Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
thesis in
By
Mohamed Ali Mohamed Khalil
Supervisors
Prof. Teotista Panzeca
Prof. Emanuela Garofalo
Prof. Daniela Villari
Supervisors
ii
Examination Committee
Supervisors
name profession signature
Prof. Teotista Panzeca
Examination Committee
Name profession signature
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researcher would like to express his sincere and profound gratitude to the following
persons and instituutions who, in many ways have generously contributed to the successful
completion of the study:
Prof. Teotista Panzeca, the director of the course. for his sincere concern, assistance and
for his continues support.
Prof. Emanuela Garofalo & Prof. Daniela Villari, the research supervisors. for their
invaluable suggestions in the improvement of the study, this humble research would not have
been completed with out their support.
Prof. Infranca, Prof . M. Al-KHouri, Prof. M. Salerno, Prof. L. Zito, Dr. Messina.
the scientific Committee of the course for their support and cooperation.
University Kore of Enna, for offering this generous grant and for care and supporting
during the course.
iv
To Prof. T. Panzeca
my Parents
v
ABSTRACT
Thesis title: The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt
(the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Supervisors: Prof. Teotista Panzeca, Prof. Manuela Garofalo, Prof. Daniela Villari
This research is an integral part of a study that conceived to further awareness of the long
history of cultural relations between Italy and the Italian culture and Egypt to create new
spaces of comparison and bolster shared interests so as to enhance the already-existing
climate of collaboration and mutual understanding.
The research problem is that most of European residential buildings that shapes the city center
of most Egyptian cities suffer from the lack of protection because many of them are private
and they are not considered till now as monuments by the Egyptian laws and also there is no
maintenance or restoration programs to this kind of building.
The research aims to highlight the importance of the nineteenth and early twentieth century
residential buildings made by Italians in Alexandria. Determine the deterioration in these
buildings and what is the basic maintenance procedures that can done to protect them. And to
make some documentation of these building to make it easy for a future rehabilitation.
The study concentrate on the residential buildings at Alexandria, Egypt designed or built
Italian architects and engineers from the nineteenth and early twentieth century till now. The
research consists of three parts and one appendix.
The first part contains the historical study and include three chapters; the first illustrates the
history of the city of Alexandria from the city's founding by Alexander the great in 331 BC
till the beginning of the twenty-one century to identify the influence of Alexandrian history
on it’s built environment, the second chapter studies the Italian architects at Egypt and their
contributions to the Egyptian architecture and modern heritage, And the third chapter
concentrates on the residential building made by Italian in Alexandria to illustrate its
importance in the Alexandrian heritage.
The second part of the research contains the theoretical study about damage diagnosis on
stone buildings and includes two chapters; the first one illustrates the in-site investigation and
laboratory studies and the comprehensive documentation important in the field of stone
monument preservation. And at the end of the study there is one appendix about weathering
forms on stone buildings with photos about each form. And the second chapter studies the
structural types of failure and interventions in stone building in the critical parts that may
suffer from structural problems.
vi
The third part includes the applied study on Alexandrian heritage and consists of two
chapters; the first one studies the current situation, the problems and the Future of
Alexandrian built environment and some examples of rehabilitation of building in Alexandria
city center, and the second chapter is a case study of El Manshieh or “Mohamed Ali Square”
which is one of the main commercial districts at Alexandria city center and was redesigned by
Italian architect, also the square contains now five Italian buildings three of them are private
residence. The study of the Italian buildings in the square illustrate the current situation of the
buildings and the problems that they suffer from.
The research concluded that the Alexandrian built heritage as all suffer from neglecting and
are threaten with elimination and destruction due to mainly economical condition that leads to
lack of maintenance and that are more presented at the private residential building because
there isn’t clear vision to mange and protect those building, And if their isn’t immediate
movement to protect and conserve that heritage it will disappear soon.
vii
Table of contents
Page
Contents
No.
preface. viii
Introduction. viii
Research problem. viii
Aim of the research. viii
Hypotheses. viii
Geographic limitation and scope of study. viii
Research organization. viii
1- Historical study. 1
viii
Page
Contents
No.
2-2-1-2- Mode (II): Failure due to the wall bending. 52
2-2-1-3- Mode (III): Failure due to the wall cut. 53
2-2-1-4- Collapse on the isolated walls. 54
2-2-2- Structural improvement integrations in stone building. 55
2-2-2-1- Reinforcement of the structure with steel. 55
2-2-2-2- Interventions on the wooden beams. 56
2-2-2-3- Interventions on the wooden roofs. 58
2-2-2-4- Recovery of arches and vaults. 59
3- Applied study on Alexandrian heritage. 62
References 86
ix
List of Tables
Table Page
Description of the Table
No. No.
Table (A-1) Italian Community population statistics. x
Table (2-1) Items of documentation within the scope of anamnesis. 44
Table (2-2) Scales of stone deterioration. 44
Table (2-3) Items of documentation within the scope of diagnosis. 45
List of Figures
Figure Page
Description of the figure
No. No.
1- Historical study.
1-1- History of Alexandria.
Fig (1-1) The Palestrina a roman mosaic. 2
Fig (1-2) Map of classical Alexandria by Dr.Tassos Neroutsous. 3
Fig (1-3) Imaginary sketch of the lighthouse of Alexandria. 4
Fig (1-4) Imaginary sketch and prespective of library of Alexandria. 6
Fig (1-5) plans of Serapeum reconstruction Ptolemaic and Roman phase. 7
Fig (1-6) photos of Pompey column, (Amoud al Sawary) at Kom al-Shugafa. 7
Fig (1-7) Site plan of Kom el Dikka. 8
Fig (1-8) photos Roman Theatre Restoration at Kom Al-Dikka. 9
Fig (1-9) Plans, site plan and Elevations of the mosque of 1000Columns. 10
Fig (1-10) Map of Alexandria by J. Helffrich 1566. 11
Fig (1-11) Map of Alexandria in the late Roman period by A. Adriani. 11
Fig (1-12) Photos of Fort Qaitbey. 12
Fig (1-13) Daguerreotype and photo of Ras el Tin palace. 13
Fig (1-14) Map of the Turkish town by the French Expedition in 1798-1801. 14
Fig (1-15) Map of contemporary Alexandria. 15
Fig (1-16) panorama view and photos of corniche of Alexandria. 15
Fig (1-17) Photos of the Montaza Royal palace. 16
Fig (1-18) Photos of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. 16
1-2-Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt.
Fig (1-19) Old postcards of Place des Consuls in late 19th century. 18
Fig (1-20) Photos of the entrance of Ras el Tin palace and detail of coat of arms. 19
Fig (1-21) Old postcards (1883) of “Stock exchange- Borsa”. 19
Fig (1-22) Plan and photo of the Bourse of Minet el Bassal. 20
Fig (1-23) Photo of the Zizinia theatre. 20
Fig (1-24) Drawings of the proposal for the competition of a theatre in Alexandria. 21
Fig (1-25) Photo of sabil-Kuttab Al-Walda. 22
Fig (1-26) Photo of the Tossiza palace. 22
Fig (1-27) Photos of Al-Rifaiy Mosque (the tombs of Royal family). 22
Fig (1-28) photos of Haramlek- Montazah palace. 23
Fig (1-29) photo of castle Mackenzie, Genoa and Montazah palace, Alexandria. 23
Fig (1-30) Photos of Misr Bank in Mohammad Farid street in Cairo. 24
x
Figure Page
Description of the figure
No. No.
Fig (1-31) Elevations and photo of Al-Mursi abu Al-Abbas Mosque. 24
Fig (1-32) Plan of Al-Mursi abu Al-Abbas Mosque. 25
Fig (1-33) photos of Qaid Ibrahim Mosque. 26
Fig (1-34) Photo and plan of El sayed Mohamed Korayem Mosque. 26
1-3- Italian contributions in Alexandrian built environment:
Fig (1-35) Photo of The palace of Count Zizinia. 29
Fig (1-36) Photos of place d' Armes before and after the bombardment of 1882. 30
Fig (1-37) plan of the Place des Consuls in late 19th century. 30
Fig (1-38) Photo and plans of Villa Lutzzatto Pasha. 31
Fig (1-39) Photo and plans of Palazzina Pini Bey. 31
Fig (1-40) Elevations, Photo and plans of “Mixed Tribunals”. 32
Fig (1-41) Photos, Elevations and plans of “okalle Monfrato”. 33
Fig (1-42) Photo of “Primi Building”. 34
Fig (1-43) Photo of “Societe des immeubles d’Egypte”, at Rue Sherif. 34
Fig (1-44) Photo, and plans of “Gallery Menasce”. 34
Fig (1-45) Photo, Elevation and plans of “Palazzina Aghion”. 35
Fig (1-46) Photos of “Villa mazloum Pasha”. 35
Fig (1-47) Photo, Elevation and plans of “Villa laurens”. 36
Fig (1-48) Photos of “Villa H. Lindeman. ” and “villa Baron J.De Menasce”. 36
Fig (1-49) Photos of building on Venice style awarded the Municipality Prize. 37
Fig (1-50) Photo of “ElNokaly apartment building”. 37
Fig (1-51) Photo of “Cecil Hotel”. 37
Fig (1-52) Photo of “M. Saleh building”. 38
Fig (1-53) Photo of “Heikal apartment building”. 38
Fig (1-54) Photo of “Villa Adda”. 38
Fig (1-55) Photo of “Villa Awad and Abani”. 38
Fig (1-56) Photo of “Fumaroli building” on Avenue Fouad I. 38
Fig (1-57) Photo of “fumaroli building” on Rue Sherif. 38
2- Theoretical study: Damage diagnosis on stone buildings.
xi
Figure Page
Description of the figure
No. No.
2-2- Structural failure and interventions in stone building.
Fig (2-16) photo and diagram of the Failure due to the collapse of the façade. 52
Fig (2-17) photos of building at “Messina, Sicily” after the earthquake (1908). 52
Fig (2-18) photo the cracks in the connection between the façade and the building. 52
Fig (2-19) photo and diagram of the Failure due to the wall bending. 53
Fig (2-20) photos of buildings at “Messina, Sicily” after the earthquake (1908). 53
Fig (2-21) photo and diagram of the Failure due to the wall cut. 53
Fig (2-22) photos of buildings at “Messina, Sicily” after the earthquake (1908). 54
Fig (2-23) photos of Collapse on the isolated walls. 54
Fig (2-24) photos of cracks on the isolated walls due to over loading. 54
Fig (2-25) photos and sketch of using steel bar in ancient buildings. 55
Fig (2-26) photos of the corrosion of old steel bars that damage the nearby stones. 55
Fig (2-27) Sketches of using steel bar inserted at the corners of the building. 55
Fig (2-28) photos of the steel bars inserted at the top corners of outer walls 56
Fig (2-29) photos of using steel bar in case of deferent thickness in the walls. 56
Fig (2-30) Sketches of using steel bar in case of deferent thickness in the walls. 56
Fig (2-31) photos of damages on old wood beams that support the roofs. 57
Fig (2-32) Sketches of using steel cases to support wooden beams. 57
Fig (2-33) photos of the steel cases that contain the wooden beams. 57
Fig (2-34) photos of upper cover of the steel cases that prevent it from sliding . 58
Fig (2-35) Sketches of wooden truss supported on stone arches. 58
Fig (2-36) Sketches of wooden beam of the truss directly supported on the walls. 58
Fig (2-37) photos of the wooden beams supported only on the walls. 59
Fig (2-38) photo of the intermediate connection of the beams throw steel part. 59
Fig (2-39) photo of covering the roof with thin layer of wood. 59
Fig (2-40) photos of the final finishing layer supported on sheets of isolation. 59
Fig (2-41) photo of crack in the arch and separation between it’s stones. 59
Fig (2-42) photo of supporting the arches during the restoration process. 59
Fig (2-43) Sketches of supporting the arch, and replacement of damaged parts. 60
Fig (2-44) photos of connecting the carrying walls of the arch or vaults with steel. 60
Fig (2-45) Sketches of supporting the loads above the arch during restoration. 61
3- Applied study.
xii
Figure Page
Description of the figure
No. No.
Fig (3-13) Photos of “Cordahi Complex” before and after renovation. 68
Fig (3-14) Photos of piazza and façade of “Mohamed Ali theatre”. 69
Fig (3-15) Photos of “Mohamed Ali club” before and after renovation. 69
Fig (3-16) Photos of “Banco di Roma” before and after renovation. 70
Fig (3-17) Photos of “bank of Athens” before and after renovation. 70
Fig (3-18) Photos of “palazzina Aghion” before and after renovation. 71
3-2- Case study: El Manshieh “Mohamed Ali Square”.
