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AdditionalGovernmentMaterial
Note:Afterreadingtheseadditionaldetails,makesuretoreviewyourmaterialsonAthenian
democracyfromthebeginningoftheunit.Thesenotesshouldprovidegreatevidenceforthe
debate!
OurformofgovernmenthaditsbeginningsinAthens,Greece.Ourgovernmentwas
basedonthistypeofgovernmenttheAthenianscreated,butweveadaptedittobetterfitour
country.InAthens,allcitizensdebatedandvotedoneveryissue(thisiscalleddirect
democracy).IntheUnitedStates,wevoteforrepresentatives(thisiscalledrepresentative
democracy)tospeakforusandmakeourlaws.InAthens,allcitizens30yearsofageandolder
couldbechosenfortheCouncilof500thatrangovernmentbusinessandproposedlaws.Every
tendaysthecitizenshadtogatherinagroupcalledtheAssemblytovoteontheseproposed
laws.Therehadtobeatleast6,000peopleforameetingtotakeplace.Iftoofewpeopleshowed
up,slaveswouldroundupmorecitizenswithropesdippedinredpaint.Menwerevery
embarrassedtoshowuptothemeetingwithredpaintontheirclothing!IntheUnitedStates,we
wanteverycitizensvoicetobeheard,butrealizeitwouldbechaoticifsomanypeoplehadto
leaveworktovoteoneverylaw!
AnotherdifferencebetweendemocracyintheUnitedStatesandAthensisthatonlymen
borninAthenscouldbecitizens.Ifyouwereawoman,slave,orsomeoneborninanothercity
state,youcouldnotbeacitizeninAthens.LikeintheUnitedStates,childrenwerealsonot
allowedtodebateandvote.
Asyoulearnedearlierintheunit,PericlesledAthensduringtheGoldenAgeandplayedahuge
roleinstrengtheningdemocracy.Below,PericlesisquotedaboutdemocracyinAthens.
Primary Source:
Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a
minority
but of the whole people. When it is a question of settling private disputes,
everyone is
equal before the law; when it is a question of putting one person before
another in
positions of public responsibility, what counts is not membership in a
particular class,

Additional information: http://lmoskal.net/worldhistory/whtext/ch05/5.3.pdf

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AdditionalInformationonArtandArchitecture
ART
Many of our sculpture techniques come from the Greeks. Their statues were more lifelike
than any that had been created before. Most of the original sculptures were lost or destroyed, but
we know what they looked like because the Romans made thousands of copies that still survive.

ARCHITECTURE
Another famous Greek building was the Temple of Apollo at
Delphi. It was built to honor the god of prophecy (being able
to tell what will happen in the future), Apollo. According to
archeologists, there was a crack in the earth in Delphi that
allowed methane gas to escape. If you inhaled much of this
gas it would be like drinking too much alcohol or taking
drugs. The temple was built right over this crack. If you
wanted to ask a god a question at this temple, a priestess
would go down to the basement, breathe in the gas and
then answer your question. To the left are the city plans for
Delphi. Picture 1 is a picture of the Temple of Apollo today,
in ruins.
AllovertheUnitedStatesyoufindimportantbuildings
builtintheGreekstyle.Wegetmorethanthebeautiful
columnsfromtheGreeks!TheGreeksalsobuiltmanyof
theirtemplesandbuildingwithpediments,thetriangular
shapewherethelinesoftheroofcometogether(picture3).
Anotherimportantfeaturewasdecorativebandscalled
friezes(picture3).LookatthepictureofourSupremeCourt
building(picture2)andseehowmuchitwasinfluencedby
theideasofGreekarchitecture!

