Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD..
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Internet
Chapter 3 Protocol and Standard
Chapter 4 Enterprise Applications in reality
Page 4
Data
Data means the information expressed by any format. The
format should be negotiated ahead by information creator and
receiver.
Data Traffic
The process of data exchange between two devices via
transfer medium such as line.
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Protocol
Protocol
Message
Medium
Sender
Receiver
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Display
Data direction at time 1
half-duplex
mode
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Page 7
Internet
Chapter 3 Protocol and Standard
Chapter 4 Enterprise Applications in reality
Page 8
Computer Network
SOHO
Intranet
Server
IP Hotel
Mobile
network
All rights reserved
Page 9
Evolution of Network
WAN
Intra-network
interconnection
1980s
Network based
Connections
1970s 1980s
Host
Host
Simple Connections
1960s 1970s
Host Network
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD..
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Bus
Star
Mesh
Ring
Tree
Page 11
Composing of Internet
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
LAN
WAN
WAN
Page 12
Short
distance
Low
delay
High
bandwidth
Reliable
HUB
Switch
transmission
Router
ATM Switch
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Types of WAN
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Modem
Router
Wan Switch
Access Server
Page 15
ARPAnet was launched into running in 1969. It comes of America DARPA (Defence
Advanced Research Projects Agency), ARPAnet is the sign of the naissance of
modern computer network.
ARPAnet was divided into two parts in 1983:ARPAnet and MILNET for military
affairs.
NSFnet quite replaced ARPAnet in June 1990 and became the backbone network of
Internet.
At the end of 1991, all the backbone network of NSFnet connected with T3 backbone
network of ANS.
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Actuality of Internet
ISP
ISP
Area ISP
ISP
ISP
Area ISP
ISP
Area ISP
ISP
ISP
Area ISP
NAP
Page 17
ISP
Internet
Chapter 3 Protocol and Standard
Chapter 4 Enterprise Applications in reality
Page 18
Standard
Protocol
Network
Network
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Standard
Data traffic standard divides into two types: de facto and de jure
de facto standard: not admitted by organization but commonly
used and acceptable
de jure standard: the standard established by organization
which approbated by government
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Standardization Organization
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Internet
Chapter 3 Protocol and Standard
Chapter 4 Enterprise Applications in reality
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Server Farm
DHCP Server
Radius Server
SNMP Server
SW 23
DMZ
SW 33
SW 33
Web Server
SW 53
SW 53
AR 49
InterNet
AR 49
HeadQuarter
Serial Link
(V.35)
EtherNet
(RJ45)
FW Eudemon 200E
EtherNet
(RJ45)
IPsec VPN
Lease Line
HDLC/PPP/FR/ATM/E1
Traditional telecom network
MPLS VPN
(L3 /L2 VPN)
Modern telecom
network
Metro Ethernet
Access network
InterNet
3G / xDSL
Branch-A
Serial Link
(V.35)
AR 29
EtherNet
(RJ45)
IPsec VPN
Embedded WiFi
AR 29
3G link or xDSL
SW 33
SW 23
AR 19
AP (WIFI)
SW 23
Page 24
Branch-B
TCP/IP Basis
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Physical layer
Page 30
Application layer
Presentation layer
Provide communications
between applications
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Physical layer
Page 31
TCP/IP model
OSI
7
Application layer
Presentation layer
TCP/IP
VS
Application layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Page 32
Application layer
Transport layer
TCP/UDP
Network layer
IP
Physical layer
Interfaces, wires
Establish terminal to
terminal connection
Addressing and
route selecting
Physical media access
Binary data flow transmission
Page 33
PDU
Upper layer
data
Application
layer
TCP header
Upper layer
data
IP header
Upper layer
data
Network layer
Packet
Frame
Physical layer
Bit
0101110101001000010
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Data De-encapsulation
Host B
Application
layer
Transport
layer
Network
layer
Data link
layer
Physical
layer
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8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
WAN
F
D
D
I
V.24
V.35
G.703
EIA/TIA-232
Page 36
Coaxial cable
Twisted-pair
Fiber
Wireless radio
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Network layer
Data link layer
LLC sub-layer
Physical layer
MAC sub-layer
Page 38
LAN
WAN
802.2 LLC
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
Dial
on
Demand
SDLC
HDLC
V.24
V.35
G.703
EIA/TIA-232
Ethernet switch
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD..
Frame
Relay
Page 39
PPP
products is 0x00e0fc.
24 bits
24 bits
00e0.fc01.2345
00e0.fc01.2345
Rom
Ram
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D
Host A
Host B
A
B
Application layer
Router A
Router B
Router C
Network layer
Network layer
Network layer
Network layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Page 41
Transport layer
Network
(Packets)
IP/ICMP/ARP/RARP
802.2 LLC
Dial
on
Demand
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
SDLC
HDLC
Frame
Relay
V.24
G.703
V.35
EIA/TIA-232
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PPP
Network Address
Network address identifies a device in the network layer
uniquely
Network ID
Host ID
Network ID
Host ID
10.