Fig (3-19) Old postcards of Place des Consuls in late 19th century 73
Fig (3-20) Photos of Place des Consuls in late 19th century 73
Fig (3-21) Panoramic view of Manshieh and Liberation square. 74
Fig (3-22) Panoramic view of Manshieh and Liberation square. 74
Fig (3-23) Photos of “Manshieh square” showing the status of “Mohamed Ali”. 74
Fig (3-24) Part of Alexandria’s Google earth map. 75
Fig (3-25) Photos of ‘Okalle Monferato” at Manshieh square. 75
Fig (3-26) Photos of disfiguring the building façade by the shop windows 76
Fig (3-27) Photos of the structural problems at the top Cornish. 76
Fig (3-28) Photos of the bad conditions of the internal court. 77
Fig (3-29) Photos of the iron dome that cover the main court. 78
Fig (3-30) Photos of the interventions by the users by adding some coverings. 78
Fig (3-31) Photos of “Mixed Tribunals” at Manshieh square. 78
Fig (3-32) Photos of the side facades that suffer from degradation. 79
Fig (3-33) Photos of “Okalle Menasce” at Manshieh square. 79
Fig (3-34) Photos of disfiguring the building Entrance and main façade 80
Fig (3-35) Photos of the deterioration in the internal façade on the main court. 80
Fig (3-36) Photos of damage and degradation of the wooden roof of the staircase. 80
Fig (3-37) Old photo of “Waqf Yacoub Dahan” at Manshieh square. 81
Fig (3-38) Photos of current situation of “Waqf Yacoub Dahan” at Manshieh. 81
Fig (3-39) Photos of disfiguring the building façade by the shop windows. 81
Fig (3-40) Photos of the constructions added on the roof. 82
Fig (3-41) Photos of the original and current state of “Ismail Monument”. 82
xiii
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
1
Frattini, Franco. Italian minister of foreign affairs, introduction for the project “Mediterranean Crossroads”.
xiv
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Preface ______________________________________________________________________________________ Preface
___________________________________________________________________________
Because of the good organization and efficiency of constructors, and also as a consequence of
geographic proximity, there was a special link with Italian architecture in that period. Many
Italian architects were involved in the design of these buildings, and some Italian contractors,
builders and handicrafts were employed in their construction. Most of these residence
buildings still exist and represent a significant part of Alexandrian architectural heritage, but
they are threatened with elimination because of neglecting and lack of maintenance.
Research problem:
• At the present the most of European residential buildings that shapes the city center of
most Egyptian cities suffer from the lack of protection because many of them are private
and they are not considered till now as monuments by the Egyptian laws and also there is
no maintenance or restoration programs to this kind of building.
Hypotheses:
• Making documentation of these building will keep this kind of architecture from getting
lost.
• With continues maintenance to these building we can prevent them from elimination and
reduce the cost of restoration.
Research organization:
The study consists of three parts and one appendix; The first part contains the historical
study and include three chapters; the first illustrates the history of the city of Alexandria, the
second chapter studies the Italian architects at Egypt and the third chapter concentrates on the
residential building made by Italian in Alexandria. The second part contains the
theoretical study about damage diagnosis on stone buildings and includes two chapters; the
first one illustrates the in-site investigation and laboratory studies, and the second chapter
studies the structural types of failure and interventions in stone building. The third part
includes the applied study on Alexandrian heritage and consists of two chapters; the first
one studies the current situation, the problems and the Future of Alexandrian built
environment, and the second chapter is a case study of El Manshieh or “Mohamed Ali
Square” to study the Italian buildings in the square and to illustrate its current situation. And
at the end of the study there is one appendix about Weathering forms on stone buildings with
photos about each form.
xv
preface.
1- Historical study.
1-1- History of Alexandria.
Conclusion
References
1
http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/default.aspx (Official website of Alexandria governorate).
1
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
Introduction:
The history of Alexandria dates back to the city's founding by Alexander the great in 331 BC
(the exact date is disputed). It was the seat of the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt, and quickly
became one of the greatest cities of the Hellenistic world second only to Rome in size and
wealth. It fell to the Arabs in 641 AD, and a new capital of Egypt, Fustat, was founded on the
Nile. After Alexandria's status as the country's capital ended, it fell into a long decline, which
by the late Ottoman period, had seen it reduced to little more than a small fishing village. The
city was revived by Muhammad Ali as a part of his early industrialization program. The
current city is Egypt's leading port, a commercial, tourism and transportation center, It is
often described as Ad Aegyptum or “near Egypt”, suggesting an alienation from Egyptian
influences and its Nilotic civilization. Alexandria implies a long tradition in the diversity of
its society and established interaction with other cultures. And for that matter it was the
gateway to Egypt and the point of contact with other civilizations, especially those of the
Mediterranean1.
Fig (1-1) The Palestrina (fund in a small town Praeneste near Rome) a roman mosaic covering an area of 20
square meters, dating back to the second century BC and attributed to the Alexandrian artist Demetrius the
topographer, depicts the Nile delta, the imperial palace of Alexandria, other buildings and temples, sailing ships
and flora along the upper Nile. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.8)
1
Awad, Mohamed F. “Italy in Alexandria: influences on the built environment”, Alexandria preservation trust,
Alexandria, Egypt,2008, p9.
2
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Part (1): Historical study ________________________________________________ Chapter (1): History of Alexandria
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Fig (1-2) Map of classical Alexandria by Dr.Tassos Neroutsous, 1888 showing the location of the Roman camp.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.16)
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Part (1): Historical study ________________________________________________ Chapter (1): History of Alexandria
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Sun Gate of the city wall. Archaeologists estimate that both streets measured between 25 and
70 meters, and were lined with marble colonnades and paved with granite blocks.
The original city may have initially covered an area of 840 hectares. There was no consensus
among ancient historians, and population estimates for Alexandria during Hellenistic rule
vary between 75,000 to 500,000. Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, the construction of the
city was still not complete.
1-1-2- Ptolemaic Dynasty (305 BC-30 BC):
Ptolemaic rule over Egypt, began with Ptolemy I in 305 BC and ended with Cleopatra VII in
30 BC, was the period of greatest infrastructural and cultural development in Alexandria. The
Ptolemies' emphasis on urban development and expansion followed the Greek tradition;
however, this strategy had to contend with pre-existing Ancient Egyptian codes of urban
development. These codes were established during the Old Kingdom of Egypt (2575-2130
BC), where differentiated settlement patterns and orthogonal town planning methods were
already in practice .
Ptolemy I major construction projects included the lighthouse of Pharos, a series of
fortification walls around the city's perimeter, and new temples for two Alexandrine cults
adopted during his reign. The first temple was dedicated to Serapis, the tutelary god of the
dynasty, and the second temple constructed in Alexandria was dedicated to Alexander
himself, the guardian genius of the city. Of all of these, Ptolemy I's most famous project was
the lighthouse of Alexandria at the island of Pharos. Situated on the eastern end of the island
where the Qaytbay Fort stands today, the lighthouse was constructed at the entrance of the
Great Harbor and is considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Destroyed in a
13th century earthquake, the lighthouse is described in historical texts as rising to over 120
meters high. It was designed with three setbacks, an elevator, a staircase, and a powerful light
that projected out to sea for up to 55 kilometers .
For 300 years the Ptolemies controlled Egypt from Alexandria. During this time, the city's
close proximity to the sea had caused much of the original city foundations, including the
ancient docks and parts of the Royal Enclosure, to sink. The marble used in the first city, built
under Ptolemy I, would later be reused; in one example, this marble would be ground up to
make cement as Mohammed 'Ali Pasha rebuilt Alexandria from 1810-1850 under the
Ottomans.
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
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Under Ptolemaic rule, Alexandria became a major center for the arts and sciences:
astronomy, medicine, literature, philosophy, and religious studies. Many of the urban
undertakings in Alexandria were not completed during Ptolemy I Soter's rule, but rather by
his successors. Theaters, zoological gardens, the gymnasium (with porticos more than a
stadium long) were constructed under Ptolemy II Philadelphus. The Ptolemies' monopolistic
policies saw state and royal funds controlling most of the major industries, not only in
Alexandria, but throughout Egypt. Salt, oil, linen textiles and papyrus paper were royal
monopolies, while lesser industries such as woolen textiles, glass, wine, perfumes were
marginally state controlled, but lay mostly in private hands. Another important characteristic
of Alexandria was its function as a polis (city-state). However, a contradiction in power
existed under Ptolemaic rule; Alexandria had its own citizenship and constitution, yet its
autonomy and its city government were restricted in scope.
The land use program for the city under the Ptolemaic dynasty was primarily residential. This
street grid was divided into insulae (blocks), each averaging 36.5 by 182.5 meters, or 100 by
500 Ptolemaic feet. In Alexandria, a quarter accommodated six insulae intersected by two
minor roads. Housing plots measured 22 by 22 meters, and each insula could hold as many as
20 houses.
As a polis, Ptolemaic Alexandria had a very cosmopolitan population, drawn from
Alexander's Macedonian forces, older Greek Naukratis and Memphis, and Egyptian towns
such as the former Rhakotis and nearby Canopus. In lesser numbers, immigrants would later
arrive from Syria, Asia Minor, Italy, Syracuse, Libya, Carthagenia, and Massillia
(contemporary Marseilles) in the western Mediterranean. Alexandria's Egyptians formed the
largest ethnic community in Alexandria, and lived mainly in the southern district around the
precinct of the Serapeum, the original location of the village of Rhakotis. However, the
cosmopolitan nature of the populace did not greatly impact the architecture and spatial
planning of Hellenistic Alexandria.
Early Alexandria was divided into five districts, or quarters, named after the first five letters
of the Greek alphabet (A-E). The Jewish Quarter was known as 'Delta.' Dating almost from
the founding of the city, Jewish scholars began translating the Old Testament from its
original Hebrew into Greek. This group of scholars would later produce the standard
orthodox version known as the Septuagint. Under Ptolemaic rule, the Jewish community was
allowed to form an association (politeuma) to freely practice their faith and manage their
affairs according to Jewish law. The south-west quarter of Rhakotis (Rhacotis) took its full
name from the former fishing village that predated Alexandria's founding, and was occupied
almost entirely by native Egyptians. Brucheum (the Brucheion), also known as 'Beta,' was the
royal or Greek quarter, and it comprised nearly a third of the city. Beta was situated in the
northeast, and its Royal Palace complex also contained its own administrative buildings and a
harbor, as well as the Musaeum (Mouseion), the Temple of the Muses that was commissioned
by Ptolemy I Soter. Similar to a modern university or research institute with colleges,
laboratories and observatories, the Musaeum attracted many mathematicians, scientists, poets
and dramatists. These included Euclid, Archimedes, Strato and Zenodotus; consequently, the
Musaeum was comparable in scholarly fame to top institutions in Athens.
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
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Fig (1-4)Imaginary sketch and prespective of library of Alexandria, housed a museum and held about 500,000
papyrus scrolls. Source: http://www.utexas.edu/courses/introtogreece/cc301/alexlibext.jpg
Of particular importance in the planning of the Musaeum was the Library of Alexandria
(constructed 288-280 BC), planned by Ptolemy I's chief advisor, Demetrius El Phalerum.
Historical texts indicate that although the library was conceived of during Ptolemy I Soter's
regime, it was completed under his son Ptolemy II. This library reportedly encompassed
multiple buildings in the Musaeum. Books were housed in several depositories, and although
a definitive number was never recorded, some scholars believe that its full collection
comprised circa 500,000 scrolls. According to some sources, the "Mother Library" at the
Musaeum included the collections and research institutes, while the "Daughter Library",
situated at the Serapeum, (a colonnade which enclosed the original Temple of Serapis, in
addition to the shrines of Isis and Harpocrates) housed the overstock of books from the
Musaeum and Cleopatra VII Philopator's two hundred thousand volumes from the library of
Pergamum, a wedding gift from Mark Anthony. However, the story of this wedding gift is
itself disputed. The construction of the Serapeum itself is attributed to Ptolemy III, and is
supported by the discovery of inscription plaques at the site.
The exact fate of the Library of Alexandria is unknown, and general consensus holds that its
collections were lost in a fire. Contemporary Egyptologists continue to debate the fire, and
the loss of the Alexandrine texts; one ancient story holds that Julius Caesar accidentally set
the fire during a 48 BC visit to Alexandria, and this is corroborated by some ancient texts.
Another ambitious late Ptolemaic project is the Caesareum. A temple commissioned by
Cleopatra VII Philopator in honor of Mark Anthony, was later completed by Octavian, who
dedicated it to himself. Ptolemaic rule in Egypt ended with the suicide of the celebrated
Cleopatra VII in 30 BC. Roman rule in Egypt began under Octavian, and would continue
until Constantine I (618).