Name

This is what is left of the

Temple of Apollo today

The Supreme Court Building in

Washington DC

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AdditionalInformationonScience
Hipparchusisknownasthegreatestastronomeroftheancientworld.Heobserved,
studied,andnamedover850stars.Throughcarefulstudyhealsofiguredouthowtoestimatethe
distancesbetweenEarthandthesun,andEarthandthemoon.Histheorieswouldlaterallow
scientiststopredicteclipsesofthemoonaccurately.
TheGreeksalsostudiedplantsandanimalstolearnmoreabouthumans.Aristotle(more
famouslyknownasaphilosopher)organizedanimalsaccordingtothosewithbackbonesand
thosewithoutbackbones.Healsodividedplantsintogroupssuchasherbs,shrubs,andtrees.The
wayweclassifyplantsandanimalstodayreflectstheworkofAristotle!
Forhundredsofyears,theGreeksbelievethatsicknesswaspunishmentsentbythegods.
AGreekmannamedHippocratesusedscienceincombinationmedicineforthefirsttime.
Hippocratesbelievedthatdiseaseshadnaturalcauses.Hetaughthisstudentstoobserveasick
patientcarefullyandwritedownwhattheysaw.Heprescribedherbs,changesindiet,orexercise
forhissickpatients.HeisknownastheFatherofModernMedicine.Todaywhenpeople
PRIMARY SOURCE: Hippocratic Oath
I swear by Apollo the physician, and Asclepius, and Hygieia and Panacea and all the gods and goddesses as my
becomedoctors,theytaketheHippocraticOath:apromisetoalwayshelp,toneverharm,andto
witnesses, that, according to my ability and judgment, I will keep this Oath and this contract:
keeppeoplesmedicalinformationprivate.Hisstudentsperformedsomeofthefirstsurgeries.
To hold him who taught me this art equally dear to me as my parents, to be a partner in life with him, and to
However,surgerywasperformedwithoutpainkillers;thiswasbothdangerousandpainful!
fulfill his needs when required; to look upon his offspring as equals to my own siblings, and to teach them this
Belowisanoathtodogoodnotharmandkeeppatientmedicalrecordsasecretwasbasedonthe
art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or contract; and that by the set rules, lectures, and every other mode
workofHippocrates,writtenaboutcenturylater.
of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to students
bound by this contract and having sworn this Oath to the law of medicine, but to no others.
I will use those dietary regimens which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and judgment,
and I will do no harm or injustice to them
Into whatever homes I go, I will enter them for the benefit of the sick... whether they are free men or slaves.
Whatever I see or hear in the lives of my patients, whether in connection with my professional practice or not,
which ought not to be spoken of outside, I will keep secret, as considering all such things to be private.
So long as I maintain this Oath faithfully and without corruption, may it be granted to me to partake of life fully
and the practice of my art, gaining the respect of all men for all time. However, should I transgress this Oath and
violate it, may the opposite be my fate.

Translated from Greek by Michael North, National Library of Medicine

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AdditionalInformationonMath
Euclid was another famous Greek mathematician who was the first Greek to investigate
geometry. He wrote a textbook, called Elements, on geometry that would be used for more than
2,000 years! Still today it is still the basis for geometry courses!
Archimedes and Pythagoras theories are still the basis of our math today. In
additional to creating the Pythagorean theorem (see picture to the left), Pythagoras started
a school were students developed new math theories. This was the start of graduate
school programs and majors in college. Archimedes was the first person to estimate the
value of pi (3.14). Archimedes applied mathematics to practical use. He created the
Archimedes screw which was used to raise water from level to another (see picture below).
Below is a quote from Plutarch about Archimedes inventions:
PRIMARY SOURCE:
Archimedes took a . . . ship . . . which had just been dragged up on land with
great
labor and many men; in this he placed her usual complement of men and cargo,
and
then sitting at some distance, without any trouble, by gently pulling with his
hand the
end of a system of pulleys, he dragged it towards him with as smooth and even

Today math students of all ages build on the work of these great mathematicians!

Archimedes Screw

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AdditionalInformationonTheaterandSport
Note: For more information on the Olympics, use your classwork on the Origins of the
Olympics.
SPORT
In ancient Athens there were three types of schools for boys. At the first school, boys
were taught reading, writing, and math. At the second school, poetry and music were taught. At
the third school, boys were taught dancing and sports by a teacher called a paidotribe. As part of
this school, boys competed at a training ground called a gymnasium. The Athenians considered
all three schools vital to a good education. At age 18, men in Athens began their military
training. Gymnasium training and military training helped the men as they prepared to compete
in games such as the Olympics.
As you have learned earlier in the unit, philosophy (search for wisdom) was very
important to the Athenians; many people went to schools run by philosophers. Socrates, Plato,
and Aristotle were the three most influential philosophers of ancient Greece. They led people to
ask questions about the things they thought they knew in order to discover new truth. Plato
founded a school called the Academy. Aristotle founded a school in a scared forest to the god
Apollo Lyceius called a Lyceum. Aristotle would lecture to his students as they walked around
the Lyceum.
THEATER

There were many famous Greek playwrights. Aeschylus was the earliest playwright
whose plays survive today. He wrote many tragedies. Sophocles was a famous ancient Greek
who wrote over 120 plays. His plays were generally very optimistic and talked about the triumph
over emotion. His most famous plays are Oedipus Rex and Antigone (see the next page for an
excerpt). The Greek playwright Aristophanes was known for his comedies and satires, especially
about Athenian politicians.
Greek plays at one time were just songs and dances, but Greek playwrights developed
their plays to tell stories. There were also special effects in ancient Greek theater. They used
hoists to lift actors off the stage to make it seem like they were flying. Scenery
that spun around allowed them to quickly change the scenery. Many Greek
dramas are still performed around the world.

