Ato Abraham Assefa

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Instructor Abraham Assefa (Eng.)
Oct. 2009
CEng 3103 Building Construction

Course Outline
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Building Structural Systems
Reinforced Concrete Structures
Steel Framed Structures
Prefabricated Building
Systems
Shell and Dome Structures
4.
5.
6.
Planning of Buildings
Building Construction
Elements
Health and Safety in
5. Building Construction Elements

Foundation and Basement
Floors
Exterior and Interior Closures:
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Formwork and Scaffolding
Sanitary Systems
Fire and Life Protection
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems

Chapter 1
Presentation Outline
1.1 General
1.2 Development of Building Construction
1.3 Typical Traditional House Construction
1.4 Building Classification
1.5 Design and Performance requirement
1.6 Steps in Building Construction

1.1 General
4
Construction Industry is an industry which is involved

in the planning, execution and evaluation of all
types of civil works
CI Categories - Construction projects can be broadly
classified as:
Building Construction (includes facilities for habitation, institutional,
educational, light industrial (e.g. warehouse), commercial, social and
recreational purposes),
Engineered Construction (includes highway and heavy (e.g. dams,

sewage plant) construction), and
Industrial Construction.
In this course we will focus on Building Construction

1.1 General
5
The main players in the construction industry are:

The Client:
Architect
The Consultant:
Owner
Subs
The Contractor:
Insurance Companies:
Contractor
Suppliers
Banks:
Suppliers:
Vendors
Engineer
Permitting Agencies:
Public
Public:

1.1 General
6
Inception and feasibility

Planning and Design
Tendering Stages
Bid Evaluation
Award of Contract
Construction Stage
Commissioning and Acceptance
Provisional Acceptance
Final Acceptance
Consultant Architect
1.1. General Introduction

1.1 General
Building a structure consisting of floors, walls and roofs
erected to provide covered space for different uses such as

residence, business, entertainment, workshop, etc
Building - consists not only of the house, but also the site, road,
paths, the yard, the garden, the gate, the fence, etc
Building Team:
Architect
Civil Engineer Structural, Sanitary and related designs
Construction Manager Supervising the Planning and Construction
Phase
Urban Planner
Quantity Surveyor

1.1 General
All the above shall Study Building:

Planning,
Technical Elements,
Construction Materials,
Cost and Durability,
Requirements in relation to the previewing climatic

condition, and soil behavior, etc.
Building Codes lay the outline for the design of
building. E.g. EBCS

1.1 General
Requirements for Building Construction:

Site
Permission
from Local Authorities or Municipalities

Professionals: Architects, Engineers
Materials
Labor
Finance (most importantly)

Building During Human Age

Primary
motive of Building Houses is the desire for a better

living conditions, initial causes however include:
Fear
of Wild animals
Protection against cold and heat
Shelter from Rain and wind
Desire for gathering the family belongings in one place

Modern buildings are planned to adapt to the purpose

and the existing climatic conditions
Building Materials:
Originally
Stone, Sand, Earth, Grass, Logs, Skins, etc
Advanced
Dressed Stones, Bricks, Cement, Lime, Gypsum,
Iron, Timber, Tiles, Sheet Metals, Aluminums, Paints, etc

Modern
Systems Prefabrication, Pre-stressed Concrete

Building Structural Forms:




Construction Forms: Vaulting




Construction Forms: Timber

Construction Forms: Timber

Construction Forms: Stone

Construction Forms: Stone

Construction Forms: Steel

Construction Forms: Steel

Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete

Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete

Construction Forms: Shell Roofs

Construction Forms: Shell Roofs

Construction Forms: Cable Structures

Construction Forms: Cable Structures

Though there are different types of houses in Ethiopia, based on

classification by climate and altitude, housed are divided into:

1. House of Kolla (low Land)

Low Land Kolla (<1400m);

Uplands Woina Dega (1400 2700m) and
High Lands - Dega (>2700m).
Climate: Hot and usually Dry
Rains are scarce and if occurs the ground dries quickly.
Strong winds with plenty dust are frequent.
Two types are noticeable: Permanent and Normadic
1.1.1 Houses for Permanent People

Are mainly affected by available building material: Wood is scarce,

but stone, earth and grass are sufficiently available

Stone Walls 50 cm (tapering)

Height 2 3m
Walls Not Pointed
Internal Cow and camel dung
Ground Unprepared
Roof Flat
Logs, twinges and branches,
stone and earth are added
above
Finally Clay or binding agent
Plan Square, Rectangle

Opening Only Door


1.1.2 Houses for Normadic People

Roof Canvas or Skin
Walls Simple and Made of

light material
Ground Unprepared
Plan Circular

1.2 Houses for the High Lands (Dega)
Horizontal Walling 3 Places with

diagonals.
Splitted Timber Fills the gap

Climate: Rainy and Cold

Wood and Grass are available
Tid or Red Eucalyptus (1.2 1.5m)

Roof Truss
Center Pole 250 mm
Tied Using Ropes (cut animal skins)
Straw roofing material
Walling - Fermented Earth Mortar

(Two Coats)
Straw more course on the first
course

1.3 Houses for the Up lands (Woina Dega)

Similar except for use of materials

Sidama and Wollaita
Addis Buildings
..\Image Archives\Addis Ababa Bldgs
..\Image Archives\AU - New HQ
..\Image Archives\Sheraton Addis


Building Classification
According to the Building Code of India:
Building is any structure for whatsoever purpose and of

whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof
whether used as human habitation or not and includes
foundations, walls, floors, roof, etc, part of a building or anything
affixed thereto or any wall enclosing or intended to enclose any
land or space.
Building can be classified into different groups depending

on their occupancy use or type of construction.
Based on Occupancy of Use: Residential, Educational, Assembly,
Business, Mercantile, Industrial, Institutional, Storage, High Hazard
Based on Type of Construction (Resistance in Fire): - Type 1, 2, 3,
4 and5

Based on Occupancy of Use:

Residential Private Residences, Apartment Buildings, Dormitories,

Hotels
Educational Educational Instructions like schools and colleges
Assembly Theaters, Exhibition Halls, Places of Worship and terminals
Business Garages, Barber Shops, City Halls, Courthouses and
Libraries
Mercantile Shops, Stores, Market and Retail Warehouse
Industrial Industries where fabrication and assembly is carried out
Institutional Hospitals, Prisons
Storage For goods, merchandize, products, livestock
High Hazard Storage for highly inflammable, combustible or
explosive materials
The above divisions shall have sub divisions with different design standards

Based on Based on Type of Construction (Resistance in Fire):

Building Types

Grades of Fire Resistance , 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours

Indian Standard Type 1, type 2, Type 3, and Type 4 4, 3, 2, and 1
hour
Non Combustible vs. Fire Resistant
Type 1 Fire Resisting Construction
Type 2 Non Combustible Construction
Type 3 Heavy Timber Construction
Type 4 Ordinary Construction
Type 5 wood Frame Construction
Fire and Life Protection Number of Egress, Min. Distance to

Egress, Provision of Fire Lift, Alarm, Fire Hose, Smoke Control and
Fire Protection (Sprinklers)


Basic Design and Performance Requirement

Buildings can be broadly divided into Sub Structure and Super
Structure
Sub structure Below the surrounding ground level, and
Super - structure Above the ground level
Basic Components Foundations, Walls, Floors, Doors and Windows,
Stairs, Roof and Finishing Materials
Basic Design and Performance Criteria

Factor of Safety
Stiffness against deformation
Comfort and Convenience for users
Thus, buildings should satisfy the following basic functional requirements:

Strength and Stability, Dimensional Stability, Comfort and Convenience,

Resistance to Moisture Penetration, Fire Protection, Heat Insulation, Day
Lighting and Ventilation, Sound Insulation, Durability, Security, Protection
against vermin and termites, Building Economics

Basic functional requirements:

Strength and Stability DL, LL, WL, EQ
Dimensional Stability Deformations (Elastic and Plastic),
Temperature and Moisture Content
Comfort and Convenience Optimum utilization of space,
lighting and orientation of the building
Resistance to Moisture Penetration Building should kept dry
Fire Protection Less Ignition, Egress and Compartmentalization
Heat Insulation Use of thicker exterior walls, Use of cavity
Walls, Use of shading devices (projecting roofs, verandahs,
Proper Orientation
Day Lighting and Ventilation Good Daylight (East) and Natural
Ventilation

Basic functional requirements:

Sound
Insulation Through Cavity walls, airtight windows,

raised floors, suspended ceilings
Max. Acceptable Noise Schools 45 50 dB, Hospitals 40
50 dB and Public Offices 50 60 dB
Durability- From 25 50 years
Security Against Burglary or thefts, Window Openings,
Alarm Fittings
Protection against vermin and termites Shall be avoided
during pre - construction
Building Economics However all the above are necessary,
the limiting factor will be the money.