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
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Fig (1-5)plans of Serapeum reconstruction Ptolemaic and Roman phase by Alan Rowe& Judith Mckenzie.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.24)
Fig (1-6)photos of Pompey column, (Amoud al Sawary) at Kom al-Shugafa (30-48 B.C.).
Source: http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=9170
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
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account from Strabo's time, Alexandrian architectural landmarks included the Royal Palaces,
the grand Theater (on modern Hospital Hill, near the Ramleh station), Poseidon's temple
(located close to the Theatre), the Emporium (Exchange), the Navalia (the docks), the
aforementioned Caesareum, the Gymnasium and the Palaestra, the Temple of Saturn, the
Mausoleum of Alexander at Soma built by Ptolemy I, the Musaeum, and the Serapeum .
fig(1-7) Site plan of Kom el Dikka, The plan reveals a complex including an amphitheatre,
roman baths, cisterns, house district ,shops and classrooms of the philosophical schools. Source:
(Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.28 &p.30)
While residences dominated ancient Alexandrian land use patterns, 2300 sanctuaries could be
counted by the end of the Roman period. The Canopic Way and the Street of the Soma served
as the main thoroughfares, and civic buildings lined them both. In total, the city was served
by 18 main streets, with 7 running east-west and 11 running north-south. The agora
(marketplace) was at the center of the city, which extended for 16 kilometers. Outside of
these areas, Alexandria was predominantly residential. Archaeological findings estimate that
the average residential footprint under Roman rule was 200 square meters.
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
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Fig (1-8)photos of Roman Theatre Restoration at Kom Al-Dikka (2nd c., restored 1980s).
Source: http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=776
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fig(1-9)Plans, site plan and Elevations of the mosque of 1000Columns, Originally the Church of St. Theonas, and
retransformed into a Franciscan convent and the church of st. Rita.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.62&p.63)
Major urban changes during this period included the fortification of the coast and the new
city walls under Ibn Tulun, who also completed renovations on the lighthouse in 797.
Following the establishment of Islamic law, many Roman citizens left the city, and the city's
economy continued its decline. The new city wall built described a shrinking Alexandria, one
that occupied just under half the city's urban footprint under the Romans. In 912, the Temple
of Serapis was demolished. Although nothing remains of the temple today, two obelisks,
known as "Cleopatra's needles," were retained. Formerly located at the seaward end of the
Street of Soma, one was presented to the British and erected along the Thames Embarkment
(1878) and the other was offered to the USA, and stands in New York's Central Park (1881).
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fig(1-10) Map of Alexandria by J. Helffrich 1566. (A)Cairo gate, (B)Pepper gate, (C)Sea door, (D)The canal,
(E)The Fort, (F)A mosque used by Turks, (G)Small fort, (G)new port, (G)old port.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.67)
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Generally speaking, little of Alexandria's urban fabric was changed through the end of the
Fatimid dynasty (1171). Under the Ayyubids (1171-1260), Salah al-Din fortified the city
walls (1181) and converted Alexandria into a military base. He ordered ruined columns to be
thrown into the harbor to prevent enemy ships from approaching, and he also began to
improve the city's standard of living, which had been so drastically affected during the
transition from Roman rule. New "suburban" districts were created to the west and south of
the city, and their development followed urban patterns in the Islamic world, with narrow
streets and covered markets. Although Alexandria continued to be Egypt's principal port, and
experienced a brief revival in the twelfth century, the city itself would continue to shrink until
Ottoman times.
1-1-5-Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (1250-1517):
Under the Mamluks, the lighthouse at Pharos was destroyed during an earthquake, and Sultan
Qaytbey built a fort to defend the harbor in its place. Architecturally, Alexandria expanded
under the Mamluk mosque building programs; 88 mosques could be counted in the late 18th
century. In 1517, the Mamluks gave way to the Ottomans, who ushered in a policy of
isolationism. This isolationism was founded in the idea of trade as leading to Western
colonization, and this policy continued until Napoleon Bonaparte invaded in 1798. With
Napoleon came French ambitions to use Alexandria to open up a trade route to the East. At
the time of his arrival, the city approximated a village of 4,000. The 1798 invasion disrupted
Alexandria's limited industry and commerce, which at that time sustained the small Egyptian
port. Subsequent invasions of Egyptian territories came as a result of the instability of power
in Napoleonic Europe and Ottoman attempts to re-establish control over Egypt.
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facility, which would become one of Egypt's greatest military and naval establishments. He
established a committee for traffic control, to promote cleanliness and public health
initiatives, and to improve urban conditions overall. Mohammad 'Ali Pasha's planning
strategies focused on infrastructure (railways, roads) to facilitate economic development.
However, this did not extend to preventing unplanned thoroughfares and other spontaneous
development, which played a role in destroying some of the city's historic urban fabric.
As governor, Mohammed Ali's grandson (1848-1854) built a railway from Alexandria to
Suez that continued as far as Kafr al-Zayat. Alexandria grew rapidly thereafter: 1850 saw
high numbers of Europeans taking up residence in the city and becoming influential citizens.
The next governor, Mohammed Said Pasha (1854-1863) extended the railway line to Cairo
and connected Alexandria and Cairo with modern telegraph lines. Construction on the city's
tramway system was completed in 1860; today, this system is the oldest of all such networks
in Africa. It was under the government of Ismail Pasha (1863-1879), also known as Ismail the
Magnificent, that the Europeanization of Alexandria began. Ismail built new roads and laid
out new districts, improved trade relationships, and granted many plots of land in the new
Raml suburb, where numerous lavish palaces were built. Alexandria was one of the first
Egyptian cities to have an underground sanitary sewerage system; during Ismail's reign,
purified water from the Mahmudiyyah canal was piped throughout the city from a filtering
station. As Alexandria expanded, its Arab walls were torn down.
By 1870, Alexandria was the fourth leading Mediterranean port after Istanbul, Marseilles,
and Genoa. The city's expansion in trade and infrastructure followed the assimilation of
Egypt into the European world economy, and the city witnessed the Industrial Revolution of
the nineteenth century. Although agricultural exports had always played a major role in its
economy, during the nineteenth century Egyptian trade with Europe flourished. From 1860-
70, over two-thirds of Egypt's export earnings came from cotton trading, while the trade of
other agricultural products increased dramatically. Under Mohammad 'Ali Pasha, the
Ministry of Commerce offices moved to Alexandria. By the late nineteenth century,
Alexandria was successfully disengaging itself from the Ottoman commonwealth, and was
moving into the orbit of Europe. It is of equal importance to note that it was not until the turn
of the nineteenth century that contemporary Alexandria exceeded the size of Greek
Alexandria.
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fig(1-14) Map of the Turkish town as documented by the French Expedition in 1798-1801.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.72)
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sponsors, UNESCO, and the Egyptian government. It is sited on the site of the former Great
Library.
Alexandria's major civic spaces include Ahmed Orabi Square and Saad Zaghlul Square (both
located in the downtown area), Mansheya Square (in Mansheya), Tahrir Square (formerly
Mohammed Ali Square at the Places des Consuls) and Ahmed Zewail Square (near Wabour
El Mayah). The city also hosts the Graeco-Roman Museum, with one of the finest collections
of Graeco-Roman artifacts in the world. The Montaza Royal Gardens are an important urban
green space; the palace garden complex is surrounded by walls on the east, west and south
sides of the complex, and its north side faces the waterfront. Major mosques include Ali ibn
Abi Talib Mosque (in Somouha), Bilal Mosque, El-Gamee el-Bahari (in Mandara), Hatem
Mosque (also in Somouha), Hoda el-Islam Mosque (in Sidi Bishr), Abu el-Abbas el-Mursi
Mosque (in Anfoushi), El-Mowasah Mosque (in Hadara). The ancient Roman amphitheatre
and Pompey's Pillar still stand.
Its urban infrastructure also includes the main airport (Al Nozha airport), located 7 kilometers
southeast of the city center, and five major highways. Its port has the longest history of all its
urban infrastructure: dating to 1900 BCE, it has seen many restorations under multiple
regimes. Today the port is divided into the eastern harbor and the western harbor, which are
separated by a T-shaped peninsula .
The history of Alexandria showcases a broad cast of colonial powers, which each in turn
added to the city's fabric. Today, Graeco-Roman ruins and modern high-rise buildings co-
exist within Alexandria. Elements of the ancient city, such as its main streets and millenia-old
port, combine with geomorphological changes to define and direct its urban growth today.
The city mirrors the issues faced by most developing cities, and stark contrasts in civic
infrastructure and architecture can be seen today between all six of Alexandria's districts:
Montaza, eastern Alexandria, the downtown, Amreya, Western Alexandria and Gumro .
Notes:
www.archnet.org the main recourses are:
1. McKenzie, Judith, et al. "Alexandra." In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online",
http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T001722. (Accessed March 16, 2009 ).
2. Alexandria: Hellenistic Age." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online".
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26550/Hellenistic-Age. (Accessed May 19, 2008).
3. El-Abbadi, Mostafa. "Alexandria: Thousand-Year Capital of Egypt." Alexandria: The Site and the
History. New York: NYU Press .1993.
4. El-Din, Morsi Saad,"Alexandria: The Site and the History. New York: NYU Press .1993.
5. Haag, Michael. Alexandria. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press .2004.
6. Jobbins, Jenny. 2006. "Alexandria and the Egyptian Mediterranean: a traveler's guide". Cairo:
American University in Cairo Press .
7. Mueller, Katja. Settlements of the Ptolemies: city foundations and new settlement in the Hellenistic
world. Dudley, MA: Peeters .2006.
8. Ramadan, Abdel Azim. C. "Alexandria: French Expedition to the Modern Age." Alexandria: The Site
and the History. New York: NYU Press,1993 .
9. Reimer, Michael J. Colonial Bridgehead: Government and Society in Alexandria, 1807-1882. Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press .1997.
10. Reimer, Michael J. "Property disputes in 19th century Alexandria". Arizona: Middle East Studies
Association of North America .1989.
11. Harris, W. V. and Giovanni Ruffin. "Ancient Alexandria between Egypt and Greece". Boston: Brill
Academic Publishers, 2004.
17
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
Fig (1-19) Old postcards of Place des Consuls in late 19th cantury also known as Place d' Armes, place
Mohamed Ali, Manshieh and Liberation square. Source: (www.flicr.com )
The presence of Italian architects in Egypt less considerable in quantitative terms than that
recorded by their rise to important public posts, which put them in contact with top
government (the pasha and later the khedive, the king and members of the royal family).
The first fact can be interpreted as an indirect consequence of Bonaparte's campaign in
Egypt; many artists and intellectuals who had accompanied the Napoleonic armada settled
in the country to participate in the modernization pursued by Muhammad Ali, and they were
joined, during the Restoration, by other technicians and French military men called upon by
the pasha. The presence of this French colony was thus a guarantee of welcome for Italians
forced to leave their own homeland because they had been openly involved with Napoleonic
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administrations, and the familiarity of various Italian architects with the governing elite,
which in some cases went beyond normal relations with clients, constituted an efficacious
channel for the transmission of ideas.
The first important case of an Italian patriot being well-introduced into the pasha's court and
appreciated not only for his professional skills but also for his capacity as an adviser on
relations with European states and on diplomatic matters in commercial and financial
transactions, was that of Pietro Avoscani 1816-91. Self taught through on-the-job practice in
the field of ornamental painting and architectural decoration in his native Livorno, where he
had his first contacts with the "Giovine Italia", in March of 1837 he joined his brother
(Camillo), who had moved to Alexandria in 1825 after having accompanied the first
warship constructed on orders from Mohammad Ali in Livorno's shipyards, and enlisted in
the Egyptian military marines. Twenty-one-year-old Pietro, newly arrived in Alexandria,
was hired to supervise three-hundred workmen in executing the architectural furnishings
and interior decoration of the palace of Ras al-Tin Muhammad Ali's favorite residence.
Fig (1-20)Photos of the entrance of Ras el Tin palace and detail of coat of arms, designed by P. Avoscani.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.90)
Fig (1-21) Old postcards (1883) of “Stock exchange- Borsa” at place des Consuls by F. Mancini.
Source: (Godoli, E. "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt” p. 16).& www.flicr.com
This was the start of a brilliant career as a court architect in the service of the founder of
modern Egypt and his successors, the most important achievements of which were, in
Alexandria, the painting and sculptural work for the decoration of the palace of Gabbar
(1846-48), the execution of the coat of arms above the entranceway to the palace of Ras al-
Tin (1847), temporary decorations to welcome Muhammad Ali upon his return from a trip
to Naples (1848) as well as those for the palace of Gabbar commissioned by viceroy (Said
pasha) to celebrate the anniversary of his ascent to the throne (1856); and in Cairo,
decorations for squares, streets and public buildings on the occasion of the wedding of
Kamel pasha (1846), decorations for the palaces of Abbasiyya and Hilmiyya (1849) and for
the palaces of Gazira and Chubra (1860-61), the khedive's Azbakiyya Opera Theatre (1869),
which, quickly constructed of wood on the basis of a plan by architect Andrea Scala to host
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the premiere of Aida in celebration of the opening of the Suez Canal. Also notable among
the public structures the building of International Market of Minia al-Bassal (1871) in
Alexandria, known as the Colton Exchange.
