WorksCited

PrimarySources
"AtombombRobertOppenheimer."HinduHumanRights.August2012.
http://www.hinduhumanrights.info/wpcontent/uploads/2012/08/Atombomb_Robert_Opp
enheimer.jpg.WeusedthistoobtainapictureofJ.RobertOppenheimer.Heisshownin
theclassicimageofhimsmokingapipe.
Atomicdevice.osti.
https://www.osti.gov/opennet/manhattanprojecthistory/images/GadgetLarge.jpg.We
usedthissiteforapictureoftheatomicdevice.
"B56."AtomicArchive.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Images/bio/B56.jpg.WeusedthistogetapictureofLeo
Szilard.
"DailyArchives:January30,2015."TheDigitalAntiquarian.
http://www.filfre.net/2015/01/30/.WeusedthiswebsitetofindanimageofRobert
OppenheimershakinghandswithEdwardTeller,aHungarianbornscientist.Their
handshakelooksuneasy,andthishelpstohighlightthetensionoftheencounterbetween
thetwogroupsofscientists.
Dannen,Gene."APETITIONTOTHEPRESIDENTOFTHEUNITEDSTATES."Atomic
Bomb:Decision:SzilardPetition,July17,1945.March27,1995.
http://www.dannen.com/decision/450717.html.Weusedthiswebsitetofindapetition
circulatedaroundandsignedbymultiplescientists,includingLeoSzilard.Thepetition,

addressedtoPresidentTruman,expressesthereservationsthesescientistshaveaboutthe
useofthebombagainstJapaninWWII.
Dannen,Gene."SzilardPetition,July17,1945FullcolorImage."AtomicBomb:Decision:
SzilardPetition,July17,1945FullcolorImage.AccessedJanuary19,2016.
http://www.dannen.com/decision/petgif.html.Weusedthiswebsitetofindanimageof
Szilardspetition.
"EdwardTeller."Wikimedia.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/EdwardTeller1958_fewer_smudge
s.jpg.WeusedthissiteforapictureofEdwardTeller.
Einstein,Albert."AmericanExperience:TV'sMostwatchedHistorySeries."PBS.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primaryresources/trumanein39.
WeusedEinsteinsLettertoFDRtoshowtheexchangeofinformationbetween
AmericanandGermanscientists.Intheletter,Einsteinsadviceiscriticaltothe
developmentoftheatomicbomb,andwithoutthisexchange,itmaynothavebeena
possibility.
"EnricoFermiattheBlackboard."UniverseToday.April2015.
http://www.universetoday.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/Enrico_Fermi_at_the_black
board.jpg.WeusedthistoobtainapictureofEnricoFermi.
Frisch,Otto,andRudolfPeierls."FrischPeierlsMemorandum,March1940."AtomicArchive.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Begin/FrischPeierls.shtml.Weusedthistolearn
aboutOttoRobertFrischandRudolfPeierls,GermanJewishphysicistswhohelpedinthe
developmentofthebomb.Theirworkonthecalculatingthecriticalmassneededfora

fissionreactiongreatlyacceleratedthepaceatwhichboththeBritishandtheU.S.were
abletocreateaworkingbomb.
"Genesis."AtomicArchive.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/hbomb/page_01.shtml.Weusedthiswebsiteto
findanimageofRobertOppenheimerworkingwithscientistswhohadescapedfrom
NaziGermanyduringWWII.Thishighlightsthethemeofexchange.
"LaunchoftheUnscrewedSkylabStation."Digitalimage.NationalAeronauticsandSpace
Administration.June31,2015.
http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/11074869526_c386bc2d1e_o.j
pg.WechosethisimageforourLegacytab,becauseitdepictstheSaturnV.Therocket
wasusedintheApollomoonlandingon1969,andwasinventedbyGermanScientist
WernhervonBraun.
LosAlamos.Atomicheritage
http://www.atomicheritage.org/sites/default/files/Main%20Gate.jpg.Wechosethissite
forapictureofLosAlamosprojectmaingate.
ManhattanProjectsymbol.Wikipedia.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Manhattan_Project_emblem.png.
WeusedthissiteforapictureofManhattanProjectsymbol.
Marshall,Joseph.HowwekepttheAtomicBombsecret.Nuclearsecrecy.
http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/194511SaturdayEvening
PostHowwekepttheatomicbombsecret.jpg.Weusedthisforapicture.

