Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;
'Dru
kd a&pDa&;
KAREN NEWSLETTER rwfv// 2010 ckEpS f Volume(14) Issue(3) , 2010
90jynhE
f p
S f a&G;aumufyJG ysufjy,fjcif;r&Sad =umif; trfy,
D l xkwjf yefa=unm
rwfv 14&uf? a=unmcsuf x k w f w ,f q d k w m 0ef;&Hr,f? axmufcrH ,f? pDtm&f om tcsdefay;xm;onhftwGuf rsm;u a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk t awmh usaemfwdk@ vufrcHygbl;?
apmcg;pl;nm; (autdkifpD) usaemfwdk@u oleJ@udk,feJ@ xdyf yD y D u ae+yD ; awmh jynf o l @ v$ w f wdkif;&if;om;awmfvSefa&; tif odtrSwðf y taumiftxnfazmf bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh a':atmif
1990jynh f E S p f a&G ; wduk &f ifqikd +f yD;awmh Oya'a&;&m awmfvyk rf ,fq&kd ifvnf; tm;vH;k tm;pkESihf twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;t &ef wm0ef&adS =umif;/ w&m;r#wr_ qef;pk=unfw@kd vkd yk*Kd~ vfawG ygciG fh
aumuf y G J & v'f r S m tvd k t wdkufyGJudk usaemfwdk@ qifE$Jvdkuf udk jywfjywfom;om; axmufcH zGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzihf a&S@quf r&Sdonhf Oya'udk xkwfjyefvdkuf r&bl;? usaemfwdk@ vdkcsifwmu
avsmuf ysufjy,fjcif;r&Sda=umif; wmjzpfw,f[k oluajymonf? jcif;onf Edik if aH wmf.aus;Zl;opPm tm;vHk;yg0ifEdkifwJh vGwfvyfwJh
ESihf etz. jynfol@v$wfawmf trf y D , l . 'k - OuU X etz&J@ 2008ckESpf em*pftajccHOya'udk vHk;0 vufrcHbl;? ud k azmufzsujf cif;ESifh }u;D rm;aom a&G;aumufyGJjzpfcsifw,f? tck
a&G;aumufyJG Oya'azmfjycsurf mS a':pef;pef;uvnf; etzu 90 2010a&G;aumufyGJudkvnf; r0ifbl;? qef@usifw,f? uef@uGufw,f? EdkifiHa&;jypfr_}uD; usL;vGefjcif;jzpf wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkawG&@J tcGifh
w&m;r0ifa=umif; jynfol@v$wf jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufy&JG v'fukd y,f oydwaf rSmufr,fv@kd qH;k jzwfxm;w,f? a=umif ; / w&m;r#wonf h a&G ; ta&;awG&rdS mS r[kwb f ;l ? usaemf
awmf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tzG@J (trf zsuw f mudk usrwd@k trfy, D t l ae jynfwiG ;f u (tJetf ,fv'f )D eJ@ (pDtm&fyyD )D udv
k nf; aumufyGJ&v'fudk taumift wd@k u 'Da&G;aumufyu JG kd qef@usif
yD,l)u ,ae@wGif a=unmcsuf eJ@uawmh vH;k 0vufrcHb;l qdw k m 0ef;&Hr,f? axmufcHr,f? xnfazmfaqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdonhf w,f? 'Duae@ trfy, D &l @J oabm
xkwu f m ajymqdv k ukd o
f nf? twdtvif; a=unmcsuf xkwf umvywfvHk; a&G;aumufyGJ. & xm;eJ @ ywf o uf v d k @ usaemf w d k @
,ae@reuf 9;00em&D jyefxm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? aemuf r,f? OD;0if;wif ajymwJhtwdkif; rnfodk@vkyfaqmif&rnfudk wnD v'fonf tvdt k avsmuf rysuf acgif;aqmifawGeJ@ jyefwdkifyif+yD;
wGif (trfy, D )l rS OD;aqmifI 2010 usrwdk@tm;vHk;oabmwlnDcsuf udk,f&Sifolao wdkuf&awmhr,fh w!Gwfwnf; yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf jy,fonfrmS Edik if w H um todt qHk;jzwfoGm;rSmyg[k qdkonf?
a&G;aumufyGJESihf ywfoufonfh taeeJ@ etz&J 2008ckEpS f em*pf tcsdefyJ[k ajymqdkonf? =u&efvnf; olru wdkufwGef; rS w f ð yonh f pH c sd e f p H ! G e f ; jzpf xdak qG;aEG;yGYJ ppftyk pf k
aqG;aEG;yGJw&yfudk xdkif;-jrefrm tajccHOya'udk vH;k 0 vufrcHb;l ? etz ppftpdk;&onf ajymqdkonf? a=umif; trfy, D .l a=unmcsuf . a&G;aumufyq JG idk &f m Oya'rsm;
e,fpyfwae&mY usif;y&mwGif 2010a&G;aumufyGJudkvnf; r0if ,ck&ufydkif;twGif; EdkifiHa&;ygwD 1990jynf h E S p f a&G ; wGif azmfjyxm;onf? ESifh ywfoufI wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k .
trfy, D l taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; bl;? qef@usifw,f? uef@uGuf rSwfyHkwifjcif; Oya'udkxkwfjyefcJh aumuf y G J o nf jynf o l v l x k . aqG;aEG;yGJ wufa&muf tajccHtcGifhta&;ESihf 'Drdkua&pD
OD;ode;f OD;u ,ckvkd ajymqdck o hJ nf? w,f? oydwfarSmufr,fvdk@ qHk; f ,fv'f D tygt0if Edik if H qENtrSefudk xkwfazmfcJhjcif;jzpf cJhol (autJef,l) wGJzuftwGif;
+yD; tJet tajccHtaqmufttHrk sm;udk rnf
trf y D , l [ m 1990 jzwfxm;w,f? jynfwiG ;f u (tJef a&;ygwDrsm;udk a&G;aumufyGJ0if onht f wGuf Adv k cf sKyfrLS ;}uD; oef; a&;rS L ;(2) y'd k a pma'gh a v;rl u od k @ r# &&S d E d k i f r nf r[k w f a om
jynfEh pS u
f a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEdik f t,fv'f )D eJ@ (pDtm&fyyD )D udv k nf; a&; r0ifa&; qH;k jzwf&ef &uf(60) a&$ tygt0if oufqikd &f myk*Kd~ vf etz&J a&G;aumufyGJOya'udk a=umifh uef@uGufonfhtaejzihf
&xm;wJh (Mandate) vkyyf ikd cf iG fh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk
tm%may:rSm tajccH+yD; tzGJ@0if xkdif;-jrefrme,fpyfwae&mY trfyD,l tpnf;ta0;wck usif;yaepOf (r'w)uvnf; a=unmcsufw
(36)a,muf e J @ zG J @ xm;wmjzpf apmifxkwfjyefcJhonf?
w,f? jynfwGif;xJrSmvnf; 90 ,ae@ðyvkyo f nhf etz
jynhfESpfa&G;aumufyGJu &xm;wJh . 2010jynfhESpf a&G;aumufyGJ
(mandate)udk oHk;+yD;awmh (pD Oya'ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;yGo J @kd
tm&fyyD )D udk zG@J w,f? wenf;tm; &[ef;oHCm 3yg;ESihf autJef,l
jzih f ajym&&if 90jynf h E S p f a&G ; tygt0if wdik ;f &if;om;awmfveS f
aumufyrJG mS tEdik &f xm;wJh jynf a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ twdkuftcH
wGif;rSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG[m EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@rsm;rS vlyk*~dKvfaygif;
zsuf o d r f ; cH & onf j zpf a p/ rcH & 50ausmf wufa&mufcJh=uonf?
onfjzpfap/ 'D(mandate)udk & trfyD,ltaejzihf
xm;+yD;om;jzpfw,f? usaemfwdk@ etz.2010jynhEf pS af &G;aumuf
[m vlxku cef@xm;wJh yk*~dKvf yGOJ ya'ESiyfh wfoufI oH;k oyfaqG;
awGjzpfw,f? vlxku aemufw aEG;&Si;f vif;yGJ ðyvkycf o hJ vdk rwf
}udrfxyf+yD;awmh udk,fpm;vS,f v 12&ufae@/ OD;0if;wifarG;ae@Y
a&G;wJt h xd oufwrf;&Sw d ,f? Oy vnf;aumif;/ rwfv 13&ufae@
a'qdkwm vkyfcsifwdkif;/ ajymcsif &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;
wdkif; Oya'jzpfwm r[kwfbl;? om;udkzkef;armf usqHk;onhfae@Y
usaemfw@kd u etzeJ@ challenge vnf;aumif; EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJ
vkyx f m;ygw,f? tJ'ga=umihrf @kd v@kd rsm; ðyvk y f c J h = u+yD ; a&S quf I
1990jynfEh pS /f &v'f[m tvdt k vnf ; ðyvk y f o G m ;rnf [ k od &
avsmuf ysufjy,fjcif;r&Sda=umif; onf? Ô
Photo-KIC
wm0efct
H ,f'w
D m
vufaxmuft,f'w
eef;azmha*
D m eef;xl;pH ausmufe*g; a&umwma=umifh &Gm 20ausmfEiS hf
owif;axmufrsm;
tjyiftqif
apmcg;pl;nm;/ apmode;f jrifh
apmzd;k ausm/f apmxGe;f Ekid f
O,smOf+cH &mESic
hf sD a&v$r;f rk;d cH&
rwfv 2&uf? eD;w0kud &f dS aus;&Gmaygi;f 20ausmf xmuGD;/ uaqm0g;uGD;/ 'l;aom/ onf[k ukd,fwkdifjrifawG@cJh&ol
qufo,
G &f ef apmodef;jrifh (autkdifpD) ESihf O,smOf+cHaygi;f 600ausmf a& r,fhavmfvm/ nmhvl@uGD;/ uJ[Jckd@/ u&ifjrpfacsmif;rsm; apmifh=unhf
yJcl;wkdif; ta&Sbuf v$rf;rkd;cHae&onf[k od&onf? wae;xmh/ pl;rl@xmh/ ykvd ;l / xD;au; a&;tzG@J (autm&f'AvsL)rS tzG@J
kicnews@yahoo.com
P.O Box 22 jcrf; anmifav;yifc±kid f a&$usiòf rd@ tqkdyg a&umwmrSm xmh ponf&h mG rsm;rS vlaetdrrf sm; 0ifwOD;u ajymonf?
Mae Sot, 63110 e,fwiG pf pftpk;d &ykid u
f rk %
` rD sm;u a&$usifacsmif;ukd trSDðyxm;jcif; ESihf a&Smuf+cHaygi;f 600ausmf a& ol r u avmavm
Tak, Province
Thailand. ausmufe*g; a&umwmaqmuf jzpf+yD; tqkyd gacsmif;w0ku d &f dS v,fh v$rf;rkd;cH&+yD; &Gmom;rsm;rSm ab; q,fawmh a&u wjznf;jznf;
<www.kicnews.org> vkyaf &;r_a=umifh a&$usiaf csmif;t 0g;/ xD;qJxmh/ v,fah y:hcsm/h v,fh v$wf&mokd@ ajymif;a&$aexkdifcJh&
pmrsuEf mS (2)od@k æ
ppfreS o
f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepft& vGwv
f yfy_ ;D w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfa&; jynfot
l m;vH;k wGif wm0ef&o
dS nf/
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 2
O,smOf+cH {u(20)ausmf rD;±_@d zsufq;D cH& befuDrGef;ukd autJef,l
rwfv 16&uf?
apmcg;pl;nm; (autdkifpD)
(ay:azmh)/ uefbJhajrmif(av;0ef
vd)k / a&wHceG (f bavmrD;'J) ponfh
&Guf+cH/ zmvm+cH/ vufzuf+cH/ 'l;
&if;+cH/ "ni;f +cHe@J tjcm;opfo;D +cH
onhf qef/ qm;/ qD/ ig;ydw@kd ukd ,l
aqmifoGm;jcif;/ t0wftpm;rsm; arwWm&yfcH
u&ifjynfe,fajrmuf aus;&Gmrsm;jzpfonf[kod&onf? pwmawGyjJ zpfw,f? 'D+cHawG zsuf udk rD;±_@d co
hJ nht f jyif awG@or# &Gm
ydkif; awmifilc±kdif/ xef;wyifòrd wd y f y k a us;&G m tk y f p k Y qD;wJt h cgusawmh &Gmom;awGt om;rsm;. pyg;usD;rsm;udkvnf; rwfv 5&uf? olu ajymonf?
e,f&dS etz v_y&f mS ;wyfz@JG 0ifrsm; v_y&f mS ;aeonhf etz ppfuyG u f J wGuf pm;p&meJ@ toufarG;0rf; rD;±_dypfcJh&m ,ckvdk vkyfaqmifr_ apmcg;pl;nm; (autkdfifpD) quf v uf I ol u
onf rwfvqef;ydkif;rSpI wdyfyk a&;XmecsKyf (puc) (7)vuf ausmif ; twG u f awmf a wmf x d udk 2006ckESpfrSpI ,cktcsdefxd u&ifjynfolrsm;tm; autJe, f o l nf 'Dru kd &ufwpft
aus;&Gmtkypf rk S O,sO+f cHrsm;udk rD; atmufcH cv& (261)wyf&if; cdu
k yf gw,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J akd wmh ðyvkyfv#uf&Sdonf? &efolozG,f wkdufckdufaeonfh zGJ@tpnf;jzpfonfhtwGuf jrefrmh
±_dzsufqD;cJh&m ,ckqdkv#if {u onf +yD;cJo h nfh rwfv 4&ufwiG f &Gmom;awG[m olw@kd +cHxu J xGuf if ; a'owG i f etz etz ppftpk;d &ukd ukvor*~t EkdifiHa&;ukd 'Drkdua&pDenf;usus
(20)ausmf&Sd+yD;[k a'ocH&Gmom; wdyfyk&GmteD; cvdk;a'gcdkvl&Gm vl wJh toD;t&GufawGudk a&mif;+yD; puc (7)vufatmufcH cv& wGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf rpPwm befurD eG ;f ajz&Si;f vkad =umif; autJe, f o l nf
wOD;u autdik pf u D kd ,ae@ ajym aetdrf 4vHk;udk rD;±_d@zsufqD;cJh+yD; 0ifaiG&Sm=uw,fav? aemuf+yD; (261)/ cr&(261)/ cr&(421)/ taejzifh [ef@wm;ay;yg&ef ar jynf o l t wG i f ; rS ayguf z G m ;vm
onf? &G m om;rsm;. O,smOf + cH r sm;ud k tdrfarG;wd&dp>mefawGudkvnf; ypf cr&(427) wyf&if;rsm;ESifh au wWm&yfcHonfh a=unmcsufpmw onfh awmfvSefa&;tzGJ@tpnf;
O,sOf+cHrsm; rD;±_d@zsuf vnf; xdkae@Yyif pwifrD;±_d@zsuf cwfpm;aomufw,f[k if;u tJe, f l wyfr[m(2)vufatmuf apmif u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t jzpfonfhtwGuf awmfvSefa&;ukd
qD;ae&onfh aus;&Gmrsm;rSm wdyf qD;cJhjcif;jzpfa=umif; tqdkyg&Gm qdkonf? cH autJet f ,fvaf twyf&if; (6)/ ±k H ; (autJ e f , l ) u ,ref a e@Y qkH;cef;wkdif atmifyGJ&onftxd
yk(zav;qmvd)k / ygwmvm;ajrmif om;u ,ckvakd jymonf? xd@k tjyif tqdyk g etz wyfr[m ppfqif;a&;wyfz@JG w@kd ykH xkwfjyefvkdufonf? quf v uf csD w uf o G m ;rnf j zpf
(wmbmcD;)/ arsmufacsmif; (,,f rD;±_d@zsufqD;cH&wJh O wyfz@JG onf vqef;ydik ;f u tdro f ;kH rSefv_yf&Sm;v#uf&Sdonf? Ô ppftpkd;&. wkdufckduf a=umif;ESihf ppftpk;d & tiftm;}uD;
vd)k / [efo(kd uavmabm'J)/ bDbJ ,smOf+cHawGuawmh uGr;f yif/ uGr;f ypPn;f rsm;ESifh pm;eyf&u d mQ rsm;jzpf jcif;cHae&onfh u&ifvx l rk sm;ukd onfudk a=umufraebJ trSew f
Ekid if w H um tokid ;f t0kid ;f ESihf a'o &m;buf u rm;rm;rwf r wf & yf
wGif; vlxkrsm;taejzifh ukd,fht wnfoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym
awmific
l ±ki
d Yf vlaetdrf (4)vk;H rD;±_d zsufq;D cH& a&;vk d oabmxm;um pmem qkdonf?
axmufxm;ajz&Sif;ay;&ef &nf jrefrmhjynfwGif;ppf ESpf
rwfv 9&uf? rSmyJ &Gmom;awG&J O,smOf+cHawG if;u etzu &Gm [efwkd/ bDbJ/ uHbufajrmif p &G,I f a=unmcsuu f dk xkwjf yef& (60)ausmf=umvmonfESifhtr#
apmodef;jrifh (autkdifpD) &,f/ rD;±_d csed rf wefao;wJh awmif om;awG pm;p&mypPnf;awG&Sd&if onf&h mG rsm;rS etz ppfwyfrsm;. jcif;jzpfonf[k u&iftrsKd;om; tvm;wl arwWm&yfcHcsuf/ yef
u&ifjynfe,fajrmuf ,mawGuv dk nf; tukev f ;Hk rD;±_d u&ifhawmfvSefa&;orm;awGukd twif;t"rR pkpnf;cH&onfh vlO;D tpnf;t±k;H (autJe, f )l wGzJ uf =um;csufrsm; ukvor*~okd@ t
ykdif; awmifilc±kdif/ xef;wyifòrd ypfw,f[k ajymonf? axmufyrhH mS pk;d &drv f @dk óudwifzsuf a& (800)ausmf & S d a om pk p nf ; twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) Akv d rf LS ; apmvS }udr}f udrw f ifjycJ+h yD; ukvor*~t
e,f t wG i f ; v_ y f & S m ;aeonf h etzppf w yf u &G m qD;wmjzpfw,f? aemufwcku aus;&Gmrsm;jzpfonf? aiGu autkdifpDukd ,ckvkdajym aejzifh ppftpk;d &tm; awG@qaHk qG;
etz ppfwyfz@JG 0ifrsm;onf wdyyf k om;rsm;. aetdrf/ O,smOf+cHrsm; u&ifvrl sK;d awGudk b,fvrdk S vkyf xef;wyifòrde,fwGif onf? aEG;yGpJ m;yGcJ o Hk @dk a&mufatmif quf
aus;&Gm;tkypf rk S vlaetdrf (4)vk;H ukd rD;±d_ zsuq f ;D ypf&jcif;rSm u&if pm;ukdifpm;vkd@r&atmif wrifw etz puc (7)vufatmufcH etzu xk;d ppfawGðy vufprG ;f aqmifay;Ekid &f efuv dk nf;
ESihf O,smOf+cHrsm;ukd +yD;cJo
h nfh rwf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; wyfr umvk y f y pf w myJ j zpf w ,f [k cr& (421)/ cv& (261)/ cr& vky+f yD; wkid ;f &if;om;awGukd !i;f autJe, f l a=unmcsuw f iG f a&;
v 4&ufae@u rD;±_d zsuq f ;D cJo
h nf awmf (autJet f ,fvaf t)wyfz@JG ajymonf? (427) wyf&if;rsm;ESihf autJe, f l yrf;ESyd pf ufw,f? tck jrefrmEkid if H om;xm;onf?