Fig (1-22)Plan and photo of the Bourse of Minet el Bassal, designed by P. Avoscani.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.92)
In 1853 princes Ismaill and Halim sent Pietro to Carrara (Italy) to choose marble for the
entrance door to the palace of Ras al-Tin, and to France to acquire furniture and decorative
elements; on these and other missions Avoscani made his contribution to establishing
commercial relations between Egypt and the Italian art industries and construction material
suppliers. Even when working for private individuals, he never failed to utilize Italian
suppliers: in the theatre built in Alexandria in 1862 for Count Zizinia, the terracotta
ornamental work was produced by the Andrea Boni firm of Milan.
And in 1857 he was among the financers of the company promoted by banker Carlo Biagini
for the construction of a new Italian theatre in Alexandria, to be built by Luigi Piattoli. A
competition was held in 1858 to choose the plan of the theatre, with four prizes awarded to
Antonio Corazzi, Mariano Falcini and two other unidentified architects.
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Fig (1-24)Drawings of the proposal for the competition of a theatre in Alexandria, by M. Falcini 1858.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.96)
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1-2-2- The pursuit of modern architecture for Egypt:
Most of the buildings planned by Italians who arrived in Egypt in the 1820s and 1830s were
characterized by a re-reading of models of classicism from the latter part of the Eighteenth
Century or the Napoleonic era, the exiles who arrived after (1848) began to show the first
signs of a retrieval - with an eclectic attitude and free from philological preoccupations,
stylistic forms and motifs drawn from the repertoire of Islamic architecture. The earliest
example is probably the Sabil-kuttab al-Walda (public fountain and koranic school) built for
the queen mother in Bab al-Hadid zone (1867-69) in Cairo on plans by architect Ciro
Pantanelli (1833-84), who had come to Egypt in 1853 with his father. This architect also
worked mainly for members of the royal family: for the khedive Said and he designed the
palace of Qasr AI-Nil, and from 1873 to 1879 was in the service of Khedive Ismail's
mother.
Fig (1-25)Photo of sabil-Kuttab Al-Walda, Cairo, by Fig (1-26)Photo of the Tossiza palace by F. Mancini.
C.Pantanelli. Source: (E. Godoli & M. Giacomelli, Source: (Awad, Mohamed F.
"Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt ", P12.) "Italy in Alexandria"p.85)
After the bombing of Alexandria and landing of the English expedition corps in 1882
marked both the defeat of the nationalist movement headed by colonel Ahmed Orabi, who
had been pursued with the complicity of khedive Tawfiq, started the reconstruction of the
core or the European city of Alexandria figures like Antonio Lasciac (1856-1946) from
Gorizia, and Alfonso Maniscalco (1853-?) from Naples, who made contributions to the
revalidation of Islamic architecture in their projects in Cairo. But their contribution to the
reconstruction of Place des Consuls and the adjacent areas after 1882 adopted very different
styles. In the block of flats constructed in Rue Cherif Pacha (1883-88), now Salah Salem
and Nabi Daniel Street (1886-87).
Fig (1-27)Photos of Al-Rifaiy Mosque (the tombs of Royal family) at Cairo by Max Herz .
Source: www.archnet.org
Around 1900 appeared some of the most significant Italian contributions to the Islamic
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revival, which had its main stronghold in Cairo. First and foremost was the demolished villa
for the Danish consul Antonio Zogheb in Qasr AI-Nil (1898-1902), built by the brothers
Antonio Battigelli (1848-1898) and Francesco Battigelli (1861-?), in collaboration with the
Hungarian Max Herz, who in 1890 had become head architect of the Committee for the
conservation of monuments of Arab art, and in 1901 director of the Museum of Arab Art,
and who presumably played a fundamental role in guiding stylistic choices. The oldest of
the two brothers had demonstrated a certain familiarity with Arab art in the tomb of
Khedive Ismail (1896), located in the Al-Rifaiy Mosque, and shortly after the completion of
villa Zogheb Alfonso Maniscalco finished the Egyptian Library (1903-4), later adapted to
host the Cairo Museum of Islamic Art, it associated western plan types and facade schemas
with a very liberal manipulation of elements of Mamluke architecture, this building was an
important affirmation of the neo-Islamic orientation.
Fig (1-29)photo of castle Mackenzie, Genoa: the original style, and Montazah palace the copy of the Italian
style. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.196)
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Another Italian, Ernesto Verrucci (1874-1945), who arrived in Egypt in 1897 after having
participated in the Greek-Turkish war, and he made significant contributions to Islamic-
inspired architecture. After initially working on the Greco-Roman Museum of Alexandria,
Verrucci moved to Cairo, probably in (1898), to take over as head department architect at
the Ministry of Public Works. Then he left this position in 1907 to undertake freelance
work. Among his first contributions to the Islamic revival were the mausoleum for doctor
Elui pasha in the necropolis of Imam al Chafiy in Cairo. And in his first decade working his
neo-Mameluke plan won the competition for the new Egyptian University of Cairo (1913-
14), construction of which, assigned to an Italian firm, was impeded by the outbreak of the
First World War. After the ceremony marking the laying of the first stone had been
celebrated with great solemnity on March 13, 1914. And also the tombs of King Fuad and
the queen mother in the Al-Rifaiy mosque in Cairo (1917-19).
Many of the Italian architects residing in Egypt who made significant contributions to the
Islamic revival had an in-depth knowledge of monuments of Arab art, and were also directly
involved in ensuring its safeguarding. Their contribution to the Islamic revival did not end
with the beginning of the great war, but carried on until the have of the Second World War.
Between 1922 and 1927 architect Lasciac built the Misr Bank in (Mohammad Farid) street
in Cairo, the interior of which proposed an eclectic sampling of motifs from Arab and
ottoman art, also displaying a harmonization of precious materials that added a hint of the
Byzantine. And again in the pediatric hospital of Abu al-Rich in Cairo's Sayyida Zaynab
quarter (1930), he proposed a rarefied and extremely distilled version of Mamluke inspired
motifs, adapting them to the reinforced concrete construction and because of the need to
economize on materials and specialized labor.
Fig (1-30)Photos of Misr Bank in Mohammad Farid street in Cairo, by Lasciac, 1927.
Source: www.archnet.org
The '30s saw the development of a tendency due especially to the efforts of Egyptian
architect Mustafa Fahmy towards a modernized Islamic style, based on a simplification of
the lexical elements of the tradition, sometimes with Art Deco influenced stylizations, and
on the adoption of monumental plans characterized by the highlighting of the parts arranged
on the main axes or symmetry. Along the same lines was the School of Arts and Crafts (not
the Department or Engineering of Ayn Shams University) in the Abbassiyya quarter of
Cairo, built in 1932 on plans by Adolfo Brandani, which had an forepart in the middle of the
main facade, characterized by a high loggia with a giant order of columns, surmounted by
an onion dome.
A particularly interesting and largely still unexplored chapter of the Italian contribution to
the Islamic revival, is the sector of religious architecture. For example, there has not yet
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been sufficient investigation of activity in this sphere by Achille Patricolo, to whom we owe
the al-Fath mosque in the palace of Abdin in Cairo (1918), erected to replace an earlier
XIX-century mosque, of which he conserved the minaret and entrance doorway,
reconstructing the rest and adding an Ottoman-style cupola echoing that of the mosque of
Abu Dahab (1774) in the al-Azhar district.
Among the architects who held positions within the Ministry of El-Awqaf, Eugenio
Valzania (1880-1930), who had only recently been re-discovered, after a long period of
ignorance of the role he had played in the planning of works attributed by historiography to
his younger collaborators, like Mario Rossi (1897-1961) and Giuseppe Tavarelli (1883-?).
The finding of drawings dated 1929 now allows us to attribute to Valzania the ideation of
plans of two mosques, the al-Tabbah in Cairo (1929-33) and the Al-Mursi abu Al-Abbas in
Alexandria (1929-45), long attributed solely to Rossi who, after Valzania's death continued
the construction.
Fig (1-31)Elevations and photo of Al-Mursi abu Al-Abbas Mosque, by Mario Rossi and Eugenio Valzania,
1928-1938. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.242 -244)
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Fig (1-32) Plan of Al-Mursi abu Al-Abbas Mosque, by Mario Rossi and Eugenio Valzania, 1928-1938. Source:
(Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.242 -244)
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Fig (1-34) Photo and plan of El sayed Mohamed Korayem Mosque, by Mario Rossi, 1951.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.340)
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Notes:
1. Awad, Mohamed F. "From Historucism to Modernity (the inter-war period, Alexandria 1918-1939:
The Italian conection", Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first
century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 142-153.
2. Awad, Mohamed F. “Italy in Alexandria: influences on the built environment”, Alexandria preservation
trust, Alexandria, Egypt,2008.
3. Awad, Mohamed F. "Italian Influence on Alexandria's Architecture (1834-1985)." Environmental
Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp. 72-85.
4. Ciranna, Simonetta. "Italian Architecture in Egypt in the Thirties: The Work of Clemente Busiri
Vici." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.114-
119.
5. da Costa, Lucilia Verdelho. "Italian Influence on the Beginnings of Neo-Arabic Revivalism in
Portugal." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990,
Pp.172-177.
6. Dickie, James. "The Works of Mario Rossi at Alexandria." Environmental Design: Journal of the
Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, 94-101.
7. Godoli, Ezio& Giacomelli, Milva, "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to
the twenty-first century", Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 25th November 2008.
8. Godoli, E. "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt : a long-lasting political emigration", Italian
Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for
culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 14-72.
9. Jones, Dalu. " Italian Architects in Egypt at the Time of the Khedive." Environmental Design: Journal
of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.86-93.
10. Moussa, Magdy M. "Mario Rossi and the Egyptian School of Architecture in Alexandria."
Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.102-105.
11. Pallini, C. & Scaramuzzi, A. "Italian project for new city of Sidi Gaber, Alexandria", Italian Architects
and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo,
2008 Pp. 154-160.
12. Pallini, C. & Scaccabarozzi, A. "New protagonists: projects for Egypt by Italian architects from 1952
to the present day", Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first
century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 198-216.
13. Petruccioli Attilio, ed. Sponde Amate ”Environmental Design: Presence of Italy in the Architecture of
the Islamic Meditterranean”, Journal of Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990.
28
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
Fig (1-35)Photo by Gustave Le Gray 1862 , The palace of Count Zizinia on place des Consuls by Antonio
Lukovitch, featuring early Venetian influences. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria"p.88)
during the second half of the 19th century, the modifications of the Place des Consuls, now
known as Place Mohamed Ali, meant that elitist residences moved towards Rue Rossette,
Moharrem Bey and further towards Ramleh. (Filipo Pini Bey) is said to have been the
ear1iest promoter of the Quartier Tewfikieh (later known as Quartier Rosette or the Quartier
Latin) in 1875. (Pini) subdivided its plots and developed some of its elite residences,
including his own two Palazzinas in 1890, and that of Lutzzatto Pasha. Another Italian,
(Cesare Scotti), the first visionary of Ramleh suburban potential, had bought land and built
the first European house in 1836. Other Europeans then followed suit.
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Fig (1-36)Photos of place d' Armes before and after the bombardment of 1882 by L. Forillio.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.85)
Fig (1-37)plan of the Place des Consuls in late 19th cantury also known as Place d' Armes, place Mohamed Ali,
Manshieh and Liberation square. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.84)
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Fig (1-38)Photo and plans of Villa Lutzzatto Pasha by Filipo Pini, presently Belqis School.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria"p.98)
Fig (1-39)Photo and plans of Palazzina Pini Bey by Filipo Pini, presently the Spanish Consulate.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria"p.99)
The British bombardment of the city and the events that followed (11 July 1882) completely
destroyed the European centre around the Place Mohamed Ali However, the compensation
and indemnities, paid by the Egyptian government, were crucial in effecting the quick
recovery and rebuilding of the city centre.
In the post-Bombardment era 1882-1918, the Italian role in rebuilding the city was
considerable. Yet, their total monopoly of the building profession and its trades remained
disputable among historians, especially when the increasing competition from other nationals,
such as Greek professionals and contractors, is considered.
On the Place des Consuls, the Italians were the major contributors to the rebuilding of the
square and the design of its most important buildings. The imposing seat of the Mixed
Tribunals in 1887 was designed in the Beaux Arts tradition by Alfonso Maniscalco Bey, and
Augusto Cesarias was its structural engineer.