Nucleardevice.Antinuclearinfo.
https://antinuclearinfo.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/manhattanproject.gif.Weusedthis
siteforapictureofthenuclearbombanditsengineers.
Piles.Hanford.AtomicHeritage
http://www.atomicheritage.org/toursite/lifehanford.Weusedsiteforpictureofmaking
nuclearreactors.
Plants.AtomicHeritage
http://www.atomicheritage.org/sites/default/files/Y12%20Gunk%20Extraction%20Towe
rs.jpg.Weusedthissiteforpictureofmakinguranium225
Roosevelt.osti.
http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/images/roosevelt.jpg.Weusedthisforapictureof
Roosevelt.
Scofield,Megan."ProjectPaperclip."BrighamYoungUniversity.2009.
http://germslav.byu.edu/perspectives/2009/Scofield_Megan.pdf.Weusedthispaperto
gaininsightabouttheeffectandcauseofOperationPaperclip.Italsohelpedusconnect
theexodusofNaziscientistsintotheUnitedStateswiththecreationoftheoperation.
"Szilard1954LIFE."NuclearSecrecy.February2014.
http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/Szilard1954LIFE.jpg.We
usedthiswebsitetoobtainapictureofLeoSzilard.
SzilardandEinstein.hswstatic.
http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/manhattanproject3.jpg.Weusedthissiteforapictureof
SzilardandEinsteinworkingtogetherfortheManhattanProject.

"TheManhattanProject."ManhattanProjectVoices.
http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/.Weusedthiswebsitetoobtainaphotographshowing
themainscientistswhoworkedontheManhattanProject.Weincorporatedthisintoone
oftheheadingsonourwebsite.
TheManhattanProject.AMNH.
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/peaceandwar/themanhattanproject
Thissite
providedusinformationonEinsteinscontributiontotheManhattanProject.Gaveusthe
interestingfactthatEinsteinwasnotallowedtoworkontheprojectbecauseofhis
politicalleanings
Trinitysite.AtomicArchive.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/sites/Images/Trinity_Site.jpg.Weusedthissite
forapictureofTrinitySite.
Trinitysite.Virtualology.
http://images.virtualology.com/images/4804.gif.Weusedthissiteforapictureofatomic
bombreadyfortestingatTrinitysite.
TrinityTestFireballWikimedia.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg
PhotooftheTrinityTest,theworldsfirstmanmadenuclearexplosion.
Urey,Harold."HaroldUrey'sInterview."InterviewbyStephaneGroueff.Voicesofthe
ManhattanProject.
http://manhattanprojectvoices.org/oralhistories/haroldureysinterview.Weusedthis

interviewwithHaroldUreytolearnmoreabouthisinvolvementcomparedwiththoseof
theotherscientistsintheManhattanProject.

SecondarySources
Buchan,James.Theburdenofthebomb.TheGuardian.February1,2008.
http://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/feb/02/featuresreviews.guardianreview7.Thisis
areviewofthebookourteacherrecommendedtousthattellsusthestoryandthoughts
ofOppenheimerbefore,during,andaftermakingthebomb.Itprovidesadeeper
understandingofwhoOppenheimerreallywasandthechangeshewentthroughbefore
andafterthebombingofHiroshima,hisdeepregret,andhowheshauntedbyit.Italso
showshisinteractionwithTruman,hisfriendshipwithEinstein,andhisfeudwith
Strauss.Itprovideduswithinsightintohisidentityandhowhewasaffectedbythe
makingandusageofthebomb.
Cusmariu,Arnold."Articles:JewishScientistsHelpedAmericaBuildtheAtomBomb."
AmericanThinker.February8,2015.
http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2015/02/jewish_scientists_helped_america_buil
d_the_atom_bomb.html.Thiswebsitegaveusinformationonthescientistswhoescaped.
ManyofthescientistswhoassistedinthedevelopmentoftheatombombwereJewish
andmanycametotheUStoescapetheNazis.Oppenheimer,whowasAmericanborn,
wasthescientificdirectorofLosAlamosLaboratory,wherethebombwasdeveloped.
EdwardTeller,aHungarianscientist,isamongthemostwellknownamongtheforeign
bornscientists

"EnricoFermi."AtomicHeritageFoundation.
http://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/enricofermi.Thisgaveusinformationabout
EnricoFermi,ascientistdeeplyinvolvedinthephysicsbehindthemakingofthebomb.
Forexample,headvisedtheInterimCommitteeontargetselection,recommendingthe
bombsbeusedwithoutwarningagainstanindustrialtarget.
Jacobsen,Annie."IntelligenceinPublicLiterature."CentralIntelligenceAgency.October06,
2014.
https://www.cia.gov/library/centerforthestudyofintelligence/csipublications/csistudi
es/studies/vol58no3/operationpaperclipthesecretintelligenceprogramtobringnazi
scientiststoamerica.html.Weusedthiswebsitebecauseitgaveexamplesofspecific
eventsduringOperationPaperclip.ItdiscussesinventionsandaccomplishmentsbyNazi
scientistswithaspecificitythatwecouldnotfindonotherwebsites.Inaddition,italso
discussesOperationPaperclip,abookaboutthecovertoperation,allowingustoreceivea
summaryofthebook.
"J.RobertOppenheimer."PBS.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX65.html.Thiswas
importantbecauseitgaveusanideaofRobertOppenheimerslifebeforehededicated
himselftotheatomicbomb.Wealsousedthisinordertohelptieintheexchangethat
occurredbetweenGermanscientistsandhimselfinordertocreatetheatomicbomb.
"LeoSzilard(18981964)."AtomicArchive.
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Bios/Szilard.shtml.
Thiswebsiteprovideduswithalittle
moreinformationaboutSzilard.Itdescribeshisattemptstocreatenuclearchainreactions