8.2.48
IP Address
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Transport
(Segments)
TCP
UDP
Network
(Packets)
IP
802.2 LLC
Dial
on
Demand
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
SDLC
HDLC
Frame
Relay
V.24
G.703
V.35
EIA/TIA-232
Page 45
PPP
UDP
TCP
Connection-oriented
Connectionless
Reliable
Trustless
high reliability
concerns transmission
High cost
efficiency
Reliability depends on
application
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Transport
(Segments)
TCP
UDP
Network
(Packets)
Data Link
(Frames)
Physical
(Bits,
signals,
clocking)
IP
802.2 LLC
8
0
2
.
3
8
0
2
.
4
8
0
2
.
5
F
D
D
I
Dial
on
Demand
SDLC
HDLC
Frame
Relay
V.24
V.35
G.703
Page 48
EIA/TIA-232
PPP
TCP/IP
Chapter 2 Data Encapsulation of
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Chapter 3 Case Analysis
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Application
App header
User data
TCP
TCP Segment
TCP header
User data
IP Packet
IP header
TCP header
User data
Ethernet header
IP header
TCP header
user data
20-64B
20-60B
14B
IP
Ethernet trailer
4B
Ethernet Frame
46-1500 bytes
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Application drive
TCP Segment
Ethernet Frame
Ethernet header
14B
Source
Port
16b
IP header
TCP header
User data
Ethernet trailer
20-60B 20B-60B
Dest.
Port
16b
Seq Num
32b
4B
Ack Num
32b
...
64b
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Option
IP Packet
Ethernet header
14B
IP header
TCP header
User data
20-60B 20B-60B
4B
0
15 16
version Message Service type
length
identification
Flag
Fixed
message
header
Ethernet trailer
Time to live
protocol
31
Total length
Chip offset
Source IP address
Destination IP address
IP options
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Issue of IP Fragment
Fragment principle: comparing with data length and MTU, if the former is
IP
packet
Host
Host
MTU
MTU
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Ethernet Frame
Ethernet header
14B
DMAC
6B
IP header
TCP header
User data
Ethernet trailer
20-60B 20B-60B
SMAC
L/T
6B
2B
4B
Length/Type value
Ethernet_II
802.3
meaning
Represents Type
Represents Length
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Source
MAC
Destination
MAC
Type
Page 57
Source IP
Page 58
Destination port
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Summary
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Chapter 1 TCP
Chapter 2 UDP
Page 64
Reliability of TCP
Connection-oriented transmission
Maximum segment size
Acknowledgement mechanism of transmission
Checksum of header and data
Flow control
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IP Head
TCP Head
TCP Data
15 16
16 bits source port
31
16 bits destination port
bytes
Header
length
reserve
U A P R S F
R C S S Y I
G K H T N N
16 bits checksum
option
data
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Client
Server
Page 67
Client
Server
Page 68
WWW.HUAWEI.COM
Host
FTP.HUAWEI.COM
Application data
Transmission
data packet
Data
Data
21
FTP
1028
Port
Data
80
1027
HTTP
All rights reserved
Data
Port
Page 69
MSS
Host A
Host B
Host AMSS
Host BMSS
Page 70
Windowing MechanismAcknowledgement
Technology
Transmission virtual circuit
source
destination
Host
Host
Send 1,2,3
Acknowledge 4
Send 4,5,6
Acknowledge 4
Send 4,5,6
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Slide windows
To modify the
windows size
The sender
is too fast!
Page 72
Chapter 1 TCP
Chapter 2 UDP
Page 73
transmission efficiency.
Page 74
UDP Head
0
8bytes
UDP Data
15 16
31
16 bits source port 16 bits destination
port
16 bits UDP length
16 bits UDP
checksum
data
Page 75
TCP VS UDP
TCP
UDP
connection
Connection-oriented
Connectionlessoriented
reliability
reliable
unreliable
Application
situation
Transmission of a
mass of data
High transmission
efficiency
rate
slow
fast
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Summary
Page 77
Introduction to Common
Application
T
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PING
1.1.1.1
1.1.1.2
ICMP Echo
ICMP Echo Reply
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ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a part of network
IP Header
ICMP Message
20 Bytes
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ICMP Message
78
Type
15 16
Code
31
Checksum
Page 84
0 Echo Reply
3 Destination Unreachable
5 Redirect
8 Echo
11 Time Exceeded
12 Parameter Problem
Page 85
Tracert
Tracert is used to observe the route that the IP data message
IP Network
1
Destination site
n
UDP data message TTLn
Page 86
Case Analysis
RTA
RTB
10.1.1.0/30
.1
.2
RTC
10.2.2.0/30
.1
3.3.3.3/32
.2
[Quidway]ping 3.3.3.3
PING 3.3.3.3: 56 data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=63 ms
Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=63 ms
Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=63 ms
Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=63 ms
Reply from 3.3.3.3: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=63 ms
[RTA]tracert 3.3.3.3
traceroute to 3.3.3.3(3.3.3.3) 30 hops max,40 bytes packet
1 10.1.1.2 31 ms 31 ms 32 ms
2 10.2.2.2 62 ms 63 ms 62 ms
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Application of Telnet
Telnet uses TCP as its transport layer protocol, the port number is
23.