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Fig (1-40) Elevations, Photo and plans of “Mixed Tribunals”, by Antonio Maniscalco Bey, 1887.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.113)
The commercial entity of the square is further emphasized by the two large okalles modeled
on the concepts of Milanian Galleria. These were the Grand Okalle Menasce by Antonio
Lasciac in 1885 and the Okalle Monferato by Luigi Piattoli 1887.
Lasciac's work for the Societe des Immeubles d' Egypte, owners of the Okalle Menasce,
extended to a series of residential buildings along Rue Sherif Pasha in 1887, possibly paving
the way for similar developments along the parallel axis of Rue Tewfik and Attarin Mosque.
The buildings, designed by Lasciac in Neo-Baroque eclectic styles, were described as most
elegant and included all the desirable conveniences of modern Iiving.
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Fig (1-41)Photos, Elevations and plans of “okalle Monfrato”, by Luigi Piattoli, 1887.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.114,116)
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During the same period, Lasciac also designed a building for the Karam brothers on Rue de la
Gare de Ramleh, the Primi building on the Place des Consuls and a residential block owned
by the Jewish community on Rue Nabi Daniel. Yet, his most remarkable residential
achievement was in the high eclectic mannerist architecture of the Palauina Aghion, 1887, at
the corner of Rue Rossette and Rue Nabi Daniel. Lasciac's engineering skills, combined with
aesthetic Renaissance elegance, are expressed in the design of Ramleh Railway Station 1887,
and surprisingly is very historicist in the design of his Italian Renaissance Palauo in Ramleh,
1887 for the French cigarette manufacturer Laurens.
Fig (1-42) Photo of “Primi Building ”, by Antonio Fig (1-43) Photo of “Societe des immeubles
Lasciac, 1886-1887. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. d’Egypte”, at Rue Sherif by Antonio Lasciac. Source:
"Italy in Alexandria" p.117) (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.120)
The Italian influences retained their importance when the Municipality of Alexandria was
created in 1890. Its councils included elite members of the Italian community such as Stagni,
Lumbroso, Bacos, Viterbo, and Campos etc. Italians constituted at least fifty percent of its
technical staff and included prominent engineers such as Guiseppe Ramacciotti. described by
Bonola Bey in 1906 as "Ingenere di Prima classe”.
Fig (1-44) Photo, and plans of “Gallery Menasce ”, by Antonio Lasciac, 1883-1887.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.118,119)
In other public projects, the Italian involvement was also eminent. The Police Headquarters
in Bab Sharki and its dependencies, including the Villa of Baker Pasha, and other police
quarters together with the Fire Brigade Station at Kom el Dikka, were all designed around
the end of the nineteenth century by the Italian architect, Aldo Marelli. His eclectic designs
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were strongly influenced by the designs of medieval Italian castelli. However, he is better
remembered for his other designs: the Prussian Hospital of Diaconasses in Hadra (later
known as Anglo-Suisse), for the design of the Villa Karam in 1898 in Ramleh, and for the
renovation of the Villa Binder Nagel in 1905, built in Neo-C1assical splendour to host the
German Kaiser on his expected visit to Alexandria.
Fig (1-45) Photo, Elevation and plans of “Palazzina Aghion ”, by Antonio Lasciac, 1887.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.122)
Fig (1-46) Photos of “Villa mazloum Pasha”, by Antonio Lasciac, 1898-1899 before and after extention.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.124)
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Fig (1-47) Photo, Elevation and plans of “Villa laurens”, by Antonio Lasciac, 1886-1887.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.125)
The Industrial Building Company of Egypt, a leading land and building company in
Alexandrian and Egyptian activities (1907-1912), included land speculation (such as those
bought from A. campos) in areas such as Ramleh, Gharbaneyat and Gabbari. Presided over
by Amin Karam, the technical administration of the company was mostly Italian.
Industrial Buildings of Egypt were also actively involved in developing public and private
buildings in Alexandria, such as the Egyptian Government School in Moharrem Bey 1909,
and the Egyptian Postal Service building 1909-1910. The Company Construction
Departments in 1911 expanded to include Italian engineers such as G. SiaccL U. Dessberg
and A. Fusignani.
Fig (1-48) Photos of “Villa H. Lindeman. ” and “villa Baron J.De Menasce.”, by The Industrial Building
Company of Egypt, 1907-1912. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.162,163)
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Alexandria became the commitment and practices of Italian Venetian professionals, who
found their clientele within their own community, and among others, specially the Jews and
also increasingly among Egyptians. This was a perfect opportunity and setting for Giacomo
Alessandro Loria 1879-1937 to reproduce his Little Venice in the Alexandrian context.
Loria's S. Salem, M. Douak, and the EI Nokaly's apartment blocks in Ramleh Station 1926-
1928 carry strong Venetian references, such as the Gothic detailing borrowed from its
Palazzo Ducale. Reinvented and decorated with polychromatic brickwork and mosaics
imported from Italy, the Italianated facade won for its architect the Municipality Honorary
Prize for Best Facades.
Fig (1-49) Photos of building on Venice style by G.A. Loria (1929) awarded the Municipality Honorary Prize
for Best Facades. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.204,205).
Fig (1-50) Photo of “ElNokaly apartment building” Fig (1-51) Photo of “Cecil Hotel” by G.A. Loria
by G.A. Loria (1929). Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. (1928). Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in
"Italy in Alexandria" p.208). Alexandria" p.202).
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Fig (1-52) Photo of “M. Saleh building” by R. Smith. Fig (1-53) Photo of “Heikal apartment building” by
Source:(Awad, Mohamed F."Italy in Alexandria" p.214). R. Smith. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in
Alexandria" p.202).
Fig (1-54) Photo of “Villa Adda” by G.A. Loria. Fig (1-55) Photo of “Villa Awad and Abani” by R.
Source:(Awad, Mohamed F."Italy in Alexandria" Smith. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in
p.225). Alexandria" p.225).
Fig (1-56)Photo of “Fumaroli building” on Avenue Fig (1-57) Photo of “fumaroli building” on Rue Sherif
Fouad I by E. Carnevale (1929). Source:(Awad, by E. Carnevale (1929). Source:(Awad, Mohamed
Mohamed F."Italy in Alexandria" p.232). F."Italy in Alexandria" p.232).
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The prominent role of the Italian professionals in Alexandria during the first quarter of the
20th century is further confirmed in Fraser's impression that" Alexandria of 1880-1930 was
largely built by Italian architects and engineers". Most certainly, the case of renovation of
Villa Silvio Pinto in Bulkeley, 1927, by Mario Avena is clearly demonstrative of such
dominance. While ten Italian firms with a total of sixteen contractors and suppliers were
assigned to the job, only a single Egyptian participation is recorded.
Such influence, expressed in the city's identity, with regard to the popularity of Italian
revivalist architecture, identified with the practices of Italian resident professionals
continuing to reflect an architecture, whereby local expression is still overpowered by the
further accidental of the city's built environment.
1-3-2- Italian contributions in modern Alexandria:
The new millennium saw a renewed interest, high hopes and enthusiasm expressed in the
words of Paolo Portoghesi, the chair of urban planning at the University of Rome 'La
Spienza', in the introductory note to The Mediterranean City: a Dialogue among Cultures,
an event organized by the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in 2005 and financed by the World Bank
and sponsored by the Italian Trust Fund for Culture and Sustainable Development:
This enthusiasm can only be activated by a profound reflection on the meaning and
consequences of the choices that are made. The old world can still provide intellectual
energy and qualitative commitment to this reflection: but it cannot be achieved without an
increasingly wide spread participation of the intellectual forces of these new countries. It is
the journey of the Homeric hero reinterpreted by Dante and Joyce that thanks to its open-
mindedness and infinity provides us with the only means available: hope.
Already such enthusiasm across the Mediterranean was expressed in the international
competition for the design of the Library of Alexandria (1988-89). Capitalizing on memory,
the new Bibliotheca Alexandrina was destined to become the new beacon of culture and
means of interaction between cultures and civilizations of the world. The Italian
participation in the competition was certainly significant: 44 final submissions, 3rd highest
number after France (76), and the UK (52), out of a total of 501 submissions, with the
Manfredi Nicoletti team receiving second prize while the Ruggiero Lenci group received an
honorable mention.
The joint venture Rodio/Trevi and Arab Contractors for building the foundations of the new
Bibliotheca Alexandrina brought an Italian participation to the creation of a new future for
the city. There was certainly enthusiasm in the opposite direction, from Alexandria to
Rome, in the competition. organized by the Ministry of Culture for the renovation of the
Egyptian Academy of Arts in Rome 2003, with first prize awarded to the Alexandrian-based
architectural firm Awad & Partners.
In renewed efforts to develop the area around the Library of Alexandria, the Italian studio
Bertocchini and Ruggiero, in collaboration with the Alexandria and Mediterranean Research
Center, set up a vision for the future of the Eastern Harbour. Taken into consideration was
the future of the Library, and the need to develop a hotel, underwater museum, aquarium, a
Euro-Mediterranean Stock Exchange and a museum at Fort Qaitbey, while setting the
standards for the preservation of the morphology of the Eastern Harbor and its architectural
heritage.
Along those lines, the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, in collaboration with the governorate of
Alexandria launched several initiatives and competitions among which Mario Botta's
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
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proposal was in competition with a selected group of international renowned architectural
firms put forward by the international Gulf development group IMAAR in 2006. The same
year, renewed interest in Egypt's banking and financial sector saw the Bank of Intesa San
paolo take over the Bank of Alexandria.
More recent initiatives expressing Italian commitment, enthusiasm and renewed interest in
developing the future city focus on capitalizing and reviving the city's rich, yet still to a
great extent undervalued, cosmopolitan heritage. These include initiatives by the
Politechnico of Milan, the “Academia Adrianea di Architettura e Archeologia” and the
“Dipartimento di storia dell'architettura e delia citto”, Universito di Firenze in the form of
conferences, workshops and exhibitions in collaboration with the Alexandria and
Mediterranean Research Center of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina during the course of 2008.
Today a limited Alexandrian Italian community numbers no more than 800 residents. Its
churches and Latin cemeteries “Terra Santa” are now managed by the Catholic Copts, while
the Orthodox Copts have also taken over the “Cimitero Civili”. Only the Casa di Riposo is
still run for its diminished Italian community. The same can be said with regard to cultural
institutions such as the Societa Dante Alighieri di Roma, which is now an Egyptian NGO
under the supervision of the Egyptian Ministry of Social Affairs. All this therefore marks
changing times and the realities of the present.
Modernity, insofar as the majority of the Alexandrian built environment is concerned, still
remains an incomplete mandate, influenced by socio-economic, political and cultural
conditions in society. It is only architects' dreams that can turn Portoghesi's enthusiasm and
hopes into a future reality for an Alexandria striving to revive its historic role as one of the
greatest cosmopolitan cities of the world.
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Notes:
1. Awad, Mohamed F. "From Historucism to Modernity (the inter-war period, Alexandria 1918-1939:
The Italian conection", Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first
century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 142-153.
2. Awad, Mohamed F. “Italy in Alexandria: influences on the built environment”, Alexandria preservation
trust, Alexandria, Egypt,2008.
3. Awad, Mohamed F. "Italian Influence on Alexandria's Architecture (1834-1985)." Environmental
Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp. 72-85.
4. Ciranna, Simonetta. "Italian Architecture in Egypt in the Thirties: The Work of Clemente Busiri
Vici." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.114-
119.
5. da Costa, Lucilia Verdelho. "Italian Influence on the Beginnings of Neo-Arabic Revivalism in
Portugal." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990,
Pp.172-177.
6. Dickie, James. "The Works of Mario Rossi at Alexandria." Environmental Design: Journal of the
Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, 94-101.
7. Godoli, Ezio& Giacomelli, Milva, "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to
the twenty-first century", Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 25th November 2008.
8. Godoli, E. "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt : a long-lasting political emigration", Italian
Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for
culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 14-72.
9. Jones, Dalu. " Italian Architects in Egypt at the Time of the Khedive." Environmental Design: Journal
of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.86-93.
10. Moussa, Magdy M. "Mario Rossi and the Egyptian School of Architecture in Alexandria."
Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.102-105.
11. Pallini, C. & Scaramuzzi, A. "Italian project for new city of Sidi Gaber, Alexandria", Italian Architects
and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo,
2008 Pp. 154-160.
12. Pallini, C. & Scaccabarozzi, A. "New protagonists: projects for Egypt by Italian architects from 1952
to the present day", Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first
century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 198-216.
13. Petruccioli Attilio, ed. Sponde Amate ”Environmental Design: Presence of Italy in the Architecture of
the Islamic Meditterranean”, Journal of Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990.
41
preface.
1- Historical study.
2- Theoretical study:
Damage diagnosis on stone buildings.
2-1- In site investigation and laboratory studies.
