Trapped Ions:

A Quantum Simulator of Light and Matter

Julen S. Pedernales
University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU

Zaragoza, January 2016

B. Sc. Hodei Eneriz

B. Sc. Adrin Parra-Rodrguez
M. Sc. igo Arrazola
M. Sc. Urtzi Las Heras
M. Sc. Unai Alvarez-Rodriguez
M. Sc. Laura Garca-lvarez
M. Sc. Julen S. Pedernales

Prof. Enrique Solano

QUTIS Research
Quantum optics
Quantum information
Superconducting circuits
Condensed matter
Quantum biomimetics

Prof. igo Egusquiza

Dr. Enrique Rico
Dr. Daniel Z. Rossatto
Dr. Mikel Sanz
Dr. Lucas Lamata
Dr. Roberto Di Candia
M. Sc.Xiao-Hang Cheng

The Quantum Rabi Model

HR = ~a a + ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

Quantization of the electromagnetic eld,

two-level approximation & dipolar coupling

The Quantum Rabi Model

HR = ~a a + ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

Quantization of the electromagnetic eld,

two-level approximation & dipolar coupling

Jaynes-Cummings & anti-Jaynes-Cummings

Ultrastrong coupling regime

Deep strong coupling regime

Dirac equation

The Quantum Rabi Model

HR = ~a a + ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

The Quantum Rabi Model

HR = ~a a + ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

In the interaction picture

HRI = ~g( + aei(0 )t + a ei(0 )t

+ i(0 +)t

+ a e

+ ae

i(0 +)t

The Quantum Rabi Model

HR = ~a a + ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

In the interaction picture

HRI = ~g( + aei(0 )t + a ei(0 )t

+ i(0 +)t

+ a e

+ ae

i(0 +)t

Rotating wave approximation

g
|0 | |0 + |
Jaynes-Cummings model

HJC

0
= ~a a + ~ z + ~g( + a + a )
2

Jaynes-Cummings & anti-Jaynes-Cummings regimes

JC: g ||, |0 | &

HR

RWA

| 0 | |0 + 0 |

HJC

hni
1

Pe

|e, 0i

0
= ~a a + ~ z + ~g( + a + a )
2

gt

gt

Jaynes-Cummings & anti-Jaynes-Cummings regimes

JC: g ||, |0 | &

HR

| 0 | |0 + 0 |

RWA

HJC

0
= ~a a + ~ z + ~g( + a + a )
2
hni
1

Pe
1

|e, 0i

AJC:

HR

g ||, |0 |
RWA

&

gt

gt

| R 0R | " | R + 0R |

HAJC

0
= ~a a + ~ z + ~g( + a + a)
2

hni
1

Pe

|g, 0i

gt

gt

Ultrastrong coupling regime

g/ & 0.1

Breakdown of the RWA

Ultrastrong coupling regime

g/ & 0.1
g
= 0.4

|e0i

Breakdown of the RWA

Ultrastrong coupling regime

g/ & 0.1
g
= 0.4

|e0i

g
= 0.8

|e0i

Breakdown of the RWA

Deep-strong-coupling regime

|| < g

Parity chains

= z (1)

|g0i $ |e1i $ |g2i $ |e3i $ . . . (p = +1)

|e0i $ |g1i $ |e2i $ |g3i $ . . . (p = 1)

J. Casanova et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 263603 (2010)

Deep-strong-coupling regime

|| < g
= z (1)

Parity chains

|g0i $ |e1i $ |g2i $ |e3i $ . . . (p = +1)

|e0i $ |g1i $ |e2i $ |g3i $ . . . (p = 1)

