, these countries have been primarily agricultural ones with their population scattéred among a large number of small towes, villages and hamlets. Power-diven machinery enabling a large volume of produets to be placed in the hands of an eager world demanded a large supply of labour, which had to be housed conveniently close to the factory. The ralwayenabled. the concenyation of manulactuing inchstry by providing the means of ‘ringing raw materials in’bulk to’ the factories and taking away the finshed goods: It encouraged the growth .of large ubin mdises. The industialit or some capricious landlord whe nearly always’thng up houses that provided shelter and hile cbe undertook the provision of the necessary housing. Water, paved streets and, draiage were tekdom supplied and the ual sim seems torhave been to pack the largest possible number of houses on a siven area, Consequently towns became gigantic in: physical size and utterly debated in architectural quality. Green fields receded beyond walking distance and-the thy was blotted out by the smoke ‘hom the facioves, The mine, the iton works, the raikoed, the: factory syite® ad pon led toa naw pattern of indusvial lecation over the whole world. To quote Lewis Mumloid, “the sailoads made huge gethes on the rural tendscape the cuts and embankments forthe greater pat semsined unplnted and the wound in the earth was unheated. The wishing locomotive brought noise, smoke, git into the hearts of the town and the factories that grew up-slong side the railroad sidings microted the slatteraly cevirorment of the salvoed itsel". Fiery condemnation of the existing miserable living conditions: by several cevolutionist, progressive bureaucrats, reformers and deciors such as Carlyle, John Ruskin and Lord Shaftesbry led to some ‘practical ceforms in few counties such as Public Health Act 1875 in UK. - ‘More. than legislative measures, a real incentive to modem town-planning was aiven by the endeavour of philanthophe't and industiaists in establishing model jor industuct vilages like Bournville, Saltave and Port Sunlight for housing the watkess Wiite short notes on Garden City Movement 3 HE Garden City Movement -In 1898, Ebnezer Howard, a sure vil servant, published a book called “Garden cities of tomorow’. A Garden City has been described as ‘a product of svarriage between the town and the county’. The main objectives of » Garden city are well ilustrated in Howard's famous ‘Magnet’ diagram woe ' ‘ ‘ k ® kcr meer emus 0 Geng OF a atcen City ate es follows: 1M shoud fncion as 2 satdtte town to 2 net bia. cy with good communications in between them. “7 % Abou 8000 aes of ld acd out of whch the cena 1000s tbe * gen bel for will be used for the town nd: the rest providing food. oy "3." Houses of detached or femsdeteched types only to-be bull at « density not exceeding 12 houses per acré. 4. Theland o bein ewnenhis of» pbc Lust, whose inital expenses ate met by @ public loan of decanters.” The revenue is to be derived entirely From the rents our of which a fixed vaie of interest will be paid to the debenture holders and the balance amount 5. The town to be planned as a unit with proper balance between residential sed for provieing amenities. a4eas, open spaces, business and industrial areas. The fist Garcen City 10 be establied was Leichweuh wherein 4650 acres of land was purchased for @ town plamed for 2 population of 30,000 to 35,000. Welwyn built in 1919, was thi second Garden Cy. 'n bis book “Cin. of Temoriow’ by bM_Le-Corbesier-¥ French Archieet, also raised in Chandigarh Project advocated a cillere scheme, inching verieal evelopment insted of the horizontal one, Accordiag to this scheme, tall skyscraper building 700 ft. high and about 1.4 mile-opat wil be utilsed for commercial’ and business purposes.” The spaces between the buildings will be cove cd by parts, Restawants; theatres and civic buildings will be located ia the above side open epsces. Separated by 2 ‘een belt and having communications with the above’ city will be dormitory residential towns consisting of 5 10 7 storied flaw, well-separated and! accommodating upto 3 nillons. of population Le Corbusier’s ideas are now being applied now in Marsells Ci The place of Patuick Geddes in the history of planning les in-the fact that hie was the first person to advocate the “diagnostic approach” or the need for a detailedsurvey ‘of toposraphica} and artificial features belore undeitaking planning work Fok, Work, and place (i.e. Qrgsism, Fupetion and eavionment) were the thee plots of hit simultaneous thinking: This general viewpcint ig alto shared by the CLAM. (Congitss International d! Architectore Moderne), which wes founded in 1998 to “put aichitecture back on its eal plane, the economic and socel plane”. According to this Institution town planning should cover the following: Fusction: Dwelling, Work, recieation and transpért Another ideal was thet of the neighbowhood unit, proposed by Lewis Mumlord. A neighbourhood represents the smallest convenient lecality'conttining’ everything necessary for daily human needs. His book, ‘The Culture. of Cities’ hes had grest man needs is book ee te influence on planning thought. Discuss City Planning in America in the jnitial stages CITY PLANNING IN. AMERICA Towards the latter part of 19" century, movement towards: planning cities began to tafe hold and this movement developed. along thee separate lines 1. Improving the architectural qualities of cities and promating what wes called the ‘City Beautiful’. 