‘Mary Ruth Wise 238 Taylor, Douglas. 1961b. “Arawakan for ‘path, bone, hand’: a semantic problem of reconstruction”. International Journal of American Linguistics 27:365-361. Taylor, Douglas. 1978. “Four consonantal pattems in Northem Arawakan” International Journal of American Linguistics 44:121-131. ‘Tracy, Francis. 1974. “An introduction to Wapishana verb morphology”. International Journal of American Linguistics 40:120-125. Wilson, Peter y Stephen H. Levinsoha. 1992. Una descripcién preliminar de la gramética del achagua (Arawak). Bogoté: Instituto Lingiistico de Verano. Wise, Mary Ruth. 1963. “Six levels of structure in Amuesha (Arawak) verbs” International Journal of American Linguistics 29:132-152. Wise, Mary Ruth. 1971. Identification of participants in discourse: A study of aspects of form and meaning in Nomatviguenga. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics and Related Fields 28, Norman: University of Oklahoma y Summer Institute of Linguistics. Wise, Mary Ruth. 1988a. “Pronominal forms and functions in northem Meipuran Arawakan languages”. Ponencia presentada en el Simposio sobre Lingiiistica Arawaka, 46° Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Amsterdam, ‘Wise, Mary Ruth, 1988b. “Comparative morphosyntax and subgrouping of Maipuran Arawalan languages”. Ponencia presentada en el Simposio sobre Linguistica Arawaka, 46° Congreso Intemacional de Americanistas, Amsterdam, ‘Wise, Mary Ruth. 1990a, “Valence-changing affixes in Maipuran Arawakan langua- ges”, En Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages, 89-116, Doris Payne, ed. Austin: University of Texas Press. Wise, Mary Ruth, 1990b, “Afyos causativos y comitativos en idiomas de la faunilia arawaka maipurén”. En Temas de Lingiistica Amerindia, 291-307. Rodolfo Cerrén-Palomino y Gustavo Solis, eds. Lima; CONCYTEC y GTZ, Wise, Mary Ruth. 1991a. “Un estudio comparativo de las formas pronominales y sus flmeiones en las lenguas arawakas nortefias”. Revista Latinoamericema de Estudios Etnolingitsticos 6:183-199, Wise, Mary Ruth. 1991b. “Morfosintaxis comparativa y subagrupacioues de las Jonguas arawakas maipurén”. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Etnolingiits- ticos 6:259-282, Ro Letnwamencang de Eubuticss Brynalingujgheos W564 oss APOLISTA (LAPACHU) AS A MAIPURAN ARAWAKAN LANGUAGE David L. Payne SIL International INTRODUCTION: PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS OF APOLISTA! Classifications of South American languages have traditionally been hesitar about placing Apolista, also known as Lapachu, within the Arwakan family, an ‘uch less 60 within the main Maipuran trunk of that family. The purpose of this pape is to provide evidence that Apolista is indeed a Maipuran Arawakan language, and j ‘most closely related to the Northern branch of Maipuran ‘The small amount of data previously available on which to base th classification of Apolista was said by Mason (1950:217) to be a “...small vocabular collected by Nordenskild from one of the last speakers.” Mason, followin Crequi-Montfort and Rivet (1913), considered Apolista to be a language of “probabil Arawakan affinity,” Other classifications followed along the same lines: Loukotke (1968:141 considered Apolista to be an isolated branch of Arawakan, Since he thought it to b “..an extinet language once spoken in the ancient mission of Apolobamba, provino of La Paz, Bolivia,” there was no expectation that any refinement to the classificatio. would be forthcoming. The classification of Voegelin and Voegelin (1977:324 likewise put Apolista as “nou-Maipuran Arawakan.” Aud Campbell (1997-181 followed this same classification of Apolista as a possible Arawakan isolate, adding the disclaimer “..t00 scantily known to classify.” RECENT LEXICAL DATA FROM APOLISTA A fairly recent publication from Bolivia, Montailo (1987), provides some new Jexical data from Apolista which, to my view, is sufficient to show that a Maipurat ‘Arawakan classification for Apolista is indeed correct. Montaiio gives 45 lexical item: which he had compiled himself in 1972 from a few speakers of Apolista i Apolobamba. Those 45 items are reproduced in (1) as well ax throughout this work with