[k owif;&&Sdonf? 0ifrsm;ukd axmufyHhrnfukd pkd;&drf ,ck rD ; ±_ d zsuf q D ; cH & wyfr[m(2)vufatmufcH au jynfwGif;xJrSm tkdif'DyD awGu xk@d tjyif autJe, f u l
xk d a e@wG i f etzppf aoma=umifh rD;±_dzsufqD;jcif;jzpf onfh cvk;d a'gcv dk &l mG onf xef;w tJet
f ,fvaf t wyf&if;(6)/ wyf vnf; awmxJrSm 'kuQa&mufae u&ifjynforl sm;ukd ppftpk;d &wyf
uGyfuJa&;XmecsKyf (puc) (7) onf[k awmifilc±kdifrS autJef yifòrdESifh (15)rkdif uGma0;+yD; if; r[m ppfqifa&;wyfzGJ@wkd@ ykHrSef =uw,f ? xk d i f ; -jref r me,f p yf wkdufckdufjcif;ESifhywfoufI ,ck
vufatmufcH cv& (261)wyf t,fvaf t wyfrLS ;wOD;u ajym wdyyf ak us;&Gmtkypf u k dk vGecf o
hJ nfh v_yf&Sm;v#uf&Sdonf? Ô 'kuo Q nfpcef;xJu 'kuo Q nfawG &ufyidk ;f twGi;f rpPwm befurD eG ;f
&if;onf xef;wyifòrde,f/ wdyyf k onf? (2006)ck E S p f u arsmuf a csmif ; / [mvnf; olwkd@&J b0&yfwnf xkwfazmfajym=um;vkdufonfht
aus;&Gmtkypf t k wGi;f tdraf xmifpk csu[ f m raocsmra&&m pk;d &draf e ay: óud q k d a omf v nf ; ,if ; t
(10)ausmf&Sdonfh cvkd;a'gckdvl etz ppftpkd;&u anmifav;yifc±kdifY u&if&Gmrsm; tdrfukd rD;±_dzsufqD;
&wJ h t aetxm;rS m &S d w ,f ? 'g a=umif;wckwnf;jzifh jynfhpkHvkH
aus;&Gmokd@ 0ifa&mufcJh&m vlae awGudk usaemfw@dk rD;armif;xGe;f jy avmuf v d r f h r nf r[k w f a o;
tdrf (4)vk;H ukd rD;±_d zsuq h nfh
f ;D cJo csifvkd@yg? ukvtaeeJ@vnf; 'D a=umif; xkwjf yefa=unmcsuw f iG f
tjyif jrifawGor# &Gmom;rsm;. xuf etzppftpk;d &ukd xda&muf yg&Sdonf?
O,smOf+cHrsm;ukd rD;±_dzsufqD;cJh wJh zdtm;r_awG ay;oifw h ,f[k Ô
onf[k a'ocHwOD;jzpfol apm
t,f0g;u ,ae@ autkdifpDokd@
ajymonf?
if;u 'Dv 4&ufae@ w&mray;bJ 'Dvdk a&Smuf+caH wG t a=umifh if;ynm&Sirf sm; wm0ef,l
u wdyyf ak us;&Gmtkypf rk mS v_y&f mS ; rsm;}uD;wcgwnf; ysupf ;D qk;H ±_;H cH& aqmufvyk jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y?
aewJh puc (7)vufatmufcH awmh a&Smuf+cHe@J t"du touf tvm;wl a&$usifESifh
cv& (261)wyf&if;[m wdyfyk arG;0rf;ausmif;ðy=uwJh &Gmom; ausmuf}uD;òrd@e,fwGif jzwfoef;
aus;&GmcGJ pkpnf;aus;&GmwckjzpfwhJ awGtwGuf awmfawmfav;txd aeonfh abmuxmhacsmif;ukd t
cvk;d a'gcv
dk al us;&Gmukd 0ifa&muf emw,fayghaemf? ppftpkd;&tae rS D ð yI a&umwmwck xyf r H
+yD; vlaetdrf 4vkH; rD;±_dypfvkduf eJ@ ajymif;a&$cH&wJh &Gmom;awGt aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf etzppf
w,f? pm;p&m qef/ qD/ qm;eJ@ wGuf epfema=u;awmh enf;enf; tpk;d &ykid f ukr%
` rD sm;u pwifvyk f
t0wftpm;awmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg;yg; ay;oifyh gw,f? tck[mu aqmifv#uf&Sdonfhtjyif oHvGif
rD;xJygoGm;w,f? wqufwnf; Photo-CIDKP bmrSray;awmh tjcm;ae&mukd jrpfudk trSðD yrnfh [wf}uD;a&um
ajymif;a&$&wJh &Gmom;awGvnf; wmukdvnf; qufvufaqmuf
tcuftcJawG trsm;}uD;awG@ae vkyfoGm;rnf[k xkdif;pGrf;tif0ef
ausmufe*g; a&umwma=umifh &Gm 20ausmfEi
S hf O,smOf+cH &mESic
hf sD a&v$r;f rk;d cH&rS tquf æ &w,f[k qko d nf? }uD;XmerS ,cifvu owif;xkwf
ausmuf e *g; a&um jyefcJhonf?
wufvm+yD; tck tJ'aD 'ou &Gm ajymonf? cJo
h nfh ausmufe*g; a&umwmukd ok@d O,smOf+cHajrmufrsm;pGm qk;H ±_;H cJh wmukd ppftpk;d &ykid f ukr%
` rD sm;ESihf u&if j ynf e ,f w G i f
aygi;f 23&Gm/ a&Smuf+cHaygi;f 600 a&tm;v#yf p pf (75) ,ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif zGifhvSpfawmh +yD; rnfonfhavsmfa=u;rS r&&Sd tusKd;wl pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;u [wf}uD;/ 0J}uD;/ 'g;cGi/f ausmufe
ausmf a&zk;H v$r;f cH&ae+yD? wcsKd &Gm r*~g0yfxkwfvkyfrnfh ausmufe*g; rnf[k ppftpk;d &u xkwjf yefa=u onft h ay: vuf&t dS csed w
f iG f b0 wm0ef,laqmufvkyfjcif;jzpf+yD; *g;ESihf abmuxmh a&umwm (5)ck
u &Gmom;awGu ajrjyef@bufudk a&umwmonf tjrifh 185ay/ nmcJah =umif; od&onf? &yfwnfa&;twGuf tcufóuHae ,cifu w±kwEf iS hf *syefEidk if rH S a& aqmufvyk &f ef ppftpk;d & ukr% ` D
ajymif;a&$oGm;ovkd wcsKd uawmh teH 360ayESihf {&d,m pwk&ef;rkid f xdka'o&Sd &Gmom;t =u&onf[k aumfol;avtvkyf umwmaqmufvkyfa&; ynm&Sif rsm;u vsmxm;cJ h a omf v nf ;
awmifay:ukd ajymif;a&$aexkid =f u 44 ywfvnf&Sd+yD; a&$usifacsmif; rsm;pkonf a&Smuf+cHukd rSDckdtm; orm;or*~rsm; tzGJ@csKyf OuUX rsm; vma&muf = unf h ± _ c J h a omf vuf&SdtcsdefwGif ausmufe*g;a&
w,f? a&Smuf+cHawGuawmh bmrS wGif 2000ckEpS u
f wnf;u pwif xm;um toufarG;0rf;ausmif; apma'ghav;rlu ajymonf? vnf; yx0Dtaetxm;ESifh ajr umwm wck w nf ; om wnf
vk y f p m;vk d @ r&awmh b l ; aygh [k taumiftxnfazmf aqmufvyk f ðy=uolrsm; jzpfaoma=umifh ,if; wef&mwefa=u; wpkH om;wnfaqmufr_ tajctae aqmuf+yD;pD;cJhonf? Ô
ppfreS o
f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepft& vGwv
f yfy_ ;D w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfa&; jynfot
l m;vH;k wGif wm0ef&o
dS nf/
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 3
22ESpaf jrmuf udz
k e
k ;f armf usqH;k onhaf e@ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif
tcrf;tem;ðyvkyf tzG@J 0iftrnfpm&if;
rwfv 13&uf?
(autdik pf )D
em; wufa&mufvm=uonhf t
wdkuftcHESihf wyfaygif;pk tzGJ@t
ppftpk;d &xkwjf yefa=unm
,ae@usa&muf o nh f pnf;rsm;rSm vlyk*~dKvfrsm;u if; rwfv 11&uf? 14? OD;omOD; (tzG@J 0if)
22ESpfajrmuf udkzkef;armf usqHk; wd@k . tjrifoabmxm;ESifh wku d f apmcg;pl;nm; (autkdifpD) 15? a':wmarmifx;l (tzG@J 0if)
onhfae@ tcrf;tem;udk 1988ck yGo
J ¾mefrsm;udk vGwv f yfyiG v
fh if; 2010ckEpS t
f wGi;f ygwD 16? OD;omaX; (tzG@J 0if)
ESpfu &efukef pufr_wuUodkvf pGm ajymqdak qG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? pk'H rD u
dk a&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumuf 17? OD;0if;=unf (tzG@J 0if)
ausmif;om;a[mif;tcsKd OD;pD;I if ; tjyif pum;0d k i f ; yGJ atmifjrifpGm usif;yEkdifa&;t wkd@jzpfonf?
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyfwGif usif;yðy wGif jrefrmjynfwiG ;f Y vuf&jdS zpf Photo-KIC wGuf[kqkdum jynfaxmifpk a&G; Ta=unmcsuYf aumf
vkyfcJh=uonf? yGm;aeonhf tvkyform;qENjyr_ aumufyaJG umfr&Sit f zG@J 0if (17)OD; r&SiftzGJ@0if yk*~dKvftrnf azmfjy
tpD t pOf t & reuf rsm;rS taxGaxG vlxo k ydw}f uD; 22ESpfajrmuf ukdzkef;armf usqkH;onfhae@ tcrf;tem; . trnfpm&if;ukd ,ae@nae t+yD; atmufqkH;wGif trdef@t
ydkif;wGif 1988ckESpf/ ausmif;om; jzpfapa&;/ twdu k t
f cHtzG@J rsm;. 4;00em&DY etzppftpk;d &ykid f jref & § ykH oD[ol& wifatmifjrifOh ;D /
ta&;cif;wGif toufay;vSLoGm; jynf w G i f ; jynf y csd w f q uf v k y f wJhtwGufa=umihfrdk@ ausmif;om; ygw,f vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;wku d yf uJG kd rm±kyfjrifoH=um; (MRTV)wGif d cf sKyf}u;D twGi;f a&;rSL; (1)/ Ekid if H
Akv
=uonf h puf r _ a usmif ; om; aqmifa&;ESihf a':atmifqef;pk tjrife@J yJ ajymcsiyf gw,f? ausmif; udzk ek ;f armf pdw"f mwfe@J qifEo
J$ mG ; xkwfjyefa=unmvkdufonf? awmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H òzd;
udzk ek ;f armf tygt0if ausmif;ol =unfyg0ifonhf tJeft,fvf'D. om;qdkwJhtwGuf ygwDtm%m& r,fq&kd if etzudk ðzwfypfEikd rf ,f jynf a xmif p k o rR w a&;aumifpD[k yg&Sdonf?
ausmif ; om;rsm;tm; &nf p l ; I OD;aqmifr_tcef;u¾rSm t"du zdk@/ yk*~dKvfa&;tm%m&zdk@ vkyfzdk@ vdk@,Hk=unfygw,f[kajymonf? jrefrmEkdifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccH ppftpkd;&onf rwfv
oHCmawmf(7)yg;udk qGrf;cJbG,f jzpfa=umif; aqG;aEG;zvS,fcJh=u awmh r&Sb d ;l ? od@k aomfvnf; vuf zke;f armfrao &Sio f ef Oya' yk'rf 443ESihf Ekid if aH wmfat; (9)&ufae@u tcef;(4)cef;yg0if
qufuyfvLS 'ge;f um w&m;em a& onf? &Sjd zpfysuaf ewJh Edik if aH &;onf jynf ae[laom aqmify'k jf zihf aemufcH csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zGH òzd;a&;aumif onfh jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJ
pufoGef;cs tr#ay;a0cJhonf? 1988ck E S p f u puf r _ olw&yfvHk;eJ@ ywfoufaewJht xm;onh f tqd k y gtcrf ; tem; pD. Oya' trSwf 1§2010ESihf jy aumfr&Sif Oya'ukd xkwfjyefum
rG e f ; vG J y d k i f ; wG i f a&G ; wuUov kd f 'kw, d ESpaf usmif;om; wGuaf =umihrf @kd vGecf w hJ hJ tESpf 20 pum;0kdif;udk tzGJ@tpnf;toD; Xmef ; xm;aom 2010jynf h E S p f / 4&uft=umwGif aumfr&SiftzGJ@
aumufyEJG iS fh vuf&jdS refrmhEikd if aH &; jzpfco hJ l ref;pde[ f efuusaemfw@kd ausmu f ausmif;om;pdw"f mwft oD;rS vly*k Kd~ vf 50 0ef;usif wuf jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyJG aumfr 0if yk*~dKvfrsm;. trnfpm&if;ukd
tcif;tusif;tay: aqG;aEG;yGJ yg0ifqufpyfwhJ t&mtm;vH;k [m & etzudk enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ qef@usif a&mufqifE$JcJh=uonf? &Sif Oya' yk'rf 3wk@d t& atmufyg xkwfjyefcJhjcif;jzpf+yD; jynfwGif;/
pum;0dkif;ðyvkyfcJh=u&m tcrf;t EdkifiHa&;eJ@ qufpyfwJht&mjzpfae wdu k zf suof mG ;zd@k usaemf ajymcsif Ô yk*Kd~ vfrsm;yg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpk jynf y ES i f h Ek d i f i H w umu a&G ;
a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifukd zGJ@pnf; aumufyGJESifhywfoufI w&m;r#
vkdufa=umif; atmufygtzGJ@0if wr_r&Sad =umif; a0zefonf=h um;rS
jynfya&muf u&ifrsm; ppftpk;d &ukd wòydie f ufwnf; yk*Kd~ vftrnfrsm;ukd a=unmvku d f a&G;aumufyOJG ya'rsm; wck+yD;wck
jcif;jzpfonf? ,ckvdk xGuaf y:vmjcif;jzpfonf?
uef@uGuqf ENjy ukd ,ckvadk jymonf? vsm;)/ 'Dru
dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pkEiS hf rGef 1? OD;ode;f pk;d (OuUX) 2010 a&G ; aumuf y G J
*smr%DrmS u usaemf trsK;d om;tpnf;t±k;H rS uk, d pf m; 2? OD;tifaZmfaemif (tzGJ@0if) Oya'ukd ppftpdk;&ykdif jrefrmh±kyf
rwfv 10&uf? xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smifae&ojzifh if; wkd@awG vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD;awmh vS,frsm;ESifh u&ifvlrsKd;rsm; pkpk 3? OD;cifarmifEk (tzG@J 0if) jrifo=H um; (MRTV)Y rwfv 8
(autkid pf )D xkd;ppftopfukd &yfwef@ay;&ef *smr%Dtpkd;&eJ@ EkdifiHjcm;a&;Xme aygi;f vlO;D a& 200ausmu f tcrf; 4? OD;apmbv_id f (tzG@J 0if) &uf/ nae (4)em&DwiG f a=unmcJh
u&ifwkdif;&if;om;rsm; vnf; awmif;qkx d m;onf? ukd ykd@ay;w,f? oabmuawmh tem;wckðyvkyfum etz oH±kH; 5? a'guw f mbarmif (tzG@J 0if) +yD ; ,if ; a=unmcsuf w G i f a&G ;
tay: etzppfwyf. rw&m;zd etzppf w yf u &G m usaemfw@dk u&ifawGudk wku d cf udk f a&SY qENjycJh=u+yD; xkdif;oH±kH;okd@ 6? OD;nGe@f wif (tzG@J 0if) aumuf y G J O ya'/ jynf o l @ v$ w f
ESdyfowfjzwfaer_rsm; &yfwef@ay; om;rsm;tm; ypfowfr_/ pmoif aewJh ppftpk;d &&J vky&f yfudk od&dS oGm;a&mufum xkid ;f bk&ifrif;jrwf &? OD;armifomvS (tzG@J 0if) awmf O ya'/ Ek d i f i H a &;ygwD z G J @ cG i f h
&ef Ekid if H (10)Ekid if o
H @dk a&muf&adS e ausmif;ukd vufeuf}uD;jzifh ypf +yD; 0kid ;f 0ef;ulnv D yk af qmifay;zk@d yg taejzifh xkdif;EkdifiH&Sd u&if'kuQ 8? a'guw f mpkid ;f crf;v_id f (tzG@J 0if) Oya'/ trsK;d om;v$waf wmf Oya'
onfh u&ifvrl t _ okid ;f t0kid ;f rsm; cwfr_/ &Gmom;wOD;tm; acgif; yJ? tJ'rD mS usaemfw@dk awmif;qkd onfrsm;tay: pmemr_ay;&efESifh 9? OD;atmifjrifh (tzG@J 0if) ESihf wkid ;f a'o}uD;v$waf wmfOya'
u rwfv(9)&ufae@wiG o f ufqidk f jzwf o wf r _ / td r f a jc 80ausmf xm;wJh tcsuo f ;Hk csuxf rJ mS Ekid if H ppfab;a=umifh xGuaf jy;vm=uol 10? OD;jrifEh idk f (tzG@J 0if) wkd@yg0ifcJhonf?
&mEkid if rH sm;qDrS etzppftpk;d &xH zsufqD;cH&r_/ pmoifausmif;ESifh wumOya'ukd csK;d azmufra_ wGudk rsm;ukd ae&yftwif; jyefrykd@&ef 11? a'guw f mwifatmifat; ,ckqkdv#if ppftpkd;&
qENjyawmif;qkdcJh=uonf? use;f rma&; aq;ay;cef; rD;±_d cH&r_/ ukvor*~vòHk caH &;aumifpt D aeeJ@ arwWm&yfcHpmay;ykd@cJh=uonf? (tzG@J 0if) onf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif Oy
tar&d u ef / uae'g/ pm;eyf&duQmrsm; ckd;,lzsufqD;r_ csuf c sif ; &yf w ef @ ay;zk d @ / Oa&my =opa=w;vsm; au 12? a'guw f m a': jrif=h unf a'ESihf Ekid if aH &;ygwD rSwyf wHk ifjcif;
=opa=w;vsm;/ t*Fvef/ rav; rsm;tay: vufawG@usonfh &yf aumfr&Sif yg0ifwJhtpkd;&awGu tJef,l OuUX ref;atmfvef;'kdu (tzG@J 0if) Oya'ukd xkwfjyefcJh+yD;jzpfonf?