1.6 Steps in Building Design
Design is a process of
Blending, Selecting, Performance, Creation and Message
Design Phase
Site Selection and Site Plan
Architectural Design
Structural Design
Sanitary (Plumbing) Design
Electrical Design
Mechanical (HVAC)
Building Support Systems Data, Voice, CCTV, MATV, etc
Preparation of Bill of Quantity and Specification

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Oct. 2009

Course Outline
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Systems
4.
5.
6.
Elements

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems

Chapter 2 Building Drawings
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Drawing Equipments
2.3 Drawing Papers
2.4 Drawing for Residential Classification
2.5 Working Drawings

2.1 Introduction
4
Construction Industry uses mainly drawings and specifications for

communication.
Drawings present the pictorial view of the building items, with
brief written descriptions and
Specification presents the technical details, method of fabrication,
test, measurement and related details
Civil and Architectural Drawings Similar to Mechanical Drawings
except they use
Line Techniques
Various Templates
Dimensioning
AUTO CAD Drafting

Necessary trainings shall be taken

6
The manual production of drawings requires:

Drawing Board/Table
Size of 50 x 62 cm (A2)
Drawing Paper
Drawing Paper, Tracing Paper, Blue Print
Drawing Pencils
Very Soft (6B) to Very Hard ( 9 H)
Writing and Lettering - Medium Pencil (HB or F)
Drawings Hard Pencil (2H)
Ruler (cm or mm), T Square, Set Square (45 or 30/60)

Accessories - Eraser, Drawing Tape, Templates


2.3 Drawing Papers
10
Drawings shall be
in conformance to
International and
National
Standards.
Standard Paper
formats are
derived from a
rectangular
drawing of 1m2.
A, B and C
A Construction
B & C Envelopes,
Posters, Folders
Using Golden Triangle (X = 0.841 m

and Y = 1.189 m)
X * Y = 1 and X:Y = 1 : 2

2.3 Drawing Papers
11
Based on International Standards(ISO):

Common Sizes are A1 and A2

2.3 Drawing Papers
12
Side Margin - 3 5 cm shall be provided for fastening tape

of drawing pins

2.3 Drawing Papers
13
Title Block
150 mm x 100 mm
Information: Design
Office (Name), Project Title
(Name and Place), Drawing
Type, Designer (Name),
Drawn By(Name), Checked
By(Name), Date of
Completion, Scales and
Drawings Numbers

2.3 Drawing Papers
Folding Schemes

2.3 Drawing Papers
Folding Schemes

2.3 Drawing Papers
Folding Schemes

2.3 Drawing Papers
17
Drawings shall be properly numbered:

AR,
ST,
SN,
EL,
AC,
DT,
ID..etc
Capital Letters shall be used for all titles and sub- titles

2.4 Drawing for Residential Buildings
18
Typical Drawings for Residential Buildings:

Title Deed
Site Plan
Sketch
Working
Detailed
Construction and Installation Drawings

19
Site Plan
Location of building
Dimension of Perimeter
Proximity to the Road

Scale 1:100 or 1:200
North Direction shall be clearly
indicated

20
Sketch Drawings
Preliminary Drawings indicating concerns and details
May include plan of important storey, one or more elevations and cross section of
building
21

22
Detailed
Drawings
Show specific
details: Stair
Cases, Gutter
Down Pipe,
Foundation
details, etc
Scale 1:1.
1:5, 1:10 or
1:20

23
Construction Drawings
Prepared mainly for foundation works, construction of steels, concrete,
roofing and wood works and Approval by designer and RE
24
Installation
Drawings
Prepared
mainly for
Sanitary and
Electrical
Installations
Scale of
1:50 is
preferred
25
Sanitary DWG

26
Working Drawings
Prepared mainly for Architectural Designs
Floor Plans, Elevation, Sectional Drawings
1. Floor Plans
Interior Space - Cutting section 1.2m High
Steps for Preparation
Start laying center line of walls
Mark window and door openings
March wall thickness
Locate furniture position
Indicate material type
Add measurements and Other details

Floor Plans

Standard Dimensioning

29
2. Elevation Plans
Exterior Space
Orthographic Drawings of the building exterior
Front, Rear, Left and Right
North, South, West and East Elevations
Steps for Preparation
Project Vertical Lines Lines with overall width and length
Project Horizontal Lines Which represent the height of the eave
line, ridgeline, and chimney line, line aboveground level, etc
Locate Roof Lines Ridge and Eave Line
Add Elevation Symbols
Give Elevation Dimensions

Standard Heights

32
3. Sectional Plans
Revel the internal construction of an object
Architectural Sections Entire Structure (Full Section) or for
specific parts (Detail Section)
Size and Complexity of the building usually determines the
number of drawings
3.1. Full Section
Longitudinal or Transverse (Scale of 1:50)
Cutting Plane
Cutting Line and Arrows Two dashed lines
3.2. Detail Section

Use of break lines
33
Full Section

34
Detail Section
Construction Symbols

41
Typical Drawings for Residential Buildings:

Architectural Site Plan, Floor Plan, Elevation, Section, Details
Structural Foundation (Footing, Foundation Column, Ground
Floor Slab, Retaining Walls), Upper Floor (Slabs, Beams,
Columns), Shear Walls, Truss (Layout, Truss Details, Connection
Details)
Sanitary - Water Supply (Cold and Hot), Waste Water, Storm
Water, Risers
Electrical - Socket, Switch, Lighting, Voice, Riser, Distribution
Boards

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Nov. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Systems
4.
5.
6.
Elements

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems

Chapter 3 Building Structural Systems
3
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Reinforced Concrete Structures
3.3 Steel Framed Structures
3.4 Wood Structures
3.5 Masonry Structures
3.6 Prefabricated Building Systems
3.6 Shell and Dome Structures

3.1 Introduction
6
Building Structural Systems greatly depend on materials and

the expected force systems.
Based on force systems structural elements can be classified into:
Foundation Footing, Pile
Column
Beam
Truss
Arch
Dome, Shell
Plate
Membrane -

3.1 Introduction
8

3.1 Introduction
9

3.1 Introduction
10
Structural
load
transformat
ion has
become
more and
more
complex

3.1 Introduction
11
Beams

3.1 Introduction
12
TRUSS

3.1 Introduction
13
TRUSS

3.1 Introduction
14
ARCH

3.1 Introduction
15
VAULT

3.1 Introduction
16
DOME

3.1 Introduction
17
SHELL

3.1 Introduction
18
Structure: Guiding Principles of Analysis and Design

Lightness
Maximum Lightness achieved by minimum use of materials.
Maximum Diversity/Minimum Inventory

Element design.
Construction Logic
Awareness and optimization of the construction sequence.
Economy
Constraints are good

3.1 Introduction
19
Lightness
Maximum
Diversity/Minimum
Inventory Element and
Joint Design

3.1 Introduction
20
Common Structural Materials RC, STEEL, WOOD, PREFAB, SHELL

AND DOME
New Possibilities
Materials - Composites
Glass
FOUR SYSTEM
Carbon Fiber
INTEGRATION
Cellulose
Panels: e.g. stress skin
Processes
Concrete
Tilt-Up Slab
Rapid Curing

3.1 Introduction
21
Common Structural Materials CONCRETE (PLAIN AND RC), STEEL,

WOOD, MASONRY
New Possibilities
Materials - Composites
Glass
Carbon Fiber
Cellulose
Panels: e.g. stress skin
Processes
Concrete
Tilt-Up Slab
Rapid Curing

3.1 Introduction
22
3.2 Reinforced Concrete Structures

23
Reinforced Concrete - Ethiopia

Concrete Issues
Strength in Tension
Strength in Compression
Ductility
CO2 generation
Durability
Quality Control
Concrete Advantageous
Form Requirements
Availability of Materials
Construction Expertise requirement
Developments SCC, Ductile Concrete, Composite Concrete

24
Metals are
commonly used
in building
structures
Primary
Architectural
Metals

Class of elements distinguished from other

materials by:
Ductility
Malleability
Hardness
Conductivity
Ability to form alloys
Qualities of appearance
STEEL STRUCTURES
Steel
Stainless steel Material Properties and Applications of various steels
Three types
Aluminum
1.Carbon steels
Copper
2.High-strength low-alloy steels
Zinc
3.Alloy steels
Lead composites

25

26

27

28
3.4 Wood Structures

29
The use of wood extends back in time longer than any other
material.
In fact, wood represents both the original material of building
as well as the earliest source of energy.
Once abundant it is now, for the most part a managed
resource.
But is mostly underused
Structural Morphology
i. Solid Load Bearing Wall
ii. Timber Frame
iii. Balloon and Platform Framing
iv. Stress-Skin Systems Structural Types
30
3.5 Masonry Structures

31
Must act in compression (no

resistance to tension)
Very high compressive
strength

Design is a problem of form

Stability and not strength limits
masonry
Thrust line: line of forces acting
within a
masonry structure to ensure
that
compression is maintained

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Nov. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Systems
4.
5.
6.
Elements

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems

Chapter 5 Building Construction Elements
3
5.1 Foundation and Basements
5.1.1
Introduction
5.1.2 Functions of Foundations
5.1.3 Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation
5.1.4 Types of Foundation
5.1.5 Site Investigation and Sub Soil Exploration
5.1.6 Causes of Foundation Failures and Remedial Measures
5.1.7 Foundation Construction
Setting Out Foundation Trenches
Excavation and Timbering of Foundation
Excavations in Ground with Sub Soil Water Problems
5.1.1 Introduction
4
Buildings consist of Sub and Super Structure elements

Sub Structure or Foundation is the lower portion of the building,
usually located below ground level, and transmits the load of the
superstructure to the sub soil
The soil which is located immediately below the base of the
foundation is called the Sub Soil or Foundation Soil
Since it remains below ground level, the signs of failure of foundation
are not noticeable till it has already affected the building
A foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessive
settlement as well as unequal settlement
Unequal Settlement - might be caused due to weak sub soil, shrinkable and
expansive soil, frost action ground water movement, excessive vibration,
consolidation settlement or slipping of strata
5.1.2 Functions of Foundations

5
Foundations serve the following purpose:

1. Reduction of Load intensity
2. Even Distribution of Load
3. Provision of Level Surface
4. Lateral Stability
Against Sliding, and overturning due to Wind and EQ
Safety against undermining
5.
Against undermining or scouring due to burrowing animals or

flood
Protection against soil movements
6.
Special foundations to allow for sub soil movements

5.1.3 Essential Requirements of a Good Foundation
6
Foundation should be constructed to satisfy the following

requirements:
1.
Foundations shall sustain and safely transmit the Dead and Live
Loads of the Superstructure, in a way that the pressure will not
cause settlement which would impair the stability of the
building or adjoining structures
2.
Foundation shall be rigid to avoid differential settlement,
specially when the superstructure load is not evenly distributed
3.
Foundations shall be sufficiently deep to guard against damage
or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub soil
4.
Foundations should be so located that its performance may not
be affected due to any unexpected future influence.