Notice the large mouths in the

masks so that people could
hear them speak.
Notice the large facial
expressions
soGreek
eventragedy
people
Antigone
is an ancient
thatfar
was written by Sophocles and first
performed around
BCE.
This
play iswere
the story of two brothers who were supposed
away 441
could
tell
if they
to jointly rule
the kingdom
of Thebes. This did not work well. When it is time for
happy
or sad!
Eteokles to give up the rule to his brother Polyneices,heisunwilling.Polyneicesraises
Turn over the page for an expert from Sophocles
anarmyandtriestotakebackthethronebyforce.Inthebattle,bothbrothersarekilled.
Theborthersuncle,Kreonnowrulesthekingdom,whosaysthatEteokleswillbegivenafuneral,while
play, Antigone
Polyneicescorpsewillbeleftonthebattlefieldtorot.EteoklesandPolyneicessister,Antigone,isthe
onlyoneinThebeswhorefusestoobeyKreonsdecree;sheburiesherbrother.Thisisthecrimeof
whichsheisaccusedaswejointheaction.(http://www.cc.utah.edu/~sms5/wrtg3700/exercises/antexpt.htm)
FromAntigone,bySophocles,translatedbyRichardEmilBraun,OxfordUniversityPress,1973.Pp.3842
Kreon:

You now, you hanging your head, looking at the ground, do you admit or deny that you did this?

Antigone:

I did it. I deny nothing.

Kreon:

Now tell me, briefly and concisely: were you aware of the proclamation prohibiting those acts?

Antigone:

I was. I couldnt avoid it [the decree] when it was made public.

Kreon:

You still dared break this law?

Antigone:

Yes, because I did not believe that Zeus was the one who had proclaimed it; neither did Justice, or the gods of the dead
whom Justice lives among. The laws they have made for men are well marked out. I didnt suppose your decree had
strength enough, or you, who are human, to violate the lawful traditions the gods have not written merely, but made
infallible. These laws are not for yesterday, they are forever; and no one knows when they were shown to us first. I did
not intend to pay, before the gods, for breaking these laws because of my fear of one man and his principles. I was
thoroughly aware I would die before you proclaimed it; of course I would die, even if you hadnt. Since I will die, and
early, I call this profit. Anyone who lives the troubled life I do must benefit from death. No, I do not suffer from the
fact of death. But if I had let my own brother stay unburied I would have suffered all the pain I do not feel now. And if
you decide what I did was foolish, you may be fool enough to convict me too

Kreon:

Youre the only citizen who holds that view.The rest are with me. Arent you ashamed to dissent from these good
men?

Antigone:

No, they keep silent to please you. Why should I be ashamed of loyalty to my brother?

Kreon:

Wasnt his enemy your brother? Why do you honor Polyneices only? Isnt that the same as rejecting Eteokles?

Antigone:

they were brothers, one blood, father and mother, the same as mine. Eteokles is dead: he will not say I have rejected
him.

Kreon:

He will if you honor him no more than Polyneices, who died ravaging this land, while [Eteokles] defended it.

Antigone:

Hes not his slave, but his brother; and hes dead. And Death is a god who wants his laws obeyed.

Kreon:

[But death does not want] good and bad to be treated equally under those laws.

Antigone:

Does anyone know? Maybe, down there, all this is pure.

Kreon:

Enemies and friends are two different things, and dying doesnt reconcile them.

Antigone:

And I wasnt born to hate one with the other, but to love both together.

Kreon:

If you must love somebody go down there and love the dead. Im alive, though, and no woman will rule me.

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AdditionalInformationonWrittenLanguage
The word alphabet comes from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, alpha and beta.
Many of our English words have Greek roots. An example is the word telephone. It is made up of
the two Greek words tel (far off) and phone (voice). Our grammar, punctuation, and
paragraphing are all based on Greek writing.

You have learned about Alexander the Great earlier in the unit and how he conquered
Egypt and then founded a city that still bears his name, Alexandria. After Alexander died, his
friend Ptolemy I ruled Egypt. Ptolemy wanted Alexandria to become the greatest learning center
in the world. He tried with great success to get a copy of every book that was ever written. To do
this he even had books stolen for the library he was creating. No one today knows for sure how
many books were in his Library at Alexandria, it likely contained 100,000 books or more. This
meant it was the largest library in the ancient world. It contained all of Homers writings.
PRIMARY SOURCE:

Herodotus was the first real historian. He wrote about cultures that he visited and ones
thatHerodotos:
he had never The
seen.History,
The title of
his book on(excerpt)
the Persian Wars was, Historie, which means
VII.170-171
inquiry is where we get our world history. Below is an excerpt from an English translation of The
History
VII 170-171.
Minos,accordingtotradition,wenttoSicania,orSicily,asitisnowcalled,insearchofDaidolos,and
thereperishedbyaviolentdeath....MenofvariousnationsnowflockedtoCrete,whichwasstrippedofits
inhabitants;butnonecameinsuchnumbersastheHellenes.ThreegenerationsafterthedeathofMinos
theTrojanwartookplace;andtheCretanswerenottheleastdistinguishedamongthehelpersof
Menelaos.Butonthisaccount,whentheycamebackfromTroy,famineandpestilencefelluponthem,
anddestroyedboththemenandthecattle.Cretewasasecondtimestrippedofitsinhabitants,aremnant
onlybeingleft;whoform,togetherwithfreshsettlers,thethirdCretanpeoplebywhomtheislandhas