&Sm;/ ukd&D;,m;/ aemfa0/ qGD'if/ *sm wef@rr_ sm; aqmif&u G af y;&ef tqkd aq;0g;/ tpm;tpm/ trdk;tum etzawG usL;vGefaewJh vl@t 13? a':cifvjS rifh (tzG@J 0if) Ô
r%DEiS hf *syefEidk if rH sm;ok@d a&muf&dS ygEkdifiHrsm;rS u&ifvlr_tokdif;t pwmawG ulnaD y;zk@d e@J ukvor cGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_awG/ u&if
ae=uonfh u&ifvrl sK;d rsm;u rdrd 0kid ;f u awmif;qkx d m;onf? *~u ppf&mZ0wf usL;vGerf a_ wGudk awGtay: owfjzwfr_awG/ rD;±_d
wk@d oufqidk &f m Ekid if t H oD;oD;rS w xkod @dk qENjy&mwGif t pkHprf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&SifzGJ@+yD; zsuq f ;D r_awG/ rk'rd ;f usirhf a_ wG pwJh iHrsm;rS tpk;d &rsm;uvnf; etz owfjzwfaer_rsm;twGuf ukv
òydifeuf qENjycJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? csuo f ;Hk csuuf dk t"duxm;awmif; vkyaf qmifomG ;zk@d ygyJ [k qko d nf? &mZ0wfra_ wGudk ukvor*~u pkH ppftpkd;&ukd ykdrkdzdtm;ay;vmEkdif or*~ESifh EkdifiHwumrS etz.
vGefcJhonfh ZGefvv,fcef@u &Gm qkx d m;onf[v k nf; *smr%DEidk if H =opa=w;vsm;Ek d i f i H & S d prf;ppfaq;a&; aumfr&SifzJG+yD; pkH rnf[k ar#mvf ifrh ad =umif; qENjyyGJ ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sm;ukd pkpH rf;ppfaq;
ol&mG om; 2000ausmrf mS etz rS u&iftrsKd;om; vlr_tzGJ@t jrefrmoH±kH;pkduf&m urfbm&mòrd prf;ay;zk@d awmif;qkyd gw,f? =op wufa&mufcJhol aemfvm;vmu a&; aumfr&Sizf JG +yD; 0ifa&mufppHk rf;
ppf w yf . wk d u f c k d u f r _ a =umif h pnf;rS ref;atmifviG u f autkid pf D wGif bm;rm;uJefydef; (=opa=w; a=w;vsm;tpkd;&uvnf; Oa&my ajymonf? ay;a&; tqkyd g (10)Ekid if rH S tpk;d &
Ekid if rH sm;eJ@ +idr;f csr;f a&;Ekb
d v J qf &k iS f Ek d i f i H w uma&muf rsm;taejzifh axmufcHulnDay;
ppftpkd;&. rw&m;zdESdyfowfjzwfaer_rsm; &yfwef@ay;&ef jynfya&muf u&ifrsm; uef@uGufqENjyaepOf
rsm; aygif;+yD; zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh 'DpkH u&ifvlxkrsm;taejzifh vl@tcGifh &eftwGuf &nf&G,fqENjy&jcif;
prf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifukd 0kdif; ta&;csKd;azmufr_ESifh vlrsKd;wkef; jzpfonf[k od&onf? Ô
0ef;axmufcHvkdufemay;zkd@ vuf
rSwfxkd;+yD; 0ef;}uD;csKyf u,fbif
&yfqD tdwzf iG ahf y;pmyk@d cw
=opa=w;vsm; ygvDrefa&SwGif
hJ ,f[k tvd&
k o
dS nf
ajym=um;cJhonf?
,ckvq dk ENjyr_udk ouf autdkifpD u&ifowif;XmewGif u&ifydkif;owif;
qkid &f m Ekid if rH sm;&Sd etz oH±;Hk rsm; a&;om;rnfh owif;axmufwOD; tvdk&Sdonf?
wGif ðyvkyfcJhonfhtwGuf Tokd@
wpkwpnf;wnf; ðyvkyjf cif;onf
pd w f y g0if p m;ol r sm;
e,fpyfa'o&Sd u&ifwidk ;f &if;om;
rsm;ESihf vufeufuidk &f aJ bmfrsm;t tD;ar;vfvdyfpm kicnews@yahoo.com ESifh
wGuf pdwftm;wufºuGp&mwck zkef;eHygwfodk@ 087-2099772, 089-5674163 odk@
jzpfaponft h jyif oufqidk &f m Ekid f qufoG,far;jref;Ekdifygonf?
Photo-KIC
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 4
Eki
d i
f w
H um trsKd;orD;rsm;ae@ 'AvsLt,fvb f D wyfpcef;rS &GmxJo@kd
a=unmcsufxw k jf yef aqmifjcif; ponfhvkyf&yfrsm;ukd usL;vG e f v #uf & S d a =umif ; vnf ; vufeuf}u;D rsm;jzihf ypfcwf
=unfhjcif;tm;jzifh if;wkd@a&;qGJ azmfjyxm;onf?
rwfv 8&uf? a&m/ e,fpyfrmS yg&w dS hJ trsK;d orD; rwfv 2&uf? (autdik pf )D ypfcscH&wJhaus;&Gmu etzxdef;
xm;aom 2008zGJ@pnf;ykHukd t trsKd ; orD ; rsm;tay:
apmcg;pl;nm; (autdkifpD) awG u k d rwl u G J j ym;wJ h t=urf ; awmifilc±dkif/ xef;w csKyfxm;wJh e,fajrawGyJ? au
oufoiG ;f rnfh 2010 a&G;aumuf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_ usL;
urBmw0Srf;&Sd trsKd;o zufrc_ aH e&qJyg? txl;ojzifh ppf yifòrde,ftwGif;Y azaz:0g&Dv tJef,lrS roGm;Edkifwm? &Gmom;
yGJonf [efjyoufoufom jzpf vGefaeonfh jrefrmppftpkd;&ukd
rD;rsm;.b0 bufpkHwkd;wufjrifh tpkd;&wyfzGJ@ xkd;ppfqifaewJh vl 24&ufae@ naeydkif;wGif tdrfajc awGuawmh olwdk@ckdif;&if acgif;
a=umif;vnf; 'AvsLt,fvb f .
D EkdifiHwum ckH±kH;wifta&;,loifh
rm;a&;ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: enf;pk wkid ;f &if;om;ae&ma'oeJ@ 200eD;yg;&Sdaom a&odk;}uD;aus; ndw&f wmyJ? 'ge@J yJ olw@kd (etz)
xkwfjyefcsufwGif a&;om;xm; a=umif; rwfv 4&ufae@wGif Ekd
enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh cGjJ cm;qufq/H zdEydS rf _ e,fpyfa'oawGrmS qk&d if trsK;d o &GmxJodk@ etz cr& (427)wyf u owif;rD', D mawGrmS vky}f uH
onf? bJv+f idr;f csr;f a&;qk&iS f &S&D if;tDbm
rsm;tm;vk;H tqk;H owfEidk af &;wk@d rD;awG[m ppfwyftwGuf &duQm &if;u vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzihf ypf tjrwfxkwfrSmaygh[k qdkonf?
xkd@tjyif ,ck&ufykdif; 'if (Shirin Ebadin) ESihf *sKd 'D0v D D
twGuf 2010ckEpS /f rwfv 8&uf o,fay;/ pcef;aqmufay; pwJh cwfc&hJ m vlaetdraf jctenf;i,f if;tjyif ,ckv (23)
wGif tvkyform;rsm; ykHrSefvpm ,rfpf (Jody Williams) tygt
ae@Y usa&mufaom EkdifiHwum t"rRckdif;apr_awG cHae&wJhtjyif xdcu dk yf supf ;D oGm;cJo
h nf[k a'o ESihf (25)&ufae@uvnf; etz
tvkt H avmuf&adS &; &efuek w f idk ;f 0if 'AvsLt,fvfbD trsKd;orD;
trsKd;orD;rsm;ae@wGif trsKd;orD; vdiyf idk ;f qkid &f m t=urf;zufcaH e&r_ owif;rsm;t& od&onf? cv&(261)wyfz@JG u xef;wyifòrd
&Sd puf±t Hk vky±f rHk sm;rS trsK;d orD; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u ukvor*~
rsm;tzGJ@csKyf-jrefrmEkdifiH ('AvsL eJ @ owf j zwf c H & r_ v nf ; cH a e& AkdvfrSL;csKyfausmfat; e,fwGif;&Sd wdyfyk/ Zif;bdk; (aqmf
rsm; OD;aqmifonfh qENjyyGJrsm; twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf befuDrGef;ESifh
t,f v f b D ) u a=unmcsuf w w,f? 'Dvdk &mZ0wfr_ usL;vGeaf e OD;pD;onhf ppfuGyfuJa&;XmecsKyf rl'J)tjyif a&okd;}uD;ta&S@jcrf;&Sd
wGif ppftpk;d & vkx H ed ;f &Jrsm; oGm; e,l;a,mhcòf rd@Y awG@qcHk o hJ nf?
apmif xkwfjyefvkdufonf? wJh ppftpkd;&ukd EkdifiHwumckH±kH; (7)vufatmufcw H yf&if;jzpfonhf &G m yk e f ; &G m a&S m if a e&mrsm;ES i h f
a&mufapmifq h idk ;f jcif;rSm tvky&f iS f urB m h u k v or*~ t zG J @
tqkdyg xkwfjyefa=u wifEkdif&if aumif;w,f[k olr cr&(427)wyfz@JG onf if;wd@k wyf awmifil-uwdkifwd um;vrf;w
rsm; *kwfaoG;pkyftjrwfxkwfr_ csKyfu Ekid if w
H um trsK;d orD;rsm;
nmcsufESifh ywfoufI 'AvsL u qufvufajymqko d nf?
rsm; ykdrkdjzpfay:atmif tm;ay;&m ae@udk 1975ckEpS /f rwfv 8&ufae@
t,fvfbD. obmywdtzGJ@0if ppftpkd;&onf Oya'
a&muf+yD; trsK;d orD;rsm;taejzifh wGif pwifowfrw S u
f m xkad e@udk
eef ; 'g;tJ h u v,f u 'D u ae@ ESifh rnD!$wfbJ aetdrftus,f
rw&m;tm%m[lor# zDqef=u tpGðJ yI urBmw0Sr;f &Sd Ekid if rH sm;u ppfwyfu &GmxJ0ifvm+yD; ysufpD;wmawGukd
urBmrSm =unfhvdkuf&if trsKd;o csKyfjzifh xde;f odr;f cHxm;&onfh a':
&ef a=unmcsux f wJ iG f wku d wf eG ;f ESpfpOf *k%fðytcrf;tem;rsm;ukd "mwfy±Hk u
dk ,
f w
l ,f? aemuf+yD; autJe, f u
l
rD;awG[m zdEydS cf sKyfcs,rf a_ wG ae atmifqef;pk=unf. t,lcHv$m
xm;onf? ,ae@txd usif;yvmcJh=uonf? vmypfwmvk@d &GmoGm;awGudk ajymckid ;f w,fæ
&mtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm &Sad ewke;f yJ? ukd A[kw d &m;±k;H rS y,fcsvu dk jf cif;/
jrefrmEkid if w H iG f txdr;f trsKd ; orD ; rsm;tzG J @
'ga=umifh 'Dvkdae@ tcgor,rSm a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf vG w f
trSwfv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ukd usif;yðy csKyf (jrefrmEkid if )H onf trsK;d orD;
Ekid if w
H umrSm&Sw d hJ trsK;d orD;awG ajrmufa&;twGuf t*F gae@ qk
vkycf iG rhf &onft h jyif ppftpk;d &t rsm;. tqift h wef; wk;d wufjrifh pGx J m;&m a&od;k }uD;pcef;rS a&od;k av#muf vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzihf ypf
tay: t=urf;zufwmukd &yfwef@ awmif;yGJ OD;aqmifol aemftek ;f vS
aejzifh trsKd;orD;tcGifhta&;rsm; rm;vma&;ESihf t&nftcsi;f jynf0h }uD;&GmwGif;odk@ vufeuf}uD;rsm; cwfcJhonf?
=uzk@d rD;armif;xk;d jycsiv f @dk e@J trsK;d tygt0if trsK;d orD;rsm;ukd rw
ukd umuG,fapmifha&SmufI jrifh apa&;twGuf &nf&, G If 1999ck jzihf vSr;f I ypfcwfc+hJ yD; aemufw etzwyfrsm; ,if;odk@
orD;tm;vkH;ukd *k%fðywJhtaeeJ@ &m;axmif'%fcsrSwfjcif;/ tusOf;
wifaqmif&Gufrnf[k oabmwl ESpf/ 'DZifbmv (9)&ufY xkdif;- ae@wiG f tqdyk gwyfz@JG u &GmxJo@kd vufeuf}uD;jzihf ypfcwf&jcif;rSm
'Da=unmcsufukd usrwkd@ xkwf uscH a e&ol a':0if ; jrjryk d i f t
vufrSwfxkd;xm;aom EkdifiHw jrefrme,fpyfwae&mwGif zG@J pnf; 0ifa&mufum "mwfyHkrSwfwrf; if;wd@k . e,fajrpd;k rd;k a&; pDrcH suf
jyefwmyg[k autkdifpDukd ajym xnfqidk u f dk avvH wifa&mif;cschJ
um Oya'jzpfonfh pDa'gpmcsKyfudk wnfaxmifc+hJ yD; vuf&t dS csed w
f iG f rsm; ±kduf,lI &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; wckjzpf+yD; aEG&moDwGif a'ocH
onf? jcif;/ tjcm;txde;f odr;f cH Ekid if aH &;
csKd;azmufum t=urf;zufr_rsm; tzGJ@0if trsKd;orD;tzGJ@tpnf; tm; autJe, f u l ypfcwfjcif;jzpf rsm;. pdu k cf if;ESifh O,smOf+cHrsm;udk
ppftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfae tusOf;olrsm;ukd rdom;pkESifha0;
ukd enf;rsKd;pkHjzifh ae&mtESH@wGif (13)zG@J &o
dS nf? Ô a=umif; twif;t=uyf xGufqdk rD;±_d@zsufqD;r_rsm; ðyvkyfavh&Sdo
wJh usrwk@d Eidk if rH mS awmh jynfwiG ;f aom tusOf;axmifrsm;okd@ ykd@
cdik ;f cJo
h nf[k a'ocHwOD;u ,ck vdk 2009ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dvu
xki
d ;f txufvw
$ af wmftrwfEi
S hf (AIPMC) tzG@J 0ifrsm; vdk ajymonf?
tJ'Dnae 4em&D0ef;
vnf; tvm;wl ypfcwfra_ =umihf
trsK;d orD;ESifh uav;oli,ftcsK@d
e,fpyftajctae vma&mufavhvmcJh usiaf vmufrmS cr&(427)u ol
wd@k &J a&od;k }uD;pcef;uae+yD; a&
'%f&m&&So d mG ;cJo
h nf[o
tvm;wl Zefe0g&Dv
k &d onf?
M.xufacgif
um rdrt d rsK;d om;ukd opPmazmuf aom r[m0g'ukd awG@&&dS rnf jzpf vufxuf oxkHukd usL;ausmf
zsuv f o
dk rl sm;/ rdrt d rsK;d om;ukd t onf? odrf;ykdufum bk&ifrEl[mrif;ESifh
xif}uD;av;pm;r_r&S/d tjcm;trsK;d AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh rSL;rwft+cHt&Hrsm;/ wwfoyd nm
om;wkd@tay: tm;ukd;rSDckdvGef;ol rnfonfhtcgur# rwnfhcJhaom &Sifrsm;/ ydÉuwfawmfrsm;ESifh &Sif
rsm;ESifh rdrdtrsKd;om;ukd w&m; Ekid if aH &; pm;zm;}uD;rsm;onf Akv d f ol[k rdru d , dk rf rd d ,k=H unfxm;ol u&iftrsKd;om; tvH I jzpfvmcJo h nfuadk wmh azmfjyr t&[H tygt0if Ak'&< [ef;awmf
vGeftxif}uD;+yD; vlpkrdv#if t csKyfw@dk usq;Hk +yD;onfah emuf vGwf vnf; &Sad eonf? OD;ae0if; ,=wm onf u&ifah wmfveS af &;u tok;H xm;acs? rnfo@dk yifjzpfap jrefrm rsm;ukd zrf;qD;vsuf yk*Hokd@ ac:
jcm;trsKd;om;wkd@tay: &efvkdpGm vyfaom 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if w H idk ;f &&S&d vkyo f nft h aejzifh eef;0wfeef;pm; ðyaeaom tvHomr[kwf u&if onf ta&S@w±kwfESifh taemuf aqmifvm+yD; &Sift&[H. w&m;
xdyg;ykwfcwfwwfolrsm;vnf; rnfjzpfonfh wef;wlnrD # vlrt _ rsm; 0wfqifum aomifjyifwGif trsKd;om;w&yfvkH;. tvHjzpf tdE, dN t=um; jzpfwnfvmaom "rRukd emcHum Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;
tusnf;wefpGm yg&Sdaeonf? cG i f h t a&;rsm;uk d ray;vk d a om av;bufaxmufI acG;vkdtlcJh .? 'kAkdvfrSL;}uD;okrl[J. vuf a=umifh tbd&mZmrif;qufEiS hf ae jzpfvmcJha=umif;ESifh tEkdifusifh
rdrw d @dk trsK;d om;twGi;f a=umifh wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf Akv d f a=umif; owif;xGuv f m+yD;onfh eufcs 'l;axmufro _ nf u&ifw &yfpeG @f cmG vmonfh uefpek ,fom; wwfow l @dk . xk;H pHtwkid ;f yk*w H iG f
aoG;pnf;nD!w $ rf u _ dk ta,mifjy csKyfw@dk csKyfqcdk ahJ om yifvpHk mcsKyf aemufyidk ;f OD;ae0if;ukd rif;ajrmuf rsK;d om;vk;H . t±_;H ay;tnHch rH _ r tquftEG,rf sm;ukd tajcðyum wnfxm;uk;d uG,o f nfh bk&m;ap
oabmom wnfaqmufEkdif+yD; ukd rsufuG,fðyum wkdif;jynfukd wefqmrsm;ESihf jrifc=hJ u&ovkrd sK;d [kw?f vufeufvmcsonfh 'kAv dk f ay:aygufvma=umif; a,bk,s wDrsm; a0,sm0pP aqmif&Guf&ef
wu,fwrf;wGirf l uspv f pfcidk rf m vnf; (jynfaxmifp)k jrefrmEkid if H AkdvfcsKyfoef;a&$. umwGef;±kyf rSL;}uD;okrl[JESifhtzGJ@ukd tom; oabmr# rSw, f El idk rf nfjzpfonf? twGuf rEl[mrif;ESifh aqGawmf
onfh nD!w G af &;ukd ykaH zmfI r& awmftjzpf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf armif ajymifukdvnf; xkdykHpHrsKd;jzifh jrif vGwf tEkid &f vku d ±f rHk #jzifh u&ift w±kwjf ynfbufrS qif; rsKd;awmf wynfhwyrf;rsm;tm;
Ekdifolrsm;/ vGwfvyfI trSDtckd ykdifpD;cJh=uonf? jynfaxmifpk[k =u&onf? rsKd ; om;xk w &yf v k H ; uk d tEk d i f & oufvmaom jrefrmjzpfvmrnfh bk&m;u|et f jzpf oGwo f iG ;f cJyh rHk sm;
uif;aom wkid ;f jynfudk vkcd siaf omf trnf w yf x m;aomf v nf ; zG J @ AkdvfcsKyfcif!Gef@ vuf vku d +f yD[k rqkEd idk ?f ,ckvdk u&ift vl r sKd ; rsm;onf a&S ; ,cif u ukd awG@&Sd&rnf jzpfonf?
vnf; xkdwkdif;jynfESifh avsmfnD pnf;tkycf sKyfyrHk mS wjynfaxmifp xufu wkid ;f jynfxJ [kt d crf;t rsK;d om;tvHudk ajrY cseif;jyvku d f w±kww f @dk EiS hf ,Ofaus;r_csi;f wef;
onfh vlrsK;d wrsK;d tjzpf rusi}hf uH epfom jzpfonf? em;zGiyhf JG 'Dtcrf;tem; zJóud;jzwfyJG onfrSm u&ifvlrsKd;wrsKd;vkH;ukd wl&SdcJh&mrS w±kwfwkd@. zdESdyfr_ r[m0g'D w k d @ .
