Unit summary about CDMA theory

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I. CDMA
Overview
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AdvantagesofCDMA(1)
Frequency
Frequency
reusefactoris
reusefactoris
1;
1;
networkdesign
networkdesign
andexpanding
andexpanding
becomemuch
becomemuch
easier
easier

AMPS, D-AMPS, N-AMPS

1

30

30

2
3
7
1
6
4
5

1 Users
Vulnerability:
C/I 17 dB
10 kHz

Typical Frequency Reuse N=7

GSM
8

Users

200 kHz

Vulnerability:
C/I 12-14 dB

2
3

1
4

Typical Frequency Reuse N=4

CDMA

Vulnerability:
Eb/No 6--7 dB

20 Users
1250 kHz

1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1

1
1
1

Typical Frequency Reuse N=1

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1
1

AdvantagesofCDMA(2)

Largecapacity:
Largecapacity:
810timesthanAMPS
810timesthanAMPS
46timesthanGSM
46timesthanGSM

FDMADifferentuserusedifferent
frequency

FDMA
Power
Tim
e

TACS AMPS
TDMADifferentuserusedifferent
timeslotofonefrequency

TDMA
Power

GSM DAMPS
CDMADifferentuserusesame
frequencyatthesametime,butwith
differentspreadingcode
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e
Fr

cy
en
u
q

Tim
e

Fre

cy
en
u
q

CDMA
Power
Tim
e

cy
en
u
eq
Fr

AdvantagesofCDMA(3)
largecoverage
largecoverage
almost2timesthanGSM,savemoneyfor
almost2timesthanGSM,savemoneyfor
operator
operator
Example:cover1000km
Example:cover1000km22

GSMneed200BTS
GSMneed200BTS
CDMAonlyneed50BTS
CDMAonlyneed50BTS
Attention:exactresultneedLinkBudget
Attention:exactresultneedLinkBudget

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AdvantagesofCDMA(4)

Highprivacy,hardtowiretapping
Highprivacy,hardtowiretapping
Each user is below
the noise deeply

Spread signal
Information
signal

Demodulated
signal
TX

Spread code
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RX

Spread code

AdvantagesofCDMA(5)
Usesofthandoff,decreasedropcallrate
Usesofthandoff,decreasedropcallrate

CDMA
CDMA
makebeforebreaksofthandoff
makebeforebreaksofthandoff

Othersystems:makeafterbreakhardhandoff
Othersystems:makeafterbreakhardhandoff
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AdvantagesofCDMA(6)
Goodvoicequality,use8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice
Goodvoicequality,use8k,13K(QCELP,EVRC)voice
codingthebestcodingmethodintheworld.
codingthebestcodingmethodintheworld.
Voice quality
(MOS)

64k 13k
PCM GSM

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8k
13k 8kEVR
CDMACDM C
A
CDMA

AdvantagesofCDMA(7)
PerfectPowerControlandvoiceactivationmaketheMS
PerfectPowerControlandvoiceactivationmaketheMS
Powerlow,healthyforhumanbodygreenmobilephone.
Powerlow,healthyforhumanbodygreenmobilephone.

MeanPowerMaxPower
MeanPowerMaxPower
GSM:125mW2W
GSM:125mW2W
CDMA:2mW200mW
CDMA:2mW200mW
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AdvantagesofCDMA(8)
Smoothmigrationto3Gandtheoperators
Smoothmigrationto3Gandtheoperators
benefit
benefit
isprotectedatthemost
isprotectedatthemost
Technical
Scheme

95A 95B
95B 1X
1X 1XEV
Softwareupdate Add1Xchannel
Add1XEV
channelboard
ReplaceMSto board
getnewservice Softwareupdate Softwareupdate
ReplaceMStoge ReplaceMSto
getnewservice
newservice