the transcriptions as Montaiio gave them. This paper was originally presested atthe 41° Intemational Congress of Americanists, 1991, 239David L. Payne 240 (ARROW nawipi MOON ashi BEE mapa MOTHER (MY) nisorami BLACK icin NOSE niyape BONE chimapi ONE iyo CANOE maropa PERSON niamari CAYMAN towiri SHE, HER ayipila COLD win SKY enn CORN ‘machinki STAR uri EAR ian SUN annishiti FATHER (MY) niromi STONE ipa FIRE yuh SWEET POTATO = em HAR nichiparai TAPIR ena HAND nipisi THEY, THEM anipila HE, HIM ipila THREE erikoni HEAD nimbaku TREE atapi HOUSE panishi TWO inapa HUSBAND rik WATER charni 1, ME uni WE, US wwa'aha JAGUAR wachi WHITE Tiki LARGE iruyani WOMAN niyipi Louse chuwita YOU piyal inami YOU @L) ipl MANIOC achiki oo bye Enough of these items correspond to the previously published lexical data from Apolista to confirm that Montaiio was indeed dealing with the same language Consider the two sets of data in (2), from a similar chart of Montafio, The fist column are the original Apolista data attributed to Carcus and Nordenskidld, and the second are Montatio’s own 1972 data: @) Cardus.(1896) and Montaiio (1987) Nordenskisld (1908) nida Tnujui* I pila piya YOU pita ipila HE ‘maneinks NO hati YES baynipa THERE IS manamak THERE ISN'T chami chant WATER yue yuho FIRE 241 APOLISTA (LAPACHU) AS A MAIPURAN ARAWAKAN LANGUA iti [amushjiti*? SUN asi ashi MOON ut uri STAR mur BOW naray nawipi ARROW utchi (DOG) wachi (JAGUAR) asi TOOTH nipasio nipisi HAND ape Iniylape* NOSE ya-tuni (nijtani* EAR inari* niyipi WOMAN Of the twenty older lexical items from Apolista attributed to Cardus Nordenskiéld, Montaifo’s data yields twelve which correspond closely enoug! suggest that he was actually dealing with a later stage of the same language (i. YOU, HE, WATER, FIRE, SUN, MOON, STAR, DOG/JAGUAR, HAND, NC EAR), For the six that are blank in the second column, Montaiio apparently did collect any current Apolista data. ‘The discrepancies between these older Apolista forms and Montatio's » recent ones perhaps warrant comment: First, a prefix “ni-” as in HAND, NOSE EAR was a probable ‘first person possessor” derived from the free pronoun “ni the top of (2). The forms in (1) for “mother” and “father” (given by Montais “MY mother” and “MY father”) confirm this. Maipuran languages typically hav first person possessor prefix “no-” of “ni-". ‘Among older Apolista forms for ‘no’, ‘yes’, “there is", and ‘there isu't’, s appear to be Quechua loanis. Montaiio provided no data to show what the moc Apolista forms for these might be. The derivation of Montaiic's word for ‘sun’ will be discussed below. Suffic to say here that other Maipuran languages support that this Apolista form morphologically complex, and that the second part of the “compound” is ¥ ‘corresponds to the older Apolista form. ‘The proposed correspondence between the forms for ‘dog’ and ‘jaguar inferred from the fact that many Amazonian languages use the same term for | animals. ‘Two of the older vs. newer forms in (2) don’t bear a great deal of similarity ARROW and WOMAN, But in general the similarities seem to be enough to conc! 2 The brackets in the astersked fomms in (2) are my own, and separate what { ecusider » be prot smospbemes. (Nowe: The fonn for WOMAN is in one place given af “inant” ant another as “i ‘Monaio’s work)David L. Payne 242 that Montailo’s data is indeed a later stage of the same Apolista language that Cardus and Nordenskidld documented at the turn of the century. To augment that available lexical data on Apolista from the 45 items given by Montaiio and the fewer items from Cardus and Nordenskidld, Noble (1965) cites three additional Apolista forms. Their origin is obscure. @) Fomas from Noble (1965) MOUTH atau ©. 98) NIGHT eyai (. 