Ekdif=uao;olrsm;/ jrefrmwkd@. zd uk, d uf sK;d &Sm Ekid if aH &;o rsm;wGif wufa&mufum vlawG ol @ ajcz0g;atmuf a&muf a p& a=umifh te,fe,ft&yf&yf a&$@ 0d o ravmbES i f h
ESyd rf a_ tmuf aecJ&h aomolrsm;yDyD rm; q&mrsm;. wkdif;&if;om; t ukd if;wk@d ,leaD zmif;0wfrsm;tm; rnf / ajcjzif h eif ; acsypf r nf [ l ajymif;a&Smifwdrf;cJh=u&m ESif;zkH; Ek d i f o l p m;wrf ; cH , l c suf
jrefrmwk@d enf;wl yef;wkid rf a&muf a&;udpPjy\emrsm;ukd aema=u vuftyk cf so D nfh tusiv hf yk cf idk ;f cJh onfhoabmxm;ukd &Sif;vif;pGm aom a&cJjyif/ vGiw f ;D acgijf yif/ oJ vuf e uf a umif ; rsm;
cif wufaxmifvo dk rl sm;ESihf w&m; atmif odvmcJ=h u+yD; tdraf pmift h a=umif; jrifjyif;uwfzG,f awG@cJh xkwfazmfvkdufjcif; jzpfavonf? uE mW & ponfh a'oE &W Owk&m wDxGifEkdifonfh pGrf;&nf&Sd+yD; ppf
enf;vrf;wus óud;yrf;òydiq f idk rf r_ pkd;&vnf; jzpfcJhbl;aom wynfh =u&rnfjzpf.? jrpfreD; acsmif;a0; Akv
d cf sKyfarmifat;. tðytrlwiG f oDESifh obm0t±kdif;rsm;t=um; onftiftm; tqrwef rsm;jym;
ðyyJ vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm; npfywf rsm;u q&mhxufyI dk vufapmif; ysOf;rem; =uyfajy;ae&mukd ae wkdif;&if;om;wkd@tay: zdESdyfpD;ykd; awG@óuH&ifqkdif&onfh tcuftcJ aom EkdifiH}uD;rsm;ukd if;wkd@ t
aomenf;rsm;jzifh tEkid &f &Sad tmif xufpGmyif vufeufukdifvrf;pOf jynfawmf[k orkwf+yD; usefppf u|efðyvkdonfh acwfumvESifh r rsm;ukd umv=um&Snpf mG tenf; awmfyif a=umuf&@HG =uonf? tif
vkyw f wforl sm;vnf; &Sad eonf? usifhokH;vsuf wkdif;&if;om;acgif; om;/ bk&ifah emif/ tavmif;bk&m; qDavsmf rvkdufzufawmhaom enf ; tzk H z k H ±k e f ; uef a usmf v $ m ; tm;omvGefolukdom av;pm;
xko d al wGrmS r[m0g'w D @dk . wef aqmiftcsKdESifh jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;o [l a om jref r mppf b k & if o k H ; r[mpdw"f mwf oabmxm;apw jzwfoef;&if;rSmyif if;wkd@pGJukdif cef @ nm;wwf = uonf h oabm
jyefvufnK ;d xk;d ar;aig@jcif;ukd cH& rm;tcsKd tm; axmifxx J nfu h m a,mufykH ±kyfxk}uD;rsm; xkvkyf emukd yDjyifpGm awG@&Sd&rnfjzpf usio hf ;Hk cJah om xk;H wrf;"avhrsm;/ xm;&Sdolrsm;yDyD ukd,fhxuftif
rnfh pkef;jyL;rsm;yif jzpfonf? EkdifiHawmftm%mukd odrf;,lcJh um if;wk@d . r[mpdwu f dk ykI
d t onf? oef;a&$/ jrifah tmif/ a&$ref; ,Ofaus;r_ tEkynmESihf twwf tm;enf;ol/ pnf;vkH;nD!$wfr_
ok@d &mwGif wkid ;f &if;om; onf? awmfveS af &;tpk;d & trnf a&mif a wmuf v matmif vk y f ponfh ppftyk pf 0k iftm;vk;H rSm xkd ynmrsm; ponfh rd±;dk zvm tarG uif;rJhaeolrsm;tm; usL;ausmf
wk@d . vlrt _ cGit hf a&;rsm;ukd ray; cH+yD;aemuf ESpfrsm;r=umrDrSmyif aqmifaeonfuv dk nf; txift oabmxm;twkid ;f yif jzpf.? tES p f r sm; wpwp wd r f a um wku d cf u dk w f wf=uonf? r[m0g'D
vkdyJ wkdif;jynfwckvkH; xm0pOf Ekid if u H dk rqvwygwD tm%m&Sif &Sm; jrif=u&rnf jzpfonf? t aysmufqkH;um ,Ofaus;r_buf wkd@onf rdrdtusKd;pD;yGm;&Sda&;t
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf pkd;rkd;vkdaom r pepfjzifh ajymif;vJcsKyfuidk cf o hJ nf? avmif;bk&m;. rsufESmrSm Akdvf jref r mh t&if ; tjrpf wGif w±kww f @dk . aemufEpS af ygi;f wGuf tiftm;}uD;aom &efol@
[m0g'w D @dk EiS hf usO;f ajrmif;aom t wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm;ESihf wkid ;f jynf csKyfarmifat;ukd xkvkyfxm;jcif; jref r mtrsKd ; om;rsm; 2000avmuf aemufususecf =hJ u vufatmufo@dk 0ifa&mufcv dk &H_ ef
rsK;d om;a&;tjrif&o dS nfh xkpd ek ;f jyL; tay: pdwfapwemaumif;&Sdol jzpf.? twGi;f tiftm;ok;H tEkid u f siv hf dk &a=umif; jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf;wGif 0efrav;wwfovkd rdrt d usK;d yGm;
rsm;rSm tpOft+rJ yvJeHyoifhae rsm;ukd ab;csw d Ef ydS u f yG u
f m wkid ;f aom r[m0g'DtcsKd@ ay:ayguf azmfjyxm;onf? rsm; txdyg;cH&rnfhta&;qkdv#if
rnfom jzpf.? jynfpD;yGm;ESifh ajray:ajratmuf trsKd ; om;a&; apmf u m;r_ vm&jcif;ESihf ywfoufI jrefrmwk@d ,Ofaus;r_xuf vGwf rdrv d rl sK;d uko d mru rdr. d rdom;pk
o,HZmw t&yf&yfudk pdww f idk ;f autJe, f l wyfr[m .Zmpfjrpfukd avhvmaomtcg/ vyfa&;ukyd I dk jrwfE;dk aoma=umifh aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;ukdyif okwf
wacwfqef;r[m0g'D us cs,fvS,fcJhonf? wkdif;&if; (6) wyf&if; (17)rSL;a[mif; 'kAv dk f uk,d wf idk uf tiftm;}uD;olrsm;. rdrw d @dk zmom rdrw d @dk oD;jcm;vGwf oif&Sif;vif;&ef 0efav;wwfol
r[mvl r sKd ; }uD ; 0g'D [ l om;rsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppfcif;vsuf rSL;}uD;okrl[J. vufeufcsyGJwGif tEk d i f u sif h w k d u f c k d u f r _ u k d cH & I vyfpGm aexkdifEkdifa&; w±kwfwkd@ rsm; r[kwaf cs?
aom a0g[m&ukd tcsKd u acwfr jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;ukd wESpf vnf ; u&if t rsKd ; om;tvH u k d uk, d wf idk vf nf; tiftm;ok;H onfh ESihf uif;a0;&me,fajrok@d a&muf wacwfqef;vmaom
&Sdawmhaom a0g[m&tjzpf 'D xufwESpf c|wfòcHusum qif;&J ajrrSmcif;apum 'kAv dk rf LS ;}uD;okrl tavhtx pGJuyfvmcJha=umif; vmcJh=uolrsm; jzpfa=umif;vnf; r[mudpu P dk Tr# azmfjyae&jcif;
acwfrmS b,forl S 'Dvdk oabm wGi;f eufapcJo h nf? ay:ayguv f m [Jtm; tvHeab; 'l;axmufap awG@&&dS rnf jzpfonf? jrefrmhp, G f azmfjyxm;onf? okd@&mwGif xkd rSm if;wkd@. tEkdifusifh Akdvfus
xm;rsK;d r&Sad wmhygb;l ? jrefrmawG onfh ausmif;om;/ tvkyo f rm;/ +yD; Akv d cf sKyfarmifat;u tvHudk pku
H sr;f vm jrefrmvlrsK;d ta=umif; vG w f v yf a t;csrf ; r_ u k d jrwf E k d ; v$r;f rk;d vkad om ppfb&k ifvyk &f yfudk
xJrSm r[mqkdwmukd wcgrS r vlxkta&;tcif;rsm;ukd ESdyfuGyf eif;I 'kAkdvfrSL;}uD;okrl[Ja&S@rS azmfjyxm;csurf sm;wGiyf if jrefrm onfqkdaomolrsm;onf a'ocH ykrd dk xif&mS ;apvkI d jzpfonf? 'DyJ
=um;bl;wJholawGawmif trsm; jcif;/ w±kw-f jrefrm/ ukvm;-jref jzwfav#mufykHukd Armjynfom; vlrsKd;jzpfwnfvmykHESifh ywfouf wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf awG@aomt ,if; ta&;udpu P dk rsuEf mS ajymif
}uD; &Sdw,f?[lIvnf;aumif;/ rmta&;tcif;rsm; zefw;D jcif;jzifh wkid ;f &if;om; trsm;tjym;yif ±kyf I rwlujJG ym;aom azmfjycsuf 2ck cgwGif vGwfvyfa&;ukd jrwfEkd;ol pGm vuf&JZuf&J usL;vGefvkduf
'g[m wkdif;&if;om;awGtaeeJ@ if ; wk d @ tm%m vuf r v$ w f & jrifo=H um;Y awG@vu dk =f u&onf? ukd awG@&onf? wckrmS taemuf rsm; r[kwfawmhbJ at;csrf;pGm onfrmS vnf; if;wk@d . r[m0g'D
jrefrmawGtay: uk, d x hf ufomr atmif vkyaf qmifco hJ nf? 88 vl AkdvfcsKyfarmifat; t zuf b*Fvm;jynfbufrS ppf±;H_ bk aexk d i f a eaomol r sm;uk d usL; pdwf"mwfa=umifhyif jzpf.?
emvkdjzpf+yD; tykyfcscsifvkd@ okH;wJh xktºHk uGr}_ uD;wGif tm%modr;f +yD; aejzifh tenf;i,fr#yif rwkduf &if tbd&mZmrS qif;oufaom ausmpf pfðyolrsm; jzpfvmum t ppf w yf j zif h tusKd ; &S d
pum;vk H ; yJ [l I vnf ; aumif ; wufvmonfh e0wESifh ,ae@ ckdufvkduf&bJ ukd,fhoabmESifh r[momuD0ifrif;rsK;d jzpfum tdEdN Ekid &f &So d w l @dk . xk;H pHtwkid ;f ppfa&; vm=uolrsm;yDyD if;wk@d &yfwnf
ajymqkd=uolrsm;&Sdonf? jrefrm vuf&Sd etzppftkyfpkrSmvnf; ukd,fvma&mufvufeufcsaom ,Ekid if wH iG ;f &Sd jrefrmtpk0if vlrsK;d ESihf ywfoufI u|r;f usirf r_ sm;t aeonfrmS ppfwyfa=umif[ h k cH,l
tm;vkH; r[m0g'D r[kwfa=umif; rqv. tpG,t f yGm; tm%m±l; 'kAkdvfrSL;}uD;okrl[Jtay: tEkdif& rsm;ukdyg azmfjyxm;+yD; wcku ay: tr$rf;wif *k%fazmfa&;om; +yD; if;wk@d wyf ykrd t dk iftm;}uD;a&;
ukd Taqmif;yg;wae&mY &Sif; r[m0g'Drsm;om jzpfavonf? &Sda=umif; jyvkdv#if 'kAkdvfrSL;}uD; awmh w±kwfjynfpyf uefpkjynf xm;onfukd awG@&onf? uav;t&G,fra&Smif t"rR ppf
vif;cJ+h yD; jzpfonf? r[m0g'aD cwf ppf t k y f p k x J r S m vuf okr[ l t J m; ajray:rSm 'l;axmuf&dS e,frS 0rfac:rseaf c: vlrsK;d rsm;jzpf ,Ofaus;r_ "avhxkH;pH om;pkaqmif;r_awGvyk /f vufeuf
r&Sdawmh[k qkdolrsm;ukdrl ,ae@ ! d K ;!$ e f & m a&jzpf o nf h t ck;d ckid ;f +yD; ezl;ESihf ajr}uD;xdae+yD;jzpf a=umif;ESihf if;wk@d EiS hf aoG;om;eD; rsm; wdrfaumaysmufqkH;cJh&onfh cJ,rf;rsm;ykrd jdk znfw h if;/ opfawm/
xufwidk f jrefrmxJY r[m0g't D avmif;pnforl if;ukd tm;usoEl iS hf onfh 'kAv dk rf LS ;}uD;. aemufaphudk pyf awmfpyfaom w±kwef ,fpyfrS vlrsKd;rsm;yDyD pmayESifh ukd;uG,f a&eH/ ausmufrsufESifh obm0
csKd wGifus,fvsuf&Sdaea=umif; usefppfom;rif;}uD; 0ifpm;ol[k ppfzed yfjzifh zdeif;um cg;axmufI trsKd;tEG,frsm;ukdvnf; azmfjy onfhbmomrSmvnf; tjcm;t "mwfaiG@rsm;ukd xifovkd a&mif;
xif&Sm;onfh oufaoom"u ukd,fhukdukd,f cH,lolrsm;tjyif "mwfyHk ok@d r[kwf AD', D dk t±ku d cf H xm;onf? xkdESpfrsKd; b,fenf; rsKd;om;rsm;xHrSom &,lcJh=u& pm;vsuf v#yfppf"mwftm;xkwf
rsm; xkwfjy&ef vkdtyfvmonf? a&S;b0u tavmif;bk&m;jzpfcJh vsuf rSwfwrf;wifxm;Ekdifonf? b,f[ef aygif;pnf;+yD; jrefrm[l onf? pmaywGif &SEd iS +hf yD;jzpfaom
pmrsuEf mS (6)od@k æ
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 6
ySR*h>0Dc;JG ,m
uvkm'l.cG;J ,m'D;
'H>rd.jch.pH.