Economic
Scheme Almostfree

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inexpensive

inexpesive

II. CDMA
BASIC PRINCIPLE

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AdvantagesofSpreadSpectrum
Avoid interference arising from jamming signal or multipath effects
SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed and filtered
resist intercept and capture: difficult to detect
Achieve Privacy: Difficult to demodulate
Implement Multiple Access
Improve Frequency Reuse
Enlarge Capacity

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DiscriminatingAmongForward
CodeChannels
Pilot
Sync

FW Traffic
(for user #1)

FW Traffic
(for user #2)

Paging
FW Traffic
(for user #3)

AMobileStationreceivesaForwardChannelfromasectorina
BaseStation.
TheForwardChannelcarriesacompositesignalofupto64forward
codechannels.
Somecodechannelsaretrafficchannelsandothersareoverhead
channels.
Asetof64mathematicalcodesisneededtodifferentiatethe64
possibleforwardcodechannels.
ThecodesinthissetarecalledWalshCodes
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DiscriminatingAmongBase
Station
Up to 64
Code Channels

Up to 64
Code Channels

AmobileStationissurroundedbyBaseStations,allofthemtransmitting
onthesameCDMAFrequency.
EachSectorineachBaseStationistransmittingaForwardTraffic
Channelcontainingupto64forwardcodechannels.
AMobileStationmustbeabletodiscriminatebetweendifferentSectors
ofdifferentBaseStations.
TwobinarydigitsequencescalledtheIandQShortPNSequences(or
ShortPNCodes)aredefinedforthepurposeofidentifyingsectorsof
differentbasestations.
TheseShortPNSequencescanbeusedin512differentwaysinaCDMA
system.Eachoneofthemconstitutesamathematicalcodewhichcanbe
usedtoidentifyaparticularsector.

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DiscriminatingAmongReverse
CodeChannels
RV Traffic
from M.S.
#1837732008

RV Traffic
from M.S.
#1997061104

TheCDMAsystemmustbeableto
identifyeachMobileStationthatmay
attempttocommunicatewithaBase
Station.

AverylargenumberofMobileStations
willbeinthemarket.
Onebinarydigitsequencecalledthe
LongPNSequence(orLongPNCode)
isdefinedforthepurposeofuniquely
identifyingeachpossiblereversecode
channel.
Thissequenceisextremelylongand
canbeusedintrillionsofdifferent
ways.Eachoneofthemconstitutesa
mathematicalcodewhichcanbeusedto
identifyaparticularuser(andisthen
calledaUserLongCode)oraparticular
userReverseTrafficchannel.

System Access
Attempt by M.S.
#2000071301
(on access channel #1)

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RV Traffic
from M.S.
#1994011508

CDMASpreadCodeSelection
Type of
Sequence

Walsh Codes

Short PN
Sequences

Long PN
Sequences

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How

Many

Length

Special
Properties

Forward Link
Function

Reverse Link
Function

Mutually
Orthogonal

User identity
within cells
signal

Orthogonal
Modulation
(information
carrier)

64

64 chips
1/19,200
sec.

32,768
chips
26-2/3 ms
75x in 2
sec.

Orthogonal
with itself at
any time shift
value except 0

Distinguish
Cells &
Sectors

242 chips
~41 days

nearorthogonal
if shifted

Data
Scrambling to
avoid strings
of 1s or 0s

Quadrature
Spreading
(Zero offset)

Distinguish
users

CDMACommunicationModel
Information Stream
Speech
Coding

Channel
Coding

Speech Channel
decoding decoding

Scramble

Spread Modulation
Spectrum

DeDe-spread
Descramble Spectrum Modulation

Information Stream

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RF
transmit

RF
receive

III. CDMA CHANNEL

STRUCTURE
AND MODULATION

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Objectives
Uponcompletionofthislesson,thestudentwillbeableto
master:
-- The forward channel in IS-95
Pilot ;Sync ; Paging and Traffic
-- The reverse channel in IS-95
Access; Traffic
-- CDMA Call Processing
-- New Channels in CDMA20001X