5.1.4 Types of Foundation
7
Types of Foundations can be classified into two:

A. Shallow Foundation
Spread Footing, Combined Footings, Strap Footings and Mat
Foundation
B. Deep Foundation
Deep strip, rectangular or square footing, Pile Foundation, Pier or
Drilled Caisson Foundation, and Well or Caisson Foundation

5.1.4 Types of Foundation Shallow Foundation
8
A. Shallow
Foundation
Spread
Footing,
Combined
Footings, Strap
Footings and
Mat Foundation

9
A. 1 Spread Footing
Will spread the force over

a large area
There are different kinds:
Single Footing
Stepped Footing
Sloped Footing
Wall footing without step
Stepped footing for wall
Grillage foundation

10
Wall footing without step

Stepped footing for wall

11
Grillage foundation Timber or Steel Stanchion carrying

heavy load in weak bearing capacity soils

12
A. 2 Combined Footing
Support two or more

columns
There are different kinds:
Rectangular
Trapezoidal
Combined Column
Design Criterion Center

of Gravity of Columns
shall coincide with the
centroid of the footing

13
Combined Footing
for Columns and
Wall
Sometimes it may
be necessary to
provide a
combined footing
for columns and
wall

14
A. 3 Strap/ Cantilever Footings
Strap Footing - If
independent footings of two
columns are connected by a
beam
When the distance
between the columns is wide
and with high bending
moments
Strap beam will not
transfer loads, it will be
assumed to be stiff enough
to result in uniform pressure
under each footing
Border Columns

15
A. 4 Mat Foundation
Mat is combined footing that

covers the entire area beneath
a structure and supports all the
walls and columns.
Used when the bearing
capacity of the soil is low or
when there is a compressible
layer , erratic strata prone to
differential settlement
There are different types
Solid Slab
Beam Slab
Cellular System

5.1.4 Types of Foundation Deep Foundation
16
B. Deep Foundation
Deep strip, rectangular or square footing, Pile

Foundation, Pier or Drilled Caisson Foundation, and Well
or Caisson Foundation
Strip, rectangular or square footings come under the
category of deep foundation, when the depth of the
foundation is more than the width of the footing
Well foundations are used in bridge piers

17
B. 1 Pile Foundation
Use vertical members made

of steel, timber or concrete
Use skin friction and end
bearing resistance
Adopted when
No firm bearing strata exists
in a reasonable depth
When pumping of sub soil
water would be too costly or
timbering to excavations too
difficult

18
Types of Pile Foundation

End Bearing
Used for multistory buildings to
minimize settlement
Friction
Used in granular soil
Combined End bearing and

Friction pile
Compaction pile
Used to compact loose granular
soil
Dont carry loads by themselves
and thus can be made of soft
materials

19
B. 2 Pier Foundation
Consists of a cylindrical
column of large diameter to
support and transfer large
loads
Difference with pile is method
of construction
Pier foundation uses only
bearing and has shallow depth
When there is a close hard
rock strata and stiff clay
Types
Masonry or Concrete Pier
Drilled Pier

20
Masonry or Concrete Pier

Used when a good
bearing stratum exists up to
5m below the ground level
Size and spacing of the
piers depends up on the
depth of hard bed, nature
of overlaying soil and
super imposed loads

21
Drilled Caissons or Foundation

piers or just piers
Denote cylindrical foundation
Is a compressed member
Are generally drilled with the
mechanical means
Three Types
Concrete caisson with enlarged
bottom
Caisson of Steel Pipe with
concrete fill
Caisson with concrete and steel
core in steel pipe

22
B. 3 Well Foundation (Caissons)

Are box like circular or
rectangular structure which are
sunk from the surface either by
dead load or water to the
desired depth
Larger in diameter to pier or
drilled caissons
Used in bridge piers,
abutments in rivers and lakes,
docks, break water and other
shore structures, pump houses
and water front structures

23
Since foundation are to be based in sub soils, sufficient

investigation of the sub soils is a must
Sub Soil Investigation is carried out for
New Structures
Selection of type and depth of foundation
Determination of Bearing Capacity
Prediction of settlement
Determination of Ground water level
Evaluation of earth pressure against walls, basements and abutments
Provision against construction difficulties
Suitability and degree of compaction of soil

24
Sub Soil Investigation is carried out for

Existing Structures
Investigation of the safety of the structure
Prediction of Settlement
Determination of remedial measures Unsafe structure or in case of
detrimental settlement
SITE RECONNAISSANCE
Inspection of the site and study on topographical
features is often helpful
Following features shall be studied: Local Topography, excavations, cuttings, quarries, evidence
of land slide, fills, water level and drainage patters

25
SITE EXPLORATION
Objective to provide a reliable, specific and detailed
information about the soil and ground water conditions for
safe and economic design of foundations
Depth of Exploration
Depth (Significant Depth) shall be up to the level where the
pressure increase will cause settlement or shear failure of
foundations
Depends on the type of structure, its weight, size, shape and
disposition of loaded areas, and the soil profile and its properties
Assumed One and Half to two times the width (smaller of the
lateral dimensions) of the loaded area
Directions
Isolated Spread Footings 1.5 times the width

26
Directions
Adjacent footings with clear spacing less than twice the width 1.5 times the
length
Pile Foundation 10 to 30 m, or more, or at least 1.5 times the width of the
structure
Base of Retaining Wall greater of 1.5 times the base width or 1.5 times
the exposed height
Floating Basement Depth of Construction
Weathering Considerations 1.5 m in general and 3.5 m in black cotton
soils
Min Depth 1.5 m
Methods of Exploration
1. Open Excavation
2. Borings
3. Sub Surface Soundings
4. Geo Physical Methods

27
1. Open Excavation
Trail pits are the cheapest
methods in shallow deposits
Advantages Soil Strata
can be observed and samples
(disturbed or undisturbed) can
be conveniently taken
Suitable up to 3m depth
For greater depths and for
excavation below ground
water table, specially in
pervious soils, measures for
lateral support and ground
water lowering is necessary

28
2. Boring Methods
Methods commonly used
Auger boring
Auger and Shell boring
Wash boring
Percussion boring
Rotary boring
A. Auger boring
Used in cohesive and other soft soils above
water table
Operate mechanically or manually
Hand augers are used up to 6m
Two types Spiral or Post Hole

29
2. Boring Methods
B. Auger and Shell boring
Cylindrical augers and shells with
cutting edges at lower end
Hand operated up to 25 m and
mechanized rigs up to 50 m
Suitable for soft to stiff clay, shells
for very stiff and hard clay, and
shells or sand pumps for sandy soils
Small boulders, thin soft strata or
rock or cemented gravel can be
broken by chisel bits attached to
drill rods

30
2. Boring Methods
C. Wash boring
Is fast and simple method for
advancing holes in all types of
soils (except for boulders and
rock)
Steps
Driving a casing with hollow
drilled rod with sharp chisel or
chopping bit
Forcing water under pressure
Resulting in Chopping and
jetting action
Forcing the cutting up ward
and reviewing the color of wash

31
2. Boring Methods
D. Percussion boring
Soil and rock formations are broken by repeated blows of heavy chisel
or bit suspended by a cable or drill rod
Water is added to the hole during boring
Suitable for advancing a hole in all types of soils, boulders and rock
E. Rotary Boring
Very fast method
A drill bit is rotated with firm contact to the bottom of the hole
A water solution of bentonite, with or without admixtures is continuously
forced down
The mud coming up wards bring the cuttings to the surface
Core Boring or Core Drilling commercial diamond studded bits

32
Record of Borings
Accurate and explicit
record of borings shall be
kept
Soils/Rock collected shall
be properly preserved
and arranged serially
according to the depth at
which they were found
Boring Chart
Site Plan showing location
of bores

33
3. Sub Surface Soundings

Sounding methods consist of measuring the resistance of the soil
with depth by a means of PENETROMETER under static and
dynamic loading.
The penetrometer may consist of a sampling spoon, a cone or
other shaped tool.
The resistance to penetration is empirically correlated with some of
the engineering properties of soil, such as density index,
consistency, bearing capacity etc.
Used for general test by experts
Commonly used methods:
Standard Penetration Test
Cone Penetration Test

34
4. Geo Physical
Methods
Geo Physical methods are used
when the depth of exploration is
very large, and also the speed of
investigation is of primary
importance
Were developed in connection
with prospecting of useful minerals
and oils
Methods
Gravitational Methods
Magnetic Methods
Seismic Refraction Method
Electrical Resistivity Methods

35
Choice of Exploration
Methods
Nature of Ground
Topography
Cost
Soil Samples and

Samplers
Soil Samples
Disturbed Samples
Undisturbed Samples
Soil Samplers
Thick Wall
Thin Wall
Mode of Operation
Open Drive Sampler
Stationary Piston
Sampler
Rotary Sampler

5.1.6 Causes of Foundation Failures and Remedial Measures
36
Foundations may fail due

to the following reasons:
Unequal Settlement of Sub
Soil
Unequal Settlement of
Masonry
Sub Soil moisture
movement
Lateral Pressure on Walls
Lateral Movement of Sub
Soil
Weathering of Sub Soil
due to trees and shrubs
Atmospheric Action