uMwLI (14) tbhO (3) vgr;&S;< 2010 eHO Volume(14) Issue(3)March, 2010
unDzdvU uDIoUbhOwbhOyl:wzO yPzSdO'k;eJOzsgxDOto; xD'g etzok;y'dO wbsDCD b.fuDb.fcJzd'D; okwb.f uhRqS> yRxHu>D 'f ;D ySR'd;e>0f J ed.b
f .J cf .d zf ;zd xD.f0Jt*h>fe.f eD.fvgvRv> trh>f
-ubsH ; y:-1 twIyd P xG J ql.ftDRv> t[H.ftCDw*hRt wz.f';D qD.x f rGJ Rp>Rb.f w>fu'k; ySRymfzsgxD.fto;w*R pH;0J'.f
*h>f ywHxD.f0J vHmfouHu G nRw td.fxD.f ySREkmfvDRCdxHw>f*h>ftHR e.fvDR$
zJuD>fuF>.freH.fylRe.f CD/ Ckmf'D; ,l&yRcDrH&S>.f [h.frR p-xhv,gylRe.f bgrguRyJ (uD>f bh.fe. fvDR$ wuh>ft*h>fe.f yqS>xD.fvHmfql w>fymfzsgxD.fto; bsD
yySRunDwz.f qJ;vDRpkr>k u f s>>f';D p>Rb.f ySRb.fuDzd uoH.fuoD/ tD;p-xhv,g) 'H.frd.fjch.fpH.fp>zSd.f rgtDvR'dv>trh>f uD>f udwdmfcd.fuJ.fbhRttd.fvDR t*h>f 0Je.f tw>fynd.fwcDe.f unDzd
yqS>xD.fql uF>.freH.fy'd.fttd.f w>ftD.fw>ftD/ (trkd;tum) w>f wv>R'Duvkmfp>zSd.f u&>c>.f tD;p-xhv,g ch.ftJ.f,l.f ySRy>R e.f pH;b.f0Je.fvDR$ v> tvJRtd.fpd;0JzJ uD>fo>bh.f
'D; xH*kRuD>f*Roettd.fvDR$ tcD yD;w>fvo D .h w
f z.f';D bDr>k pf >zS.d u
f p;oh.fwz.f'D; unDzdwz.f ymfzSd.f vD>fqh.feDRw*RpH;0J etzrR0J cDzsdw>frRxD'g ok;y'd.f wbh.fwz.f etzok;tw>frRu
ynDe.f etzok;v> t[;rRoH &> ySRb.frlb.f'gwz.f 'k;td.fxD.f ySReD.*f >H cf v
J >mf 200bs.J rf R0J w>fymf w>frRur.fyRS cJ;G ,mfwz.f rRoHrR w>fymfzsgxD.fto;tHR ClClzd; r.f ySR*h>f0DcJ;G ,mf'D; rRoHvDRwkmf
rR0D yySRunDtw>f*h>fe.f oh.fng w>f u &>u&d v > uEk m f v D R Ck zsgxD.fto; w>f&J.fw>fusJR trl; 0D unDuvkmfwz.f 'JG.ftluHGmf zd;tCde.f uvkmf'l.fv> uD>fq> uvkmftw>f&J.fw>fusJRoh.fwz.f
xGJb.f'D; urRp>Roud;w>fvDR$ oh.fngb.f b.fC;'D; etzok; zJ uD>fy,DRrD>foDbsD.f'd.f trJmfng [H.fCD rlRql.fydmfrk.fydmfr>Rwz.f oh.w f z.f';D unDyRS zD.pf u k 0JRzdw 'fod;bDrk>fp>zSd.fu&>wz.f u'k;
zJe. f yChxD.fw>f*h>f o>xH.fv>t y'd.f rRoHrR0Dw>fwz.f t*h>fe.f e.fvDR$ v>e.ftrJmfng t0Joh.f e.f yChxD.fbDrk>fp>zSd.fv> u'k; z.ft*D>f rh>fw>fwcgv> uuJxD.f td.fxD.fcDrH&S>.fwzkv> uEkmfvDR
rh>f ySR v>trR[;*DR0J xH*kRuD>f*R pH;0J'.fe. fvDR$ vJR0Jql uD>fuFD.fwJ.f rD>foDbsD.f'd.f td.fxD.f ySREkmfvDRCdxHw>fwzk o;o[D.f*H>fbg$ wu;b.ftrJmf Ckoh.fngw>fv> uD>fy,DRylR t
w>fbs>oJp;wz.f bDrk>fp>zSd.f w>f uD>fy,DR rD>foDbsD.f'd.f 'D; ChxD.f0J'.f uFD.fwJ.f pDRyRv> vDR$ 'fe.ftod; tD;p-xhv,g ng xH*kmfuD>f*Ry'd.fwz.f ph>fuD; *h>fe. fvDR$
bH.fw>fb> urRywkmfuHmG fwbsD v>ttd.fzJ 0h>fuRbR&RylR uD>ftD; uol.funDRo;unDRb.f unD y'd.pf >h u
f ;D ymfz.dS x
f .D t
f o;'D; ,l& u[h.fw>fqD.fwH>f ok;y'd.f utg
unDw>upD.w>y&X/vgr;&S;/2010eH./ubsH;yR=2
tJOyHO,lO bd;bO7:vD:0J 90 eHOwICkxUe>O w[;*D:'H;bO uDIcJe'Oy'dO uqJ;r:pU:
vgr;&S; 14oD w>fe. f 'fytJ.'f ;d rR tJ.'f ;d wJtod; EkmfvDR'd;Ckx>to;t*D>f w>f tobhsvDR$ cJtHR ySReD.f*H>fpSR u unDbOuDbOcJ
pDRcgqlng (ch.ftJ;pH.f) we>b f .f y0J Challenge ymfp>R q>uwD>ftd.fwh>fxJ (60)oD{dR vkmf'l.fwz.f tw>fcJ;G w>f,mf w
1990eH.f tw>fCkx> etzvDR$ tCde.f 1990eH.fw>f tCde. f uvkmf'l.f ySRzD.fpku0JRt td.fph>fuD;b.f$ yxD'g0J w>fCkx> vgr;&S; 16oD td.fv> 0h>ftD;u0.fzJ te>f[lb.f
tq>(w>frRuw>>f)e.f [;*DR Ckx>tq>(tuw>>f)e.f [; 'l.f'D; xH&l>fuD>foJ; ySRxD'gw>fzd bsD0JtHRvDR$ b.fxJ'G D; tJ.fyH.f,l.f pDReHr&d; (uD>fcJe'.f) w>fupD.t f RH tcg t0Jp;H 0J w>frR
woh'H;b.f'D; etz xk;bd;b.f r.f'.fup>f'.f0J wohb.ft*h>fe.f w>fu&>u&dwz.f qlng b.frR tw>fb.fo;wz.fe.f yuuhR zJvgr;&S; 16oDteHR p>R0JtHR rh>fw>fv> t&h'd.f r;v>
&RvDR0J b.fC;urs>>ftc>.fp; y0J'D;t0Joh.f y'k;vdmfyo;v> oud;w>fv> w'l.fwx>CDt w>.fyD.foud; ycd.fe>fv>x;w uD>fcJe'.fy'd.f v>tb.fxJ'G D; uD>f yySRw0>t*D>fe. fvDR$ w>fuDw>fcJ
w>fbs>oJp;e.f wzd;oJp;b.ft w>fbs>oJp;wyRvDRt*h>fe.f *h>f 'DRpgpgu wdRqD.x f 0GJ 'J .fe. v
f RD $ z.fvDR t*h>fe.f pH;0JvDR$ cJe'.f xH*kRuD>f*R w>f*kRxD.fyoD v> t[Jb.f'd yySRurs>>fv>
*h>fe.f urs>>fc>.fp;u&l>f (tJ.fyH.f pH;0J'.fvDR$ 1990eH.f w>fCkx>e.f w>f w >.f y D . f o ud ; rl ; xD.f udwdmfbd;b.f&RvDR0J'.f v> unDuD>fylRwz.f tgxD.f0JtCd
,l.f) xk;xD.fbd;b.f&RvDR0J vHmf 'DRpgpgv>trh>f (tJ.f cDzsd urs>>fwz.f xk;zsgxD.f t bs0D eJ . f b.fx'GJ ;D etzok;y'd.f t uqJ;rRp>R'H; uD>fy,DRySRb.fuD w>frRp>Rt0JtRH uuJbsK;0J'.d rf ;
wbh.fylR pH;0J'.fe.fvDR$ yH.f,l.f) ySRy>RvD>fqh.feDR cH*Rw*R w>fb.fo;v> trh>ftwDtCd w>fCkx> w>fbs>oJp;wz.fe.f b.fcJ'D; ySRvD>ftd.furSH v>uD>fylR v> yySRw0> tw>fvd.fb.fwz.f
zJr[gu>R 9;00e.f&H.f pH;0J'.fv> b.fC; etz urR e.f ok;cd.fus>>fpd&dR og&G.hf'D; cd.fe>f urh>fv> u'd;e>fb.fuvkmf'l.fw wz.fe.fvDR$ t*D>fe.f pH;0Je.fvDR$
tq>uwD>fe.f (tJ.fyH.f,l.f) wD [;*DR 90w>fCkx>tq>e.f vhR v>tb.fxJ'G D;tDRwz.f rl'gtd.f z.f *H>fcD.fxH; tcJ;G t,mfb.ftCd cJe'.fqJ;rRp>RqD.fxGJ unDySRw0>c>.fp;v>
cd.f&drJrR0J b.fxJ'G D; 2010w>fCk wuhR ywl>fvdmfwohb.ft*h>fe.f v> ub.fymfyeD.f0J'D; xk;xD.fbd; e.f v>w>fx'D g0JtzD.cf .d f 'Duvkmf uD>fy,DR 'd;oeRxD.fto;v> ttd.fv> unDuD>fq>w*R zJe>f
x> w>.fyD.foud;w>f*h>fw>fusdR v>yw>fbd;b.f&RvDRtylR yymf b.f&RvDR0J w>fbs>oJp;v> t 'H.frd.fu&h.fpH.fp>zSd.f (r'w)xk; w>frRp>Rv>trRp>Rwh >fv> tylR [lb.fw>fupD.ftHRpH;0J yo;ck
rl;wcgzJ uFD.fwJ.fuD>fq>wwDRt zsgxD.fymfp>RvHvDR$ 0HR'D; v>y0J wb.fvdmfzd;'hto;wz.f tzDcd.f xD.f0J vHmfbd;b.f&RvDRwbh.f uGHmfwz.f tw>fuJbsK;tCde.f v> x>.f0Hcs>u&>'D; rJ>fwD>fw>f
cge.f tJ.fyH.f,l.feJ.f&J.G foCJR tloh oh.fcJv>mf w>fb.fo;tod;etz e.f rRto;'f rR[;*DRuHmG f0J xH vDR$ vDR$ v>tylRuGHmf,J>feH.fe. f cJe'.f qg[H.f w>fuqJ;rRp>RtDRe.fvDR$
tlpH;0J'.f'ftHRvDR$ 2008eH.f (e;*H.f) w>fol.fxD.f w>f uD>ftw>fbsK;w>fzSd.fvDR$ 90eH.f w>f&J.fw>fusJR rl;bsD0J
tJ.yf .H ,
f .l tf RH zJ 1990 bs>oJp;cd.foh.ftHRemfuh ywl>f w>fCkx>tHRe.f rh>fw>fCkx>v> e.f oDcg 3yg Ckmf'D; ch.ftJ.f,l.f t0JtHR rh>fw>fuqD.f trkmfw,k>fv>
eH.f w>fCkx>trl;e.f w>frRe>R vdmfwohb.f$ 2010w>fCkx> trh>ftwDtCd rh>fwymfyeD.f0J uvkmf'l.f w>fzD.fpku0JR w>fu&> yySRunD'Duvkmf'l.fzdwz.f t*D>fe.fvDR$
(Mandate) w>fpdw>furDRtd.f0J emfuh ywEkmfvDR'd;Ckx>to; w>f C k x >tq>b.f e . f w>f C k u&d xH&l>fuD>foJ; ySRxD'gw>fzd cD z sd v > w>f r Rp>R0J t H R tCd
'D; b.fw>fu&>u&dxD.ftDRv> b.f$ yxD'g0J'l'lvDR$ v>uD>fylR x>tHR [;r>f0JwohvhRwvhR cJv>mftge.f 50*RbsJ.f [JxD.f u'D o '>o;orl t gr;v> uD > f q >'D ;
u&>zd (36)*RvDR$ v>uD>fylRo (tJ.fyH.f,l.f)'D; (pH.ft;&fyH.fyH.f)emf b.f'f xH*kmfuD>f*RtywD>ftod; w>.fyD.f oud;0J'.fe.fvDR$ unDuD>fpJ.fe.fvDR
emfuh y'd;e>fb.f (Mandate) uh b.ftd.f b.fqD.fxJ0G JvDR$ pH.f vDRt*h>f tJ.yf .H , f .l f vHmb f ;d b.f&R tJ.fyH.f,l.frR0J w>f
w>fpdw>furDRtHRtCd w>fu&> t;&fyH.fyH.f rh>f[H;e>frl'gv> urR vDRtylR ymfzsg0JvDR$ w>.fyD.foud; etz 2010 t xH*kRuD>f*Rw>f*kRxD.fyoDxD.f0JR xDbdw>fu&>u&dv> uD>fq>
u&dx.D u f 'D; (pH.t f ;&fy.H yf .H )f vDR$ 0J urs>>ftc>.fp;e.f yqD.fxJ0G J'l'l ch.ftJ.f,l.f eJ.f&J.G foCJR w>fCkx> w>fbs>oJp;trl; t usdR=pH.f'.frRp>Rwh>fw>ftd.fql.f wz.f xH.fb.f'D; w>fuDw>fcJv>
yrh>f wJusJv>t*Rwbde. f uD>yf Rl vDR$ 'ftl0hwhRwJ0Jtod; w>fq> cH y'd.f'D;vhrk>fv> trh>fySR[J od; zJvgr;&S; 12oDeHR tl0hwhReHR td.fchs 0JRusdRv>trRp>R0J'.f ySR w>fqD.fxJGrRp>Rwz.f w>fywkmf
xH &l>fuD>foJ;y.fwH.fv> trRe>R0J uwD>fwkRCDRv> yub.f'k;v> xD.fw>.fyD.foud;w>fw*RpH;0J td.zf s.J q
f >uhR rk>ef RH zJvgr;&S; 13 qgv>t'd;e>fw>fn.f*d>fC>f/ xH.f uHGmf0J'D; yuqJ;[l;*JRt*D>f uJ
90 w>fCkx>e.f y.fwH.fb.fw>frR yrlt0Joh.f oHtq>uwD>fvH etz ok;y'd.f tw>fCkx> w>f oD 0h>fwul.f zF.fpdrdRuFdzd udRzdrDR bH.f'D; w>ftD.fvDRxk;w>fqgv> xD.fw>fuDw>fcJe. fvDR$ ye>f[lv>
[;*DRtDRrh>f*hR wrR[;tDRb.frh>f vDR t*h>fe.f pH;0J'.fvDR$ bs>oJp;e.f y0JcJv>mf wwl>f (udkzkef;armf) b.fpl;uHGmfrk>feHR'D; ttge>fwuuGJ>f*Re.fvDR$ trJmf cJe'.f uqJ;rRp>Rw>fu&>u&d
*hR t'd;e>fymfp>R0J (Mandate) woDcHoDtwD>fylRtHR vdmfb.f b.frEkmftCdvJ.fe.f cd.f w>.fyD>foud; 0JxH&l>fuD>foJ; w>f ng t0Joh.frRp>Rph>fuD; ySRb.fuD wz.ftHRv> cgqlng,J>feH.fe. f rh>f
vHvDR$ y0J (tJ.fyH.f,l.f)tHR rh>fu e.f etzok;y'd.f bd;b.f&RvDR0J e>f'ftrh>f 'D.ftD.fqgpl.fuFHRoh.fw *h>fw>fusdRe.fvDR$ b.fcJwuvD>fbsJ.fv> ttd.fv> w>fo;ckv> yySRrRoud;w>fw
rs>>fwz.f Ckx>xD.fySRvDR$ yw>f xH&l>fuD>foJ;y.fwH.f w>fbs>oJp; z.f Ekmv f RD y.fCmk wf e>b f .f$ y0Jo.h f uD>fq>wz.f'D; t*R,J>fuvD>f z.ft*D>fvDR t*h>fe.f pH;0J'.fe.f
pdw>furDRtd.fwkRv> w>fCkx> vHtCde.f tJ.ftJvf'H.f'D; xH&l>f wz.f tw>fv.d b f .fe. f ySRud;*R'J; v> w>ftd.fql.ftd.fchse.fvDR$ vDR$
v>cHwbsDvDR$ w>fbs>oJp;pH; uD>foJ;y.fwH.fv> t*Rwz.f u EkmfvDRy.fCkmf0J'D; w>fCkx>v> w>frRp>Rph>fuD; *H>fcD.f zJvgpJ;yxhb>.f 20oD
xH;urs>>fw>fu&>u&dv> t wk R v>vgtD ; uxd b >.f 4oD /
unDw>upD.w>y&X/vgr;&S;/2010eH./ubsH;yR=3
'lo0Dzd 400bsOJ COCO wDOxDOwI*hIql (ILO) cDzsd etzok; c;vD:uszd ;'dOvU
wIr:qlOrUpd;tCd f RD $ wuwD>f o0Dy:
0J'D; 'd0JwD>f0Jt*h>fe. f 'lzdo0Dzdw rDR wJzsgtgxD.0f eJ . v l
z.f qJ;vDRtpkrk>fus>>f'D; wD.fzsg CD 'fod;w>fu[H;e>f t&hv> t
vgr;&S; 1oD FTUB teJ>f&JG.f tlrDR xD.0f vJ > vHmyf wHx.D t f ylRe.v f RD $ chs b.fC; ok;y'd.frR[;*DRySR*h>f0D vgr;&S; 2oD usdtHRe.f rh>fo0Dttd.fv> etz
pDRohrFH; (ch.ftJ;pH.f) rDR pH;0J etz ok;y'd.fe. f rh>ft>.f p;xD.fzJ 2010eH.f xD.f cG;J ,mf'f ILO ymfvRD w>fq>wJmzf J (ch.ftJ;pH.f) tw>fy>ylRvDR$ ch.ftJ.f,l.f tySR
yuduD>fcDrk>fxD.f wu vDRwl>v f md 0f J ILOoemfueh . f w>f tylR etzok;&h.fwz.ftHR rRoH0J 2001'D;2006 uv>xD.f ySJRxD.f wDtluD>f&h.f xDwxl.f vJRwkRb.f$ 'ft0Jo.h f r>tod; ySR
yRe.fzJ weH.ftHR xD.foDtylR vD>f r>ql.fr>pd;v> uvkmf'l.f[D.fu cs>.fv.HG x
f .l u f >D &f .h f v>>f'.d u
f >D q
f .f 'D; trd>fvHRrd>fyS>f uzsgxD.ft*D>f uD>fq.fylRe.f zJvgzhR-bLRtg&HR o0Dzd ub.frRvDR$ w>ft0Je.f
u0DR'lo0Dzdtge.f 400bsJ.fv> 0D R wz.f e . f t d . f 'f e . f t od ; uD>folvhRySRrRw>fzd FTUKtySR FTUB'D;FTUKuChe> w f >f[.h f 24oDteHR etzok;c;vDRusdz; v>uxk;xD.f tbsK;tzSd.fv>
twl>fb.f etzok;wz.f r>ql.f FTUK tySRy>RvD>fqh.feDR 'D;vh rRoud;w>f pDRtJ.rf l unDu.l o f h ul.f[h.fz;v> xH*kRuD>f*R ySRrR 'd.fv> o0DylRtCde.f o0Dzd [H.f (Media) wyRe.fc;0JvDR$
r>pd;wz.f qJ;pkrk>fus>>f'D; qS>w>f rk>f pH;0Jv> ySRv>twl>fb.f w>f qJ;vR 0JRusdR tySRrRw>fzd pDRrF; w>fzdu&>p>zdS.f(TUC) tu&> weDR[;*DR0Jt*h>fe. f w>fupD.fv> wu;b.fzJtylRuHGmf
upD.fql [D.fcd.f'Dbh.f ySRrRw>fzd r>ql.fr>pd; tw>fqJ;vDRpkrk>f uD>fxl'D; 'GJ.ftlrR[;*DRuGHmf0J [H.f zdwz.f [D.fcd.f'Dzs>.f ySRrRw>fzdu t[Jv> wDtluD>f&h.fwyRtod; (23)'D; (25)oDteHRe.f etz
w>fu&>u&d (ILO)ttd.fe.f us>>f yeD.fwz.ftHR yuwD.fzsg cd.f 85zs>.fv> 'lo0Do>zs>.f r> &> GUF'D; [D.fcd.f'Dbh.f ySRrR oh.fngb.fvDR$ cv& (261)tySRwz.f [;c;eg
vDR$ xD.fe.ftDRv> ILOttd.f 'fod; ql.fr>pd;0J 'lzdo0Dzdv> wDtluD>f w>fzdu&> ILO y'd.fySRrRw>fzd etzok; y>q>&J.fusJR pdRusdv> xDwxl.fuD>fq.f zhs
b.fxGJ'D; vHmfwD.fzsg uuJxD.f w>ftk.fuDRo;wrHRv> &h.f xDwxl.fuD>fq.f tylRt*h>fe. f w>frRup>ftu&>wz.f'D; bDrk>f ok;0JRvD>fcd.foh.f (puc) 7 tzD q.fvdmf[D.fu0DRylR qDrd.f'>o0D
wbh.ftHRe.f uD>folvhR ySRrRw>fzd etze.f wl>fvdmf0J ILO b.fq.f wD.fzsgxD.fph>fuD;0Je.fvDR$ xH u D > f w >f w D w >f - w>f u G D > f b sD . f vmf cD.fchsok;&h.f cr& (427)tySR 'D; ySRvD>ftd.furSHv>ttd.fzJ uD>f
u&> (FTUK)'D; uD>fy,DR ySRrR w>feD>fuD>fwcDe. f t0JwvlRydmfxJG FTUB teJ>f&JG.f tlrDR (uGD.frh.fbsD.f) (ICJ)ttd.fe. fvDR$ wz.f c;vDRusdz;'d.fql uD>foh'> oh'>rk>fxD.f odvh.fusJuyRe.f
w>fzdu&> (FTUB) rRoud; rRzsg0J 'ftw>ft>.fvDR tod; rDR pH;0J etzok;y'd.fe.f rh>ft>.f uwD>ftHRv> cs>.fvGH>f o0DylR v>t0Joh.ftd.fqDvDRt vDR$