Photon-number wave packets

J. Casanova et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 263603 (2010)

Dirac equation

=0

HR = ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

Dirac equation

HR = ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

=0
The Dirac eq. in 1+1 dimensions

HD = mc z + cpy

0
2
mc ~
& c ~g
2

p = i(a a )/ 2

Dirac equation

HR = ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

=0

HD = mc z + cpy

The Dirac eq. in 1+1 dimensions

p = i(a a )/ 2

0
2
mc ~
& c ~g
2

Zitterbewegung

Klein paradox
a

0.25

10
0

-10

10

-10

10

-10

10

-10
0

Innsbruck group experiments

10
8

Conguration space of the QRM

0
HR = ~a a + ~ z + ~gx (a + a )
2

g | R |, |0R |

1. JC

| R 0R | | R + 0R |

3
2. AJC

10g

g | R |, |0R |
| R 0R | " | R + 0R |

3. Dispersive regime
g < | R |, |0R |, | R 0R |, | R + 0R |

0R

4
6

10g

3
3

3
3

10g g

10g

4. USC

| R | < 10g

5. DSC

| R | < g

6. Decoupling regime
|0R | g | R |
7. Open to study
|0R | g | R |

Dirac equation R = 0

However, nature appears to prefer the

Jaynes-Cummings regime
Atoms in cavities

Nobel prize in physics 2012

(Serge Haroche)

If nature does not provide it,

then let us do it articially

Superconducting circuits reach the

ultra strong coupling regime

Quantum Simulators
Quantum simulations consist in the intentional reproduction of the
properties of an ideal quantum model, the simulated system, by another
quantum system, the quantum simulator.

Quantum Simulators
Quantum simulations consist in the intentional reproduction of the
properties of an ideal quantum model, the simulated system, by another
quantum system, the quantum simulator.

Initial state

in

Evolution Hamiltonian

Observable of interest

in

(t)

hOi(t)

Trapped Ions Setup

Ions can be trapped

with RF electromagnetic
elds in Paul traps

z + a a
H0 =
2

Shinning the Ions with Laser Light

H = H0 + HI
0

z + a a
H0 =
2
HI = + ei(kxwl t+l ) + H.c.

l , l

Shinning the Ions with Laser Light

H = H0 + HI
0

z + a a
H0 =
2
HI = + ei(kxwl t+l ) + H.c.

l , l

x = x0 (a + a )
= kx0 (Lamb-Dicke parameter)

Shinning the Ions with Laser Light

H = H0 + HI
0

z + a a
H0 =
2
HI = + ei(kxwl t+l ) + H.c.

l , l

x = x0 (a + a )
= kx0 (Lamb-Dicke parameter)

In the interaction picture

+ i(a(t)+a (t)) i(0 l )t

Hint = [ e

+ H.c.]

a(t) = aeit , a (t) = a eit

Lamb-Dicke regime

+ i(a(t)+a (t)) i(0 l )t

Hint = [ e

+ H.c.]

Lamb-Dicke regime

+ i(a(t)+a (t)) i(0 l )t

Hint = [ e
Lamb-Dicke regime

+ H.c.]

ha ai 1

Hint = [ + (1 + i(aeit + a eit ) + ...)ei(0 l )t + H.c.]

Lamb-Dicke regime

+ i(a(t)+a (t)) i(0 l )t

Hint = [ e
Lamb-Dicke regime

+ H.c.]

ha ai 1

Hint = [ + (1 + i(aeit + a eit ) + ...)ei(0 l )t + H.c.]

Tuning the frequency of the laser we can select terms of the Hamiltonian!

Nobel prize in physics 2012

(David J.Wineland)

Simulating the QRM in trapped ions

We consider two simultaneous

r = 0 + r

laser beams with frequencies

b = 0 + + b

"
i + ! ir t
ib t
ae
+a e
+ H.c.
H =
2
I

Simulating the QRM in trapped ions

We consider two simultaneous

r = 0 + r

laser beams with frequencies

b = 0 + + b

"
i + ! ir t
ib t
ae
+a e
+ H.c.
H =
2
I

Corresponds to the interaction picture

I H0 )eiH0 t
HQRM = eiH0 t (H

HQRM =
0R

R
0

for the uncoupled Hamiltonian

H0 =

1
1
(b + r )z + (b r )a a
4
2

z + a a + ig( )(a + a )