37
Under Foundation Construction,

the following topics will be
reviewed;
Setting Out Foundation Trenches
Excavation and Timbering of
Foundation Trenches
Excavation in Ground with Sub
Soil Water
A. Setting Out Foundation

Trenches
Is the process of laying down
the excavation lines and
center lines etc on the ground,
before excavation is started
Foundation Layout Plan

38
B. Excavation and
Timbering of
Foundation Trenches
Excavation can be
done either manually
or with equipments
Manually
Equipments

39
C. Timbering of Foundation Trenches
When the depth of trench is large,

or when the sub soil is loose , the
sides of the trench may cave in
Timbering or Shoring consist of
providing timber planks or boards
and struts to give temporary support
to the sides of the trench
Methods:
Stay Bracing Firm Soil & 2m
Box Sheeting Loose Soil & 4m
Vertical Sheeting Soft & 10 m
Runner System Extremely Loose
Sheet Piling

40

41
D. Excavation in Ground
with Sub Soil Water
High water table or
water logged area
Dewatering
Ditches and Sumps
Well Point System
Shallow Well System
Deep Well System
Vacuum Method
Electro osmosis Method

42

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Nov. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
Introduction
Building Drawings
Systems
4.
5.
6.
Elements

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems

Chapter 5 Building Construction Elements Floors
3
5.2 Floors
5.2.1
Introduction
5.2.2 Classification of Floors
5.2.3 Functional Requirements of a Floor
5.2.4 Materials for Floor Construction
5.2.5 Floor Finishes
Brick,
Stone, Concrete, Granolithic, Tiled, Wooden,

Terrazzo, Mosaic, Plastic, Marble, Asphalt, Rubber,
Cork, Glass, Linoleum, Carpet
5.2.1 Introduction
4
The purpose of a floor is to provide a level surface capable

of supporting
the occupants of a building
Furniture
Equipment and
Internal Partition
Other purposes:
Sound and Thermal Insulation
Fire Resistance
Adequate Strength and Stability
Traditional Floors:
Clean, Smooth, Impervious, Level and Durable Surface
5.2.2 Classification of Floors

5
Floors can be
classified as:
Upper Floors and
Ground Floor
Suspended Floors
Solid (Rest) Floors
Basement Floors
Flooring is the
single most
exposed element
of a building
interior because
of constant and
often heavy use.

6
Ground Floor
1.
Support Load Especially in Factories
2.
Prevent Dampness
3.
Prevent Growth of Vegetable matter and Living organism
4.
Durability Min. Maintenance or replacement
5.
Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanliness
and heat Retention

7
Upper Floor
1.
Support Load
2.
Fire Resistance Tall Buildings
3.
Minimize noise transfer
4.
Durability Min. Maintenance or replacement
5.
Surface Finish Standard of Appearance, Comfort, Cleanliness and
Heat Retention
6.
Prevent Dampness
Upper Floor

Structural

Floor Finish (Upper Part)

Ceiling Finish (Lower Part)

8
Performance Criteria for flooring selection can be

listed as the following:
durable
to resist abrasion, indentation, compression,

accidental impacts, and dust and dirt
chemically inert to resist cleaning compounds, disinfectants,
solvents, lubricants and other substances that may be spilled
comfortable to reduce fatigue of walking, standing and/or
running
safe, non-slippery, non-tripping, non flammable and also
non-conductive or non-static

9
The basic Materials used for floors are:

Stone, Brick, Timber, Concrete, and Metal
Timber and Concrete are widely used
A. Timber Floors
Wood used for engineering purposes
Source and Standard Seasoning and appearance
Versatile Glued, Laminated or bonded to metal or plates
Fire Resistance Coating
Moisture Flow Has to be avoided and kept dry
Ground Floor Suspended system is economical
Wooden Floors Applied in dancing halls, auditoriums, living and
dinning rooms etc

10
A. Timber Floors
Structural system Joist and Floor Planking

11
B. Concrete Floors
Commonly used in all building types b/c moderately cheap,
quite durable, and easy to construct
Can be cast in situ or prefabricated
B. 1 Cast In Situ Concrete
Design Freedom Shape
Form work required Wet Condition
Types
Solid - Solid or Flat
Better Strength
Flat Slabs No beams
Ribbed or Waffle Based

Flat Ceiling (w/o beams), Better Sound Insulation, Duct provision, Light Loads

12
Ribbed
Slabs

13
B. 2 Pre Cast Concrete

Designed to avoid form works, wet free and fast construction
Lighter in weight
Disadvantage Difficult to provide rigid connections and
Transportation, Loading and Unloading, Placement
Available Prefab Addis and Logi
Reinforced Solid or Contain Internal Cores
Pre Stressed
Lighter, Camber, Difficult for modification
Cover part or the whole slab portion
Made of Hollow Blocks, Brick Hollow part used for passing utility ducts

14
Hollow Pre - Cast Section

15
Hollow Pre - Cast Section

16
Choice of Floor Finish materials depends on:

Initial Cost, Appearance, Durability, Availability, Fire
resistance, resistance to water and chemicals, sound
insulation, and resistance to wear or impact.
Common Type of Flooring
Brick, Stone, Concrete, Granolithic, Tiled, Wooden, Terrazzo,
Mosaic, Plastic, Marble, Asphalt, Rubber, Cork, Glass,
Linoleum, Carpet

17
A. Brick Flooring

18
A. Brick Flooring
Used in cheap constructions, especially where good bricks are
available
Suitable
Warehouses, stores, pedestrian walk ways
Base Course
Compacted layers with mortar joints with bricks
Slope shall be properly provided
Frost Attack About 5 cm thick fine sand is spread
Construction
Bricks shall be socked for 3 7 days (avoid reduction of voids in
hydration)
Frost Bricks without mortar

19
B. Stone Flooring Granite, Marble, Lime stone, Slate

20
B. Stone Flooring Granite, Marble, Lime stone, Slate

Used for making rectangular or square size floors
Suitable
Garages, Entrance Corridors, Pedestrian Walk ways
Common colors are pink, beige, white, brown, black, green, and red.
Properties
Hard, Durable and resistant to wear

Easy in construction and Maintenance
Not better in looks
Sub Base
Compacted Ground or Concrete Base
Construction
Joints Pointed
Proper Slope

21
C. Concrete Flooring
Suitable
Residential, Commercial, and
Industrial (Garages,
Laboratories, and Ware houses)

22
C. Concrete Flooring
Properties
Moderately Cheap, Durable and Easy to construct
Moderately resistant to oils and weak acids
Two Components
Base Concrete and Wearing Surface
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Monolithically casting Good Bond with base and Cracks
Independent Base surface covered with slurry, Mix 1:2:4
Even spreading and surfacing by straight edge steel or wood
Curing 7 days

23
D. Granolithic Flooring

24
D. Granolithic Flooring
Suitable
For hard and wear resistant surface (Car passage )
Properties
Made of Rich Concrete, with very hard and tough quality course
aggregates , such as granite and basalt
Mix 1:1:2 to 1:1:3
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Shall be laid before the base coarse has set
Surface is tamped and floated
Smoothened by steel trowel
Grinding and polishing is done after curing

25
E. Tiled (Cement or Clay) Flooring

26
E. Tiled (Cement or Clay) Flooring

Suitable
Residential Houses, Offices, Schools and Public Buildings
Properties
Made of cement, clay, concrete or terrazzo
Constructed in square, hexagonal or other shapes and many colours
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Compacted ground base
Construction
Similar to laying stone or brick flooring
Cement slurry has to spread to fill the joints
Grinding and Polishing

27
F. Wooden/Timber (Parquet) Flooring

28
F. Wooden/Timber (Parquet) Flooring

Suitable
Living and Dinning Rooms, Bed rooms, dance halls, auditoriums
Properties
Must have hard, Resistant to wear and durable surface
Selection shall be based on texture, color, defects and grain
Shall be avoided in moist areas
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Can be glued to concrete floors
Can be joined by nails
Can be simply overlaid on a filler mast
Protective coating like varnish, lacquer, wax shall be applied for long service
periods

29
G. Terrazzo Flooring

30
G. Terrazzo Flooring
Suitable
Residential, Offices and other public buildings
Properties
Is concrete containing white and/or colored cement and marble chips as an aggregate
(1:2 or 1:3)
Marble Chips exposed by grinding, may vary from 3 6 mm
Decorative and high wearing resistance
Can be found in market as pre cast terrazzo in the form of tiles (20 30 cm, t = 2
3m) even for Stair Treads and Risers
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Shall be casted with the required mix proportion
Grinding in three levels and then cement grout to seal holes
Mirror - Polishing

31
H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring

32
H. Mosaic/Ceramic Flooring
Suitable
Walls, Floors, Both internal and external, Stairs
Properties
Made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or of marble arranged in different
patters
Glazed or Unglazed
Impervious to water and a dense body
Types
Porcelain - made by dust press method from ceramic materials with vitreous body, resistant to freezing and
thawing and abrasive wear
Natural Clay (Ceramic) made of natural clays or shales, which produce a long wearing body
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Concrete base made of mortar or comp mortar is spread & leveled to a depth of 5 to 8 cm
Pieces or Tiles of Ceramic are hammered
Stone roller about 30 cm in dia. and 45 60 cm long is passed
Joint filler Cement grout

33
I. Plastic or PVC Flooring

34
I. Plastic or PVC Flooring

Suitable
Residential Area Bed rooms
Properties
Made of plastic material Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)
Fabricated in rolls or tiles with different colors
Resilient, smooth, good looking and cleanable
Easily damaged by heat or chemicals
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Adhesive shall be applied to the cement screed surface
Tiles are then pressed gently using lightweight rollers
Floor is washed with warm soap water

35
Concrete Floor Cement Screed

These are used to give a concrete floor a finish suitable to receive the
floor finish or covering specified
Laying Floor Screeds - floor screeds should not be laid in bays since this
can cause curling at the edges, screeds can however be laid in 3.00 wide
strips to receive thin coverings.
Leveling of screeds is achieved by working to leveled timber screeding
batten or alternatively a 75mm wide band of leveled screed with square
edges can be laid to the perimeter of the floor prior to the general
screed laying operation.

