Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
14 Foreword -
15 Editorial
16 Acknowledgment with Thanks
SECTION-1 INDIA
19 18 Major herbal trading centers in India
19 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) & their allied products Chapter-1
20 Revised list of Harmonised System (HS) codes of exports
22 Country wise exports of MAPs and their allied products (2007-08)
23 Exports of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2007-08)
24 Commodity wise split up of exports (2007-08)
25 India's MAPs exports to top 15 countries (2007-08)
25 India's exports trend of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2002-08)
26 Exports trend and information of individual commodity
65 49 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants Chapter-2
55 An overview on adulterants and substitutes of commercial herbal drugs Chapter-3
with reference to their quality standards
65 Dynamics of chain of custody in herbal raw material sector Chapter-4
69 Medherb Information Chapter-5
69 Info 1, 2 & 3 Government notifications and circulars
72 Info 4 International standard for sustainable wild collection (ISSC-MAP)
77 Info 5 Few important herbal drugs testing laboratories
79 Info 6 Indian flora species in the appendices of CITES
83 80 Info 7 Prohibited/negative list of medicinal plants for exports from India
81 Info 8 Protection of specified plants (The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972)
Special Features Chapter-6
83 - Gulab (Rosa damascena Miller.)
87 - Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.)
91 - Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.)
95 - Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)
98 Stakeholders of Gulab, Henna, Isabgol and Senna
111 Stakeholder directory Chapter-7
111 112 Cultivation crops mentioned in cultivators' data
112 Words and their abbreviations used in stakeholders' directory
113 Cultivators
125 Dealers, Exporters, Importers
197 Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers
293 Organisations
- SECTION-3 NEPAL -
332 Editor's (Janak Raj Rawal) Nepal visit
334 Major herbal trading centers in Nepal
335 Herbal drugs - The green gold of Nepal Chapter-1
339 Indo-Nepal treaty of trade (Revised in 2009) Chapter-2
335 347 Commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal Chapter-3
347 Most tradable medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal
350 Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal to India
352 Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) Chapter-4
353 Medherb information on Nepal Chapter-5
353 Info 1 Regulatory (Export negative list and CITES)
354 Info 2 Nepal gazette on MAPs royalty
357 Info 3 Website on MAPs by ethnobotanical society of Nepal
358 Info 4 Procedure of drug registration
347 (Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic products)
359 Info 5 News on medicinal and aromatic plants
361 Info 6 Major organizations involved in MAPs sector
Special Features Chapter-6
363 - Alaichi, Amomum subulatum Roxb. - An important cash crop
369 - Yarsagumba, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. - A wonder drug
from the Himalayas
373 Stakeholders' directory Chapter-7
Dealers, Exporters, Importers, Manufacturers, Organisations
369
INDEX
384 English, Indian and Nepali names
389 Botanical names
Published literature on the trade of medicinal plants in the region is scanty, especially traders' modus operand; for sourcing
medicinal plants raw materials, and various other trade and management aspects including policy and legal issues. The present
volume of popular series of Medherb, divided into 3 sections and 15 chapters covers in a unique way, all aspects of medicinal
plants including trade, processing, policy, rules and regulations, name of stakeholders, and status of the products in the two
countries of Nepal and India. The monograph - second revised edition - will hopefully be found useful by the resource managers,
traders, industrialists, planners, policy makers, legal authorities, and educational and research organizations and institutions
engaged in the field of MADPs and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The orientation of the book is practical rather than
theoretical, explanatory rather than scholarly. Regarding the practical utility of the book, the publishers have strived to provide
more answers than questions. The systematic methods and information presented in this book are certainly indispensable, well-
organized, and easy to use by a diverse range of users, especially by producers, processors, marketers and enterprising
community in the region.
