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PEDAGOGICAL
APPROACHES
DIVISION MASS TRAINING OF SCHOOL HEADS
Features of K to 12:
stronger integration of competencies and
values within and across the learning
areas to master learning standards
(content and performance standards)
we are molding integrated learners, or
well rounded individuals.
two main sources of reliable and
meaningful knowledge for basic education:
expert systems of knowledge and the
learners experience in his/her context
What is Constructivism?
Who are the key players of
Constructivism?
What are the characteristics of a
Constructivist classroom?
What are the roles of teachers in a
Constructivist teaching-learning
environment?
What approaches/ teaching models
promote Constructivism?
What strategies promote Constructivist
teaching-learning environment?
CONSTRUCTIVISM
People construct their
own understanding and
knowledge of the world,
through experiencing
things and reflecting on
those experiences
COGNITIVE
DISEQUILIBRATION/
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
Ones dissatisfaction with what
actually is happening as contrasted
with what ought to happen is called
, in Piagetian terms, cognitive
disequilibration or sometimes
called cognitive dissonance.
This cognitive
disequilibration/ cognitive
dissonance is a necessary
precursor of learning.
Disequilibration/
Cognitive
Cognitive Dissonance
Basic Principle of
CONSTRUCTIVISM:
Learners construct
understanding/ meaning
based on their prior
knowledge/ experience.
Key Players of
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Jean Piaget
Children think differently from adult thus
he believed children were active
learners and did not need motivation
from adults to learn.
Children interpret knowledge differently
as they progress through different
stages.
Key Players of
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Jerome Bruner
Learning is an active process in which
the learner constructs new ideas or
concepts based on his or her current
and past knowledge.
Children are constructivist learners are
participatory learners and are actively
engaged in the learning process.
Key Players of
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Lev Vygotsky
Learning was influenced
significantly by social development
and learning took place of a childs
social development and culture
(Social cognition)
Key Players of
CONSTRUCTIVISM
John Dewey
Education was a social process
therefore learning should engage
and expand the experiences of the
learners.
In a constructivist classroom,
learning is
Constructed
Active
Reflective
Collaborative
Inquiry-based /Problem-based
Evolving
Roles of Teachers in a
Constructivist Classroom:
Prompt and facilitate discussion
Guide students by asking questions that will
lead them to develop their own conclusions on
the subject
Allow wait time after posing a question
Engage students in experiences that might
engender contradictions to their initial
hypotheses and then encourage discussion
What Approaches/
Teaching Models
promote
Constructivism?
Integrative
Reflective
Collaborative
Inquiry-based
(etc.)
What Teaching
Strategies
promote
Constructivist
Teaching-Learning
Environment?
Probing Students
Understanding in the
Constructivist Environment
Predict-Observe-Explain
PROBEX or POE
(Predict-ObserveExplain)
Scoring of POE:
Can evaluate both the beliefs that
students reveal and the quality of their
reasoning.
If POE tasks needs to be scored, give
particular weight to the way
students reconciles any difference
between observation and prediction.
KWLH
CHART
KWLH CHART
It involves analyzing and organizing
what you know and what you want to
learn about a topic before and after the
research is done
Filling out this chart prepares a
student for reading about a topic,
helps in reviewing what has been
learned about the material, gives help
in obtaining more information, and
makes the students ready to write
about what theyve learned
KWLH- CHART
NO
W
KWLH
ANT
EAR
N
O
W
COLORS OF LIGHT
What I
KNOW
What I
WANT to
Know
What I
LEARNED
HOW Can
I Learn
More
MIND MAPPING
and
CONCEPT MAPPING
A mind map is a
diagram used to
represent words, ideas,
tasks, or other items
linked to and arranged
around a central key
word or idea.
CONCEPT MAP
A schematic representation of meaningful
relationships among concepts.
Good for starting a topic.
Good for finding any misconceptions.
Gives an insight into the structures the
students has built up about world.
Encourages students to clarify their ideas
using a visual representation.
Assesses current understanding and
assists in further learning.
Mind map
Suitable to use before
lesson to
* brainstorm ideas
* identify prior
knowledge
Features :
* No linking words
* No arrows
Good to use during/after
lesson
Warm blooded
* to consolidate
With fur/
Feed young
hair
understanding
* to do a summary of
Give
Mammals
Mammar
session
birth
y glands
Example :
With
backbone
Can
move
Concept map
Suitable to use before lesson
to :
* brainstorm ideas
* identify prior knowledge
and
misconception
Features :
* Got linking words
* Got arrows with correct
direction
Good to use during/after
lesson
Mammals
* to modify
ar misconception
* to consolidate
e
for
dogs
understanding
example of
* to do a summary
session
is a
Animal
Living thing
needs
Can
can
be
produce
s
Can
can be
Plant
Cow
e.g.
eats
Grass
Concept
Cartoon
What is
Concept
Cartoon?
cartoon-style
drawings
presenting
characters with
different
viewpoints around
a particular
situation.
Concept Cartoon
Concept cartoons are extremely
versatile as a teaching strategy
(Brenda Keogh and Stuart Naylor,
1999),
They may be employed across
subjects, such as in the development of
reading skills in English, or the teaching
of problem solving in Math.
Concept Cartoon
Feature cartoon-style drawings showing
different characters arguing about an
everyday situation.