36

Types
Monolithic Screeds - screed laid directly on
concrete floor slab within three hours of placing
concrete before any screed is placed all surface
water should be removed, all screeding work
should be carried out from scaffold board
runways to avoid walking on the `green' concrete
slab.
Separate Screeds - screed is laid onto the
concrete floor slab after it has cured. The floor
surface must be clean and rough enough to ensure
an adequate bond unless the floor surface is
prepared by applying a suitable bonding agent
or by brushing with a cement/water grout of a
thick cream like consistency just before laying the
screed.

37

Types
Unbonded Screeds - screed is laid directly over a
damp-proof membrane or over a damp-proof
membrane and insulation. A rigid form of floor
insulation is required where the concrete floor
slab is in contact with the ground. Care must be
taken during this operation to ensure that the
damp-proof membrane is not damaged.
Floating Screeds - a resilient quilt of 25mm
thickness is laid with butt joints and turned up at
the edges against the abutment walls, the screed
being laid directly over the resilient quilt. The
main objective of this form of floor screed is to
improve the sound insulation properties of the
floor.

38
J. Marble Flooring

39
J. Marble Flooring
Suitable
Residential buildings (Stairs, Corridor, Kitchens), Public and
Worship places
Properties
Made of sedimentary rocks
Different sources Granite, Marble
Durable, Water proof but expensive
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Similar to stone flooring
Has to be cured and cleaned before use

40
K. Asphalt Flooring

41
K. Asphalt Flooring
Suitable
Garages, stores
Properties
Wear resistance and durable
Resilient, sound proof, non absorbent and moisture to proof
Types
Asphalt Mastic commonly used in Ethiopia. Made of sand and asphalt mixed hot
and laid in continuous sheets
Asphalt Titles made of asphalt and other ingredients such as asbestos fibers, by
pressing the mix in different sizes, with thickness varying usually from 3 to 6 mm
Asphalt Mosaic similar to mastic but made with chips
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Proper primer coat

42
L. Rubber Flooring

43
L. Rubber Flooring
Suitable
Offices or public building like hospitals and schools
Properties
Consist of sheet or piles of rubber, with different patterns and colours
Manufactured by mixing
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Shall be laid before the base coarse has set
Surface is tamped and floated
Smoothened by steel trowel
Grinding and polishing is done after curing

44
M. Cork Flooring

45
M. Cork Flooring
Suitable
Areas where quiet and comfort are of paramount importance.
Rigid subfloors, such as smooth-finished or screeded concrete supported above
grade and free of moisture, or on structurally sound plywood or hardboard. Cork
tile is not recommended for application below grade or moisture-free conditions
must be ensured.
Properties
Manufactured by baking cork granules with phenolic or other resin binders
under pressure. Four types of finishes are produced: natural, factory prefinished
wax, resin-reinforced wax, and vinyl cork tile
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction

Natural cork tile must be sanded (to level), sealed, and waxed immediately after
installation.
Sealed by protective coatings

46
N. Glass Flooring

47
N. Glass Flooring
Suitable
Basement and upper floor where light has to be transmitted
Properties
Structural glass, in the form of tiles or slabs ( t = 12 to 30
mm)
Suspended on closely placed frames
Sub Base
Steel Frames
Construction
Care should be taken to avoid joint failures

48
O. Linoleum Flooring

49
O. Linoleum Flooring
Suitable
Except for Bath rooms, kitchens, etc
Properties Developed 100 yrs ago in England

Mixing oxidized linseed oil in gum, resins, pigments, wood flour, cork
dust and other filler materials
Seasoned in ovens for 2 4 weeks (given several coats of lacquer for
greater stain and spot resistance)
Attractive, resilient, durable, cheap and easily cleanable
Easily rot in wet conditions
Sub Base
Concrete or Wood Base
Construction
Fixed or glued to base in various patterns

50
P. Carpet Flooring

51
P. Carpet Flooring
Suitable
Passage ways, Bed Rooms, Hall ways
Properties

A textile floor covering consisting of an upper layer of "pile" attached

to a backing.
The pile is generally either made from wool or a manmade fibre such
as polypropylene, and usually consists of twisted tufts which are often
heat-treated to maintain their structure.
Sub Base
Concrete Base
Construction
Carpets and carpet tiles can be laid loose, stuck with a suitable
adhesive or in the case of carpets edge fixed using special grip strips.
52

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Nov. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.3 Building Construction Elements Walls
3
5.3 Walls
5.3.1
Introduction
5.3.2 Types of Walls
5.3.3 External Walls
5.3.4 Internal Walls
5.3.5 Cavity Walls
5.3.6 Openings in Walls
5.3.7 Wood and Chika Walls

5.3.1 Introduction
4
Definition A wall is a vertical member whose width

(i.e. length) exceeds four times the thickness
Wall
Is
an essential component of a building

It encloses or divides a building space for an assumed
function
Provides privacy, security and protection against heat, cold,
sun and rain
Structural Wall can provide support to floors and roofs
Design Criterion
Strength,
Stability, Weather Resistance, Durability, Fire Resistance,

Thermal and Sound Insulation

5.3.2 Types of Walls
5
Distinction can be made:

A. Position in the Building
Substructure (Foundation and Basement Walls)
Superstructure (External and Internal Walls)
External Walls protection against wind and rain, insulate heat,
water repellent, fire resisting and sound insulation
Internal Walls Sound, heat and Water
B. Function
Load
Bearing Walls
Partition Walls

6
A. Materials for External Walls

Stones, Bricks, HCB, Reinforce Concrete, Glass, Metals,
Plastic, Composites, Agro Stone, Chika
Selection
Availability
Standard of House
Climatic Conditions
Cost
Aesthetic
Workers
Structural Function
Fire Resistance
Openings Windows and Doors

7
B. Types of External Walls

Classification can be based on Structural Property or on
Physical Nature

Physical Nature Block, Monolithic or Composite or Panel

Construction
B.1. Block Construction

Are made of stones, brick, hollow concrete blocks, and solid
blocks
A. Brick Walls
Widely used for load and non load bearing walls
Egyptians, Babylonian, Romans used it
Ethiopia Not old

8

A. Brick Walls
Manufacturing
Made of Clay
Clay fine grained soil, resulting from weathering of rocks
Plasticity for forming shapes and mold is a must
Forms of Clay Surface, Shales (Subject to high pressure) and Fire Clays
(found at deeper depth and usually are refractory)
Chemically Silica and Alumina with varying amount of metallic oxides
and other impurities
Metallic Oxides Colors and Silicates Strength and durability
Stages

Clay Preparation Excavation, Storage, Grinding, Blending

Molding Tempering, Mixing in Pug mill, Molding
Drying Dryer Chamber, Sun Dry, Control of Cracking
Firing- Kiln (40 150hrs), Sintering (1200 o c)

9

A. Brick Walls
Different Types
Five basic subdivisions:
Common
Bricks Cheapest
Facing Bricks Free from cracks and size variations
Engineering Bricks For strength and durability
Fire Bricks Lining for fire places, kilns
Glazed and Coloured Bricks White color on one side
(hospitals, dairies, etc)

10

A. Brick Walls
Tests of Bricks
A. Field Tests for Soils Balls about 8cm dia. are made and
checked for drying cracks and crumble modes
B. Field Tests for Burnt Clay Bricks Appearance, hammer test
(highly metallic sound) and hardness test (Scratching the surface
by knife)
Class
Avg. (MPa)
Ind. (MPa )
C. Laboratory Tests
A
20
17.5

i. Compressive Strength
B
C
ii. Water Absorption
D
iii. Efflorescence
Build up of white surface deposits on drying
Results from dissolved salts
Saturate Bricks and allow to dry
15
12.5
10
7.5
7.5
5.5

11

A. Brick Walls
Size 6 x 12 x 25 cm
Terminologies
Stretcher Long face
Header Short face
Lap Horizontal distance
b/n vertical joints
Bed Closer
Queen Closer
King Closer
Beveled Closer
Mitered Closer

12

A. Brick Walls
Types of Brick Bonds
If a joint of
consecutive layers
are in same
location, the mass
of wall will fail
Thus BOND
Bond is the system
of laying bricks in
such a manner that
there is no vertical
joint in any row or
course immediately
above or below the
one considered

13

A. Brick Walls
Strength of Brick Works
Strength of brick shall be adequately satisfied
The Mortar shall also be of compatible strength
Joints in Brick Work
Joints are the weakest point of a masonry structure
Joints also have an appearance value
Jointing finishing of joints as the brickwork proceeds
Pointing finishing of joints after the brickwork is completed
Pointing - If the surface is not plastered, the surface joints
shall be refilled by neat mix of mortar

14

A. Brick Walls
Types of Pointing Finishes
Brickwork is generally
jointed by striking,
raking or rubbing the
mortar while it is green
Pointing replacement
of the green mortar
Pointing Types
Flush or Flat

15
Pointing Types
Struck
Pointing
Recessed Pointing
Concave (Keyed)
Pointing
V Pointing
Projecting Pointing

16

A. Brick Walls
Reinforced Brick Work
Plain brickwork is reinforce
to take up tensile stresses
Steel Reinforcement is
introduced between mortar
joints
Types of Reinforced Brick
Work
Mesh Type
Hoop Iron Type
Vertical Reinforcement Types
Retaining Walls (Pressure)

17

A. Brick Walls
Causes of Failures of Brickworks
1. Crushing
Provide
2. Shearing
Provide
adequate dimension
strong mortar
3. Rupture
Breaking
vertical joints

18

A.
B.
C.
A. Brick Walls
Maintenance of Brickworks
Re pointing Old Brick
Re Painting Brickwork
Cleaning Brickwork
D.
Using steams or hot water

jets
Removal of Efflorescence
Improve
damp prevention
Scrubb wall by brush and
water or acid water

19

A.
B.
C.

B. Stone Walls
Defects of Stones for Walls
Vents Small figures or hollow in the stone making it
liable to decomposition
Shakes minute cracks containing calcite, which form hard
veins after weathering and render bad appearance
Sand Holes and Clays Holes - cracks or holes filled with
sandy or clayey matter. Liable to decomposition due to
weathering action
Cutting and Dressing of Stones
Stones shall be cut in size from original sources
They are also dressed into suitable shapes and polished to
give a smooth surface if desired.