85) PATH %enio @ 81) EVIDENCE FOR A MAIPURAN CLASSIFICATION OF APOLISTA Tn (4) twenty-two Apolist forms are compared to reconstructed Proto-Maipuran forms from Payne (1991). These show a remarkable degree of comespondence aiong vowels as well as consonants. The Apolista form is given first in each of the sets of (9, followed by the asterisked Proto-Maipuran form. The fomus are lined up to show forrespondences, much as did in the reconstruction of Proto-Maipuran (Payne 1991). Brackets enclose material inferred to be morphemic. @ BEE mapa maba BLACK iti [ai] *kbuere BONE [chimJapi . *[nJapi CAYMAN tow iri kasi [kit] CORN ‘machinki smar iki EAR [ni] uni *[dalkenifaku} FATHER (MY) [n] ir ofmi] ssfhan] ithi 243 APOLISTA (LAPACHU) AS A MAIPURAN ARAWAKAN LANGUA HAIR HAND HOUSE HUSBAND JAGUAR MOON PATH STONE SUN1 (SUMMER) SUN2 (DAY) SWEET POTATO TAP TOOTH TREE ‘UP, SKY [nlichi{pami] vit {ail pifsi} * Khapi panifshi) pani {aijama [ci] PERSON, ima wach sini ashi skah ithi Seonifo) sabtini ‘pa vihiba amushi{ti) kama i [amush) iti +kedi eu kali skema asi satse cata [pi] sanda{mif[na] emi eyenuli [ki]David L. Payne 244 A number of grammatical morphemes can also be inferred from the Apolista data These are given in (5), again with the Apolista form frst, and the Proto-Maipuran form (fiom Payne 1991) aligned below it: (©) ABSOLUTE mshi wei 1 8G nie nu 3 SG FEM ye COPULA/EXIS -ni ni CL:ILONG /ROD pi waphi KINSHIP -ni The ABSOLUTE suffix is inferred from HOUSE in (1), which is practically identical to a number of Maiparan languages. ABSOLUTE is the term used in many Maipuran Arawakan languages for a suffix which unpossesses a normally possessed of owned item like house. Some other Maipuran languages which have similar forms are given in (6). haniti anti A 1 SG possessive prefix is inferred from forms such as (MY) MOTHER and (MY) FATHER in (1) which both ave “ni-”, as well as from the variation in (2) between the forms for EAR. As is comaton in Msipuran languages, my body parts and kinship terms given in the Apolista data are prefixed by “ni-”, These inalienably Possessed nouns are commonly given as “my XXX" in an elicited context in Maiporan languages. Examples from Apolista in (1) are: EAR, FATHER, HAIR. HAND, HEAD, MOTHER, NOSE, PERSON, WOMAN, A.53 SG possessive prefix is inferred fiom (2) in the older Apolista form for EAR. That it is “third feminine” follows from a comparison of the pronouns for HE and SHE in (2), where an “ay-” prefix on the fiee pronoun for SHE is the only thing that differentiates it from the masculine pronoun HE, A copula or existential suffix “-ni” common to Maipuran languages, is inferred by the fact that several Apoliste adjectives in (1) are suffixed by “ni”: BLACK, 245 APOLISTA (LAPACHU) AS A MAIPURAN ARAWAKAN LAD COLD, LARGE, and possibly THREE, In the set for BLACK in (A) the “4 4s quite obviously not a crucial part of the Proto-Maipuran lexical reconstr A classifier “-pi” for long, rod-shaped items in Apolista is inferred fey forms in (1): ARROW, BONE and TREE. This is also a extremely common in Maipuran languages. A recurrent suffix on kinship terms in Apolista, “mi” appears on F MAN and MOTHER. It isa suffix in the Yavitero language as well, where for MAN, (PERSON) is practically identical, as seen in (7): (MAN (PERSON) Apolista ina{mi) Yavitero ‘ena(mi) for HAIR, HAND and HUSBAND. In (8) I give the Apolista reflexes derived from Proto-Maipuran from ©). The Proto-Maipuran reconstructed phonemes are given to the left ofthe and the Apolista reflex to the right: (6) *p “pb > p BEE, BONE, HAND, HOUSE, STONE, CLL “id > t/a BAR, TREE eY—i,e HAIR, PATH “> ys tua 3.SG.FEM 9/*Ci-*i# — MOON, SWEET POTATO C=coronal continuant r CAYMAN, FATHER kh teh > k/m- CORN 4 BLACK, CAYMAN, EAR, HAND MOON, SUN1, SUN2, STONE, SWEET.POTATO, TAPIR, UP *m > m BEE, CORN, HUSBAND, SUNI, TAPIR ‘>a EAR, HOUSE, PATH, UP, 1.SG, COPULA 6 JAGUAR *>t /me SUN2 Bf i ABSOLUTE,David L. Payne 246 “ts > ch/—i JAGUAR s/—e TOOTH *t>ch/—*i CORN rf—te BLACK “or SWEET.POTATO *yog up th > gs —c PATH, UP sh MOON “6 > sh/*u-*i# SUNT “J >u/ ik CORN “asiu > tow CAYMAN take > u EAR ue >i BLACK ">a BEE, BONE, CORN, HOUSE, HUSBAND, MOON, ‘TREE, STONE, SUNI, TAPIR, TOOTH te > ef —N TAPIR, UP i BLACK, SUN2, TOOTH ‘i> 0/—m,w CAYMAN, FATHER is CORN, EAR, FATHER, HAIR, HOUSE, JAGUAR, STONE, SUNI, ABSOLUTE, CL:LONG, COPULA > use SWEETPOTATO a/—m HUSBAND. e/a PATH 1 BONE, CAYMAN, CORN, HAND, MOON, PATH, SUN2, UP “n> i(uncka) 186 a (uncer) 3SG.FEM u UP *V > (edge) CAYMAN, HAND, JAGUAR, CL:LONG ‘To summarize this section, the Apolista forms in (4) and (5) which enter into Proto-Maipuran cognate sets, while certainly not numerous, are of sufficient quality to show that Apolista is, in all likelihood, a Maipuran Arawakan language. 