Given the huge importance of cross-border trade in medicinal plant between Nepal and India, there is always a demand for
more up to date information on products and prices of marketable MADP. This is therefore a timely and informative manual for
various types of medicinal plants stakeholders who otherwise cannot afford to get all the information under one cover. In other
words, this is indeed an interesting book which gives practical and updated information on MADP related prices, players, products
and places. It is visualized that the book will provide the readers an in-depth knowledge on the trade and other related topics on
the MADPs to promote sustainable management of medicinal plants and other NTFPs in the two countries. The book is likely to
create a strong momentum for the sustainable management of the sub-sector not only in Nepal and India but also beyond.
Mr. Janak Raj Rawal, having decades of experience in medicinal plant trade and management studies, with extensive field
works in the marketing of an array of MAP stakeholders is, undoubtedly, a well qualified person to compile a book of this standard.
Mr. Rawal has brought out an impressive array of topics covering various aspects of medicinal plants that I have had the pleasure
of reading in similar publications for many other countries.
Finally, I would like to conclude with these words - The use of this manual will certainly help raise the standard of future
works in medicinal plants trade and sustainable management. I do hope that this book will be especially useful to the
organizations and individuals who are working for the betterment of the life and livelihoods of mountain people in Nepal and
India.
Sincerely,
14
Starting with its 2003 edition, Medherb Green Pages (MGP) has established itself as the single largest information source
related to trade and commerce of herbals. With the current edition MGP moves into the eighth year of its publication. Apart from
the useful information on medicinal and aromatic plants species (MAPs) trade, that Medherb Green Pages is recognized for, this
issue puts a special focus on Nepal. Like all our country specific sections in previous editions, I personally devoted time and energy
in visiting Nepal to collect, collate and compile the information about the production and trade scenario of Nepalese MAPs. It was
also an important opportunity for me to discuss issues related to MAPs production and trade with various MAPs stakeholders
there. I hope the insights generated during the endeavor are adequately reflected in the volume at hand and will be considered
helpful by our patrons.
Nepal consists of one-third (800km) of entire length of the Himalayas (2500km) and is a transitional zone of
interpenetration between two differing environments of eastern Himalayas and the western Himalayas. Nepal lies on the
subtropical zone of the globe, most of its terrain being mountainous with bioclimatic variation from tropical to the Alpine and
Arctic zone. It makes a country with rich flora and biodiversity. Out of approx. 7000 species of higher plants found in that around
700 are medicinal, 250 being endemic to Nepal. There are 1624 species of ethnobotanical importance and about 100 of these
plants are commercially important for trade. Nepal is an important country from the perspective of MAPs trade. This had
prompted us to devote considerably towards it. Due to recent political changes, more opportunities may have opened up for
Indo-Nepal herbal trade.
Earlier surveys have indicated that 90% of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) of Nepal are consumed by India.
However, recent studies indicate that it is around 70% and rest is being exported to China. Major items of commerce between
India and Nepal are: Atis, Chiraiyta, Tejpat, Jatamansi (with & without oil), Chadilla, Kutki, Ritha, Pippali, Sughandhabala,
Sughandh Kokila, Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) and Timur.
Major plants under cultivation in Nepal are: Mentha, Citronella, Lemon grass, Palmarosa, Basil, Chamomile, Chirayita,
Eucalyptus, Stevia, Wintergreen, Juniper berry, Asparagus, Aloe vera, Taxus baccata, Jatamansi, Acorus calamus etc. Rauvolfia
serpentina is nearly extinct in Nepal and Kutki is also heading towards it. Development of nurseries for medicinal and aromatic
plants is being taken up in Nepal on a commercial basis with Dabur Nepal Ltd. and also Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC)
playing a major role in this context.
Some of the features of MAPs trade in Nepal are that the market is closed on every Saturday and follow the Bikram Samvat
calendar (starts with Baisakh i.e. 14th April) as financial year. There are about 10 retail shops exclusively devoted to Jari buti in
Killagarh near Inder Chowk in Kathmandu.