20

B. Stone Walls
Stone Masonry Walls
Sources of Stone

Igneous (Basalt, trachyte) used for walls exposed to moisture such

as foundation walls
Sedimentary (Sand stone, lime stone) above ground level
Mortar shall be properly selected for strength and porosity of the
type of stone
Maintenance of Stone Work

Remove efflorescence using steel brush, water jets, etc
Remove stains by rubbing, rinsing with chemical, etc
Repair Cracks: Repair after settlement causing the crack ceased
Improve water proofing : colorless water proofers

21

C. Concrete / Clay Block Walls (HCBs)

Reducing the mortar amount by using larger size blocks (40 x
20 x 20 vs 25 x 12 x 6 cm)

Only 5 10 % of total volume of wall
More economical Purchase, Faster for construction

Either Solid or Hollow
Less weight for HCBs
Finishing Plastering , Pointing
D. Walls of Monolithic Construction
Can be load bearing or not
Concrete Walls and traditional mud walls are cast in plastic state
Concrete Walls can be plain or reinforced Strength and
Freedom

22

E. Panel or Composite Walls

Used in non load bearing walls to fill the gaps
Usually are light weight
Requirements Resistance to wind, rain, appearance,
thermal insulation and interior finish
Framing to fill the gaps is the difference with brick or
masonry walls
Aluminum Panels, Gypsum Panels

5.3.4 Internal Walls
23
To provide internal space

Can be load bearing or not
Partition or Internal Walls
Brick
Hollow clay/concrete block
Glass
Concrete
Metal lath
Solid plaster
Corrugated sheet
Timber
Gypsum Panel
Agro Stone

5.3.5 Cavity Walls
24
Consist of two brick walls with

cavity between the two and special
connecting supports
Required
Prevent Dampness
High insulation against heat and
sound and economy
Inner and outer walls may be
equal in thickness
Inner wall shall be completely
disconnected
Cavity 4 10 cm
Shall have a base depth of 10 cm
below the damp proof course

5.3.5 Cavity Walls
25
Advantages
Damp Prevention
Insulation
Acoustics
Notes Cavity Walls

Horizontal damp proof shall be built in two separate widths
Mortar or other material accumulation shall be avoided
Free from projection
Openings shall be focused on damp prevention
Rust proof ties and prevent water transmission

26
Openings
Doors,
Windows,
Cupboards, etc
Bridged by
provision on a
lintel or arch
A. Arches
Stones, Steel,
Reinforced
Concrete, Bricks

27
A. Arches
Are constructed where loads are
heavy, span is large, strong abutments
Appearance of Architectural bricks,
stone and RC is required
Stability of Arches
Crushing of material
Sliding of one voussoir on another
Rotation of some joint about the edge
Uneven settlement of abutments/pier

28
B. Lintels
Horizontal member
Easy to build even in weak supporting walls
At least 10 cm bearing depth
Type of Lintels
Timber
Stone
Brick
Steel
Reinforced Concrete

5.3.7 Wood and Chika Walls
29
Traditional type of wall in Ethiopia

Construction
Process
Modern times Reinforced Concrete Grade Beam

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Dec. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.4 Building Construction Elements Stairs
3
5.4 Stairs
5.4.1
Introduction
5.4.2 Technical Terminologies
5.4.3 Classification of Stairs
5.4.4 Materials for Stairs
5.4.5 Essential Requirements of a Good Stair
5.4.6 Movable Stairs
5.4.7 Ramps
5.4.8 Escalators and Travelators
5.4.9 Lifts

5.4.1 Introduction
4
Stairs are set of steps leading

from ne floor to another and
provide means of
communication between floors
Steps arranged in series and
placed in an enclosure is called
Stair Case

Proper Ventilation
Light (Natural)
Location Near Main Entrance for
Public Buildings and Centrally for
easy access and privacy in
Residential Buildings

5.4.2 Technical Terminologies
5
Common Terms

Tread
Going
Riser
Rise
Landing
Flight
Baluster
Strings or Stringer
Hand Rail
Head room
Newel Post
Winders

5.4.3 Classification of Stairs
6

Stairs can be classified

into two broad heads:
Straight Stairs
Turning stairs

Quarter turn Stair

Half Turn Stair
Three quarter turn Stairs
Bifurcating Stairs
Where each can be

Newel Stair
Well or Open Newel Stair
Geometrical stair Circular,
Spiral, Helical or elliptical

5.4.4 Materials for Stairs
7
Selection depends on availability of material, fund,

desired life, aesthetics and fire resistance
Concrete
Stair
Wooden Stair
Metal Stair For fire escape
Stone Stairs
Brick Stairs

8
Essential Requirements

Constructed from sound material and workmanship

Ascent should be relatively easy. Public buildings Pitch of 380 and for
private not more than 420
Risers and treads shall be of uniform height and width
Adequately lit around turns
Max. number of steps 12 but not exceeding 15
Wide enough for public buildings for fire exit
Adequate headboard at least 2m
Width of landing not less than width of stair
10

11
Step Proportions
Size

Riser + Tread 40 and 45 cm

2 Riser + Tread 58 and 63 cm
Riser x Tread 400 and 500 cm2
For large buildings riser 18 cm and tread 27 cm

For ordinary buildings slightly greater riser and less tread is permitted
Limit Rise >20 and Tread < 22 cm shall not be used
Stair width 0.8 1.0 m Residential and 1.5 m for Public Buildings
Slope not greater than 400 and not less than 200
Riser and Tread uniform in dimensions
Handrails Public Buildings 90 cm from the floor for horizontal rails
and 80 cm for racking hand rails measured vertically from the nosing

12
Exercise Plan a stair for a building where the vertical distance

between floors is 3.6 m and stair case measures 2.5 m x 5 m
Plan a stair for a building where the vertical distance between floors is
3.9 m and stair case measures 4.25 m x 5.25 m

5.4.6 Movable Stairs
13

5.4.7 Ramps
14
Ramps shall be provided to allow wheel chair access and

luggage path in hotels

15

Escalators provide a continuous mass transportation of people

From 35 300 and Flat section on landing shall be provided
16

17
Travelators (moving pavement) are a means of conveying people horizontally

or up a slightly inclined plane and transport shopping trolleys, bags, etc

5.4.9 Lifts
18

Lifts generally make up the

vertical movement of
modern buildings
Passenger Lifts and Goods
Lifts should be planned
properly
Lift Capacity 400 Kg,
600 kg, 800 Kg, 1,000
Kg, etc
Lift Shafts shall be
properly dimensioned
Life 25 40 yrs
Hospital Lifts, Small Load
Lifts, Hydraulic Lifts and
Panoramic Lifts

5.4.9 Lifts
19
20
21

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
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CENG 3103
Dec. 2009

Course Outline
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.5 Building Construction Elements Doors and Windows
3
5.5 Doors and Windows
5.5.1
Introduction
5.5.2 Doors
5.5.3 Windows
5.5.4 Glass and Glazing
5.5.5 Fittings for Doors and Windows

5.5.1 Introduction
4
Door is an openable barrier secured in a wall

opening and is provided to give access, protection,
safety and privacy
Servers
as a connecting link
Window - is a vented barrier secured in a wall opening

Main
function admit light and air, expel odor and built up

heat and give view

5.5.2 Doors
5

Doors provide access to rooms, however their number should be

kept low, as they take up circulation space
Location of Doors shall be placed around the corner
Doors on opposite walls facing each other provide better ventilation
Doors can be Interior or Exterior
Doors can be Fire Rated including Fire Door with all accessories
Hanging of Doors

Doors shall be hung not diminishing the required passage way, stair or other
means of exit
Street Facing doors shall be opened to the outside and also 15 person exits
Fire Escape doors shall be opened in the direction of the exit
No exit door immediately on a flight of stairs
No riser - within 30 cm of an exit door

5.5.2 Doors
6
Materials of Doors
Wooden Doors
Either Hollow Core (Interior Doors) or Solid Core (Exterior Doors )
Shall be properly seasoned to avoid termite attack
Glazed Doors
Used to admit light
Steel framed glass doors are used in exterior of residential
buildings
Plywood Doors
Mainly used for internal doors
Plastic Doors
Offer good resistance to impact and abrasion and can be cleaned
easily
Metal Doors
Steel and Aluminum are commonly used

5.5.2 Doors
7
General Types of
Door Movements
Swinging, Sliding,
Rolling Shutter,
Revolving,
Folding and
Collapsible Doors
Swinging Door
Most
common,
either right hand
or left hand
Can be single or
double swinging

5.5.2 Doors
10
Sliding Doors

Rolling Shutter

Provided in public areas like hotels, museums and banks

Suitable for air conditioned buildings
Folding Doors

Made of steel and easy in opening and closing

Useful for garages, show rooms, shops
Revolving Doors
Shutter can slide upward, downward or sideways

