Alison Snead

Activity 1.1.1 History of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Procedure
In this activity you will investigate the history of civil engineering and architecture. You will see
differences between the two professions and learn of their beginnings.
1. Define civil engineering.
Civil Engineers are engineers trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges,
dams, and other large facilities.
2. Define architecture.
Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings for human habitation.
3. Describe the origination of the concept of architecture?
The origination of architecture began with the need to build houses.
4. In ancient times how were building materials chosen?
Materials were chosen based on availability and climate.
5. Give two examples of vernacular architecture.
Igloos and wooden African Huts are two examples of vernacular architecture.
6. Name and describe the type of system used to create many early buildings.
Vernacular architecture is the type of system used to create many early buildings. Vernacular
architecture is a method of construction that use locally available resources and traditions to address
local needs.
7. What was the purpose of the Egyptian pyramids? Mexican pyramids?
Egyptian pyramids were built as monuments to house the tombs of the pharaohs. Mexican pyramids
were built for religious ceremonies or scientific use, such as astronomical purposes.
8. What kind of construction method was used to build the Parthenon? Made a simple sketch to
illustrate.
Post-and-lintel construction was used to build the Parthenon.
9. What problem in architecture led to this form of construction?
This form of construction was created when architects needed door and window openings on load
bearing walls without sacrificing support.
Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Copyright 2010
CEA Unit 1 Lesson 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 History Civil Engineering and Architecture Page 1

Alison Snead
10. Explain how an arch is created.
An arch is created when blocks are placed in a curve formation in such a way that they give each
other support. A keystone locks the blocks in place.
11. How is the vault used in civil engineering?
Vaults are used as tunnels, sewers, hallways, and churches.
12. Give an example of an arch and dome system.
The Pantheon is an example of an arch and dome system.
13. Give an example of a modern material we have that was not available to the ancients. How did
this restrict construction in ancient times?
Steel and any type of metal were not available to the ancients, preventing them from using lightweight
and strong materials.
14. What was the purpose of the Roman aqueducts?
Roman aqueducts were used to supply the city with fresh water from long distances.
15. Compare ancient Greek roads to ancient Roman roads.
Greeks needed roads for religious exodus and consisted of wheel ruts. Roman roads consisted of
broken stone covered in stand and a top surface.
16. Describe an ancient Roman bridge.
Roman bridges were made of wood and constructed using columns and beams or used stone arches.
17. How did building materials and methods change after the Romans?
Building materials and methods were changed with the invention of simple machines and the use of
iron, steel, reinforced concrete and other lighter materials.

Conclusion
1. Give an example of a modern pyramid not shown in the presentation. How does its function
differ from that of the Egyptian pyramids? What do you think accounts for this difference?
The ceiling of the Louvre museum is a pyramid. It functions as a window and light source, not a
structure. It differs because it is made of glass and steel instead of stone.
2. Give an example of a modern structure that uses an arch and dome system.
The Capitol Building has an arch and dome systems.
3. What is the main purpose of modern roads? How is the cost of modern roadways defrayed?
Modern roads are used for everyday transportation in cars. Costs are defrayed using tax money.
Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Copyright 2010
CEA Unit 1 Lesson 1.1 Activity 1.1.1 History Civil Engineering and Architecture Page 2