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IS95CDMAChannels

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ForwardLogicChannel

Forward Channel Diagram

Walsh 0

Pilot Channel
(all 0)

1.2288Mc/s

A
Walsh 32

Sync Channel

1.2ks/s

Convolutional
coder

2.4ks/s

Code
repeater

Group
interleaving

4.8ks/s

1.2288Mc/s

4.8ks/s

r=1/2, K=9
Walsh P
9.6ks/s
4.8ks/s

User(m) forward
traffic channel
information bit
8.6ks/s
4.0ks/s
2.0ks/s
0.8ks/s

Convolutional
coder

19.2ks/s
9.6ks/s

Code
repeater

Paging Channel
long code clock
Frame quality
indicator

9.2ks/s
4.4ks/s
2.0ks/s
0.8ks/s

Coder tail
bit

19.2ks/s
Short code
generator

9.6ks/s
4.8ks/s
2.4ks/s
1.2ks/s

Group
interleaving

1.2288Mc/s

Convolutional
coder

r=1/2, K=9

Group
interleaving

User(m) mask code

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Long code
generator

1.2288Mc/s

Frequency
splitter

19.2ks/s

19.2ks/s

Code
repeater

800Hz

19.2ks/s

Multi use

Power control bit

19.2ks/s

Frequency
splitter

19.2ks/s
9.6ks/s
4.8ks/s
2.4ks/s

1.2288Mc/s

Walsh n
1.2288Mc/s

800Hz
Frequency
splitter

See next page

ForwardLogicChannel

I path pilot PN code 1.2288Mc/s

cosct

A
Q
Q path pilot PN code
1.2288Mc/s

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It

Base band
filter

Base band
filter

Qt

sinct

St

ReverseLogicChannel

Reverse Channel Diagram

(64 scale)
Access channel
information bit
4.4kb/s
(88 bit per frame)

Coder
tail bit

Convolutional
coder
4.8kb/s

r=1/3, K=9

Code
repeater

14.4ks/s

Orthogonal
Group
interleaving 28.8ks/s modulator

28.8ks/s

I Channel sequence
1.2288Mc/s

Base band
filter

Walsh
sub code

4.8ks/s(=307.2kc/s)

I(t)
cosct

Mask Code

Reverse traffic channel

information bit 8.6ks/s
(172,80,40or16 bit 4.0ks/s
2.0ks/s
per frame)
0.8ks/s

Frame quality
indicator

9.2ks/s
4.4ks/s
2.0ks/s
0.8ks/s

Q Channel sequence
1.2288Mc/s
Convolutional
coder
9.6ks/s

Coder tail
bit

4.8ks/s
2.4ks/s
1.2ks/s

r=1/2, K=9

sinct
19.2ks/s
9.6ks/s
4.8ks/s
2.4ks/s

I Channel sequence
1.2288Mc/s

(64 scale)
Orthogonal
modulator

4.8 ks/s
(307.2kc/s)

Data
randomizer

1.2288Mc/s

Mask Code

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Code
repeater

D
Q Channel sequence
1.2288Mc/s

Group
interleaving

28.8ks/s
Base band
filter

I(t)
cosct

1/2 PN code Sub-code

Delay=406.9ns

Long code
generator

Q(t)

Base band
filter

Short
code
generator

S(t)

Q(t)

Base band
filter

sinct

S(t)

Cdma20001xRTTChannel

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Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

ChannelList:1xRTTvs.IS95

IS-95B built on the IS-95A channels, and introduced two new channels
Fundamental channel was the same as IS-9A traffic channel
Supplemental code channels assigned to support rates above
14.4Kbps
IS-2000 1xRTT continue to build on the IS-95 channels
IS-95 channels continue to be supported in IS-2000 to support IS-95
mobiles
Forward

Reverse

IS-95A

Pilot channel
Sync channel
Paging channel
Forward Traffic Channel

Access channel
Reverse Traffic Channel

IS-95B

Fundamental channel
Supplemental Code channel (F-SCCH)