There is a trade misconception that Indian imports of Jatamansi oil from Nepal is of indigenous Nepalese origin (SAARC Treaty),
whereas actual trade volume of Nepal constitutes only 10% and the remaining 90% is being imported from China and exported to
India. This trend is observed for the last two-three years. Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited (HPPLC), the Nepal
Government undertaking, which extracts essential oil onsite in the fields has a small distillation unit with 100% 'buy back' from the
producers. Organic is another buzz word in herbal trade and Nepal has also entered into organic cultivation of essential oil crops
and soapnut.
JABAN and ANSAB are two organizations engaged actively in the development of herbal trade in Nepal. I very much
thankful to both esteemed organizations for their kind help and cooperation during my visit to Nepal. I had the chance to visit the
Dabur Nepal; I personally appreciate the wonderful work being carried out by the organization. I also thankful to Dr. Madhav Karki
(ICIMOD) to bringing out this issue; incidentally it was also Dr. Karki (then with IDRC) who was instrumental in bringing out earlier
issue on Nepal in 2004.
I am pleased to inform you that the next edition will cover yet another SAARC country i.e., Bangladesh, with updates from
India. Bangladesh is also one of the most important countries to consume herbs and their allied products from India. The
Ayurveda and Unani are recognized systems of medicine in Bangladesh. Lastly, I assure the readers of MGP of our best efforts to
serve them with authentic and updated information from the MAPs domain. I hope we continue to enjoy your faith,
encouragement and patronage in the years to come.
15
17
Source: Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Department of Commerce,
Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India
COUNTRY WISE EXPORTS OF MAPs AND THEIR ALLIED PRODUCTS (2007-08) see fig. 03
Country Value (INR ’00000) Country Value (INR ’00000) Country Value (INR ’00000)
U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88094.98 Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.63 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.09
China P Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16706.97 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.99 Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.90
Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13583.57 Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.68 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.35
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7176.79 Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.86 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.94
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7064.87 Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.03 Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.18
U Arab Emts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6358.31 Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.50 Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18
South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4549.73 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.25 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.08
Pakistan IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4245.69 Baharain Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.23 Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.96
U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3890.52 Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.06 Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.64
Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3667.80 Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.69 Fiji Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.34
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3665.23 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.54 Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.20
Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3615.07 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.30 Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.49
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3568.80 Yemen Republc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.31 Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.42
Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3430.00 Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.99 Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.31
Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.27 Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.05 Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.18
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.95 Tanzania Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.55 Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.14 Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.27 Cote D' Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.31
Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020.10 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.55 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.21
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.82 Afghanistan Tis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.87 Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.92
Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.57 Korea Dp Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.96 Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80
Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.65
Korea Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971.00 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.85
Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.84
Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681.10 Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.82
Congo P Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.19
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610.25 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.43
Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.47
Saudi Arab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520.56 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.89
Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.50
Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441.09 Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.59
Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.12
Egypt A Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206.88 Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14
Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.59
Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.08 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.55
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130.99 Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.46
Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057.50 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45
Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.42
Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039.23 Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.37
Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027.46 Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.32
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.28 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.69 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.23
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.66 Kyrghyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.17 Papua N Gna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22
Bangladesh PR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.55 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.36 Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05
Vietnam Soc Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.15 Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.12 Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709.58 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.45 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.97
Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609.24 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.49 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.63 El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.15 Lao Pd Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87
Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.97 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.51 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67
Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.88 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.73 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.59 Union Of Serbia & Montenegro . . . . . . . . 31.70 Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64
Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.97 Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.56 Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.58
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.80 Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.27 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.98 Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.29 Netherlandantil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.43
New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.00 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.02 Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.39
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.91 Panama Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.44 Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.34
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.44 Dominic Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.98 New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.90 Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.94 Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17
Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.75 Br Virgn Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.05 Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12
Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.52 Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.99 Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.34 Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.73 St Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07
Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.14 Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.72 Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02
Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.31 Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.71 Unspecified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.61
1 Background- Need for Good Agricultural Practices 2 Definition of Good Agricultural Practices
1.1 India has a rich tradition of plant based health care systems A good agricultural practice in the context of medicinal
contained in its classical texts like Charak Samhita and plants is a cultivation programme designed to ensure
Sushruta Samhita. In recognition of the diversity of health optimal yield in terms of both quality and quantity of any
care practices, the Government of India have recognized
Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Siddha, Unani and crop intended for health purposes.