Designed to intrigue, promote discussion
and to stimulate scientific thinking
Puts forward a range of viewpoints about
the science involved in everyday
situation.
Examples of Effective
Assessment/Evaluation
Practices in a Constructivist
Classroom
1. Anecdotal Records
These are a form of ongoing
assessment of observations of
students in the classroom.
These jot-notes give the teacher
information about how the student
is processing information,
collaborating with other students
and general observations on
learning styles, behaviors and
2. Celebration of Learning
This is a demonstration where
students can share their expertise in
different subject areas with other
students, teachers and parents.
3. Exit Cards
This is a short and easy activity for
checking student knowledge before,
during and after a lesson.
Teacher may ask 3 questions to the
students so teacher can quickly
check the answers and plan
necessary instructions.
4. Graphic Organizers
5. Journals
Teacher can use journals for
assessing for process of learning and
student growth. Open-ended and
reflective questions for the students
can be journals.
Journals provide insight on how the
learners are synthesizing their
learning.
6. Oral Presentations
7. Peer Assessment
This is an assessment in which
learners give written or verbal
feedback to another learners.
Checklists, rubrics or written
response to peer work can be used
by peers.
8. Portfolios
A portfolio means a representative
collection of a students work.
A student portfolio includes best
work to date and a few works in
progress that show the process.
Students show their knowledge,
skills, and abilities by using different
ways apart from traditional media
such as exams and essay.
9. Project-Based Learning
This is an instructional strategy that
gives opportunity to students to
discover answers to their questions
through real-world investigation.
These are learning opportunities that
motivate students and integrate
many curriculum aims.
10. Rubrics
These are marking guides or sets of
expectations used to assess student
level of understanding, students
know the expectations and what they
need to do in order to be more
efficient.
11. Simulation
10 Basic Learning
Principles In
Constructivism
1. Learning is a process of
structuring meaning in an
active way.
Learning includes conceptual
changing
2. Learning is a
reconstruction for
developing students
apprehension to more
complex and effective mode
3. Learning is subjective.
Learning is internalization
of students learning with
different symbols, graphics,
metaphors and models.
7. The appropriateness of
learning to students
development in terms of
difficulties, its association with
students need or real life is
important in learning process.
8. Learning is
developmental and is
affected from persons
physical, social, emotional
and
logical development.
Implications to you as
teacher?
Integrative teaching is
cutting across subject matter
lines bringing together various
aspects of the curriculum into
meaningful association to
focus upon broad areas of
study.
ACTIVITY
Group half of the participants into
4. Other participants will act as
observers.
Introduce and orient participants
on the mechanics of Rotating
Learning Station.
Each group shall perform the task
posted on a station in 3 minutes.
ACTIVITY
ANALYSIS
How did you find the activity? Why?
(Publish)
What can you say about the task
performed by the group? (Publish)
What insights can we get from the
activity? (Publish)
Content-Based Instruction
is an approach to language teaching that focuses
not on the language itself, but rather on what is
being taught through the language; that is, the
language becomes the medium through which
something new is learned
is the integration of particular content with
language teaching aims/objectives
Is based on the underlying principle that
successful language learning occurs when
students are presented in English in a
meaningful, contextualized form, with the
primary focus on acquiring information and
knowledge
Focusing Inquiry
an integrative approach that uses
questions to organize learning
like mot interdisciplinary teaching, it goes
beyond conventional questions, whether or
not an answer exists
students become creators of the main
process of conducting an investigation and
communicating what was learned to others
process of inquiry is the organizer of the
instructional design while the content is
assigned to a secondary place
Focusing Inquiry:
Is all about thinking
It offers concrete ways on how students could
approach their studies easier by helping them
become actively involved in their own learning
process
Is self-renewing cycle of questions and answers
Uses what students already know as a starting point
(from prior knowledge, explanation, posters, imagery,
etc.)
Students generate questions about the things they do
not know yet
Students design a method of investigation and gather
information on their own
Students generate answers and interpret
information, other questions may emerge
Cycle of question-and- answer goes on
Thematic Teaching
Teaching by theme organizes learning around
ideas.
It provides a broad framework for linking
content and performance from a variety of
subjects.
The theme provides coherence, it gives a
focus to the activities that accompany the
unit.
The theme helps students see the meaningful
connections across disciplines or learning areas
Have enough breadth to embrace the learning
areas that are being combined, and the depth
to support the increasing growth in students
English
Filipino
Have a
panel
discussion
on the
roots of
poverty.
Discuss
Ang
Paksiw na
Ayungin
which
deals on
poverty.
AP
Science
Math
Discuss/
State how
science
and
technology could
lessen
poverty.
Answer
mathematical
problems
related to
the issue
of
poverty.
TLE
Theme
Sample
instructional
activities
Discuss
definition
of poverty
through
an
interview.
List the
needs of
the family.
Prepare/
Make
projects
that be sold
to increase
family
income
Application
As instructional leaders what
would be your plan of actions to
ensure an application of the
pedagogical approaches to fully
implement the K to 12
curriculum?
In an interdisciplinary
approach the subjects
are interconnected
beyond a theme or issue
and the connections are
made explicit to the
pupils.
Grady Venville, J. W. (2002)
you
Bernie C. Despabiladero
Presenter