AAF Ingles Aula01 ToddMarshall MatProf1

Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
www.lfg.com.br/ www.cursoparaconcursos.com.br
Curso: Fiscal
Livros para
Estudar
Understanding and Using English Grammar,
Betty Azar, Longman
Advanced Language Practice, Michael Vince,
Macmillan
Practical English Usage, Michael Swan, Oxford
Useful Sites
for Vocabulary
www.thesaurus.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.thefreedictionary.com
Online/Hard Copy Dictionaries:
- Macmillan
- Longman
Useful sites
for reading texts
The Economist
Business Week
Newsweek
Time
The Washington Post
The New York Times
www.nytimes.com
The Wall Street Journal
www.wsj.com
The Times
wwwthetimes.co.uk
www.economist.com
www.businessweek.com
www.newsweek.com
www.time.com
www.washingtonpost.com
Main Principles to be Studied
Main Ideas
Directly Stated Information
Inference Questions
Main Principles to be Studied
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
Thesis Statement strategy

Verb Tenses
Directly Stated Information
Vocabulary Synonyms
Modal Verb usage
Inference Questions
True / False questions
Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs
Main Ideas
Main ideas of texts can be found by simply
reading the first sentence of each paragraph and
determining what the common subject of the
sentences is.
Read the first sentence of each passage and
choose which option you feel best describes the
main ideas of the following passages.
Then read the entire passage and see if you
would change your mind.
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 1:
The story of the motel business from 1920 to the start of World War II
in 1941 is one of uninterrupted growth. Motels (the term comes from
a combination of the words motor and hotels) spread from the West
and the Midwest all the way to Maine and Florida. They clustered
along transcontinental highways such as U.S. Routes 40 and 66 and
along the north-south routes running up and down the east and west
coasts There were 16,000 motels by 1930 and 24,000 by 1940. The
motel industry was one of the few industries that was not hurt by the
Depression of the 1930s. In fact, their cheap rates attracted travelers
who had very little money.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
a) How the Depression hurt U.S. motels
b) The origin of the word motels
c) Two decades of growth for the motel industry
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 1:
The story of the motel business from 1920 to the start of World War II
in 1941 is one of uninterrupted growth. Motels (the term comes from
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
a combination of the words motor and hotels) spread from the West
and the Midwest all the way to Maine and Florida. They clustered
along transcontinental highways such as U.S. Routes 40 and 66 and
along the north-south routes running up and down the east and west
coasts There were 16,000 motels by 1930 and 24,000 by 1940. The
motel industry was one of the few industries that was not hurt by the
Depression of the 1930s. In fact, their cheap rates attracted travelers
who had very little money.
What does the passage mainly discuss?
a) How the Depression hurt U.S. motels
b) The origin of the word motels
c) Two decades of growth for the motel industry
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 2:
An old but still useful proverb states: Beware of oak, it draws the
stroke. This saying is particularly handy during thunderstorm season.
In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract
more lightning than do trees with shallow, drier roots. Oaks are
around 50 times more likely to be struck than beeches. Spruces are
nearly as safe as beeches. Pine are not as safe as these two but are
still much safer than oaks.
What is the authors main point?
a) Old proverbs often contain important truths.
b) Trees with shallow roots are more likely to avoid lightning than
those with deep roots.
c) The deeper a trees roots, the safer it is during a thunderstorm
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 2:
An old but still useful proverb states: Beware of oak, it draws the
stroke. This saying is particularly handy during thunderstorm season.
In general, trees with deep roots that tap into groundwater attract
more lightning than do trees with shallow, drier roots. Oaks are
around 50 times more likely to be struck than beeches. Spruces are
nearly as safe as beeches. Pine are not as safe as these two but are
still much safer than oaks.
What is the authors main point?
a) Old proverbs often contain important truths.
b) Trees with shallow roots are more likely to avoid lightning than
those with deep roots.
c) The deeper a trees roots, the safer it is during a thunderstorm
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 3:
Almost every form of transportation has given someone the idea for a
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
new type of toy. After the Montgolfier brothers flew the first balloon,
toy balloons became popular playthings. In the nineteenth century,
soon after railroads and steamboats. The same held true for
automobiles and airplanes in the early twentieth century. Toy rockets
and missiles became popular at the beginning of the space age, and
by the 1930s, there were many different versions of space shuttle
toys.
The main idea of the passage is that:
a) Inventors have been inspired by toys to build new forms of
transportation.
b) Toy automobiles and airplanes were very popular in the early
1900s.
c) Toy design has often followed developments in transportation.
Main Ideas
PASSAGE 3:
Almost every form of transportation has given someone the idea for a
new type of toy. After the Montgolfier brothers flew the first balloon,
toy balloons became popular playthings. In the nineteenth century,
soon after railroads and steamboats. The same held true for
automobiles and airplanes in the early twentieth century. Toy rockets
and missiles became popular at the beginning of the space age, and
by the 1930s, there were many different versions of space shuttle
toys.
The main idea of the passage is that:
a) Inventors have been inspired by toys to build new forms of
transportation.
b) Toy automobiles and airplanes were very popular in the early
1900s.
c) Toy design has often followed developments in transportation.
Main Ideas
High level of protectionism (2002)
As a member of the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), Argentina
maintains relatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but
applies a high tariff on all goods and services coming into Argentina from
countries outside MERCOSUR.
Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worlds
countries, Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5
percent last year. As a result, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year.
26- In the main, the text deals with
a) Argentinas wages and prices.
b) Argentinas trade policy.
c) Paraguays high fiscal deficit.
d) Brazils financial institutions.
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
e) Brazils regulation score.