Homoeopathy as the alternative systems of medicine
under the National Health Policy. 3 Scope
1.2 Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Siddha, 3.1 This document is designed to play a facilitator role and shall
Unani and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in the Ministry of Health be recommended to all stake holders.
and Family Welfare has the responsibility for quality
3.2 In the current form, these GAPs are essentially meant for
assurance and standardization of the production processes
of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani(ASU) medicines and and applicable to commercial scale of farming.
disseminate the guidelines for production of raw material
used in ASU medicines. 4 Soil and climatic conditions
1.3 To ensure and enhance the quality of ASU medicines, the 4.1 The grower should identify the best possible environment
Government of India have notified Good Manufacturing where the plant can express its full potential in terms of
Practices under Schedule 'T' of the Drugs and Cosmetics both quality and quantity during its entire growth period
Act 1940. The guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices
seek to lay down standards for production of raw material (germination, growth and maturity). Meteorological data
that goes in to the making of the ASU medicines and collated for preceding three years should be taken into
standardize the production processes from farm to factory. account while judging the suitability of the site.
Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to foreign substance to increase the weight or potency of the product
mankind. In spite of the great advances observed in modern or to decrease its cost. In general, adulteration is considered as an
medicine in recent decades, medicinal plants still play a very intentional practice. However, unintentional adulterations also
significant role in the healthcare of humankind. The medicinal exist in herbal raw material trade due to various reasons. Owing to
plants constitute an effective source of Unani, Ayurvedic and collection of herbal drugs by unskilled workers from natural
Siddha systems of medicine and have played a key role in human habitats lead to unintentional adulteration. India has a number of
health. In fact today, approximately 70% of “synthetic” medicines vernacular languages in different regions and hence, this causes a
are derived from plants. In India, about 80% of the rural lot of confusion in the identity of the drug. For example Eclipta alba
population depends on medicinal herbs and/or indigenous Hassk. and Wedelia calendulacea Less. are known by the same
systems of medicine. In recent years, however, the popularity of vernacular name 'Bhringraj'. Hence, adulteration or substitution
herbal medicine worldwide and increasing demand of medicinal of the genuine raw material is the main cause of degradation of
plants/herbal drugs has led to overexploitation from wild and the desired therapeutic effect of a particular drug used in Indian
accordingly adulteration and substitution of medicinal System of Medicine. Therefore, the correct taxonomic
plant/herbal drugs also increased drastically. Consequently, the identification of botanical drugs is necessary for their quality,
safety and efficacy of these medicines have degraded significantly safety and efficacy. This article provide a comprehensively
and become an important issue for the health professions. reviewed information on adulterants and substitutes of herbal
Herbal adulteration is one of the common malpractices in drugs with reference to their quality standards with the scope that
herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is an intentional the data can be useful guide for identifying the correct botanical
substitution with another plant species or intentional addition of a source of a particular herbal drug.
supply chain including collecting, cultivating, harvesting, handling, The amount and level of information available with all the
processing and other appropriate related activities. It is a system elements of the chain of custody varies considerable, thereby
of people organizations, technology, activities, information and leading to the exploitation of people having less information.
resources involved in movement of a product or service from its Collectors: Collectors of herbs may be defined as a person who
source of origin to the end user. earns fully or partly his livelihood through collecting herbs from
Channel of distribution and complexities involved, is one of the the wild (whole herb or its parts) with the purpose of selling it to
biggest challenges faced by the individual entrepreneurs and final someone who either sells it further or processes it. Collectors may
product manufacturers in determining quality and price of the be divided in two groups.
herbal raw materials. The length of supply chain is responsible for Independent collectors: They are generally poor farmers with
the receipt of low prices by primary collectors and farmers. As
small landholdings for cultivation and h a v i n g h a r d l y a n y
collection is still more common than cultivation, huge differences
alternative occupation to earn cash income. During period of
in the quality of raw materials occur. The differences concern the
their urgency they are compelled to take advance money from
amount of active ingredients based on the geographic location,
use of plant parts, harvest techniques and storing. local traders or middlemen, who are the only accessible credit
The discussion on supply chain demands total understanding source to them. These traders act as the only source of market
of each component involved in the process. information for the collectors.