Top or bottom guide rails
Are hung from overhead tracks

Can be used as wardrobe doors or space dividers
Collapsible Doors

Made of light steel sections

Provide increased safety for public buildings

5.5.2 Doors
11

Size of Doors
Height of door shall not be less than 1.8 m
Width (Residential Buildings)
External Door = 0.9 1.2 and 2 2.1 m
Internal Door = 0.8 0.9 and 2 2.1 m
Bath Room and WC = 0.7 0.8 and 2 2.1 m
Public Buildings
Garages width 2.5 m

5.5.2 Doors
12
Door Frames
Door frame is
the assembly
of horizontal
and vertical
members
forming an
enclosure to
which door
shutters are
fixed
Timber, Steel,
Aluminum,
Concrete or
Stone
Timber
Kungo

5.5.2 Doors
13
Door
Types
Paneled
Flush
French
(Glazed)

5.5.3 Windows
14

Location of Windows shall meet functional

requirements of a room, such as interior decoration,
arrangement of furniture, fresh air supply, distribution of
day light, etc
Cross ventilation via opposite doors and windows
Windows shall also provide heat insulation
Window Size and Number Basis of control of ventilation,
architectural requirements, distribution and control of day light
and privacy of occupants (National Codes)
Min. Glass area is determined by codes
15
16
17

5.5.3 Windows
18
Materials
Wood, Glass, Plywood and

metals
Metals Aluminum, steel and
rarely bronze, stainless steel
and galvanized steel
Window Frames

Technical Terms
Mullion
Post
Transome
Sill
Head

5.5.3 Windows
19
Type of Window
Movements
Fixed
Opening Outside
Opening Inside
Top Hinged
Bottom Hinged
Pivoted
Sliding
Double Hung
Window Cleaning
20

5.5.4 Glass and Glazing
21

Glass has been used since old days

Glass is a super cooled liquid, Uncrystallized solid
Basic Materials Sand (Silica), Soda (Sodium Oxide) and Lime (Calcium oxide)
Various Types of Glass

Plate Glass transparent with no distortion when viewed at angle (t = 3 6mm)

Clear Window Glass transparent with small waviness (t = 2.5 7.5 mm)
Obscured Glass Figured glass or rough cast glass
Processed Glass patterned glass
Wired Glass having wire mesh
Prism Glass prism shaped ribs for deflecting light
Active Glass reduces heat and a large % of glare
Quartz Glass - transmits ultra violet rays
Bullet Proof Glass laminated plate glass
Tinted and Coated Glass controlled by adding various metallic oxides
Double Glazing

22
Generally four types

of fixtures and
fastenings are required
for doors and windows:
Hinges, Bolts, Handles
and Locks
Hinges
Exposed,
semi
concealed or concealed
Exposed Ones
Surface, Strap or
butterfly hinges

23
Bolt
Aldrop
bolt external
doors with pad locks
Barrel Bolt back faces of
doors
Handles
Have
different designs
Locks
Locks
have different
designs
Can be electronically
controlled too

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
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CENG 3103
Dec. 2009

Course Outline
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.6 Building Construction Elements Roofs
3
5.6 Roofs
5.6.1
Introduction
5.6.2 Types of Roofs
5.6.3 Sloping or Pitched Roofs
5.6.4 Flat Roofs
5.6.5 Domes and Shell Roofs
5.6.6 Choice of Roof Covering

5.6.1 Introduction
4

Roof may be defined as the upper most part of the

buildings, provided as a structural covering, to protect the
building from external weather exposure such as rain, sun,
wind, etc
Structural System Trusses, Beam, Slabs, Shells or Domes
Roofs are exposed to rain and snow, shall have positive
barrier
Thus, roofs shall be fit
Structurally
Thermal Insulation
Sound Insulation
Fire Resistance

5.6.2 Types of Roofs
5

General Types Sloped, Flat, Domes and Shell Roofs

Selection

Based on design Small buildings with high rainfall Sloped

(Slope not less than 1 to 3)
Building Length Parallel pitched roofs
Moderate Rain fall Flat Roofs
Architectural Requirements Curved ones
5.6.3 Sloping or
Pitched Roofs
6
Pitched roofs are

the most common
and the cheapest
Constructed mainly
from Timber and or
Steel
Basic Forms: Shed Roof
Gable Roof
Pyramid Roof

7
Basic Forms: Hip Roof

Butter fly Roof
Selection
Area covered
Materials
available
Type of lighting
Ventilation
requirements

8
Pitched roofs
classified into: SINGLE,
DOUBLE (Purlin)
and TRIPLE
MEMBERED/
TRUSSED
ROOFS
Important
Elements

Span
Rise
Pitch/Slope

9
Important
Elements

Ridge
Eaves
Hip
Valley
Hipped End
Verge
Purlins
Rafters
Eaves board or
facia board
Battens
Truss

10
A. Single Roofs

B. Double Roofs
Consist of common rafters that are secured at the ridge and wall plates
Types Lean to roof (up to 2.5 m), Couple Roof, Couple Close roof, Collar
beam roof
Additional members called Purlins are introduced to support common
rafters
C. Truss Roofs

Usually used when the span exceeds 5 m

Space b/n trusses loads on roofs, position of cross wall, span for Purlins
(lattice Purlin)
System Rafters, Purlins supporting rafters or trusses support ends of
Purlins
Types King Post, Queen Post, Combination, Mansard, Steel etc

11

Materials for Sloping Roofs

Wooden and Steel

12
Roof Coverings
Thatch Roof Covering
rural areas
Galvanized Corrugated
Iron (GCI) gauges
indicate thickens (SWG
24 0.549 m and
SWG 32 0.274m)
Steel Sheet (EGA)
Corrugated Asbestos
Cement Sheets

13
Roof Coverings
Fiber Cement Profiled Sheets
Aluminum Sheeting
Decra Roofs
Tile Roofs Abraham Tile

5.6.4 Flat Roofs
14

Flat Angles less than 100

Advent of very reliable water proofing
and heat insulating material (they are
replacing pitched roofs)
Have high initial cost
Drainage is major point
Common Types - Reinforced Concrete
Damp proofing is important through

application of rich mortar mix,
application of sufficient layers of bitumen
coat and spreading hot mastic asphalt
Types of Water Proofs

Asphalt
Lead
Copper

5.6.5 Domes and Shell Roofs
15
Dome is a roof of semi

spherical or semi elliptical
shape
Material Stone, Brick, Concrete or
Metals (Sky Lights)
Common in large buildings no
need to provide intermediate
support
Domes are structurally different from
Arches they are slabs in a
different setting
Require massive or strong abutments

5.6.6 Choice of Roof Covering
16
Selection shall consider:

Initial Cost
Maintenance
Slope of the roof
Durability
Resistance to fire
Weight of roof covering
Type of Construction
Appearance
Heat Insulation

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Dec. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.7 Building Construction Elements Finishing's
3
5.7 Finishing
5.7.1
Introduction
5.7.2 Plastering
5.7.3 Pointing
5.7.4 White / Color Washing
5.7.5 Paints and Painting
5.7.6 Varnish and Varnishing
5.7.7 Distempers and Distempering
5.7.8 Miscellaneous Finishes
5.7.9 Other External Finishes

5.7.1 Introduction
4

Building Finishes are used

give protective coating to the surfaces which preserves
and protects the materials used in building from
external effects and
provide decorative finishes which add to the
appearance of the material and surface as a whole
Plastering, Pointing, White and color washing, painting,
varnishing, distempering etc are examples

5.7.2 Plastering
5

Plastering is the process of covering various surfaces of

structure with plastic material such as cement mortar, lime
mortar or composite mortar, to obtain an even, smooth,
regular, clean and durable surface
Provides base for receiving other decorative finishes like
painting and white washing
Tools Laying trowel, float, floating rule and gauging trowel
Materials

Binders hydrated lime, gypsum or Portland cement

Sand used also to reduce shrinkage of binders, and should be
free from organic matters and silt
Plastering is carried out in three coats

5.7.2 Plastering
6
Background for Plastering plain enough

Solid Background brickwork, concrete blocks, heavy clay blocks

Lathing wood laths, expanded metal lathing, wire meshes
Boards and Slabs (non mortar construction) Slabs of gypsum
plaster, fiber boards
Requirements of a Good Plaster

Provision of smooth surface, non absorbent and washable surface

Drying shrinkage shall be reduced
Weather resistant: rain, heat
Insulation against sound and fire
Provision durability

5.7.2 Plastering
7

Defects in Plastering
Include cracking, blistering, efflorescence, and falling out of plaster
Cracking

Structural defects and discontinuity

Very wet background
Old surface not properly prepared
Movement in the background Thermal expansion or rapid drying
Movement of the plaster expansion or shrinkage
Thin coat shrinkage
Faulty workmanship
Blistering
Formation of one or more swelling in small patches over the finished

plastered surface

5.7.2 Plastering
8
Blistering

Falling out of Plaster

Peeling due to

Caused by faulty slaking of lime particles in the plaster after its application
Lime should be properly slaked
Lack of adhesion
Excessive moisture in the background
Excessive thermal change of background
Rapid drying of plaster coats
Insufficient drying b/n each coat of plaster
Efflorescence on plaster surface

Due to presence of salts in lime, cement, sand, bricks or even water

Rectified by Scrubbing Brushes, Using burnt brick and clean water,
Reducing coats thickness, etc

5.7.3 Pointing
9

Pointing is the process

of finishing the mortar
joints in exposed brick
of stone masonry
Initially joints are raked
out to depth of 15 mm
Suitable mix is refilled
Provides water
resistance and good
appearance

