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Contents
1. Motors use the effect of forces on current-carrying conductors in magnetic
fields...................................................................................................................... 3
Discuss the effect on the magnitude of the force on a current-carrying
conductor of variations in:.................................................................................. 3
The angle between the direction of the external magnetic field and the
direction of the length of the conductor..........................................................3
Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the force between long parallel
current-carrying conductors:.............................................................................. 3
Fl=kI 1 I 2 d ..................................................................................................... 3
Define torque as the turning moment of a force using:......................................3
=Fd .............................................................................................................. 3
Identify that the motor effect is due to the force acting on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field.............................................................................3
Describe the forces experienced by a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field
and describe the net result of the forces............................................................3
Describe the main features of a DC electric motor and the role of each feature 3
Identify that the required magnetic fields in DC motors can be produced either
by current-carrying coils or permanent magnets................................................3
2. The relative motion between a conductor and magnetic field is used to
generate an electrical voltage...............................................................................4
Outline Michael Faradays discovery of the generation of an electric current by
a moving magnet............................................................................................... 4
Define magnetic field strength B as magnetic flux density................................4
Describe the concept of magnetic flux in terms of magnetic flux density and
surface area........................................................................................................ 4
Describe generated potential difference as the rate of change of magnetic flux
through a circuit................................................................................................. 4
Account for Lenzs Law in terms of conservation of energy and relate it to the
production of back emf in motors.......................................................................4
Explain that, in electric motors, back emf opposes the supply emf...................4
1
The two conductors have a force pushing it towards each other if the
currents are going the same direction right hand palm rule.
: torque (Nm)
F: force (N)
d: distance (m)
other. If the loop is horizontal, the forces are applied tangentially (on one
end upwards and the other downwards) and it rotates along an axis.
Then by winding coils around an iron ring (iron core), he found the same
result but with greater temporary currents induced when there was a
current in the primary coil. This led to his conclusion that during the
change of magnetic fields from the primary coil, a current is induced in
the second coil.
A moving magnet can induce a current in a coil; the magnitude of the
current is affected by the speed of the magnet, direction and which end of
the magnet (north or south).
n B
t
: electromagnetic force
n: number of turns/coils
B: change in magnetic flux (Wb)
t: change in time (secs)
Note that in rotating coils (motors and generators) the magnetic flux is at
a maximum when the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the flux
direction and is at a minimum when it is parallel.
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Advantages
Disadvantage
s
AC generator
Voltage can be changed
using transformers
Frequencies of all AC
generators in a region must
be synced (outputs in
phase)
Dangerous frequency (50
Hz)
Greater insulation required
Unwanted induction
DC generator
Certain devices utilise DC current
(battery recharges and cathode
ray tubes)
Generally more powerful
More costly (construction and
maintenance)
Sparks are produced between the
split gap
Output loses more energy during
transmission
P=I R
(Can be derived from V = IR and P = IV)
Transformers are used to minimise energy losses by changing the voltage
thus changing the current
Westinghouse VS Thomas Edison
There was a competition between AC (Westinghouse) and DC (Edison)
transmission for supplying electricity to cities. The AC system was much
more efficient and was favoured. In AC the high speed rotating
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Negative
Pollution
Fossil fuels are used; global
warming. Discharge of hot
water; thermal pollution.
Loss of natural habitats
Production of large centres
requires large plots of lands
possibly destroying the animal
inhabitants
Accidents
Electrical shocks can cause
serious harm or death. Fires are
also possible
Labour replacement
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The input voltage in the primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux
flowing through the core. The secondary coil experiences the same
changing magnetic flux from the input and because the number of coils is
different, the voltage output is also different.
But it is not 100% efficient; some energy is lost mainly due to heat in the
coils and in the soft iron core. Eddy currents will produce heat to the
changing magnetic flux and thus some energy is lost. To prevent this
lamination is used where insulating material is placed between sheets of
iron to increase the resistance to the flow of eddy currents.
V S =nS
t
t
Divide one on the other
V P nP
=
V S nS
This means that if the secondary coil has more or less coils than the
primary coil the output voltage will be more or less respectively.
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P=I 2 R
transmission lines by heating it up and dissipating into the air and also
increases the resistance. To minimise energy losses as much as possible,
the voltage is increased at a step-up transformer so that current
decreases but the power is still the same: P=IV . This allows an efficient
wide distribution of electricity so that users do not have to be located near
a power station. A step-down transformer reduces the voltage to a safe
and suitable level for use.
effect and reducing our limited supply. It also means that there is a
reduction in unskilled jobs or manual labour which leads to unemployment
for many people. Thus transformers have had a significant impact on
society providing electricity to homes and industries but also have
detrimental effects on the environment.
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The rotor
This consists of aluminium bars attached to two end rings forming a
cylindrical squirrel-cage. Iron laminates are then used to reduce heating
due to the induced eddy currents and intensify the magnetic flux.
In the diagram below, the magnetic field is moving to the right or it could
be thought as the magnet moving to the left. The rotating magnetic flux
induces currents (according to the right hand push rule below). There is a
force pushing the wire due to the motor effect and the rotor rotates with
the magnetic field.
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