Contract Collectors: they are engaged by the forest
Chain of Custody (Supply Chain) of contractors for collection of herbs according to the geographic
Medicinal & Aromatic Plants area allotted to the contractor. Sometimes the species are also
specified for collection.
Manufacturers
Being exposed to adverse weather conditions during
Pharmaceuticals, Herbal Drug, Nutraceuticals, Dyes, Cosmetics, Perfumery etc.
collection, collectors are forced to collect as much as and as
quickly as possible during the day.
Collectors suffer from inadequate business and
Bulk Suppliers Regional International entrepreneurial skills, lack of awareness on collection process,
of Ingredients Markets Market quality requirements, and knowledge on properties of herbs,
price, insufficient market information and regulations.
Cultivator: Herbal cultivators may be divided broadly in two
categories small-scale and large-scale according to their
Small Traditional Traders from Exporter
Extractors landholding capacity. The small-scale farmers may be categorized
Processors healers Other States
as unorganized and semi-organized.
Unorganized: They undertake cultivation of medicinal and
aromatic plants having short gestation period to generate an
Large Traders Market extra income during the unproductive period of their regular
crop and are mostly dependent on the middlemen or local
traders for their sales receiving smaller and smaller amounts
even though the middlemen may be receiving an increasing
Cultivation Small Trader / Cooperatives / profits.
Promoters Middlemen Govt. Agencies Semi-organized: these farmers are normally members of
certain group or cultivate by getting motivation from some
organization promoting medicinal and aromatic plants'
cultivation or against b u y b a c k a s s u ra n c e f ro m s o m e
Cultivator Collector Importer individual/firm.
Medherb Information 69
History Cambodia Kolaab
Rose has a long and lively history. Fossil evidence tells that rose English Cabbage Rose, Damask Rose,
is 35 million years old. Today, there are over 30,000 varieties of French Rose De Damas, Rose De Tous Les Mois, Rose
roses and it has the most complicated family tree of any known Hindi Gulab, Sudburg, Bussorah
flower species. Cultivation of rose most likely began in Asia around Indonesia Kembang Eros, Bunga Ros
5000 years ago. Cultivation of rose was introduced in Europe Kannada Gulabihuvu, Panniru, Roja, Gulabi
during late eighteenth century by China. Laos Kuhlaab
From this introduction, experts today tend to divide all roses Malayalam Panniruppu, Penimirpushpam, Rosappu
into two groups. There are old roses (those cultivated in Europe Malaysia Ros, Gul
before 1800) and modern roses (those which began to be Manipuri Atar-Gulab
cultivated in England and France around the turn of the 19th Marathi Gulad, Gulab
century).
Odia Golapa, Tarani
Rose has experienced the most horrible extremes of the
Roman Empire when the farmers were reduced to growing roses Sanskrit Shatapatri, Soumyagandha
instead of food crops in order to satisfy the demands of their Tamil Pannir, Pannirpu, Kulapu
rulers. Telugu Gulabi, Rojapuvu, Gulabipuvvu
More than 10,000 roses are known in cultivation and three Thailand Kulaap Mon, Yee Sun
types of odours are recognized, viz. those of the Cabbage Rose (R. Urdu Gul-E-Surkh, Arq Gulab
centifolia), the Damask Rose (R. damascena) and the Tea Rose.
indica) Plant description
It is a small perennial erect thorny shrub with unequal, large,
Names in different languages hooked spikes and many bristles; grows up to 1.5 meters in height.