andreactorsingreaterdetailandtoucheduponhisrelationshipswhileworkingonthe
ManhattanProject.
"NielsBohr."AboutTheAtom.http://gk12.rice.edu/trs/science/Atom/bohr.htm.Weusedthis
sitetoresearchaboutBohrandhisinvolvementinthecreationoftheatomicbomb.It
provideduswithscientificbackgroundaboutthebomb.
"NuclearFiles:Library:Biographies:LeoSzilard."NuclearFiles.orgProjectoftheNuclear
AgePeaceFoundation.
http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/biographies/bio_szilardleo.htm.Thiswebsite
provideduswithsomeinformationaboutthelifeofLeoSzilard.Thewebsitetoldus
aboutSzilardseducation,hisbeginningswhileworkingwithatoms,hisparticipationin
theManhattanProject,andhisworkafterWorldWar2.
"Oppenheimer:ALife."J.RobertOppenheimerCentennialatBerkeley.
http://cstms.berkeley.edu/archive/oppenheimer/exhibit/.Thisonlineexhibithelpedus
understandOppenheimerschildhood.Weuseditinordertobetterunderstandhis
motivesforenteringtheManhattanProject,andwhyhepursuedit.
"People&Events:EdwardTeller(19082003)."PBS:AmericanExperience.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX73.html.Thiswebsite
explainstheearlylifeofEdwardTeller,hiseducation,workinnuclearphysics,his
participationinandrelationswiththeotherscientistsintheManhattanProject,andhis
workafterWorldWar2.

"Profiles."AtomicHeritageFoundation.http://www.atomicheritage.org/bios.Thiswebsitelists
themaincharactersinvolvedinthemakingofthebomb,andawholelistofManhattan
ProjectVeterans.Weusedthisduringourbrainstormingforthelayoutofourwebsite.
"ProjectPaperclipRecruitmentofGermans."ProjectPaperclipRecruitmentofGermans.
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_mj12_17.htm.Weused
thissitetoprovidebackgroundinformationforOperationPaperclip.Itwashelpful
becauseitprovidedspecificscientists,aswellasordersbytheUnitedStatesgovernment
torecruitNaziscientists.
Prouty,Doug."ExodusofScientistsTheRacetoBuildtheAtomicBomb."Exodusof
ScientistsTheRacetoBuildtheAtomicBomb.
http://www.cccoe.k12.ca.us/abomb/exodus.htm.Thiswebsitewasbeneficialtoour
researchbecauseitgaveusastartingpointfromwhichwecouldconductourresearch.
WeusedittogetageneralideaofwhatthescientistswhofledfromNaziGermany
broughttotheUnitedStates.Thetimelinewasalsousefulfororganizingourresearch
chronologically.
"ScientificExodus."AtomicHeritageFoundation.
http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/scientificexodus.Thissourcedescribesthe
antisemitisminEuropeprecedingWorldWarII,whichcausedtheexodusofmuchof
EuropesJewishscientiststoescapetheNazis.Amongthenamesofthescientistsinclude
AlbertEinsteinandEnricoFermi,tworenownednuclearphysicistsinstrumentalinthe
developmentofthebomb.

Sharav,Vera."LegacyofNazisinAmerica."AHRP.December28,2010.
http://ahrp.org/legacyofnazisinamerica.Weusedthiswebsitetoreceiveasummary
aboutOperationPaperclip,aclandestineeffortbythegovernmenttorecruitanduseNazi
scientiststoconductresearchfortheUnitedStates.Thiswebsitegaveusalotof
informationaboutthenatureoftheoperation,andotherpeoplesopiniononit.
Shurkin,JoelN."EdwardTeller,'FatheroftheHydrogenBomb,'IsDeadat95."Stanford
Report.
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/september24/tellerobit924.html.
Thisarticle,written
inresponsetoTellersdeathin2003,describeshislifeextremedetail.Itdescribeshis
childhood,education,andhisworkinphysicsandmathematics.Thewebsitealso
explainshisrelationshipswithhiscolleagueswhileworkingontheManhattanProject
andhowtheychangedafterthewaraswellashisideasaboutnuclearweaponsandthe
placetheytakeintheworld.
Wellerstein,Alex."FeynmanandtheBomb."RestrictedData.June6,2014.
http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2014/06/06/feynmanandthebomb.Thiswebsite
provideduswithanindepthinterpretationandunderstandingaboutFeynmans
involvementinthemakingofthebombandhisthoughts.