10

Process of white washing Preparation of white wash

Preparation of Surface and Application of white wash
Preparation of White Wash
White wash is prepared from fresh burnt shell lime or pure lime stone
mixed with water
Fresh lime is slaked For two days Attains consistency of thin cream
Screening - Clean gum dissolved in hot water is added White wash
Additives for glaring effect

11
Preparation of Surface
Surface shall be clean, made free from loose materials
If surface to be coated is extra smooth then rub by sand
paper for adhesion
Re whiting scales shall be scrapped off, holes, irregularities,
minor repair shall be made
Application of white wash

Apply white wash in specified coats with a jute brush
Usually three coats for new and one to two for old works
Color Washing
Adding necessary coloring pigments to the screened whitewash

or liquid mixture

12
Paints are coatings of fluid materials, applied as a final finish to all

surfaces, such as walls, ceilings, woodwork, ,metal work etc
Objects of Painting

Protect surface from weathering effects

Protect the decay of wood and corrosion of metals
Provide decorative finish
Characteristics of a Good Paint

Consistency easy and free application with a brush or spray

Cheap in initial cost and prove economical in long run
Shall not fade, nor change by external influences
Should not show signs like brush marks, shrinkage marks, cracks,
patches etc on drying

13
Types of Paints

Aluminum paint
Anti Corrosive paint
Asbestos paint
Bituminous and tar paint
Cellulose paint
Cement paint
Oil paint
Plastic paint
Synthetic rubber paint
Mineral paints
Quartz paints
Defects in Painting Work

Blistering
Crawling
Grinning
Fading
Flashing
Saponification

5.7.6 Varnish and Varnishing
14
Varnish is a solution of resinous substance in oil, turpentine

or alcohol
Leaves a hard, transparent and glossy film of resin on
drying
Objects of Varnishing

Brighten the ornamental appearance of the grains of the unpainted

wood surfaces
Protect the structural wooden surfaces from atmospheric action
Give brilliancy to the painted surface and walls
Protect painted surface from atmospheric actions

5.7.7 Distempers and Distempering
15
Distempers are considered to water paints, consisting of

whiting (i.e. powdered chalk). Glue or casein as binder
and suitable proportion of coloring pigments
Form a cheap, durable and easily applied decoration for
internal use on plastered, cement concrete and various
wall board surfaces
Less costly than paints and varnishes

5.7.8 Miscellaneous Finishes
16

Wall Tiling Applying special tiles from 60 120 cm

Papering pasting papers on the walls
Whitening using mixture of white fine powder
Coal Tarring applying coal tar to wood and metal work
Waxing provide a highly pleasing luster
Wood oiling increase durability and appearance
Glazing

5.7.9 Other External Finishes
17
External Finishes

Pebble dash or dry dash

Rough cast
Scraped Finishes
Textured Finishes
Smooth Finish
Machine Applied finishes
Board marked concrete
Exposed aggregate concrete finishes
Tooled concrete finish

5.7.10 Selection of Finishing Types
18
Decision on selection, specification and color

Appearance required
Maintenance necessary
Degree of protection against rain penetration
Severity of exposure
Time of year for application of finish
Background materials
Cost

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Dec. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.8 Building Construction Elements Damp Prevention
3
5.8 Damp Prevention
5.8.1
Introduction
5.8.2 Source of Dampness
5.8.3 Effects of Dampness
5.8.4 Prevention of Dampness
5.8.5 Membrane Damp Proofing Agents
5.8.6 Use of Membranes

5.8.1 Introduction
4
Buildings shall remain dry and free from moisture

travelling through walls, roof or floors
Dampness is the presence of hyperscopic moisture
Leads to unhygienic conditions affecting health and

comfort

5.8.2 Source of Dampness
5
Main Sources

Moisture Rising up the walls from ground

Rain Travel from wall tops
Rain Beating against External walls
Condensation
Miscellaneous Causes

Poor drainage
Imperfect orientation
Imperfect roof slop
Defective construction
Absorption of water from defective rainwater pipes
Water during construction
Shrinkage of woods
Poor material choice

5.8.3 Effects of Dampness
6

Breeding of insects
Affect plasters, Wall decoration, flooring, timber fittings
(doors, windows, wardrobes), electrical fittings, floor coverings
Cause efflorescence
Rusting and corrosion
Dampness might result into asthmatic health conditions

5.8.4 Prevention of Dampness
7

Use of water proofing mixtures of integral treatment

Application of Water proof surface treatment - Plastering
and painting
Interposing a water proof membrane DPC

Use of Special construction device
Cavity
Wall
Solid Wall
Quality bricks
Roof with adequate slope
Plumbing fixtures no leaking
Attention to joints

5.8.5 Membrane Damp Proofing Agents
8
Types of membrane DPC

Concrete Layers cement concrete layer

Mortar used as bedding layers for DPC
Bricks special bricks
Stones dense ones

Hot Laid Bitumen
Mastic Asphalt semi rigid
Metal Sheets
Use of Membranes

Basement
Floors
Walls
Parapets
Roofs

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Dec. 2009

Course Outline
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.9 Building Construction Elements Joints
3
5.9 Joints
5.9.1
Introduction
5.9.2 Expansion Joints
5.9.3 Contraction Joints
5.9.3 Construction Joints

5.9.1 Introduction
4

Building materials expand and contract due to change

in temperature and variation of moisture
Incase free movement is not allowed the internal stress
could cause cracks and defects
Thus, joints are provided
Types of Joints
Expansion
Joint
Construction Joint

5.9.2 Expansion Joints
5

Provided to accommodate the expansion of adjacent building

parts and relive stresses
Is provided by an initial gap
Width 10 40 mm
Materials

Joint filler
Sealing Compound
Water Bar

5.9.3 / 4 Contraction and Construction Joints
6
Contraction Joints

Concrete shrinks in volume up on setting

Contraction joints vertical joints from top of base slab to top wall
It is a shallow groove
Construction Joints
Are vertical and horizontal joints between successive
placements of concrete
Needed because of

Continous casting of concrete is impossible

Economy and re use of formworks
Avoid aggregate segregation

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
CENG 3103
Dec. 2009

Course Outline
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Floors
Walls
Stairs
Elevators
Doors and Windows
Systems
Roofs
Finishing
Damp Prevention
Fire Places
Elements
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Introduction
Building Drawings

Chapter 5.10 Formwork and Scaffolds
3
5.10 Formwork and Scaffolds
5.10.1
Introduction
5.10.2 Requirements of a good formwork
5.10.3 Materials, Construction, Order and Method and
Design for formwork
5.10.4 Safety in Formwork
5.10.5 Scaffolds

5.10.1 Introduction
4
Formwork is a
temporary structure
that is required to
support and form
concrete members
False work is the
complete structure
erected to support the
wet concrete
Scaffold are structures
build to give access to
different parts of a
building, mainly to
external walls

5.10.2 Requirements of a good formwork
5

Strong enough to support dead and live loads

Rigid enough to restrain movement
Tight joints to avoid leaking
Easy for sequential removal
Cheap and available material and re usable
Set accurately and level
As light as possible
Material should not warp or get distorted when exposed to
sun, rain or water

5.10.3 Materials, Construction, Order and Method
and Design for formwork, Safety
6
Materials
Timber
Plywood
Steel
Construction

Order and Method of Removing Min days as given by EBCS - 2

Propping and centering

Shuttering
Provision of camber
Surface Treatment
Shuttering walls, beams and columns with less loads
Shuttering - Soffits of slabs
Shuttering beams and girders with heavy loads
Design Principles
Safety

5.10.5 Scaffolds
7

Scaffolds shall provide a safe means of access, such as stairs,

ladders or ramps
Materials
Timber
Steel
Inspection and Maintenance
Suitable type
Materials used are sound and sufficient in strength
The scaffolds is sound and stable for use
Required safe guards are in position
Reading Assignments
8
Sanitary Systems
Mechanical Systems
Electrical Systems
Reference - Time-saver standards for architectural design data
Final Exam

After
mid exam,
Drawing and conceptual questions
Semester Project
Final
Schematic Design Jan. 8/2010

Final Drawings (Floor Plans, Elevations, Sections, Site
Plan) 10 days from the last date of exam
Last Word
9
END OF COURSE
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
WISH YOU ALL THE BEST

Ato Abraham Assefa

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Ato Abraham Assefa

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

CEng 3103 Building Construction

5. Building Construction Elements

CEng 3103 Building Construction

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Industry is an industry which is involved

Engineered Construction (includes highway and heavy (e.g. dams,

In this course we will focus on Building Construction

CEng 3103 Building Construction

The main players in the construction industry are:

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Inception and feasibility

1.1. General Introduction

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Building a structure consisting of floors, walls and roofs

erected to provide covered space for different uses such as

CEng 3103 Building Construction

All the above shall Study Building:

Requirements in relation to the previewing climatic

building. E.g. EBCS

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Requirements for Building Construction:

from Local Authorities or Municipalities

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Building During Human Age

motive of Building Houses is the desire for a better

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Modern buildings are planned to adapt to the purpose

Stone, Sand, Earth, Grass, Logs, Skins, etc

Dressed Stones, Bricks, Cement, Lime, Gypsum,

Iron, Timber, Tiles, Sheet Metals, Aluminums, Paints, etc

Systems Prefabrication, Pre-stressed Concrete

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Building Structural Forms:

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Building Structural Forms:

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Building Structural Forms:

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Building Structural Forms:

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Vaulting

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Vaulting

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Vaulting

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Vaulting

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Timber

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Timber

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Stone

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Stone

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Steel

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Steel

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete

CEng 3103 Building Construction

Construction Forms: Reinforced Concrete