Arabic Gulab Leaves are compound imparipinnate, with 5 leaflets, leaflets
Bengali Golap ovate-lanceolate, serrated. Flowers vary in color, usually pink,
Special Features 83
History Names in different languages
The earliest civilizations that can be proved to have used henna Arabic : Alhenna, Henna, Henneh, Hinna, Yoranna
include the Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, Semites, Ugaritics Bengali : Mehedi, Mehndi, Shudi
and Canaanites. Crossing the limitation of boundaries of countries Bombay : Henne, Mendie
and religions “henna” has been used to celebrate and bless Burmise : Dan, Danbin
Canaries : Goranta, Gorante, Goranthu, Korate,
sexuality & fertility of women in over 60 countries among Hindu,
Chinese : Tche Kia Hoa
Muslim, Sepharadic, Jewish, Rom, B'hai, Parsee, Zoasterian, Sikh, Deutsch : Heena
Coptic Christian, and Armenian Christian communities; as a long English : Camphire, Cypress Shrub, Egyptian Privet, Henna
standing valuable social custom. French : Alcana D'orient, Alkanna d'Avicenne
Some scientists believe that the use of henna has originated in Greek : Kypros
ancient India as a cosmetic and medicine, while others suggest its Gujarati : Medi, Mendi, Panwar
use originated in Middle East & North Africa and was brought to Hindi : Hena, Mehndi, Mhindi
India in the 12th century by Egyptian Moguls. But it is Konkani : Meti
apprehended from the illustrations of Bodhisattavas and deities of Malay : Inai
Malayalam: Mayilanji, Pontalasi
cave wall murals that, it was probably used in India seven centuries
Mandarin : Bind, Bindi, Mindi
before the moguls invasion and hundreds of years before Muslim
Marathi : Mendhi, Mendi
religion began in the middle of the 7th century AD. The use of Odia : Mehendi, Mendi, Monjuati, Olota, Rongota
henna as a decoration in India took off with the advent of Muslim Persian : Hina, Panna
rule and become common. Henna is commercially cultivated in Philippines: Cinamomo, Cinamomo Del Pais
India, Pakistan, Iran, Yemen, Morocco and Sudan. Punjabi : Hinna, Mehndi, Nakrize, Panwar
Special Features 87
History Japanese : Obeko
Isabgol the common name in India for Plantago ovata, has Kanada : Isofgolu, Visamagolu, Issabagolu, Isabakolu
come from the Persian words "isap" and "ghol" that mean horse Kashmiri : Is-mogul
ear, which is descriptive of the shape of the seed. It is indigenous to Malayalam : Karkatasringi, Snigddhajirakam, Ispaghal
Mediterranean region and West Asia extending up to Sutlej and Marathi : Isabgola, Isapghol
Sindh in West Pakistan, also distributed from Canary Islands across Nepalese : Isabgol
Southern Spain, North Africa, Middle East and North-Western Nederlands : Bladvlo
Asia. In India the use of isabgol is as old as the Ayurveda System of Oriya : Isabgul
Medicine. It is commercially cultivated in North Gujarat, Western Persian : Ispaghol, Isparzah, Thikam-daridah, Isabghul
Rajasthan, Punjab, Hariyana, and Uttar Pradesh. Punjabi : Lisapghol, Bartang, Abghol
Sanskrit : Ashwagol, Ishadgola, Ashwakarnabeeja,
Names in different languages Sheetabeeja, Ishrawarabola, Snigdhajeeraka
Arabic : Bazre-quatuna, Bazre-katima Sinhalese : Isphgol Vithai
Bengali : Esphopgol, Isabgul, Ishopgul, Ispaghul Tamil : Iskolvirai, Iskol, Isphagol, Ishappukolvirai
Chinese : Ch'-Ch'ientzu Telugu : Isphagula, Isapgaluvittulu, Isapagala
Deutsch : Indische Psylli-samen Urdu : Ispaghul
English : Ispaghula, Psyllium, Blond psyllium, Spogel
seeds, Ripple grass The plant
Gujarati : Isapghol, Isafghol, Ghoda Jeeru, Umtojeeru Plantago ovata is an annual herb that grows to a height of 12 to
Hindi : Isabgol, Isabgul, Issufgul, Ispaghul, Isubgol 18 inches (3046 cm). Leaves are opposite, linear or linear
Special Features 91
History Names in different languages
Senna is an Arabic name. All ancient cultures, including the Arabic : Sanaehindi, Sonna
Aztecs, Asians, and Africans have used infusions of the Cassia Assemese : Sonamukhi
Bengali : Sannamakki, Shonpat, Sonpat
species as a laxative. The first records show the herb being used
Canaries : Nelavare, Nelavarike, Sonamukhi
medicinally by Arabian physicians in the 9th century BC. The herb
Chinese : Fan Hsieh Yeh, Ta Hwai Yeh
was originally brought to medicinal use in Egypt long ago, and from Deutsch : Alexandrinische Senna.