1
1

R
= (r + b ), = (r b ), g =
2
2
2

Simulating the QRM in trapped ions

Notice that all relevant interaction picture transformations
conmute with the observables of interest

z , n, a a
Adiabatic generation of the entangled ground state of the QRM

J. S. Pedernales, I. Lizuain, S. Felicetti, G. Romero, L. Lamata, and E. Solano Sci. Rep. 5 , 15472 (2015)

The 2 photon QRM in trapped ions

z + a a + g( + )(a + (a ) )
4

a)

Energy/

3
2
1
0
1
0
10

b)
N
h
nph
ii
hN
ph

H2QRM =

R
0

0.1

0.2

g/

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.5

0
1

5
0
0

2
0.1

0.2

g/

Simulating the 2 photon QRM in trapped ions

HInt

i
X n h

=
ei[a(t)+a (t)] ei(0 n )t + + H.c.
2
n=r,b

S. Felicetti, J. S. Pedernales, I. L. Egusquiza, G. Romero, L. Lamata, D. Braak, and E. Solano, Phys. Rev. A 92, 033817 (2015)

Simulating the 2 photon QRM in trapped ions

HInt

i
X n h

=
ei[a(t)+a (t)] ei(0 n )t + + H.c.
2
n=r,b

We set

r = 0 2 + r

Lamb-Dicke regime

b = 0 + 2 + b

Vibrational RWA

n , n

ha ai 1

I
=
+ [a2 eir t + (a )2 eib t ]
H
4

S. Felicetti, J. S. Pedernales, I. L. Egusquiza, G. Romero, L. Lamata, D. Braak, and E. Solano, Phys. Rev. A 92, 033817 (2015)

Simulating the 2 photon QRM in trapped ions

HInt

i
X n h

=
ei[a(t)+a (t)] ei(0 n )t + + H.c.
2
n=r,b

We set

r = 0 2 + r

Lamb-Dicke regime

b = 0 + 2 + b

Vibrational RWA

n , n

ha ai 1

I
=
+ [a2 eir t + (a )2 eib t ]
H
4

Corresponds to the interaction picture

HQRM = e

H2QRM =

iH0 t

R
0

I H0 )eiH0 t
(H

for the uncoupled Hamiltonian

H0 =

1
1
(b + r )z + (b r )a a
4
4

z + a a + g( + )(a + (a ) )

2
1
1

R
R
0 = (r + b ), = (r b ), g =
2
4
4
S. Felicetti, J. S. Pedernales, I. L. Egusquiza, G. Romero, L. Lamata, D. Braak, and E. Solano, Phys. Rev. A 92, 033817 (2015)

Simulating the 2 photon QRM in trapped ions

a)
h
nph
hN
i
<N
phi>

hz i

1
0

100

200
t

300

400

t(ms)

<N
h
nph
i>i
hN
ph

hz i

3
2
1
0
1

10

15

20

g/ = 0.2

0
1
0

t2 = 30ms

20

40

60

c)
hN
<N
h
nph
i>i
ph

t(ms)
6

12

g/ = 0.4

2
1
z

<
hz>i

heating 1 ph/s

g/ = 0.01

<z>

t1 = 1s

50

b)

We consider
decoherence

40

0
1
<z>

E vo l u t i o n fo r
initial state |g, 2i

10

t(ms)
20
30

0
1
0

0.5

1.5
t

2.5

Simulating the 1 and 2-photon Dicke models

Our proposals are straightforwardly extensible to the many atom case,
the 1-photon and 2-photon Dicke models

HD = a a +

X qn
n

H2D = a a +

X
1

n
n
z +
gn x [a + a ]
2
N n

X qn
n

X
1
2
n
n 2
z +
gn x [a + (a ) ]
2
N n

This models become computationally intractable for some tens of qubits!

Conclusions

The QRM is much more than the Jaynes-Cummings

We can explore the 1 and 2 photon QRM in trapped ions
We can extend it to the 1 and 2 photon Dicke models

Thank you for your

attention