w>f'D; xk;xD.fbd;b.f&RvDR vHmfy b.f$ t0JwJtgxD.f0Jv> etz vDRwl>fvdmf0J ILO oemfuhe.f xl.fuD>f&h.f v>>f'd.fuD>fq.ftylR o; ok;pcgylR'D; v>cHweHRe.f [J etzok;wz.f rh>fwkR
&>wbh.ftHRzJ uD>fuFD.fwJ.f uD>fy e.f wl>fvdmf0Jb.fq.f w>fr>ql.fr> w>fr>ql.fr>pd;v> uvkmf'l.f [D.f etz ok;v>t[l;*JRzJe.fwz.f Ekmv
f RD 0Jv> o0DyRl 'D; r>ql.yf RS o0D CDR q>uwD>fcJtHR [;'JG.ftlrR
,DRuD>fq>e.fvDR$ pd;e.ftd.f0J xDbdvDR$ vDRqD'.f u0DRwz.fe.f td.f'H;'.fw>fvDR$ rh>f0J ok;'k;,R&J.fusJR 10tzDvmf zdpH;v> unD'Duvkmfw>fxl.fzsJ; [;*DR ySRo0Dzd tw>fzH;tD.frRtD.f
b.fC;'lo0Dzdv> qJ; w>fySR'lzdo0Dzdv> wDtluD>f&h.f vDRqD'.fw>f 2009eH>ftylR unD cD.fok;&h.f 367 362 366 369 ok;rk>f'd.f (ch.ftJ.ftJvfth.f) [Jc; vD>u f sJ';D zJtylRuHmG f 2009eH.f vg
vDRrHRwD.fxD.fw>f*h>fv> w>frRql.f oh.w f z.f tvHmyf wHx.D o f .h w f z.f uD>fpJ.f wDtluD>f&h.ftylR y'd;e>f tok;&h.'f ;D rhr>h vf >cD.o f ;k &h.f 599 vDRt*h>fe.f vD>fu0DRzdw*RpH;0J'f zhR-bLRtg&HRe.f c;0Jusd 'fe. t f od;
r>pd; t0Joh.fe.f ySRv>vJRCkoh.f [JxD.fwkRv>ytd.fz;tge.fvDR$ b.fw>f*h>f w>fusdRcJv>mftd.f0J ok ; uv>RwcD r>ql . f r >pd ; 0J tHRe.fvDR$ tCde. f ySRrk.yf >S 'f ;D zdo.fweDR b.f
ngw>f*>h w f >fusRd v> ysyD Rl eD>zf *D Rh ck.f w>fe>frh>f'.fxJ xDwxl.fuD.fq.f 490 uvkmfe.fvDR$ 'fod;w>fr> o0Dzdwz.f tD.fpd.fpdrd o0DymfzSd.f b.fzJ 4e.f&H.fC.fC.f 'db.fxH;0Je.fvDR$
v>(FTUK) pH;0Jv> b.fC; wbh.f{dRvDR$ t0Joh.fb.f0He>f ql.f uvDRr>ft*D>f xJywJoud; xD.fo;wz.f v>urRe>ft0Joh.f tq>uwD>f cr& (427)tySR c; 'fe.ftod; zJvg,ElR
'D; w>fr>ql.f'lo0Dzde.f td.fv> etz tw>ftD.fw>ftD'D; tw>fpk wcg{dRwe>b f .f$ ILO ub.f[;H tw>fvDR$ b.fxJG'D; w>fr>ql.fr> vDRusdv> uD>foh'>o0DylR v>t tg&HR 19oDteHRe.f rkmf}wDRuD>f&h.f
w>fvD>fud;ylR'J; 'ftrh>fbsH;'0J>f u0JRwz.f xDbdvDR$ vJR0Jrh>fw xD.fzD.fxD.f w>frRwkRvDRwDRvDR pd;t*h>fe>f v>w>fu[h.fw>fqD.f 0Joh.ftd.fpcgylRvDR$ usdcsHvDRwJmf chylR [D.fu0DRylRe.f etz puc
z.fyl.f'D; 'lysmf,RuD>f&h.fwz.f cJ e>fb.fe. f b.f[h.f0Jphe. fvDR$ tge>f t*D>fy0J FTUB'D; FTUK oh.f oeH; qluD>fy,DR ok;y'd.f ttd.f vDRo0DylR utd.f 10bsJ.fbsJ.fng (21) tzDvmf cr& (387)ok;&h.f
v>mfvDR$ vDRqD'.fw>fzJ 2010eH.f te.f b.fvJRbSDe>f etz tok; wz.f ytJ.'f ;D wD.zf sgcDzsd ILO ql t*D>f FTUB wD.fzsgxD.f w>f*h>f ySRo0Dzd Ekmv f RD td.cf o
l .l v
f > w>fyRl c;vDRusdz;'d.v f > o0DyRl b.f0u J dF
vg,ElRtg&HRtwD>fylRtHRzJ wDtl w>fvD>f'D; usDe> ftoh.ft0.f xDbd [D.fcd.f'Dbh.fvDR$ qlILO ttd.fb.fq.f v>unD tCde. f w>fb.f'd.fb.fxH; wtd.f tCde.f uFdzd oHuHmG f0J (1)*R b.f
uD>f&h.f xDwxl.fuD>fq.fe. f rh>fv> tCd zsgv>t0Joh.f wvlRydmfxJG b.fxJG'D; vHmfywHxD.f uD>pf .J t
f ylRe.f etz ok; oh.w f z.f eDw*Rb.femfuh [H.f[;*DRuHmG f 4 'd.fb.fxH;0J 2*Re.fvDR$
(etz) r>vD>fu0DR 'lo0Dzdwz.f 0J ILOb.fe.f ypH;ohvDR$ tHRe.f ub.fw>fwJoud;tDRzJ [;rRoHrR0D rR[;*lm[ f ;*DR w>f zs>.fvDR$ rk>fqh.fxD.fweHR'D; t0J unDuD>fpJ.f wDtluD>f
tuvkmfuvkmf wkR'.fvJRwl>f0J etz ok;'k;,R&J.fusJR w>ft.d zf .Sd zf J vgr;&S;tylR'D; u*kmf 'G.J t
f [l .H C
f D wu;'H; b.f c;vDR0J oh.f EkmfvDRv>o0DylR 'de>fw>f*DR &h.yf Rl e.f v>tylRuHmG f ok;cd.u
f s>>fzd
we>f'D; ySR'lzdo0Dzd (470)*R qJ; 10 tzDvmfcD.fok;&h.f 346'D; usJ;p>;'d;e>f0J vHmf[h.ful.f[h.fz; usdz;'d.fql 'lo0Dzd v>[;Ch>f w>fz.D 0f RH r>ySRo0Dzd wJv> ch.t f eJ f chRrDRqh.f wDcd.f&drJ puc(5) tzD
vDR tpkrk>fus>>f'D; wD.fxD.fvHmfql 367 ok;&h.fv> tb.fw>fwDcd.f&d b.fv> uwD.fxD.fok;y'd.fu> td.fclol.f v>yS>fylRwz.f td.fqd; tJvfth.f[Jc;t*h>fe.f pH;0J'.f vmfok;&h.fwz.f [l;*JR0Joemfuh
ytd.f 'fod;yuwD.fzsgxD.fe. f t0J rJtDRv> (AdkvfrSL;csKyf aumif; (ICC)'D; u*kmfusJ;p>;0J'fod; w>ftvD>f'D; zJtylRuGHmf wvg vDR$ zJtylRuHmG f vg'H.fphb>.fe. f ok;cd.f
oh.ftw>f*h>fw>fusdRql (ILO) jrih)f tHR r>ql.rf >pd;0J 'lo0Dzt d u w>fu[H;e>f ok;cd.f'd.f (aumif; 21oDteHR udzF yd md cf gG zdw*R b.foH b.fC;w>f*h>ft0Je.f 'd.fzd uFDRthwDcd.f&d.frJ puc(7)
ttd.fpH;0Je.fvDR$ vkmu f vkmw f u;'H;b.f rRysHRrRzk; jrihf) t&hvDRwH>fvDRqJ;e.f tlrDR uGHmf0Je.fvDR$ ch.ftJ.f,l.f ok;uh(2) ySRb.frlb.f tzDvmfok;&h.fwz.f EkmfvDRqDw
'gw*RpH;0J oDGv> etzc;vDR vJto; [l;*JRuhR0Je.fvDR$
unDw>upD.w>y&X/vgr;&S;/2010eH./ubsH;yR=4
1988 ckEpS f ta&;awmf r_udk todtrSwfðyjcif;yif jzpfyg
yHYk vli,fausmif;om;wa,muf
taejzifh wufºupG mG yg0ifO;D aqmif
olvv
kd l (Zd,
k mi,fo@kd ) onf ? if ; tjyif acgif ; aqmif
aumif;wOD;jzpfol olr.zcif (y'dk
cJzh ;l ygonf? 'Dru kd a&pDta&;/ Ekid if H
a&;ud k od u |rf ; vS o nf r [k w f
&J&aJ wG; ref;&Sm) autJe, f l twGi;f a&;rSL;
. t&Sdef=oZmonfvnf; wGef;
aomfjim;vnf; jynfow l @kd . qif; tm;wck jzpf a umif ; jzpf E k d i f y g
&JraJG wr_/ 0efxrf;wd@k . qif;&J=uyf wm b,fvv kd /l bmvky/f b,frmS Y jyefvnfae&mcsay;onfukd t rSwfðy av;pm;cJh=uygonf? vdk owfjzwfrsKd;ðzwf ppfqifa&;'%f onf? olr.t&nftcsi;f a=umifh
wnf;r_/ tvkyform;/ v,fo aeonfyifrod? od&efvnf; r rSwf&rdao;onf? &if;ajym&v#if AkdvfcsKyf.orD;rdk@ udk ud, k wf ikd óf uHawG@cpH m;&ol jzpf jzpfap/ zcif. t&Sdef=oZma=umifh
rm;wd k @ . b0rajyvnf r _ r sm; óud;pm;=uyg? Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; rnfodk@qdkap owif; tpOftvm}uD;ol. rsKd;qufrdk@ ygonf? olrrSm jrefrmjynfta&S jzpf a p/ Tta=umif ; ES p f c k v H k ;
onf tm;enf;c|w, f iG ;f aom t om;[laom *k%yf 'k w f ckwnf;jzifh }uD;aom atmifqef;OD;wa,muf ae&may;/ acgi;f aqmifwifajrmuf ydik ;f u&ifjynfe,fwiG f arG;zGm;}uD; a=umifjh zpfap olrum; xifay:I
pd;k &. OD;aqmifra_ =umifq h okd nfukd tm;ud;k tm;xm; acgi;f aqmifwif rnfonft h cgrS ay:rvmcJyh g? od@k um 0ef;&HcJhonfomjzpfonf? jyif;cJhaomfjim; if;.zcifrsKd;±dk;rSm pif a wmf u aumuf v d k u f + yD j zpf
em;vnfcyhJ gonf? awmòrdae vl &ef jynfow l @kd vdvk v kd m;vm; &Scd hJ aomfjim; ta&;tcif; tpumv ta&;awmf y H k t p o {&m0wDwidk ;f / jrpf0u|e;f ay:a'o onf?
i,f w a,muf t aejzif h aus; =uygonf? xdo k wif;/ xdak r#mv f ifh emrnf y if r=um;cJ h & aom a': wif;}uD;cJah om OD;atmifqef;OD;w jzpfonf? rdru d ,
kd w
f ikd f ppftpd;k & olr. atmifjrifr_udk
vufa'oae wdkif;&if;om;wdk@. csufum; ppfwyftm%modrf;+yD; atmifqef;pk=unfwa,muf jref a,muf jrefrmhta&;wGif OD;aqmif . wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: &uf ppftpd;k &ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD ta&òcHol
tzdEydS cf /H tjiif;y,fcb H 0udk rsuf u|Efkyfwdk@ausmif;om;rsm; u&ifh rmjynf jyefa&mufcyhJ gonf? vm ryg0ifchJonfhtjyif ,cktcgwGif puf = urf ; ñuwf r_ r sm;/ wd k i f ; &if ; wcsK@d u ±_wcf s=uygonf? remvdk
jrifu, kd af wG@ cHpm;cJ&h ygonf? ppf awmfvSefa&;e,fajr a&mufvm &if;ta=umif;um; emrusef;jzpf awmh jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDta&;udk om;rsm;tm; rsK;d ðzwfppfqifrr_ sm; tonf ; u|J c wf = uygonf ? t
wyf/ &JEiS hf jynfo@l ppfw@kd . vuf onftxd v$ifhysHqJjzpfygonf? aeaom rdciftm;ðypkapmifah &Smuf aESmuf,Suf[ef@wm;oltjzpfyif udk ud, k af wG@óuHawG@c&hJ onfomr a=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jy qef@usiI f o
euftm;ud;k / tkycf sKyfow l @kd . tm befaumufwGifvdkvdk/ rJaqmuf &efom jzpfygonf? odk@aomf t xifjrifowfrSwf orkwfjcif; cH& u {&m0wDa'o/ yJc;l ±d;k ra'o&Sd abmrwlEidk af =umif; azmfxw k af 0
%mtm;udk; tEdkifusifh/ tcGifht wGivf vkd /kd rJw
h efwiG v f vkd kd atmif rsK;d cspo
f yl yD D ausmif;om;ESihf jynf av+yD? a':pkrmS zcifAv kd cf sKyft&Sed f wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k . b0tajctae zef=uonfudk awG@&onf?
a&;,lrr_ sm;a=umifh awmolawmif qef;OD; a&mufvmrnf? ausmif; olw@kd . b0ESihf tajctaersm;udk jzifh acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonfum; udk rdom;pkordkif;/ trsKd;om;a&; wdik ;f &if;om;ESihf jrefrm
om;/ aus;vufae jynfow l @kd b0 om;rsm;tm; tul t nD / t rsujf rifóuHawG@&aomtcg jrefrmh jiif;zG,f&mr&Sdyg? taemufEkdifiH ordkif;t& u|rf;0ifod&Sdolvnf; jynfcspo f m;wd@k um; 0rf;om*k%f
rSm òrdaejynfolwdk@. b0xuf axmuftyHh vmay;rnf[laom ta&;wGif ajcpHkypfyg0ifvmcJhyg rsm;. tm;ay;tod t rS w f ð yr_ jzpfygonf? if;tjyif wdkif;&if; ðy=uygonf? 'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJ
tzdESdyfcH tcGifhta&; qHk;±H_;ae owif;/ ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ppf onf? jrefrmjynfoEl iS hf 'Dru kd a&pD a=umif h v nf ; jzpf y gonf ? od k @ om;rsm;omru Armjynfom; . tkww f csyf oJwyGit hf jzpf cH,l
onfrSm udk,fawG@rsufjrifjzpfyg vufeufypPn;f rsm; vma&muful ta&; v_ y f & S m ;ol r sm;uvnf ; aomf olr. cdik rf maom ,H=k unf tm;vH k ; ppf t pd k ; &. rS m ;,G i f ; tm;ay;=uav+yD? u&iftrsKd;o
onf? nDrnf[laom owif;rsm;um; AdkvfcsKyforD;wa,muftaejzifh csu/f jywfom;aompdw"f mwf/ r aom tkycf sKyfra_ tmufwiG f qif;&J rD;i,frsm;t=um;Y olronf ol&J
if;tcsif;t&m/ tjzpf rnfonft h zG@J tpnf;/ vly*k Kd~ vfu acgif ; aqmif a e&may;cJ h y gonf ? qkwfrepfaom ZGJowWdESifh acgif; rGJaw/ iwfjywf aoa=uaeonf aumif;wOD;/ pHerlemacgif;aqmif
tysufrsm;udk t+rJrjywf od&Sd pvdu k o f nfrod? ausmif;om;ESihf olr. OD;aqmifru _ kd cH,cl yhJ gonf? aqmifr_ t&nftcsi;f rsm;u olr udkvnf; odu|rf;&oljzpfonf? wa,muftjzpf todtrSwfðy
awG@óuH&aom vli,fwa,muf jynfolrsm;=um;wGif a&yef;pm; od@k aomf xdak e@ xdt k csed t f xd olr tm; cdik rf mwnf=unfaom/ av; (&efuek /f rE aW v; a&mufz;l rS jref av;pm;cH&av+yD jzpfonf?
taejzifh ta&;awmfyw kH iG f wuf v#u&f cdS ohJ nf? u&ifah wmfveS af &; onf jrefrmjynfol/ jrefrmhEkdifiH pm;tm;udk;zG,f&m acgif;aqmif rmjynfta=umif; odonfr[kwf olrtm; EkdifiHwumrS
ºuGpGm OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhonfrSm r e,f a jrwck j zpf a om rJ h w &d o d k @ a&;ES i f h xd a wG @ r_ e nf ; cJ h y gonf ? aumif ; wa,muf j zpf a =umif ; yg? rnfonfah cgi;f aqmifrS jrefrm acgi;f aqmifaumif;wa,muftjzpf
qef;yg? Tt&Sdw&m;tm;vHk;udk u|Efkyfwdk@ a&muf&SdpOf OD;atmif (olr rod[k rqdv k ykd g) xd@k a=umifh oufaoxlcJh+yD;jzpfonf? Adkvf jynf òrd&GmtESH@ ra&mufzl;yg?) todtrSwðf ycJ+h yD jzpfygonf? od@k
ajymif;vJ/ jyifqif&efrmS vuf&t dS qef;OD; ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh vm yif ppftpd;k &ESihf if;wd@k . taygi;f csKyforD;[laom t&Sed f t0gtjyif olr.tod/ olr. Ek;d aomf wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;/ jrefrmh
pd;k &tm; ajymif;vJðzwfcs&efrw S yg; awG@rnf? qH&k yfrmS ,d;k ',m;Ekid if /H ygwd k @ u a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf udk,fydkift&nftcsif;&Sdol acgif; =um;r_/ óud;pm;r_/ tzdESdyfcH wdkif; ta&;/ Tc&D;a0;tm; pdw"f mwf
tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sd[k ,Hk=unf rJhwefjzpfonf[kqdk&m &mESifhcsD tm; jrefrmjynfESifh tqufjywf aqmif a umif ; wa,muf t jzpf &if;om;rsm;ESihf jrefrmjynfot l m; }uHcdkifpGm OD;aqmifEkdifa=umif;
aoma=umifhyifwnf;? aom u|Ekfyfwdk@ausmif;om;rsm; aeol/ jrefrmhta&;udk rodem;r jrefrmjynforl sm;omru Ekid if w H vH k ; ppf z d e yf a tmuf r S vG w f oufaojy&efrSmum; olrtm;
ta&;tcif; tpum u&ifhtm%mydkifrsm; wm;onfh vnfol/ jrefrmhta&;tm; OD;r umESifh urBmhjynfolrsm;uyg t ajrmuf a pvd k r _ / pd w f " mwf v k y f tcsed u f mvwcktxd apmif=h unfh
vrsm;Y OD;atmifqef;OD; jyefvm =um;rS e,fpyfjzwfI oGm;awG@=u aqmifEidk o f /l OD;aqmif&efroifo h l odtrSwfðy*k%f,lrSwfwrf;wifcJh aqmifrr_ sm;u ,ae@wiG f olrudk &OD;rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmjynf.