Fundamental channel
Supplemental Code channel (R-SCCH)

1xRTT

Supplemental channel (F-SCH)

Quick Paging channel (F-QPCH)

Supplemental channel (R-SCH)

Reverse Pilot channel (R-PICH)

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AdditionalChannelin1X
CommercialSystem
Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)
Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)
Reverse Pilot Channel
Reverse Supplement Channel(R-SCH)

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

BenefitsoftheCDMA20001x
Increased MS standby battery life (via Quick Paging
Channel)
Use Forward Quick Power Control(via Reverse Pilot
channel)
Total backward compatibility to reuse switch and call
processing features
2-3 dB better coverage
Provides High speed 153.6 kbps packet data capabilities

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

IV. CDMA
KEY TECHNOLOGY

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Contents
4.1

Power Control In CDMA

4.2

Soft Handoff In CDMA

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

WhyPowerControl?

AllCDMAusersoccupythesamefrequency
atthesametime!Frequencyandtimeare
notusedasdiscriminators.

CDMAoperatesbyusingCODESto
discriminatebetweenusers.

CDMAinterferencecomesmainlyfrom
nearbyusers

Eachuserisasmallvoiceinaroaringcrowd
butwithauniquelyrecoverablecode.

Transmitpoweronallusersmustbe
tightlycontrolledsotheirsignalsreach
thebasestationatthesamesignallevel
andattheabsoluteminimumpowerlevel
necessarytoensureacceptableservice
quality

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Figure of Merit: Ec/Io, Eb/No

(energy per chip [bit] /
interference [noise] spectral density)

CDMA: Ec/Io -17 to -2 dB

CDMA: Eb/No ~6to7 dB

GoalsofthePowerControl
Tomaintainthetransmitpoweratnohigherthanthedemand.

Eachuserdoesn'tgetanymorethantheminimumE b/Io,tomake
thesmallestcontributiontothetotalnoisesseenbyotherusersas
possible.
Effectivepowercontrolmaximisethecapacityofthesystem.
Toreducetheeffectoffading.
Tosolvethenearfareffect.

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

PowerControlTypes
ReversePowerControl
Open-loop Power Control
Closed-loop Power Control(ForwardtrafficChannel)
OuterloopPowerControl
InnerloopPowerControl

ForwardPowerControl
IS-95 Power Control
IS-2000 Fast Power Control (Reverse Pilot Channel)
OuterloopPowerControl
InnerloopPowerControl
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SummaryofPowerControl
Reverse Open Loop
Power Control

Mobile

BTS
Reverse Closed Loop
Power Control

FER

BSC
or

Signal Strength
Measurement

Setpoint

Adjust Fwd.
power
Reverse Outer
Loop Power
Control

FER

Forward Link Power Control

All types of power control work together to minimizes power consumption

at the mobile stations, and increases the overall capacity of the system
transmit power.
Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Contents
4.1

Power Control In CDMA

4.2

Soft Handoff In CDMA

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

Handoff
Handoff is the process by which a mobile station maintains
communications with the Mobile Telephone Switching
center(MSC), when traveling from the coverage area of one
base station to that of another
Handoff keep the call established during the following
conditions:
Subscriber crosses the boundaries of a cell
Subscriber experiences noise or other interference
above a specified threshold
A base station component experiences an out-of-service
condition during a call

Copyright 2003, ZTE CORPORATION

CDMAHandoffs
While in the
Idle State

Idle Handoff

Soft Handoff
Softer Handoff
During
a Call

Inter-System Soft Handoff

CDMA-to-CDMA Handoff
CDMA-to-Analog Handoff

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Differenttypesofhandoff
MSC

BSC

BTS

SEC

VOCOD
.

S
D

CE

CAR.

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S
D

S
D

S
S

TYPE (handoff)

Softer

Half soft

Soft

Hard

Soft

Hard