Conclusion
References
42
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
DOCUMENTATION
Fig (2-1) Diagram of the approach to monument preservation.
Source: (B. Fitzner, "Documentation and evaluation of stone damage on monuments", p.678)
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value of the object.
• Construction history: phases of construction / rebuilding, construction techniques, type
and provenance of building materials, craftwork, artwork.
• Restoration history: concepts and chronology of previous restoration measures,
techniques and materials applied for restoration.
• Case history: utilization and function of the object in the course of time, natural
impacts, history of environmental conditions such as climate and pollution.
Items of documentation with respect to anamnesis are presented in table (2-1).
Table (2-1) Items of documentation within the scope of anamnesis.
Items of documentation
Archive work- Drawings, plans, maps, photographs or other relevant illustrations
Anamnesis
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• factors and processes influencing stone deterioration: natural and anthropogenic
factors, coaction of factors, interaction of processes, mechanisms of deterioration,
threshold levels.
• progression of stone deterioration: stone properties in the course of deterioration,
sequences of deterioration phenomena, rates of deterioration, models of stone
deterioration, prognosis.
• rating of damage: degree of damage, distribution of damage, risk prognosis, need and
urgency of intervention.
Diagnosis can be divided into three categories:
In-site investigation Laboratory analysis Weathering simulation
The application of these three complementary diagnostical steps and the joint evaluation of
results contribute essentially to reliable damage diagnosis for stone monuments, items of
documentation with respect to diagnosis are presented in table (2-3).
Table (2-3)Items of documentation within the scope of diagnosis.
Items of documentation
Description of all methods applied during the course of diagnosis
including their aims, appropriation / suitability, modes of evaluation,
Description success.
of the Description and graphic documentation of the investigation areas
diagnostical location, dimension, orientation, exposure characteristics, reasons for
concept selection.
Description and graphic documentation of sampling - materials, type
and dimension of samples, places of sampling, reasons for selection.
Stone materials and their properties - classification schemes, data sets,
Diagnosis
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applied to all stone types and to all kinds of stone objects, modern computer programs are
used for the processing of information registered in the course of mapping. They use digital
plans of stone monuments or structures. Digital plans and information files with planimetric
data allow manifold options for the query, illustration, quantitative evaluation and
transformation of information.
In many buildings different stone types were used, due to architectural, constructional or
artistical considerations, or due to availability and workability of stone material, rebuilding
or stone replacement may have also resulted in additional stone types.
The lithological mapping comprises the survey, identification, petrographical
characterization and registration of all stone types, this is very important for the evaluation
of damage in dependence upon stone types. Well-established petrographical schemes should
be used for the description of stone types. The distribution of stone types is illustrated in
maps and is evaluated quantitatively according to number or area of dimension stones.
The objective and reproducible registration and documentation of deterioration phenomena
(weathering forms or weathering features) require precise, It is recommended to also
consider the intensity of deterioration phenomena. However, a standard intensity
classification of deterioration phenomena is not suitable. The classification of intensities has
to be adjusted to each monument or stone structure with respect to the apparent range of
intensities.
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quantification and rating of damages. the weathering forms are Classified into four levels1:
LEVEL I: includes four groups of weathering forms:
Group 1– loss of stone material. Group 2– discoloration / deposits.
Group 3– detachment. Group 4– fissures / deformation.
LEVEL II: Each group is subdivided into main weathering forms
LEVEL III: Several main weathering forms are further specified by means of individual
weathering forms
LEVEL IV: The individual weathering forms are further differentiated according to
intensities (letters are used for the weathering forms and numbers for intensities).
Damage categories are based on the intensity of the weathering forms, Six damage
categories have been identified as shown in the next figures.
Fig (2-5) diagram of definitions of damage Fig (2-6)Map of damage categories with rating of urgency of
categories. preservation measures, ”St. Lambertus Church, Monschau-
Kalterherberg, Germany” SW tower and part of west facade.
Damage categories and especially damage indices represent very practical tools for reliable
1
Photos of Weathering forms on stone buildings are included in Appendix (A) at the end of the Report.
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judgement/certification of preservation measures, Damage categories locate those parts of a
building which intervention has to focus on, Damage indices point out need and urgency of
intervention.
2-1-4- Therapeutical steps:
Based on anamnesis and diagnosis, effective and economic therapeutical steps can be
proposed and calculated, Important therapeutical and preventive preservation measures are
the following:
A) Preconsolidation. B) cleaning. C) sealing – plastering.
D) consolidation. E) protection.
2-1-4-1- Preconsolidation:
Complex and difficult operation required when the degradation process is strong, and
obstacles the normal cleaning operations. And It consist in sticking small portions, with
minimum amount of consolidator and utilizing reversible materials like Japanese paper,
gauze, acrylic resins and other materials that can be removed after the cleaning.
Fig (2-7) photos of Preconsolidation presses: sticking Fig (2-8) photo of vegetable disinfestations.
of Japanese paper and adding consolidator.
Source: (lecture by Prof. D. Villari, Kore university of Enna, Italy).
Then must be completely vegetable disinfestations by injection with some chemicals for the
superior plants, and by aerosol or brush for the mask or alga. Before starting the
disinfestations, the surface must be cleaned with a wooden or plastic palette, then many
cycles of product must be done till all the vegetables organism are dead, then removed with
brush and water.
2-1-4-2- cleaning:
The aim of the cleaning is to remove any thing that may damage the stone such as Soluble
salts, Crust, vegetation and Etc. Cleaning must be controllable by the operator, selective and
gradual, non corrosive, and doesn’t leave harmful materials or create breaks. And the main
cleaning methods are:
• Nebulized and atomized water. • Water compress with absorbing materials.
• Mechanic method. • Ultrasonic. • Laser.
atomized water: It cleans and remove the encrustations with effect of a washing of water
mixed with air that produce an aerosol effect. It needs to have low pressure and the nozzle
must not be direct to the surface but must have an angle between 30° to 45°.
Nebulized water: Like atomized water, but without mixing air and water. It is used at low
pressure ( max 2 par.). The nozzle are directed to the surface, and it’s effect is direct and
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stronger than atomized water
To clean deep crust it needs many cycles of washing, each cycle has a duration of about 10
minutes followed by one hour of drying. After each cycle a sample of the waste water must
be taken and continue until the quantity of salt is at demonized water level.
Absorbing materials: it absorbs all the soluble salts and alternation products and removes
different types of spots, and it may be made by (Paper Pulp) or (Absorbing Clay).
Mechanic cleaning: it is used to remove very consistent crusts that can’t be soluble in
water or chemically, using micro instruments as Scalpel , Micro drills, Micro sand blast or
Ultrasonic instruments.
Fig (2-11) photos of cleaning with mechanic method and micro sand blasting.
Source: (lecture by Prof. D. Villari, Kore university of Enna, Italy).
Laser cleaning: it is anew method of cleaning, and is very good to remove black spots, and
it operates only on the external surface by a laser light without any contact but it very slaw
and expensive.
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Sometimes it necessary to make integrations of small elements that are broken or lost with
material such as acrylic resin, quick lime or smashed stones. For the biggest elements it is
fixed with titanium, Teflon or stainless steel bars.
Fig (2-14) photos of integrations of small elements that are broken or lost.
Source: (lecture by Prof. D. Villari, Kore university of Enna, Italy).
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2-1-4-4- consolidation:
This process aims to give back the continuity to the fragile materials and separated parts by
applying an appropriate product with a strong adhesive power, that process improve the
properties of the material and make it more resistance to water and humidity.
2-1-4-5- protection:
It is the final operation that aims to slow down the deterioration process and maintain the
restoration, It is applicable with brush or spray.
Notes:
1. B. Fitzner and K. Heinrichs, ”Damage diagnosis on stone monuments – weathering forms, damage
categories and damage indices”, Working group “Natural stones and weathering“,Geological Institute,
Aachen University of Technology, Germany.
2. B. Fitzner, K. Heinrichs, D. La Bouchardiere, ” Damage index for stone monuments”, 5th International
Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean Basin, Sevilla, Spain, 5-8 April 2000.
3. Barry A.Richardson, "Defects and Deterioration in Buildings", 2nd edition, SPON PRESS,
London.2001.
4. B. Fitzner, "Documentation and evaluation of stone damage on monuments", 10th international
congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, Stockholm.2004.
5. B. Fitzner, Working group "NATURAL STONES AND WEATHERING", Geological Institute, RWTH
Aachen University , http://www.stone.rwth-aachen.de at 1-2009.
6. Villari, D. “Lectures of restoration” Kore university of Enna, Italy, 2008.
7. http://www.irb.hr/korisnici/obelic/euro-med/CA.htm at 5-2009.
51
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
Fig (2-16) photo and diagram of the Failure due to the collapse of the façade.
Fig (2-17)photos of building at “Messina, Sicily” Fig (2-18) photo the cracks in the connection between the
after the earthquake (28 December 1908). façade and the building.
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Fig (2-19) photo and diagram of the Failure due to the wall bending.
Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
Fig (2-20) photos of buildings at “Messina, Sicily” after the earthquake (28 December 1908).
Source: http://www.grifasi-sicilia.com/messina_terremoto_1908_porta_messina_gbr.html
Fig (2-21) photo and diagram of the Failure due to the wall cut.
Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
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Fig (2-22) photos of buildings at “Messina, Sicily” after the earthquake (28 December 1908).
Source: http://www.grifasi-sicilia.com/messina_terremoto_1908_via_porta_imperiale.html
Fig (2-24) photos of cracks on the isolated walls due to over loading or foundation movement.
Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
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Fig. (2-25) photos and sketch of using steel bar in ancient buildings.
Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
Fig. (2-26) photos of the corrosion of old steel bars that damage the nearby stones.
Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
So it is recommended to use steel bars inserted inside a (PVC tubes) that prevent direct
contact between steel and stone also make it possible to maintain the steel when necessary.
The steel bars inserted at the corners of the building in the top of the outer walls and
connected with steel plates and bolts as seen in Fig. (2-?).
Fig.(2-27) Sketches of using steel bar inserted at the corners of the building inside (PVC tubes) and connected
with steel plates and bolts . Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
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Fig. (2-28) photos of the steel bars inserted at the top corners of outer walls and the connection with steel
plates and bolts. Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
In cases of deferent thickness in the walls the bars are connected throw intermediate plate
and the cables are inserted in two levels
Fig. (2-29) photos of using steel bar in case of deferent thickness in the walls.
Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
Fig.(2-30) Sketches of using steel bar in case of deferent thickness in the walls.
Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
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Fig. (2-31) photos of damages on old wood beams that support the roofs.
Source: (photos by the researcher at “Okalle Monfrato”, Alexandria, Egypt).
When replacing the old wooden beams it is better to introduce the beams into walls throw
steel cases with steel plate and bolts at top as shown in Fig.(2-32) that cases helps to make
strong connection, transforming the loads from beams to the walls and make it easy to
maintain or change the beams when needed.
Fig.(2-32) Sketches of using steel cases to support the connection between the wooden beams and the stone
structure. Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
Fig. (2-33) photos of the steel cases that contain the wooden beams and connect it with the walls.
Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
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Fig. (2-34) photos of upper cover of the steel cases that prevent it from sliding.
Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
Fig.(2-35) Sketches of wooden truss supported on stone arches and the damage due to movement of the
truss. Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
In that case it better to support the wooden beam of the truss directly on the walls and
connect the parts of the beam together with steel bar to eliminate the horizontal forces.
Fig.(2-36) Sketches of wooden beam of the truss directly supported on the walls and connect the parts of the
beam together with steel bar. Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
After finishing the wooden truss it is covered with layer of wood and fixed on it a layer of
corrugated cartoon sheets covered with water resistance material to isolate the structure
from rains, and on this layer fixed the final finished surface.
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Fig.(2-37) photos of the wooden beams supported only on the walls and separated from the stone arches.
Fig.(2-38) photo of the intermediate connection of Fig.(2-39) photo of covering the roof with thin layer
the beams throw steel part. of wood before the final finishing.
Fig.(2-40) photos of the final finishing layer supported on sheets of cartoon coated with water resistance
material. Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
Fig.(2-41) photo of cracks in the arch and separation Fig.(2-42) photo of supporting the arches during the
between it’s stones. restoration process.
Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
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In this case, the arch must be supported with external supports –strong enough to carry out
the loads- then remove the damage stone and connect the remaining part s of the arch with
steel pars and then rearrange the arch again, that process transform the loads away from the
damaged stone and keep the arch works as structure element.
Fig.(2-43) Sketches of supporting the arch, reinforce it and replacement of damaged parts.
Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
In some cases the loads transformed from the arch or vault to the walls cause torsion on the
walls and that cause failure to the arch system, so the walls must be connected together with
steel bars to resist the loads.
Fig.(2-44) photos of connecting the carrying walls of the arch or vaults with steel bars.
