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REPORT
ON
MEASUREMENT
OF
UNEMPLOYMENT
IN INDIA
PRESENTED BY:
MA (Economics)
Session 2009-11
3
Reasons for the measurement of unemployment in India
11 The detailed activity categories under each of the three broad activity statuses used in the
survey
15 Bibliography
Objectives of study
1. To gain insight of measurement of unemployment practices in India
2. To understand the procedure for estimation of unemployed population under
different types of unemployment
3. To understand the difference between different types of measurement of
unemployment in India
4. To identify the target population that needs immediate government attention
5. To gain insight about difficulties faced in estimation of unemployment in
India
6. To gain insight in the areas of unemployed population
7. To suggest an appropriate change in the measurement of unemployment in
India in context of globalization.
Reasons of measurement of unemployment in
India
1. To address the problem of unemployment
2. To identify the causes of unemployment in India
3. To undertake appraisal of government policy vis-à-vis employment
generation in the economy
4. To identify the sectors with labor-intensive technology
5. To decide on pattern of investment expenditure on education
6. To identify the trends and pattern of unemployment in India during the
planning era
7. To identify the scope for promotion of various sectors through state support
such that they contribute to the employment growth of the country
8. To identify the manners in which fiscal expansionary policy is framed such
that short term employment generation and opportunities be created to
immediately address the problem of unemployment
9. To foster planning for balanced regional development
10.To discover the structure of unemployment and their implications on various
socio-economic parameters
11.For designing poverty alleviation programs that target the unemployed, the
daily status measure would seem to provide the best estimate of
unemployment, since it is the poor who are likely to experience short spells
of unemployment rather than the nonpoor who can afford to stay
unemployed longer.
Guidelines for the Measurement of
Unemployment India
1. In measuring unemployment in a country like India, certain specific features
of the workforce need to be taken into account. They are:
2. The sample size of the unemployed should be such that the characteristics
exhibited by them should be representative of the entire population.
3. The field workers should be efficient.
4. A time for the survey should be selected such that there exists less of
mobility of the people in that time period.
5. Use of information technology and satellite pictures shall be used to get the
information about the density of the population in a given region.
6. While recording information about the unemployment, the interviewee
should be also asked about their highest educational qualification and areas
of interest.
7. The unemployed people should be asked to report about their unemployment
in the office of Employment Exchange.
Types of unemployment in India
India as a nation is faced with massive problem of unemployment.
Unemployment can be defined as a state of worklessness for a man fit and
willing to work. It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness.
Some features of unemployment have been identified as follows:
In this type of unemployment a person is out of job of his own desire doesn't
work on the prevalent or prescribed wages. Either he wants higher wages or
doesn't want to work at all. It is in fact social problem leading to social
disorganization. Social problems and forces such as a revolution, a social
upheaval, a class struggle, a financial or economic crisis a war between
nations, mental illness, political corruption mounting unemployment and
crime etc. threaten the smooth working of society. Social values are often
regarded as the sustaining forces of society. They contribute to the strength
and stability of social order. But due to rapid social change new values come
up and some of the old values decline. At the same time, people are not is a
position to reject the old completely and accept the new altogether. Here,
conflict between the old and the new is the inevitable result which leads to the
social disorganization in imposed situation. In economic terminology this
situation is voluntary unemployment.
In this type of situation the person who is unemployed has no say in the
matter. It means that a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid
of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to
earn them. Forms and types of unemployment according to Hock are:
Claimant Count
This method of calculating unemployment was widely used in the 1980s as well as
the 1990s. This method, basically takes account of the number of heads
unemployed and receiving unemployment benefits. Computation should be done
with care since there may be double counting of people who have registered
themselves in employment exchanges and those who are receiving the
unemployment benefits.
The method has two advantages of calculating unemployment by using
administrative records. Firstly, this method takes a complete count of the
unemployed and so it is free from any sampling error.
Secondly, obtaining such data is also very cost effective and is available on a
regular basis.
However, this method of computation is fraught with certain limitations. The
collection of data follows administrative rules and regulations, which may not be in
line with statistical principles. Again, since different countries follow different
computational rules, it is difficult to compare the unemployment statistics across
different countries. Another difficulty is that the rules tend to change over time and
so the unemployment data cannot be compared across different time horizons.
Another disadvantage of using the claimant count as a measure of unemployment
is that it takes into account only that portion of the population, which has registered
themselves in the employment exchanges or has claimed unemployment benefit.
The individuals who have not registered in both but are unemployed are left out of
the unemployment count of the administrative records. Hence, the administrative
records give a lower estimate of the actual employment scenario.
The above-mentioned limitations of administrative records gave rise to the most
current computation method, that of Labor Force Survey.
(1) 'Usual Status' approaches: This is based on the status of the activity on which a
person spent the majority of the 365 days preceding the date of the survey. A
person is considered to be 'working or employed' if he/she was engaged for a
relatively longer time during the past year in any one or more work-related
(economic) activities. A person is considered to be 'seeking or available' for work
or 'unemployed' if the person was not working but was either seeking or available
for work for a relatively longer period of time during the past year.
Note: Labor market data do not have the same macroeconomic implications for
India as they do for highly industrialized countries in the sense that they are not
considered to be useful indicators of short-run pressures on the economy,
particularly in view of the substantial proportion of value-added generated by the
agricultural sector and the structure of that sector.
The detailed activity categories under each of the
three broad activity statuses used in the survey
WORKING (OR EMPLOYED)
(Sl.no. 7,8,9,10,12 and 20) are applicable only in the case of current weekly and
current daily status approaches.)