2. Landscape Architecture, 3. Zoning. The Wodd's Fai in Chicago in 1893, which hac beauiful buildings and features executed by, Daniel H. Bumham and Fredrice law Olmsiead sroused public interest in iniproving the city on giend scale. Funds were raised and ‘Chicago Plan’ wes ‘prepared for development of- the City and this plan was more ‘comprehensive in’ scope in 1907 than any other Ameiica Plan prepared. Subsequently attention was focused to other benelis lke. utility, social and economic needs, besides beautiying the city. Abou the seme period when Chicago plan was prepared, much activity regarding replanning of Washington, San:Frandico’ and other cites wat done. In’ 1909 fist steps were taken in eating 2° City Planning Organisation (i.e. establishment of National City OT ane eenPlanning Conference). Important plans for civ cents and parkways Wiere made in New York and Philadelphia. Fist regional planning in America was done for Bonton Region in connection with the development of patlways, sevoge and water supply systems. The School of Landscape Architecture of Harvard University. broadened the scope of its study t0 include important phases.of City Planning. In’ 1913 New Youk Heights Buildings Commission issued is report ‘Only six cities including New York enacted zoning restricted in 1916. What are the goals of Regional Planning? REGIONAL PLANNING Development, is 2 process of change, enh production, provision and utilization of goods and services where people have tof quality of life-through - — choice and the whole thing is environmentally sustainable. five and contiolled growth in a particular division - Aauali = Process to achieve economic siowth, social welfare Progress: Positive development. Planning: i'a process to achieve development = Thought before action, Scienfic approach working for betterment of society Write « few lines each on Primary sector, Secondary sector, Fertiary sector and Urbanisation : Primary Sector: Natural resources are chectly utiized., Eg, Agriculture, Mining, Horticultwre-etc. Secondary Sector: by using rew:materials, manufacturing is done. Tertiary sector: does not produce any goods but produce serviced such ot teaching, banks, institutions, ade and commerce, tourism, communications ete Urbarination: is @ process of change from rl to wiban way of ile Shift from primary to secondary and tertiary sectors in & conceptual way;What are the techniques for identifying spatial structure of a region? TECHNIQUES FOR. IDENTIFYING SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF A REGION sot Spatial stractures constitute the existence of the settlements in 9 region. which inteac wth other seteents 5 form an orgtised spate order Techniques (Assumptions): Spatial propesies ~ Dstaice’ and location. Functional - Accessibility, scale economics, Human activities and Human otcupancy. - 4, Neat Neighbour Analysis'~ by Cleck and Evans in 195.4 Neatest Neighbour Indes: “Rea Do = actushimean ditance Dr — mean random district (expedised R = Vs then duster 1 = 2.5, approaching uniform + Aibiary method cannot be uted for long period of tie. Rank Size Rule: Pr = KR® . Population is related te pareto's distiibstion, Pr = Pop of town whose rank is R K &B are constants, Gravity and Potential Model: used to assess the intensity of interaction between two places = G.MM, Mi = Population of i d, , d= distance 4. Semvice Centre Hierarchy: 2. Scalogiam method ', Sociogtam method ba Tol, ooo eee oePWN -. : Fi . Fi = No, Of setiements whee the frction available N = Total No, Of setilements under study. Spatial Model: Uses squéte late instead of hexagonal. Tépedynamic Model: Based on the, concent of successive location decision i.e. a function of what already exists Idlentify the types of regions Regions ge Formal Region: 1s a geographical area chat is uniform ot homogeneous in cerms of selected criteria, Natural Formal Region: is based on’ the criteria of topography, climaie or vegetation. Functional Region: is a geographical atea which displays es ceitein functional coherence, an inter dependence,’ of parts when defined on ‘the basis of certain cineria known as Nodal: Regions ‘or polarised. region and is composed of heterogencour urtt, such a5 cities, towns and villages, which are functionally inter- dated. How are regions delineated?- , Delineation of Formal Regiofs: Grouping together of focal_ units with similar -cheracteristics according to certain * clearly defined crteia, but which gifer sig ‘on the basis of chosen citeria. ficantly from units outside the region Delineation of Functional Region: = Involving grouping together of local units that display a considerable desiee of interdependence Flow Analysis = Based! on theoretieal observation of what they might do:Plaitog Regions: to be adnivsuatively viable: a.” They must be large enough to support fb: They must ‘of professional administrators. in the main commuter hinterlands. They must take in human catchment aree J. They must be able to provide the necessary talents for their services, and They must consider tonogreptital factors Aitibutes of Planning Regions 1. Entity (Contiguity): is contiguous tevitorial area 2.” Homogeneity/Ceremonality (Similarity) 3. Scale.” ‘Scalogram Method: Based on No. and type of infrastructural facilities: Renking settlements or places in terms of importance on one hand and the institutional ot inhrastuctusal facilines on she oth Spatial Model: Development by Kulshesira * For spatio-economic development of golaised regions (metro-region) + Smaller setiemencs ciosely spaced, distance between wo similar cide: neighbouring settlements increases withthe increase in the: regione! hierarchy Towns have the influence zones 3, Immediate influence area or 1, Wider ificence area ‘Spatial soread of larger towns it move than small ‘owns. ~ Model suggests the distibution of number of settlerients at diferent hieretchy in polarised regions, Tamportance in R.P.: The potentials of various settlements in same or different teagions are identified and hence apply planning tools/techniques 10 eliminate rezgion imbalances, No eww Lee dee’ > 28) iow ve