247 APOLISTA (LAPACHU) AS A MAIPURAN ARAWAKAN LA! THE PLACE OF APOLISTA WITHIN THE MAIPURAN FAMILY ‘The question that naturally arises now is whether it is possible, with amount of data, to determine where Apolista fits within the Maipuran fi ‘whether it forms an isolated brauch unto itself or fits into another branch. 1 to answer this question I compared the $4 lexical items now available for A vveral Maipuran languages for which I bad readily available data. Thes languages indicated in (9): (9) IGNACIANO 16 ASHANINKA, 14 PIRO i CHAMICURO. 14 YAVITERO 31 Given the location of Apolista in Bolivia, I brought in several languages soutliem side of the Maipuran family — Ignaciano, Ashéninka and Piro. T] of this comparison were very surprising, in that Yavitero had by far the lexical similarity to the Apolista forms of the five languages compared. C available lexical items for Apolista, Yavitero had 31 which closely resen Apolista forms, The other four languages came in with around half or eve the number of resembling forms. ‘Yavitero is a recently extinct Maipuian language once spoken in Vein belongs within the large Northern branch of Maipuran, according to my ows classification of the family shown in (10) (fom Payne 1991:489), (10) INTERNAL CLASSIFICATION OF MAIPURAN (ARAWAKAN) LANC WESTERN ‘Amuesta Chamicuro CENTRAL Parecis Wauré SOUTHERN BOLIVIA-PARANA Teréua Bauré Tgnaciano (Moxo) s Piro Apuring PURU:David L. Payne 248 CAMPA (PREANDINE) Machiguenga Ashéninka-Ashéninka EASTERN Paticur NORTHERN Wapishane CARIBBEAN Garifuna TA-Arawakan Lokono Guajiro INLAND Yavitero NORTH-AMAZON Resigaro RIO NEGRO ‘Achagua Cabiyari Cursipaco Piapoco Tariano Yucuna Further corroboration that Apolista was more closely related to Northern ‘Maipuran languages comes from incorporating the Apolista sets from (4) into figures I did comparing shared lexical retentions among Maipuran languages in Payne 1991 ‘These numbers were used to propose the classification in (10). (11) shows how Apolista fares with each of the Maipuran branches: (1) APOLISTA COMPARED TO STANDARDIZED SITARED LEXICAL RE- ‘TENTIONS AMONG MAIPURAN BRANCHES WESTERN 35 CENTRAL 56 SOUTHERN 49 NORTHERN 61 Wepishana 45 (little data available compared to other languages) Palicur 63 CARIBBEAN 64 INLAND 62 ‘Yavitero 61 NORTH AMAZON 63 249 APOLISTA (LAPACHU) AS A MAIPURAN ARAWAKAN LA (11) shows that Apolista consistently shares more lexical retentions with of Northern Maipuran than other main branches of Maipuran. In (22) I prosent some of the specific lexical items which Apotista s Northern Maipuran languages. It is unclear whether these represent innovat Northern branch, or shared retentions which other Maipuran fanguages ‘These were not reconstructed in Payne 1991 because at the time it was not they were attested in at least three main branches of the family. The recat given in (12) are based on reflexes and reconstructions in Payne 1991, | point it is unclear whether they would be Proto-Maipuran reconstructions, Proto-Northern-Maipuran. Recoustructions are not possible for all items. (12) APOLISTA — NORTHERN MAIPURAN LEXICAL ITEMS coLD Apolista awini Yavitero kaowini(ni) LOUSE Apolista, chouwita Yavitero tsu ida Curripaco to ida (Gimilar forms in most Rio Negro languages) SNOUT (MOUTH) “taku ‘Apolista atau ‘mouth’ Wapishana @aku “mouth* North Amazon ‘nose, snout’ ‘Resfgaro hit &6 ‘Achagua aku Cabiyari albu Curripaco t ako Piapoco id aku Tariano t aku Yucuna t akd Shebayo “{wa] d ac oe [ily] ‘teeth TWO * inape Apolista inapa Wapishana dia't Yavitero tsinaha To the four items in (12) add the set in (7), and a significant patter | ‘emerge, such that it appears likely that Apolista should be classified as pz Norther branch of Maipuran Arawakan,David L. Payne 250 References Camptell, Lyle. 1997. 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Classification and index of the world’s languages. New York: Elsevier. Este libro se termin6 de imprimir en Febrero del 2005 150 ejemplares Hecho el Depésito Legal No 2005-0638 Imprenta El Manantial ‘Via Evitamiento, Mz B Lote 4, Camacho, La Molina