Page 88
FTPServer
1.1.1.1
FTP client
FTP Server
Page 89
FTPClient
1.1.1.2
FTP Server
FTP client
Page 90
FTPClient (cont.)
1.1.1.2
FTP Server
FTP client
Page 91
TFTPServer
1.1.1.2
TFTP Server
TFTP client
Page 92
Summary
Page 93
IP Addressing and
Routing
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Page 96
Chapter 1 IP Address
Chapter 2 Protocols of Network Layer
Chapter 3 Working Principle of Router
Page 97
upper layer
data
TCP header upper layer
data
IP header
upper layer
data
Application
layer
Application
layer
Transport
layer
segment
Transport
layer
Network
layer
packet
Network
layer
Data link
layer
frame
Data link
layer
Physical
layer
bit
Physical
layer
0101110101001000010
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TCP Header
IP Header
IP Header
source
address
171.17.1.1
Upper layer
data
Upper layer
data
destination
address
Transport layer
Network layer
data
IP address
Page 99
IP Address
Network address
Host address
Page 100
Classification of IP Address
Class A
1.0.0.0~126.255.255.255
0 Network(7bit)
Class B
Host(24bit)
128.0.0.0~191.255.255.255
1 0 Network(14bit)
Class C
Host(16bit)
192.0.0.0~223.255.255.255
1 1 0
Network(21bit)
Class D
224.0.0.0~239.255.255.255
1 1 1 0
Multicast address
Class E
240.0.0.0~255.255.255.255
1 1 1 1 0
reserve
Host(8bit)
Page 101
Special IP Address
Network part
Host part
Address type
Any
all 0
Network
Address
Any
all 1
Broadcast
Address
127
Any
all 0
Usage
Representing a network
Segment
All the nodes of a Specially
designated network segment
Loopback
Address
All Networks
Loop test
As the designate default routes
in Huawei Quidway router
all 1
Broadcast
Address
All nodes of
Local network segment
Page 102
Private IP Address
Private IP address
10.0.0.0~10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0~172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0~192.168.255.255
Page 103
All of the network part and subnet part of subnet mask are 1, and all of
Page 104
IP Address
192.168.1
Subnet Mask
255.255.255
Network Address:
192.168.1
100
Page 105
System Conversion
8bit
Binary system
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
128
64
32
16
Page 106
Example :
1*128
1*64
1*32
0*16
1*8
0*4
0*2
1*1
128
64
32
233
Page 107
IP address192.168.1.11(decimal)
byte8bits
byte8bits
byte8bits
byte8bits
11000000
10101000
00000001
00001011
192
168
11
binary digit11000000.10101000.00000001.00001011
Page 108
172.16.30.1/16
172.16.28.1/16
Et her net
172.16.30.10/16
Page 109
Ethernet
Ethernet
172.16.8.1/24
Page 110
IP Address
168 .
Subnet mask
11111111
255 . 255
. 255
11111111
11111111
. 240
11110000
8 + 8 + 8+ 4 = 28
192 . 168 . 1 . 7 / 28
Page 111
IP Address
168
255
Subnet Mask
11111111
255
11111111
255 .
11111111
240
11110000
Network Address
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000000
(Binary)
Network Address
192.168.1.0/28
Page 112
Network Portion
Host Portion
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00
N bit
Host Number 2n
Valid Host Number : 2n - 2
Page 113
IP Address192.168.1.100/28
/28=255.255.255.240
28bits
network portion
The total number of host: 24
4bits
Host portion
Page 114
Subnet address
201.222.5.8/29
201.222.5.9~201.222.5.14
201.222.5.16/29
201.222.5.17~201.222.5.22
201.222.5.232/29
201.222.5.233~201.222.5.238
201.222.5.240/29
201.222.5.241~201.222.5.246
Page 115
Subnet address
Host address
172.16.2.0
172.16.2.1172.16.2.254
Broadcast address
172.16.2.255
IP host address
172.16.2.120
Subnet mask
255.255.255.0
Page 116
Subnet address
192.168.5.120
Host address
192.168.5.121-192.168.5.126
Broadcast address
192.168.5.127
IP host address
192.168.5.121
Subnet mask
255.255.255.248
Page 117
ISP
announce
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.164/30
192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.168/30
192.168.1.128/27
192.168.1.172/30
Page 118
extensibility.
198.168.1.0
Internet
Announce route
198.168.0.0/16
198.168.2.0
ISP
198.168.3.0
Page 119
Thank You
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