rnf? 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyu kH kd OD; rnfðy&m xdkif;tm%mydkifrsm;u [k a0zefxdk;ESufcJhygonf? tcGifh +yD;jzpfygonf? vkyfEkdifpGrf;&Sdol/ vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdolt tem*wf acgif;aqmifavmif;w
aqmifrnf[laom aumv[v ydwfqdk@wm;qD;ojzifh aomif&if; ta&;orm;/ tm%mrufol/ yGJ jref r mh E k d i f i H a &;wG i f jzpf todtrSwfðycJhav+yD? olr a,muftjzpf jrefrmjynfolt
owif;rsm;a=umifh u|Efkyfwdk@ESifh jrpfoJaomifjyifwGif waeukef vef@zsmcif;oltjzpf ±_wcf sa0zefchJ wufºuGpmG OD;aqmifEidk af om t tm; urBmvH;k qdik &f m i,f&, G of l rsm;u vufcHurnf;wif&efrSm
jynfow l @kd tm;ud;k ar#mv f ifch =hJ uyg qENjy xdkifapmifhae=uonf? n ygonf? rsKd;orD;rsm;xJwiG f ,ck erfhZdk,m acgif;aqmif (Young Global um; olr qufvufóud;pm;&OD;
onf? oydwpf cef;rsm;Y atmif aeapmif;csdefonfhwdkif xdkif;tm od@k aomf 'Dru kd a&pD tif zef;wa,muf ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h yDjzpf Leader)tjzpf rSwfausmifwifcJh rnfjzpfygonf?
qef;OD;udk wdk@ar#mfonf[laom %mydkifrsm;u oGm;cGifhrðyaomt tm;pkrsm;url olrtm; zciftarG onf? olrum; i,f&, G o f /l wuf av+yD? TqkwHqdyfonf olr.
aºuG ; a=umf o H r sm; b0*f n H c J h y g cg autJef,lu pufavSrsm;jzifh qufco H /l rsK;d cspo
f /l ud, k uf sK;d pGe@f ºuGol/ ppftpdk;&. wdkif;&if;om; Edk;=um;wufºuGr_/ olr. &J&ifhr_/ ÔÔÔ
onf? od@k aomf OD;atmifqef;OD;qdk vma&mufóudum rJw h &dpcef;wGi;f ol u,fwif&Siftjzpf todt rsm;tay: wd & d p > m ef r sm;ozG , f acgi;f aqmifEidk pf rG ;f t&nftcsi;f &Sd
jynfo@l toH
ajymawmh r#wwJh a&G;aumufyw
JG ?hJ
Armjynfu rde;f uav;awG tawmfrsm;rsm;[m xdik ;f Edik if rH mS rSmyJ ud, k f at;at;aq;aq; vkyu f ikd +f yD; ud,
k rhf o
d m;pke@J aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; wGu=f unhaf v tJ'g bmwke;f ? tJ'g r#wr_vm;? r#wwJh OpPmvm;?
vm+yD; b0awGysuw f ,f? 'kuaQ wGa&mufw,f? bmjzpfv@kd 'kuaQ &muf aerSmaygh? ajymawmh r#wwJh a&G;aumufyGJwJh? 'Dvkyf±dk;vkyfpOfawmif
vJqakd wmh ajymr,f? ArmjynfrmS tvkyaf wGu aygygw,f? &wJv h pm olw@kd u 'Dro d m;pkawG/ ud, k jfh refrmEdik if o
H m;awG bmjzpfv@kd rr#w[ hJ mudk 'Da&G;aumufyu JG r#wygrh vm;? wu,fom rSeu f efv@kd &dS
u rdom;pktwGuf rvHrk avmufb;l ? [kwv f m;? tJ'g=unhf Armjynfu b,fv'kd u k aQ &mufv?J pD;yGm;a&;tajctae b,fv&kd v dS q
J w kd mudk olw@kd &if Armrde;f uav;awG 'DEikd if uH kd vmp&mrvdyk gb;l ? [dk jrefrmjynfrmS ae
rde;f uav;awG xdik ;f Edik if v
H m+yD; b0ysuw f ,f? 'kuaQ wGa&muf=uw,f? ravhvmbl;av? olw@kd uawmh owif;awGxrJ mS b,fvq kd ufo, G af &;/ rSmayg?h qef/ a&/ pyg; xGuwf muvnf; jrefrmjynfuyJ o,HZmwawG
etz tJ'gukd r=unhb f eJ @J vspv f sL±lxm;w,f? olw@kd b0twGuaf wmh b,fvdkrsKd;vrf;aumif;atmifeJ@ b,fbk&m;wnfrSmvJ? 'geJ@olwdk@u xGuw f muvnf; jrefrmjynfuyJ? a&eH/ "mwkwiG ;f xGuyf pPn;f owWK
olw@kd yJ owif;awGxrJ mS awmh [kwaf ewmyJ? xdik ;f Ekid if rH mS vm=unhyf g? [kwaf ewmyJ? 'Dvrkd sK;d rde;f uav;awG b0ysuw f ,f? rdom;pke@J a0;+yD; awG xGuw f mvnf; jrefrmjynfuyJ? tJ'gawGxu G af yr,hf jrefrmjynf
oef;a&$vm=unhyf g? Armjynfu rde;f uav;awGb0[m ysupf ;D +yD; 'kuQ 'kuaQ &mufaewJo h al wGukd vm+yD;ar;ygvm;? vmar;av/ vmajymav? u pD;yGm;a&;[m bmrSrajymif;vJbeJ @J olrsm;Edik if rH mS rde;f uav;awG
awG a&mufae=u&w,f? tck ywfpyf @kd r&Sw d hJ rde;f uav;awG 'DrmS =unhaf v? aexdik cf iG u hf 'f&rdS S ywfpf u|ev f mvkyaf e&w,fqakd wmh tJ'g olw@kd raumif;vk@d vm;? 'Dred ;f u
'D0rf;a&;a=umihf rdom;pktwGuaf =umihf 'DrmS vm+yD; paw;cs ydk@vkyfvkd@&w,f? aexdkifcGifhr&SdwJh nDrwdk@vdk rdef;uav;awG ywfpfydk@ av; awGyJ raumif;vd@k vm;? aumif;vd@k vm;? pOf;pm;=unhaf yg?h olw@kd
ae=u&w,f? etzudk tJ'gukd odapcsiw f ,fav? taysmw f ckwnf;qdk b,fvo kd mG ;vkyrf vJ? wu,fom rSeu f efwu d swhJ etzu ywfpyf @kd &&dS /dS vnf; OD;a%Smuf&SdwJh vlom;wpfa,mufyJ[m? [kwfw,f r[kwf
&if jrefrmjynfrSmvnf; aysmfvdk@&wmyJ? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;? 'g r&Sd&Sd/ aexdkifcGihfr&Sd&Sd wu,ftrSeftuef vkyfay;&r,f tukefvHk;udk vm;? tJ'g trSeyf aJ v?
etzu rodb;l ? tckvkd vlwef;pm; tqiht f wef;cGjJ cm;wmvnf; 'g aexdik cf iG afh wG bmawG &Spd &mrvdb k ;l av? wu,fjrefrmjynfom;awG
etza=umih?f csr;f omwJo h u
l csr;f omw,f? qif;&Jwo hJ u
l vnf; qif; tukev f ;kH udk ywfpyf @kd vyk af y;w,fq&kd if tukev f yk af y;&rSmayg?h olw@kd u xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H a &muf Armrd e f ; uav;wOD ;
&JomG ;w,f? 'g etz rodb;l av? olw@kd omodv@kd &&dS if ud, k jfh refrmjynf wcgwnf; [dyk wfpyf @kd &rdS /S aexdik cf iG ufh 'f&rdS /S bmuef@owf&rdS w S @kd qakd wmh
ppfreS o
f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepft& vGwv
f yfy_ ;D w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfa&; jynfot
l m;vH;k wGif wm0ef&o
dS nf/
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 9
tmqife,f-bmpDve kd m/ bdi
k ,
f efjrL;epf-ref,w l @kd iSuaf ysmoD;wGif yg0ifaom
xdyw kd af wG@qHc
f u k =hJ uonfh UEFA Champion League j'yfaygif;wpfrsKd;u
uGmwm;zdi k e
f ,fypJG Ofrsm; pOfrsm;udk {+yDv 7/ 8 &ufae@rsm; tdwc f sfti
kd Af uD kd
&ufae@rsm;ESihf 'kwd, tausmhyGJ
azazmf0g&Dv 23&uf? wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@rsm; pkpnf;zGJ@ atmif &nf&, G +f yD; usi;f yðyvky&f oif;vnf;yg0ifupm;oGm;a=umif; uG,f&mwGifvnf; ,if;j'yfaygif; tdwcf st f ikd Af aDG q;0g;wcsKd . jy\
apmtJacgif (autkid pf )D pnf ; xm;onf h Cobem Cup jcif;jzpfygw,f[k yJGpDpOfolwOD; od&onf? rSm taxmuftulðyEdkifa=umif; emrSm Adik ;f &yfpo f nf rsK;d ADZajymif;
rav;&Sm;EdkifiHa&muf Ethnic Group tzG@J u OD;pD;usi;f jzpfol rav;&Sm; u&iftpnf;t usaemfwdk@ wdkif;&if; od&onf? vJEidk +f yD; aq;0g;udk cHEikd &f nf&v dS m
jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;rS yxrqH;k yjcif;jzpf+yD; wdkif;&if;om;tcsif; ±kH; (MKO)OuUX ref;pdefoef;u om;udk,fpm;ðytoif;rsm; yg0if Ban Lec ud k rD c sD * ef jcif;jzpfa=umif; od&onf?
t}udrftjzpf usif;yðyvkyfonfh csi;f pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf &_ v dS map&ef ajymqdkonf? upm;ovdk ,lteJ t f w
d cf spf tD m&f aq;wuUodkvfwGif ðyvkyfaom ,ck avh v mawG @ &S d r _
Cobem Cup cspf = unf a &; &nf&G,fum usif;yðyvkyfjcif;jzpf tqdkyg abmvHk;òydifyGJ ud k , f p m;ðytoif ; vnf ; vm okawoewpfckrSwqihf &SmazG a=umihf vltoufaygi;f rsm;pGmudk
abmvHk;yGJudk uGmvmvrfylòrd@&Sd onf[k pDpOfolrsm;u ajymqdk udk azazmf0g&D 21&ufrS rwfv a&mufyg0ifupm;oGm;ygw,f? ,l azmfxkwfEdkifcJhonf? j'yfaygif;udk u,fwifEikd v f rd rhf nf[k okawo
(Imbi)abmvH;k uGi;f wGif azazmf0g onf? 21&ufae@txd usi;f ycJjh cif;jzpf+yD; tJefu 0efxrf;awG/ bmomjyef iSufaysmoD;rsm;rS oD;jcm;cGJxkwf e pmwrf;a&;om;olrsm;u ajym
&D 21&uf a e@u pwif u sif ; yðy abmvH k ; yG J u sif ; y& csi;f / ucsi/f rGe/f u&if/ u&ife/D &Sr;f awG vHkòcHa&;0efxrf;awG pwJhvl Edik cf +hJ yD; ,if;udk vdirf w S pfqifh ul; =um;cJo h nf? urBmay:wGif tdwcf sf
vkyfcJhonf[k od&Sd&onf? jcif;uawmh rav;&Sm;rSma&muf ponfh jrefrmwdik ;f &if;om; ud, k f awG a ygh a emf ? vma&muf yg0if pufaom HIV-1yk;d udk umuG,f tdik Af aGD &m*g ul;pufrt _ rsm;qH;k Edik f
tqdkygcspf=unfa&;yGJ aewJh wdkif;&if;om;awG pkpkpnf; pm;ðy abmvHk;toif;rsm;tjyif upm;oGm;w,f[k ref;pdefoef; &mwGif toHk;ðyEdkifonf[k qdk iHrsm;rSm awmiftmz&du/ Edik *f s;D &D;
udk rav;&Sm;EdkifiHa&muf jrefrm pnf;eJ@ yl;aygi;f vkyu f ikd af qmif&uG f rav;&Sm;tajcpdkuf ,ltJeftdwf u ajymonf? onf? ,m;ESihf tdEdN,EdkifiHrsm;wGif }uD;
Ban Lec onf x d rm;aom jy\emwpf&yfjzpfae
rav;&Sm;EkdifiHa&muf jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm; yxrqkH;t}udrf cspf=unfa&; abmvkH;yGJrS trfautdkabmvHk;tzGJ@ a&mufaom tdwfcsftdkifADGwdkuf qJ jzpfonf? Ô
zsuaf &; Lectin j'yfaygi;f wpfrsK;d
jzpf+yD; vuf&adS q;ukocef;wGif t Eleven Media Group rS azmfjy
oH;k ðyaom tdwcf st f ikd Af w
GD u
kd zf suf xm;onf ?
ppfreS o
f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepft& vGwv
f yfy_ ;D w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfa&; jynfot
l m;vH;k wGif wm0ef&o
dS nf/
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 10
jrefrmppfwyf. ESy
d p
f ufc&
H onhf ol}uD;r tpD&ifcp
H m rdi
k ;f a=umihf awmawmifxJ
au'AvsLtdk xkwjf yef roGm;&ef &Gmom;rsm;
Edik if w
H umudk odapcsiw f mu yx ESdyfpufr_rsm;a=umihf toufqHk;
rwcsuf/ 'kwd,tcsufu etz ±_H;cJh&onf[k aemfbvl;rif;Edkuf wm;jrpfc& H
ppfwyfu ol}uD;rawGudkawmif Zefu ajymonf?
trsK;d om;ol}uD;vdk ni;f qJ/ owf au'AvsLtkd taejzihf azazmf0g&Dv 17&uf? vnf ; r&bl ; ? opf / 0g;ck w f v d k @
jzwfjcif;[m ppf&mZ0wfru _ kd usL; etz ppfwyf. vl@tcGit fh a&;csK;d apmcg;pl;nm;(autdkifpD) vnf;r&bl;? 'Dtwdkif;yJ quf&Sd
vGef&ma&mufw,f? vl@tcGifht azmufr_ESihf ppf&mZm0wf usL; zmyGefc±kdif/ 'G,fhvdk;òrd aer,fq&kd if awmif,meJ@vyk u f ikd f
a&;qd k i f & m &mZ0wf r _ u d k v nf ; vGerf r_ sm;udk ukvor*~ vHòk cHa&; e,ftwGi;f v_y&f mS ;aeonhf 'Dau pm;aomufwJholawGawmh awmf
usL;vGew f thJ wGuaf =umihf Edik if w H aumifprD S pHpk rf;azmfxw k af &; aumf bDatwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;onf rdkif;AHk; awmf'kuQa&mufawmhr,f? tck
umudk odapcsifvdk@ azmfxkwf& rwDzGJ@I ppfaq;oGm;&ef awmif; a=umihf awmawmifwo J mG ;a&muf awmif rdk;wGif;twGuf usaemf
wmjzpfw,f[k ajymonf? qdv k ukd +f yD; ,ck tpD&ifcpH monf jcif;rðy&ef a'ocH&Gmol&Gmom; xif;wacsmif;rS r&Sm&ao;bl;[k
t*F v d y f b momjzih f ppftpd;k &. &mZ0wfrr_ sm;udk rSwf rsm;udk ,cifvuwnf;u wm; ajymonf?
xk w f a 0onf h pmrsuf E S m 112 wrf;wifxm;Edkif+yD; vdktyfygu jrpfxm;a=umif; a'ocHrsm;.ajym xdkudpPESifhywfoufI
rsufESmyg if;tpD&ifcHpmxJwGif jyefvnftoHk;ðyEdkifonf[k t jycsuft& od&onf? autdik pf u D 'DaubDatwyfz@JG ukd
2005ck E S p f r S 2009ck E S p f t xd rsK;d orD;rsm;tzG@J csKyf(jrefrmEdik if )H . ,if;od@k awmxJroGm; qufoG,f&ef óud;yrf;aomfvnf;
u&ifjynfe,frS ud, k w f ikd óf uHawG@ t}uHay;tzG@J 0if eef;qdik af ESmif;u &ef ydwyf ifxm;cH&onhf &Gmrsm;rSm tcuftcJ&Sdaeonf?
&ol(od@k r[kw)f if;wd@k . aqGrsK;d ajymonf? 'G,v hf ;kd òrde,ftwGi;f &Sd 0if;armif; autJe, f l zmyGecf ±kid rf S
om;csif; trsKd;orD; 95OD;udk vl au'AvsLtd k o nf (0grl)/ u|ef;yif0if;(zdk@cJxmh)/ rd wm0efcHwOD;jzpfol apmxmhu
awG@ar;jref;xm;csufrsm;udk rSwf 2004ckEpS u f qdw+f idrjf cif;udk òzdcJG acsmif;0if;(uDG;wrmh)/ o&ufyif anmu olwdk@u tJ'Da'ocH
wrf;wif&,lcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k od jcif ; (attering Silences) ES i h f qdy(f nmhqmha*:xmh)/ rJy(l rJyh x l mh)/ jynfolawGudk umuG,fzdk@/ aus;
"g;c|ef=um;rSm vrf;av#mufol pmapmif. tzkH;pmrsufESm &onf? 2007ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12&uf a0:av/ y'ga'gif/ ac:uvm; p &GmzGH@òzd;wdk;wufzdk@ vmvkyfwmr
'DtpD&ifcpH mxJrmS &Gm ae@wiG f pd;k &drrf v_ eG f &ufpufrr_ sm; onhfaus;&Gmrsm;jzpfonf? [kwfbl;? olwdk@udk,fhusKd;twGuf
azazmf0g&Dv 26&uf? iH/ csi;f rdik òf rdwGif ,refae@eeH uf 10 ol}uD;rawGudk wdkifay:rD;wif±_d@ (State of Terror) tpD&ifcpH mESpf 'D a ubD t (333)ES i h f a&$vmwl;+yD; olwdk@&JvHkòcHa&;t
apmodef;jrifh (autdkifpD) em&DwGif ðyvkyfcJh+yD; tpD&ifcHpm owfwm/ t&Sifvwfvwf rD;±_d@ tkyu f kd xkwaf 0cJ+h yD; "g;c|e=f um; (999)wyfr[m vufatmufcH wG u f rd k i f ; AH k ; awG v nf ; axmif
jrefrmEdkifiHta&S@ydkif;&Sd xk w f j yef & jcif ; ES i h f ywf o uf I owfwm/ wud, k vf ;kH ajrwGi;f xJ rSm vrf;av#mufol tpD&ifcpH m wyf&if;rsm;onf awmxJroGm; w,f? +yD;awmhawmwJ roGm;zdk@
u&if a 'orsm;rS trsKd ; orD ; ol (au'AvsLtdk) wGJbuftwGif; jrKyf+yD; raorcsif; ±kdufowfwm rSm oHk;tkyfajrmufjzpfonf? &ef ,if;odk@ trdef@xkwfvdkuf+yD; wm;jrpfw,f? jynfoluawmhcH&
}uD ; rsm;onf jref r mppf w yf . a&;rSL; (1) aemfbvl;rif;Edik Zf efu awGtjyif tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf rk trsK;d orD;rsm; zdEydS rf r_ S aemufydkif; 0if;armif;*GiftwGif;&Sd oufoufaygh[k qdkonf?
enf;rsK;d pHjk zihf tpDtpOfcsum ni;f autdik pf u D ,kd refae@uajymonf? 'drf;usihfcH&wm/ OD;acgif;ay: a& vGwfajrmufa&;/ vlr_tqihft &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;rSm vkyfudkifpm; tqd k y g aus;&G m rsm;
yrf;ESyd pf ufcaH e&onf[k u&ift ol r u ppf w yf t k y f avmif;+yD; EdyS pf ufwm/ u|et f ae wef;jrihfrm;a&;/ trsKd;orD;tcGihf aomuf&ef tcufóuH&onf[k onf 1997ckEpS u f awmifòydusr_
rsKd;orD;tpnf;t±kH; (au'AvsL csKyfr_atmufrSm u&iftrsKd;orD; eJ@ cdkif;wmawG yg0ifygw,f[k ta&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ xdef;odrf; 0if;armif;&Gmom;wOD;u autdik f a=umihf v,f{u axmifaygi;f rsm;
td)k u ,refae@u tpD&ifcpH mw awG&J yifudk,ft&nftcsif; OD; aemfbvl;rif;Edu k Zf efu qdo k nf? apmih f a &S m uf a &;ud k &nf & G , f I pDukd ajymonf? pGm ysupf ;D qH;k ±_;H cJ+h yD;aemuf if;a'
apmif xkwfjyefvdkufonf? aqmifr/_ cHEikd &f nf&rdS /_ owW&d rdS _ vl xd k t pD & if c H p mxJ w G i f u&iftrsK;d orD;tpnf;t±k;H (au if;uolw@kd ('DaubDat) ocHtrsm;pkrmS awmif,mvkyif ef;
"g;c|ef=um;rSm vrf; xku, kd pf m; pum;ajymay;wJh 'D&J touf 25ESprf S 82ESp&f o dS nhf t 'AvsLtdk)udk 1985ckESpfwGif p uawmh rdkif;AHk;axmifxm;wJht udk ydkrdktm;xm;um vkyfudkifpm;
av#mufol trnf&dS tpD&ifcpH m &ifrh a_ wGtm;vH;k udk usrwd@k (au rsKd;orD; &Gmol}uD;rsm;tyg0if+yD; wifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? Ô wGuf 0if;armif;aus;&GmtkyfpkxJ aomufvm&onf?
. owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J kd xdik ;f Edik f 'AvsLtd)k urSww f rf;wif+yD;awmh if;wd@k txJrS tcsK@d onf ni;f yrf; u rJuv,facsmif;uae u|e;f yif tiftm; 600cef@&dS wd;k
0if;&Gm taemufup+yD; oGm;cGirhf wufaomAk'b < mom u&iftrsK;d
ay;bl;? awmawmifxJrSm oGm;
rde;f uav; (7)OD;udk jynhw f efqm±kH yd@k aqmifco hJ t l m; aewJh &Gmom;awGqkd &GmxJukd tm;
om; wyf r awmf ( 'D a ubD a t)
wyfr[m (999)/ (333)ESi(hf 666)
vH k ; jyef v muk e f + yD ? awmxJ r S m
zrf;qD; rD;u pcef;rSm&Sw
d hJ rde;f uav; (7) pcef; ZHb
k (D 5)wGif aexdik o
f jl zpf+yD; 0ifaiGr&Sdwm&,f/ aemufwcku
usew f hJ qef/ pyg; pwJh &dumQ awG
vufatmufcH wyf&if;rsm;onf
+yD;cJo
h nhEf pS f atmufwb kd mvrSp
udk oGm;jyef,lr&J=ubl;? tckt I a&$w;l azmf&efEiS fh opfxw k v f yk f
a,mufudk ac:aqmif+yD; rJhvr rnfo@kd ajymqdak c:aqmifomG ;onf
pcef;eJ@ odyrf a0;bl;av? wvw ajctaeu t&ifuxuf ydq k ;kd ae
azazmf0g&Dv 16&uf? &eftwGuf zmyGecf ±kid /f 'G,v hf ;kd òrd
jynfw h mqm±ku H kd yd@k cw
hJ ,f? tJvkd udk jynfhwmqm±kHodk@ udk,fwdkifyg
acgufavmuf jyefvmvdk@&w,f w,f[k qdo k nf?
apmodef;jrihf (autdkifpD) e,ftwGif;odk@ a&muf&Sdvm+yD;
ydk@vdkufwJhtxJrSm toufrjynfh oGm;cJoh l touf (14)ESpf t&G,&f dS
ajymawmh (11)&ufae@rSm vdkuf u|e;f yif0if;&Gmom; w
xdkif;-jrefrme,fpyf&Sd av;vt=umwGif ,ckvdk awm
wJ h uav;rav;awG v nf ; yg trsK;d orD;i,fwOD;u ,ckvkd ajym
oG m ;cJ h r d w ,f [k autd k i f p D u d k OD;u tck awmif,mckwf&r,hf
r,f v 'k u Q o nf p cef ; rS rd e f ; u xJroGm;&ef yxrqHk;t}udrf t
w,f? tJ'ga=umihf tck pcef;vHòk cH onf? ajymonf? tcsed rf mS rckw&f bl;? xif;oGm;acG
av;i,f (7)OD;udk jynhfwmqm±kH rdef@xkwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf? Ô
a&;awGu tJ't D rsK;d orD;udk xde;f usrudk vmajymwke;f if;rJv
h r jynfw
h mqm
odk@ ydk@aqmifcJhonfhpcef;wGif; ae
odr;f xm;vdu k wf ,f[k qdo k nf? uawmh tdrfaz:tvkyfyJ? wv ±ko
H @kd a&muf&+dS yD;aemuf xdak e&m&Sd
xdkifol trsKd;orD;wOD;tm; ,ck
tqdkyg ac:aqmifoGm; udk bwf (3000)&r,fvdk@ ajym rde;f uav;rsm;. 0wfpm;qif,if wGuf rnfonhfae&mjzpfa=umif; yd@k aqmifc&H onfh 'kuo Q nfred ;f u
v(13)&ufae@wGif pcef;wm0ef&Sd
ol trsK;d orD;rSm r,fv'kuo Q nf w,f? usrvnf; pcef;xJaewm r_rSm omrefyHkpHrsKd;r[kwfonhft od&SdoGm;um r,fvpcef;&Sd rdb av; 7OD;rSm touf 12ESprf S 22
olrsm;u zrf;qD;xm;vdkufonf rsm;xH jyefvnfqufoG,fcJhonf ES p f t xd & S d + yD ; ,if ; ud p P E S i h f y wf
[k owif;&&Sdonf? r,fv'kuQonfpcef;udk tay:pD;rS jrifawG@&onf?
[k olru qdo k nf? oufI oufqikd &f m pcef;wm0efcH
vGecf o hJ nfh &uftenf; tvm;wl jynf h w ef rsm;udk autdik pf u D qufo, G &f m
i,fu r,fv'kuo Q nfpcef;rS t qm±ko H @kd ac:oGm;cH&ol tjcm;rde;f vuf&SdtcsdefwGif ac:aqmifoGm;
ouf 25ESp&f t dS rsK;d orD;wOD;onf uav;wOD;u olaX;ru usr ol u d k ppf a q;ar;jref ; aeqJ j zpf
tdrfazmftvkyfoGm;vkyf&ef qdk+yD; udk vmajymw,f? 'Dtvkyu f kd 0g onf[k qdo k nf?
pcef;wGif;&Sd rdef;uav; 7OD;tm; oemygvm;? a,musfm;av;awG rJaqmufòrd@. ajrmuf
pnf;±k;H ajymqdck +hJ yD; rJv
h raus;&Gm&Sd udk rsm;rsm;qGJaqmifEdkif&if ydkufqH buf uDvrkd w D m 40ausmt f uGm&Sd
jynfhwefqm±kHodk@ ydk@aqmifcJh&mrS rsm;rsm;&r,fvdk@ ajymw,f? t r,fv'kuQonfpcef;onf vlOD;
tjyefwGif pcef;vHkòcHa&;rsm;u =uyfudkifwmwdk@ bmwdk@awmh r&Sd a& 5aomif;0ef;usif&Sd+yD; vGefcJh
zrf;qD;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf[k bl ; ? usru 0goemrygwJ h t onh f 2004ck E S p f u vnf ; &uf
r,fv'kuQonfpcef;rS u&ift wGuf pcef;xJjyefvm+yD; pcef;wm om;t&G,f uav;i,fwOD;tm;
rsKd;orD;tpnf;t±kH; tzGJ@0ifwOD; 0ef & S d o l a wG u d k ta=umif ; =um; r,fvpcef;ae rdcifuikd w f ikd f vlyJG
u ajymonf? vdkufw,f[k ajymonf? pm;rsm;xH a&mif;cscJhjcif;a=umihf
olru tJ'DtrsKd;o ,if;od@k jynfw
h efqm±kH xdkif;&Jrsm;u zrf;qD;cJhao;onf?
Photo-KIC
ppfreS o
f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepft& vGwv
f yf+yD; w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfa&; jynfot
l m;vH;k wGif wm0ef&o
dS nf/
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 11
t"rRci
kd ;f apcH&r_tay: u&if&mG om;(400)ausmf tdi
k t
f ,fvt
f o
kd @kd wdi
k =f um;
wdkifpmawG usaemfwkd@qD trsm; vkyform;rsm;or*~tzGJ@0if apm wifjycsifw,f[k ajymonf? awmif;cHoGm;&ef tufzfwD,lbD
}uD;a&mufvmw,f? tJ'g xef; t,fr;l ESifh aumfo;l av ynma&; if ; wd k i f = um;csuf u d k ESifh tufzw f ,D al uwd@k rS awmif;qdk
wyifòrde,fwckwnf;yJ &Sdygao; tvk y f o rm;rsm;or*~ t zG J @ 0if rwfvwGif ðyvkyrf nfh tdik t f ,fvf xm;onf?
w,f ? etz &d u Q m o,f a y;& apmjraumfx;l tm; owfjzwfjcif;/ tkd tpnf;ta0;wGif aqG;aEG;ajym vuf&t dS csed w f iG f anmif
w,f? vufeufcJ,rf;awG yHkrSef aus;&Gm 3&GmrS tdrfajc 85vHk; qduk m Edik if w H um w&m;±k;H rS ppf av;yifc±dik /f ausmuf}uD;òrde,fY
o,f a y;&w,f ? roG m ;Ed k i f & if rD;±_d@zsufqD;cJhjcif;/ awmifilc±kdif/ tpd;k & usL;vGecf o hJ nhf tr_EiS yfh wf puc(10). vufatmufcHwyf
vnf; aiGay;aqmif&w,f?aemuf xef;wyifòrde,frS &Gmom;rsm; oufI t}uHðyv$mudk &,l&ef &if ; rsm;jzpf a om cr&(367)/
+yD ; wyf p cef ; oG m ;aqmuf a y;& tm; t"rRvyk t f m;apcdik ;f cJjh cif;udk óud;pm;oGm;rnfjzpf+yD; usL;vGeo f l (362)/ (366)ESifh (369) wyfz@JG rsm;
wmwdk@/ opf0g;awGoGm;ckwfay;& usL;vGefcJhonf[k yl;wGJa=unm Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfaumif;jrihu f v kd nf; t u xd e f ; csKyf v _ y f & S m ;v#uf & S d + yD ;
wmawG[m yHkrSef&SdaewJhtwGuf csuw f iG f azmfjyxm;onf? a&;,lay;&ef ajymqdkoGm;rnf[k cr& (599). wyfpcef;udkvnf;
vufawG@ vkyaf qmifwm vH;k 0r&Sd tufzw f ,D b l D twGi;f OD;armifarmifu qufajymonf? atmifp;kd rd;k pkpnf;aus;&GmrS &Gmol
vd@k ajymEdik w f ,f[k qdo k nf? a&;rSL; OD;armifarmifu etz wcsdefwnf;wGif vl@t &Gmom;rsm;u tvm;wl vkyt f m;
Photo-KIC
etz puc(10)vuf ppftpd;k &[m tdik v f ,fvt f ekd @J o cGifhta&;rsm; csKd;azmufaeonhf ay;ae&onf[k od&onf?
aemfazma*cku etz rD;±_dzsufqD;aeonfh u&if&Gmtdrfukd jyaepOf atmufcH Adv k rf LS ;csKyfaumif;jrihf OD; abmwlncD suf b,favmufyJ ,l jrefrmppftpdk;&tm; vsifjrefpGm vk y f t m;apcd k i f ; r_ E S i h f
rwfv 1&uf? ES i h f 'l ; yvm,mc±d k i f r S m vnf ; aqmifonfhajcjrefwyf&if; cr& xm;apumrl wdkif;&if;om;a'o ta&;,laqmif&u G Ef ikd &f efEiS fh tdik f ywfouf+yD; jrefrmppftpdk;&tm;
apmodef;jrihf (autdkifpD) tvm;wl ppfwyf. vkyt f m;cdik ;f (346)ESifh cr& (367)wyf&if;onf awGrSm t"rRvkyftm;ay; quf t,fvt f kd 2001ckEpS f qH;k jzwfcsuf ydkrdkzdtm;ay;&ef tufzfwD,lbD
yJc;l wdik ;f ta&Szufjcrf; apr_awG &Syd gw,f? txl;ojzihf 'D a'ocHjynforl sm; t"rRvyk t f m; vuf&Sdaeao;w,f? txl;ojzihf ESifh 2006ckEpS f qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk taejzihf tdik t f ,fvt f x kd H ,cif
wGif ,ckEpS q f ef;ydik ;f u etz ppf 2010ckEpS /f Zefe0g&v D rSm awmifil cdkif;aponhftjyif trsKd;rsKd;aom 'D 2009xJrSmqdk&if u&ifjynf tjynhft0taumiftxnfazmf u awmif;qdkwifjycJhaomfvnf;
wyf. t"rRvkyftm;cdkif;apcH&r_ c±dkif xef;wyifòrde,fu a'ocH +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ ±kdufESufnif;yrf;r_ e,f/ awmificl ±kid x f rJ mS usaemfw@kd aqmif&GufEdkif&eftwGuf tjynf u&ifjynfe,fwiG f ppfwyf. rD;±_@d
tay: a'ocH u&if&mG ol&mG om; awG[m etz ppfwyf&J vkyt f m; rsm; vkyaf qmifv#u&f o dS nf[k t rSwfwrf;ðypkxm;wm tr_tm; jynfqdkif&m tvkyform;or*~ zsufqD;r_/ owfjzwfr_/ tdrfoHk;
400ausmfu tjynfjynfqdkif&m cdik ;f apr_trsK;d rsK;d a=umihf rcHr&Edik f qdyk g wdik =f um;pmxJwiG f wifjyum vHk;aygif;(490)ausmf &Sdaeao; rsm; tzG@J csKyf (tdik w f , D pl )D ESifh tzG@J ypP n f ; zsuf q D ; ,l a qmif r _ t jyif
tvk y f o rm;or*~ r sm;tzG J @ csKyf wJhtwGuf tdkift,fvftdkxHudk &Gmol&mG om;rsm;u vufrw S af &; w,f ? t"rR vk y f t m;ay;ud p P 0ifrsm;/ urBmhtvkyform;or*~ ykef;a&Smifaeonfh &Gmom;rsm;.
(tkdift,fvftdk)odk@ ,ae@&ufpGJ wifjyzdk@qdk+yD; &Gmom; (470)u xdk;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? yaysmufz@kd u ajym±keH @J r&bl;? tdik f rsm; tzGJ@csKyf (*sD,ltufzf)/ tdkif ae&mrsm;odk@vnf; vufeuf}uD;
jzihf vufrSwfa&;xdk; wdkif=um; vufrSwfa&;xdk;+yD;awmh usrwdk@ 2010 ESpfqef;ydkif;wGif t,fvftdktaeeJ@ jyif;jyif;xef t,fvftdk. tpdk;&tzGJ@0ifrsm;/ rsm;jzihf vSr;f ypfcwfco hJ jzihf ,cif
vdkufonf? udk wdkif=um;v$mawG ydk@vmcJhyg tqd k y g etz ppf w yf r sm;u xefvkyfzdk@ usaemfwdk@ tufzfwD tvkyf&SiftzGJ@0ifrsm;ESihf tjynf v 21&uf a e@u ausmif ; om;
tqdkygwdkif=um;pmESihf w,f[k qko d nf? anmifav;yifc±kid f ausmuf}uD;òrd ,lbDaum/ tufzfwD,laua&m jynfqikd &f m w&m;±k;H (tdik pf aD *s). av;wOD; aoqH;k oGm;cJo h nf?
ywfoufI aumfol;avtvkyf vk y f t m;cd k i f ; apcH & ol e,fY aumfo;l av pdu k yf sK;d a&;t tdkift,fvftdkuwqifh urBmudk t}uH ^ m%f u d k taqmwvsif Ô
orm;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (tufzf rsm;u a&;xdk;xm;aom vuf etz ppftpkd;&. t"rRvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apcHae&onfh anmifav;yifc&dkifrS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;
wD,al u)ESifh jrefrmtvkyo f rm; rS w f r sm;/ vuf a AG r sm;ud k wyg
or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (tufzfwD,l wnf;,laqmifI tdkift,fvftdk
bD ) wd k @ u yl ; wG J a =unmcsuf w xH wifjyawmif;qdo k mG ;rnfjzpf+yD;
apmif xkwfjyefum xdkif;-jrefrm if;rSm jrefrmppftpdk;&taejzihf
e,fpyfwGif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJ tdkift,fvftdkESihf oabmwlnD
wck ,refaeu ðyvkycf o hJ nf? csuf&SdcJhaomfvnf; vufawG@t
t"rR vkyt f m;ay;cdik ;f aumuftxnfazmfjcif; vHk;0r&Sd
apcH&onhf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;. a=umif; oufaojyvdkufjcif;yif
vufrSwfa&;xdk; wkdif=um;jcif;ESifh jzpfonf[k tufzw f , D al uOuUX
ywfoufI udk,fwdkifuGif;qif; apma'ghav;rlu ajymonf?
rSww f rf;ðypkco hJ (l tufzw f , D al u) olu etz[m tdik f
tzGJ@0if aemfazma*cku ,ckvdk t,fvt f ekd @J oabmwlncD suf &Sd
ajymonf? xm;ayr,hv f @kd t"rRvyk t f m;cdik ;f
vkyftm;cdkif;apr_awG apr_u t+rJwrf;&Sad ew,f? txl;
uawmh u&ifjynfe,ftESH@rSm&Sd ojzihf awmifial 'orSm t"rRvyk f
aeygw,f? bdw-f xm;0,f/ zmyGef tm;cdik ;f apr_a=umihf a'ocHawG&J Photo-FTUK
"mwfyr
kH w
S w
f rf;
=opa=w;vsm;a&muf u&ifrsm; ppftpk;d &ukd rav;&Sm;rS jrefrmcspf=unfa&; abmvHk;yGJ zGifhyGJ
uef@uGuqf ENjy awmif;qda
k e=upOf tcrf;tem;jrifui G ;f
ppfreS o
f nfh 'Dru
kd a&pDpepft& vGwv
f yfy_ ;D w&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyjJG zpfa&; jynfot
l m;vH;k wGif wm0ef&o
dS nf/
u&ifowif;pOf/ rwfv/ 2010 ckESpf? pmrsufESm 12