Source: (Restoration project of “Rampenseri castle, Sicily, Italy by Prof. T. Panzeca).
In other the arch are over loaded due to the weight of the filling material above it, and in
this case it is difficult to restore the arch because of the existence of the loads, so the loads
must be temporary transformed with steel supports until the restoration of the arch and then
reload the again and these supports must be located as in Fig.(2-?).
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Fig.(2-45) Sketches of supporting the loads above the arch during restoration.
Source: (lecture by Prof. T. Panzeca, at Kore university of Enna, Italy).
Notes:
1. Barry A.Richardson, "Defects and Deterioration in Buildings", 2nd edition, SPON PRESS,
London.2001.
2. Panzeca, T. “Lectures of restoration” Kore university of Enna, Italy, 2008.
61
preface.
1- Historical study.
3- Applied study
on Alexandrian heritage.
3-1- Future of Alexandrian built environment.
Conclusion
References
62
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
Fig (3-1) Photos of “High and Low conventional style” in the cotemporary Alexandria’s built environment.
Source: (www.flicr.com)
Most sequestrated private Egyptian and foreign elitist property in the form of building stock
was transformed into government offices and public institutions (such as schools and
hospitals), and consequently suffered the ill fate of degradation due to the lack of
maintenance, ill conceived additions and remodeling. No exception was made for Italian
commercial and industrial ventures and private property, which were nationalized and
sequestrated in the process of Egyptianization (make every thing Egyptian). The only
exception was the home for the elderly, the Casa di Riposo. Though it was turned into an
Egyptian welfare foundation, it continued to function as an old people's home. The same
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can be said for the Don Bosco and Scuola Maria Ausiliatirica, run by the Salessiane, which
were allowed to function, though with an Egyptian curriculum. The Italian Hospital was
donated by the Italian community to the Egyptian military in 1974, in exchange for a
generous donation by the army (300.000 LE), which helped renovate and maintain the Casa
di Riposo, allowing it to function to the present.
A lot of other private property was transferred to private Egyptians, who were unable to
maintain them in the face of increasing economic pressures, and so sacrificed them for high
rise apartment buildings. especially in suburban Ramleh. This process of metamorphosis
resulted in the creation of a dense "common" urban order and a modern conventional style
where the high rise apartment building, devoid of any cultural expressions and the vitality
associated with modernism, is devoid sometimes of external finishing, with the "architecture
of bricks and concrete" dominating its urban morphology.
Fig (3-2) Photos of badly conceived addition: Faculty of agriculture, Alexandria university.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria"p.363)
Fig (3-4) Photo of “Villa Baron de Menasce” Fig (3-5) Photo of “Villa Aldo Ambron” in Ruins.
demolished. Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in
Alexandria"p.360) Alexandria"p.361)
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The government imposition of "fair rent" meant the freezing and devaluation of returns on
property value, thereby discouraging owners from maintaining their buildings and
developers from investing in new ones. This deprived old buildings of maintenance, while
increased population and migration pressures aggravated the demand for housing, and
turned into a permanent crisis. Even within the government's intensive industrialization
policies in the successive five year plans there was hardly any significant western interest or
contribution. Moreover, within a state controlled system, and a deficit economy dependant
on external borrowing and remittances from Egyptians working abroad, only small capital
and enterprise was allowed to circulate and function. Insofar as the Italian presence in
building professions and its enterprises were concerned, only a handful of small businesses
and petty contracting survived and continued to function, such as the small ventures of
Sampieri in paint works and Nussoleze in glass works.
The one and unique Egyptian/Italian architectural venture of this period was the proposal to
build a Graeco-Roman museum (1964-72) in the Shallalat Municipal parks, proposed by F.
Albini in collaboration with Egyptian architects Salah Zeitoun and Mustafa Shawki. The
unrealized proposal was also quite offensive to the landscape of the gardens.
The most serious problem facing conservation remains the degradation of the building stock
due to the lack of maintenance and repair as a result of the freezing and devaluation of rents
(rents have been blocked in Egypt since the 1940s). Demographic pressure has also taken its
toll on the city as informal habitats spread into the center, and rooftops have been occupied
by haphazard constructions. High density and crowding are also created by the subdivision of
floor space and apartments. Many such spaces have been transformed for petty commercial
activities and industries, contributing to the pollution and general environmental degradation
of the city center. Moreover, the intensity of the traffic and the absence of adequate parking
facilities remain among the major problems that need to be addressed in a comprehensive
preservation policy for Alexandria's city center.
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Fig (3-7) Photo of buildings at city center in Alexandria showing bad conditions due to lack of maintenance.
Source: (www.flicr.com)
Fig (3-8) Photo of details in buildings at city center in Alexandria showing the bad conditions due to lack of
maintenance. Source: (photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-9) Photo of buildings at city center in Alexandria showing structural problems.
Source: (www.archnet.org)
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Fig (3-10) Photo of buildings at city center in Alexandria showing deformation due to adding more floors,
shop windows and commercial signs . Source: (photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-11) Photo of buildings at city center in Alexandria showing bad integrations with paints.
Source: (photos by the researcher)
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its showcases and displaced objects did not interfere with the original setting and decor of the
original building, which has remained well preserved.
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Fig (3-14) Photos of piazza and main façade of “Mohamed Ali theatre” before and after renovation.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "“The conservation and rehabilitation of Alexandria’s city center”, "p.49)
Fig (3-15) Photos of “Mohamed Ali club” before and after renovation.
Source: (Awad, Mohamed F. "“The conservation and rehabilitation of Alexandria’s city center”, "p.50)
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The second branch of the National Bank of Egypt, formerly the Bank of Athens, was
designed by N. Paraskevas and P. Gripari in around 1918. It was restored and renovated
under the directions of Moharem and Backhoum Consultants, originally a civil engineering
firm. Unfortunately the renovation process, though preserving the main features of the
facade, entailed a complete destruction of the original interior spaces and detailing within the
newly introduced modern renovations. While these two examples belong to the same client
and were renovated nearly simultaneously, it is obvious that the two approaches to
conservation were quite diverse.
3-1-2-5- Palazzina Aghion (renovation and re-use):
Originally belonging to the Aghion family, the Palazzina Aghion was built in 1887, when the
Aghions had to move to the Rosetta Gate district after the British bombardment of Alexandria
in 1882. It was designed by the Italian architect Antoine Lasciac, following an eclectic New-
Renaissance and mannerist style. The ownership of the building changed later to the Takla
family. Nowadays the property is occupied by the AI-Ahram newspaper, which added a top
floor to the structure. More recently, a study for the complete renovation of the premises was
prepared by Awad & Partners. However, the actual execution of work not only entailed no
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professional supervision, but the client also exercised management of the renovation process,
making changes to specifications and drawings with the aim of reducing costs. In this
particular case most of the proposed works were dismissed and the building only received
some cleaning and a fresh coat of paint applied to its facades and interiors.
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• New land uses or re-use should be considered within the actual architectural and urban
suitability. Infill should therefore conform to present zoning and the current uses of the
different sections and identified activities of the building, street and area.
• Renovation and restoration of buildings will have to take into consideration structural
failures, inappropriate use of building materials and colors, bad workmanship, damage due
to failure in services, such as leaking pipes, menace due to vandalism, a general lack of
awareness, disregard and disinterest in the qualitative and aesthetic values of the built
environment such as the commercial use of signals, advertisements and decorations
inappropriate to the original styles of the buildings.
• It is therefore recommended not only to ensure the use of professional expertise and the
appropriate technologies for the process of restoration and renovation, but equally
important is the mobilization and the effective management resources again involving the
general public, users and interest groups together with public and governmental agencies.
• It is therefore recommended to view the European city conservation and regeneration
within their context. Specific legislation must therefore take into consideration the special
character of the area. This should include regulations to control typology, style, building
heights and so on.
Notes:
1. Awad, Mohamed & El Tabbakh, May, “The conservation and rehabilitation of Alexandria’s city
center”, Patrimoines partage`s En Me`diterrane`e; Ele`ments cle`s de la re`habilitation, EUROMED
Heritage II, Alexandria, 2005.
2. Awad, Mohamed F. “Italy in Alexandria: influences on the built environment”, Alexandria preservation
trust, Alexandria, Egypt,2008.
3. Awad, Mohamed F. "Italian Influence on Alexandria's Architecture (1834-1985)." Environmental
Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp. 72-85.
4. Godoli, E. "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt : a long-lasting political emigration", Italian
Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for
culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 14-72.
5. Petruccioli Attilio, ed. Sponde Amate ”Environmental Design: Presence of Italy in the Architecture of
the Islamic Meditterranean”, Journal of Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990.
72
preface.
1- Historical study.
References
Fig (3-19) Old postcards of Place des Consuls in late 19th century also known as Place d' Armes, place
Mohamed Ali, Manshieh and Liberation square. Source: (www.flicr.com )
Mohamed Ali Square, formerly known as the place des Consuls, and the adjacent Sherif
Street, presently Salah Salem Street, were the seat of the Stock Exchange and many bank
premises: the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, Lioyds Bank, the Bank of Athens and the elegant Banco
di Roma designed by Henri Gorra in 1905 and inspired by the Palazzo Farnese in Rome.
Fig (3-20) Photos of Place des Consuls in late 19th century also known as Place d' Armes, place Mohamed Ali,
Manshieh and Liberation square. Source: (www.flicr.com )
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For the design of the new buildings on the square, Mancini adapted a traditional typology of
the okalle, whose ground spaces, grouped round an open court, were usually reserved for
commercial uses. The upper floors served as residences. These new rectilinear block
developments introduced within a street grid pattern and a newly adopted neo-c1assical
language marked the new order and lingua franca of the young cosmopolitan city. Such a
change was certainly a contrast to and a defiance of an already existing and well-established
organic order that had characterized the indigenous quarters of the Ottoman city.
Fig (3-21) Panoramic view of Manshieh and Liberation square showing the court building “Mixed Tribunals”.
Fig (3-22) Panoramic view of Manshieh and Liberation square showing “Okalle Menasce”.
Source: (www.archnet.org )
Because the new urban spaces around this square reflected both the power and wealth of the
vicarage family, and the growing influence of the foreign consuls, the square was renamed
Place des Consuls. More importantly, the new urban: space was embellished with an obelisk
in its center, and with fountains and music kiosks, and was surrounded with hotels, cafe
concerts, and restaurants. All this reflected a newly adopted life style similar to those of the
great European cities. Yet in the mind's eye of many travelers, as apparent from their
description, the character of the city remained to a great extent quite eclectic.
Fig (3-23) Photos of “Manshieh square” showing the status of “Mohamed Ali” and Parking area.
Source: (www.archnet.org )
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Fig (3-24) Part of Alexandria’s Google earth map showing “Manshieh Square”(A), “Ahmed Orabi Square” (B),
and the places of the Italian building in the squares; (1) Okalle Monferato, (2) Mixed Tribunals, (3) Okalle
Menasce, (4) Waqf Yacoub Dahan, (5) Cotton Palace, (6) Ismail Monument (unknown soldier).
At present the square include some old buildings among them there is five Italian buildings,
and those building suffer from the same problems as all the ancient city center buildings at
Alexandria, The next part will explain the current conditions of those building.
3-2-2-1- Okalle Monferato:
The Okalle is a type of buildings modeled on the concepts of Milanian Galleria where the
ground floor contains commercial activities and the residence at the upper floors and the
building contain large open court that include most of its activities.
Okalle Monferato designed by Luigi Piattoli (1887) was one of the biggest grand commercial
building that still exist “plans and elevations of the building figures (1-41)”, the exterior of
the building is quite in good conditions but the problem is the shop windows and commercial
signs that disfigure the building as shown in the next photos.
Fig (3-25) Photos of ‘Okalle Monferato” at Manshieh square designed by Luigi Piattoli (1887).
Source: (Photos by the researcher & Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.362)
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Fig (3-26) Photos of disfiguring the building façade by the shop windows and commercial signs.
Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-27) Photos of the structural problems at the top Cornish and the side elevation.
Source: (Photos by the researcher)
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Fig (3-28) Photos of the bad conditions of the internal court due to lack of cleaning, damaged plumping
systems, electric and phone connections and lack of maintenance . Source: (Photos by the researcher)
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Fig (3-29) Photos of the iron dome that cover the main court, all the glass were removed and the iron suffer from
corrosion . Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-30) Photos of the interventions by the users by adding some coverings at the main court because of the
original covering dome is not functioning. Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-31) Photos of “Mixed Tribunals” at Manshieh square designed by Antonio Maniscalco Bey, 1887.
Source: (Photos by www.archnet.org & the researcher)
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Fig (3-32) Photos of the side facades that suffer from degradation. Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-33) Photos of “Okalle Menasce” at Manshieh square by Antonio Lasciac (1885).