there it entered Greek medicine at the time of Hippocrates. It was English : Alexandrian senna, Indian senna, Senna,
first brought into use by the Egyptian physicians Serapion and Tinnevelly senna, True senna
Mesue. Achiarius was the first Greek to notice it. He French : Casse, Canéficier, Séné d'Alexandrie,
recommended senna pods over the leaf thinking them more Gujarati : Middiawal, Sonamakhi
Hindi : Hindisana, Sanay, Sonai, Sonamukhi
powerful. People in northern Africa and southwestern Asia have
Kashmiri : Sna
used senna as a laxative for centuries. It was considered a
Kannada : Nelavarika, Sonamukhi,
“cleansing” herb because of its cathartic effect. In addition, the Malayalam : Nilavaka
leaves were sometimes made into a paste and applied to various Marathi : Bhuitarvada, Mulkacha, Shonamukhi
skin diseases. Its name of Ringworm Cassia was given because a Myanmar : Puvekainyoe
leaf extract is used to combat that fungal infection, especially in Norwegian : Sennesplante.
Malaysia. Senna was given the name of Purging Cassia in Europe Oriya : Sunamukhi
Persian : Sanaehindi
during the Middle Ages because it was used at that time in an
Punjabi : Sanapati, Sarnapatta, Sannamakhi
Italian medical school as a purgative.
Special Features 95
Site: Dabur Nepal Nursery, Banepa (Nepal)
111
Andhra Pradesh 135 Kerala 155
Assam 136 Madhya Pradesh 156
Bihar 136 Maharashtra 160
Chhattisgarh 137 Meghalaya 173
Delhi 138 Orissa 173
Gujarat 150 Punjab 174
Haryana 152 Rajasthan 177
Himachal Pradesh 152 Tamil Nadu 179
Jammu & Kashmir 153 Uttar Pradesh 188
Jharkhand 153 Uttarakhand 192
Karnataka 154 West Bengal 195
125
Chapter 7.3
197
Andhra Pradesh 295 Madhya Pradesh 297
Assam 295 Maharashtra 298
Bihar 295 Meghalaya 299
Chhattisgarh 295 Mizoram 299
Delhi 295 Orissa 299
Gujarat 296 Punjab 299
Haryana 296 Rajasthan 299
Himachal Pradesh 296 Tamil Nadu 299
Jammu and Kashmir 297 Uttar Pradesh 300
Karnataka 297 Uttarakhand 300
Kerala 297 West Bengal 300
293
301
www.medherb.in Medherb Green Pages 2010
INDIA AND NEPAL
English: Catechu
Indian: Khair
2
Nepali: Khayer
Neem bark has cool, bitter and astringent properties. It is traditionally used
to treat tiredness, worms, fever and loss of appetite. Because of its
antiseptic and astringent properties, it is especially helpful in healing
wounds. The bark extracts have been used to manufacture different
products, ranging from oral care to skin care, from traditional medicines to
allopathic drugs. 1
English: Bael
Indian: Bael
Nepali: Bael 3
English: Arnica
Indian: Arnica
2
Nepali: ***
English: Shoe-flower
Indian: Gudhal
Nepali: Japaa Puspi
Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br. Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Chamomilla recutita (L.)