Source: (Photos by the researcher)
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Fig (3-34) Photos of disfiguring the building Entrance, main façade, Back one and the Internal court by the shop
windows and commercial signs. Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-35) Photos of the deterioration in the internal façade on the main court .
Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-36) Photos of damage and degradation of the wooden roof of the staircase and the sky light covering it.
Source: (Photos by the researcher)
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Fig (3-37) Old photo of “Waqf Yacoub Dahan” by Fig (3-38) Photos of current situation of “Waqf Yacoub
H.Gorra bey. Source: (Photos by Awad, Mohamed F. Dahan” at Manshieh.
"Italy in Alexandria" p.165) Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-39) Photos of disfiguring the building façade by the shop windows, air conditions and commercial signs.
Source: (Photos by the researcher)
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Fig (3-40) Photos of the constructions added on the roof and the bad conditions of the upper domes at the
corners. Source: (Photos by the researcher)
Fig (3-41) Photos of the original and current state of “Ismail Monument” or the unknown soldier Monument
sculpted by Pietro Canonica 1927.
Source: (Photos by the researcher & Awad, Mohamed F. "Italy in Alexandria" p.197)
Notes:
1. Awad, Mohamed F. “Italy in Alexandria: influences on the built environment”, Alexandria preservation
trust, Alexandria, Egypt,2008.
2. Awad, Mohamed F. "Italian Influence on Alexandria's Architecture (1834-1985)." Environmental
Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp. 72-85.
3. Awad, Mohamed & El Tabbakh, May, “The conservation and rehabilitation of Alexandria’s city
center”, Patrimoines partage`s En Me`diterrane`e; Ele`ments cle`s de la re`habilitation, EUROMED
Heritage II, Alexandria, 2005.
4. Godoli, Ezio& Giacomelli, Milva, "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to
the twenty-first century", Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 25th November 2008.
5. Jones, Dalu. " Italian Architects in Egypt at the Time of the Khedive." Environmental Design: Journal
of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.86-93.
6. Pallini, C. & Scaccabarozzi, A. "New protagonists: projects for Egypt by Italian architects from 1952
to the present day", Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first
century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 198-216.
82
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
83
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Conclusion
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
adoption of monumental plans characterized by the highlighting of the parts arranged on the
main axes or symmetry.
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Conclusion
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
The research concluded that the Alexandrian built heritage as all suffer from neglecting and
are threaten with elimination and destruction due to mainly economical condition that leads
to lack of maintenance and that are more presented at the private residential building
because there isn’t clear vision to mange and protect those building, And if their isn’t
immediate movement to protect and conserve that heritage it will disappear soon.
85
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
Appendix (A): Weathering forms on stone buildings.
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
List of References
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
List of References
Publications:
1. Alexandria: Hellenistic Age." Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopaedia
Britannica Online". http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26550/Hellenistic-Age.
(Accessed May 19, 2008).
2. Awad, Mohamed F. "From Historucism to Modernity (the inter-war period,
Alexandria 1918-1939: The Italian conection", Italian Architects and Engineers in
Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for culture,
Cairo, 2008 Pp. 142-153.
3. Awad, Mohamed F. “Italy in Alexandria: influences on the built environment”,
Alexandria preservation trust, Alexandria, Egypt,2008.
4. Awad, Mohamed F. "Italian Influence on Alexandria's Architecture (1834-1985)."
Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre,
1990, Pp. 72-85.
5. Awad, Mohamed & El Tabbakh, May, “The conservation and rehabilitation of
Alexandria’s city center”, Patrimoines partage`s En Me`diterrane`e; Ele`ments cle`s de
la re`habilitation, EUROMED Heritage II, Alexandria, 2005.
6. B. Fitzner and K. Heinrichs, ”Damage diagnosis on stone monuments – weathering
forms, damage categories and damage indices”, Working group “Natural stones and
weathering“,Geological Institute, Aachen University of Technology, Germany.
7. B. Fitzner, K. Heinrichs, D. La Bouchardiere, ” Damage index for stone monuments”,
5th International Symposium on the Conservation of Monuments in the Mediterranean
Basin, Sevilla, Spain, 5-8 April 2000.
8. B. Fitzner, "Documentation and evaluation of stone damage on monuments", 10th
international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, Stockholm.2004.
9. B. Fitzner, Working group "NATURAL STONES AND WEATHERING", Geological
Institute, RWTH Aachen University , http://www.stone.rwth-aachen.de at 1-2009.
10. Barry A.Richardson, "Defects and Deterioration in Buildings", 2nd edition, SPON
PRESS, London.2001.
11. Ciranna, Simonetta. "Italian Architecture in Egypt in the Thirties: The Work of
Clemente Busiri Vici." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental
Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.114-119.
12. da Costa, Lucilia Verdelho. "Italian Influence on the Beginnings of Neo-Arabic
Revivalism in Portugal." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental
Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.172-177.
13. Dickie, James. "The Works of Mario Rossi at Alexandria." Environmental Design:
Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, 94-101.
14. El-Din, Morsi Saad,"Alexandria: The Site and the History. New York: NYU Press .
1993.
15. El-Abbadi, Mostafa. "Alexandria: Thousand-Year Capital of Egypt." Alexandria: The
Site and the History. New York: NYU Press .1993.
16. Godoli, E. "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt : a long-lasting political
emigration", Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the
twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 14-72.
17. Godoli, Ezio& Giacomelli, Milva, "Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from
the nineteenth to the twenty-first century", Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 25th
November 2008.
18. Haag, Michael. Alexandria. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press .2004.
86
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List of References
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. Harris, W. V. and Giovanni Ruffin. "Ancient Alexandria between Egypt and Greece".
Boston: Brill Academic Publishers, 2004.
20. Jobbins, Jenny. 2006. "Alexandria and the Egyptian Mediterranean: a traveler's
guide". Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
21. Jones, Dalu. " Italian Architects in Egypt at the Time of the Khedive." Environmental
Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design Research Centre, 1990, Pp.86-93.
22. McKenzie, Judith, et al. "Alexandra." In Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online",
http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T001722. (Accessed March
16, 2009 ).
23. Moussa, Magdy M. "Mario Rossi and the Egyptian School of Architecture in
Alexandria." Environmental Design: Journal of the Islamic Environmental Design
Research Centre, 1990, Pp.102-105.
24. Mueller, Katja. Settlements of the Ptolemies: city foundations and new settlement in
the Hellenistic world. Dudley, MA: Peeters .2006.
25. Pallini, C. & Scaramuzzi, A. "Italian project for new city of Sidi Gaber, Alexandria",
Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century
,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008 Pp. 154-160.
26. Pallini, C. & Scaccabarozzi, A. "New protagonists: projects for Egypt by Italian
architects from 1952 to the present day", Italian Architects and Engineers in Egypt
from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century ,by Italian institute for culture, Cairo, 2008
Pp. 198-216.
27. Petruccioli Attilio, ed. Sponde Amate ”Environmental Design: Presence of Italy in the
Architecture of the Islamic Meditterranean”, Journal of Islamic Environmental
Design Research Centre, 1990.
28. Ramadan, Abdel Azim. C. "Alexandria: French Expedition to the Modern Age."
Alexandria: The Site and the History. New York: NYU Press,1993 .
29. Reimer, Michael J. Colonial Bridgehead: Government and Society in Alexandria,
1807-1882. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press .1997.
30. Reimer, Michael J. "Property disputes in 19th century Alexandria". Arizona: Middle
East Studies Association of North America .1989.
Lectures
31. Panzeca, T. “Lectures of restoration” Kore university of Enna, Italy, 2008.
32. Villari, D. “Lectures of restoration” Kore university of Enna, Italy, 2008.
Web sites:
33. www.archnet.org
34. www.flicr.com
35. http://www.irb.hr/korisnici/obelic/euro-med/CA.htm at 5-2009.
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preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
Appendix (A):
Weathering forms on stone buildings.
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Appendix (A) _______________________________________________________ (Weathering forms on stone buildings)
___________________________________________________________________________
1
FITZNER, B.& HEINRICHS, K. ”Photo atlas of weathering forms on stone monuments”, Working group
”Natural stones and weathering”, Geological Institute, RWTH Aachen University, 2004.
http://www.stone.rwth-aachen.de
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Appendix (A) _______________________________________________________ (Weathering forms on stone buildings)
___________________________________________________________________________
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The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Appendix (A) _______________________________________________________ (Weathering forms on stone buildings)
___________________________________________________________________________
90
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Appendix (A) _______________________________________________________ (Weathering forms on stone buildings)
___________________________________________________________________________
Light-colored crust changing the surface (hiC) Colored crust tracing the surface (fkC)
91
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Appendix (A) _______________________________________________________ (Weathering forms on stone buildings)
___________________________________________________________________________
Group 3 – Detachment
92
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Appendix (A) _______________________________________________________ (Weathering forms on stone buildings)
___________________________________________________________________________
93
The Italian Architecture in Alexandria, Egypt (the conservation of the Italian residential buildings)
Appendix (A) _______________________________________________________ (Weathering forms on stone buildings)
___________________________________________________________________________
Marble
Deformation,
concave(rV)
94
preface.
1- Historical study.
Conclusion
References
C.V.
The researcher Curriculum Vitae
Personal information:
Name: Mohamed Ali Mohamed Khalil
date of birth: October 14, 1978 . Elgharbia , Egypt.
Nationality: Egyptian.
Martial Status Married (1 son- two years old)
E-Mail: Arch_m_khalil@yahoo.com
M_khalil2002@hotmail.com
Phone +20-012-2390650 (mobile).
Numbers: +20-050-2230094 (home).
Work Address: Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Mansoura University, 60 Al-Gomhoreya
St., Mansoura City Dakahleia, Egypt, 35516.
Home Address: 68-Elandalus street, University Neighborhood, El-Mansoura, Egypt.
Education
Period: From (10-11-2008) to (10-7-2009). Certificate No.(1)
Institution: Enna Kore University
Place: Enna, Sicily , Italy.
Achieved Master of Architecture Restoration (study in English)(60credit hours).
qualification: The Italian residential buildings in Egypt (the conservation and maintenance).
Degree: Not finished yet.
Period: From (15-8-2001) to (23-1-2007) Certificate No.(2)
Institution: Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura
University
Place: El-Mansoura city, Egypt.
Achieved Master degree in architecture engineering.
qualification: The Approaches of cultural building (analytical study of design principles).
Period: From (15-9-1995) to (1-6-2000). Certificate No.(3)
Institution: Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura
University.
Place: El-Mansoura city, Egypt.
Achieved Bachelor's degree in architecture engineering.
qualification:
Degree: General grade very good (78.2) Ranked Second- Graduation project grade
Excellent.
95
Work Experience
Period: since 2-2007 till now Certificate No.(4)
Type of employment Assistant lecturer
Department Architecture Department, faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University,
Egypt
Qualification and Teaching (urban design and landscape), (architecture design) and (working
duties drawing) to architecture student at the architecture department.
Period: from 12-2001 to 2-2007 Certificate No.(4)
Type of employment demonstrator
Department Architecture Department, faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University,
Egypt
Qualification and Teaching (architecture design) and (working drawing) to architecture student
duties at the architecture department.
Period: From 1-2006 to 11-2008
Type of employment Teacher and trainer of computer graphics and CAD programs
Department Designing with Computer center at Architecture Department, faculty of
Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt
Qualification and User and teacher for computer architecture presentation using:
duties • AutoCAD 2D & 3D (Ver. 2009) professional (user& teacher).
• Adobe Photoshop (CS3) professional (user& teacher).
• Maxon CINEMA 4D (R. 9) (Rendering software) professional (user).
Period:
Type of employment Presentation and graphics designer (Working by E-mail).
Department EL-HUMEDY architecture office, Saudi Arabia.
Qualification and Professional architecture (Modelling &Rendering) with computer (10 years
duties experience).
Period: From 7-2000 to 6-2005
Type of employment Architect and graphics designer.
Department SABEEL architecture office at El Mansoura city, Egypt.
Qualification and Design and draw some public and resident building at Egypt.
duties presentation using computer.
Linguistic Competencies
Arabic : native language.
English
Ability of reading Excellent.
Ability of writing Excellent.
Ability of oral expression Excellent.
Italian
Ability of reading elementary
Ability of writing elementary
Ability of oral expression elementary
Linguistic Certificates
language English Certificate No.(5)
type (IELTS Exam) overall score 6.0 at (7-12-2007) first trial.
(6.5 Reading- 6.0 Speaking- 5.5 Listening- and 5.5 Writing).
96
LIBERA UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DELLA SICILIA CENTRALE KORE ENNA
thesis in
By
Mohamed Ali Mohamed Khalil
Supervisors
Prof. Teotista Panzeca
Prof. Manuela Garofalo
Prof. Daniela Villari