Main Ideas
High level of protectionism (2002)
maintains relatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but
applies a high tariff on all goods and services coming into Argentina from
countries outside MERCOSUR.
Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worlds
countries, Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5
percent last year. As a result, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year.
26- In the main, the text deals with
a) Argentinas wages and prices.
b) Argentinas trade policy.
c) Paraguays high fiscal deficit.
d) Brazils financial institutions.
e) Brazils regulation score.
Main Ideas
Verb Tenses
Main ideas also depend heavily on the verb tenses
being used within the text.
Check the verb tense of the answer and compare it
to the verb tense used in the text;
If the verb tenses are different, the answer will
always be wrong.
Verb Tenses
Past x Past Perfect x Present Perfect
Present Tense
Verb Tenses
Where is the past tense located on this time line?
Present Tense
Verb Tenses
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
Where is the past tense located on this time line?

Present Tense
The government distributed all its funding last month.
Verb Tenses
Where is the past perfect tense located on this time
line?
Present Tense
Verb Tenses
Where is the past perfect tense located on this time
line?
Present Tense
The government had distributed all its funding before it
received our NGOs proposal.
Verb Tenses
Where is the present perfect located on this time line?
Present Tense
Verb Tenses
Where is the present perfect tense located on this time line?
Present Tense
The government has already distributed all of its funding.
Verb Tenses
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
Compare the Present Perfect Simple to the Present Perfect

Continuous. Where is it located on this time line?
Present Tense
Present perfect Continuous
The government has been distributing all of its funding.
Verb tenses
Analyze the four sentences and identify the key words
that tell what tense must be used:
The government has been distributing all of its funding for
one year.
Verb tenses
Analyze the four sentences and identify the key words
that tell what tense must be used:
The government has been distributing all of its funding for
one year.
Verb tenses
Fill in the Key Words:
Present
Perfect (9)
Already
For (qty of time)
Before
Verb tenses
Key Words:
Present
Perfect (9)
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
Already
For (qty of time)
Since (specific time)
Ever
Still
Never
Yet
Just
Over/During
Before
By the time
In British English:
After
When
In American English these
use simple past on both
sides
Verb Tenses
Venice A Cultural Disneyland?
The population of Venice is declining rapidly. In 1950,
there were 130,000 inhabitants. Since then, Venetians
have been leaving/have left their island in everincreasing numbers and the population has decreased
to 72,000. One of the reasons is the price of property
which has been rising/has risen in recent years
because wealthy foreigners have been buying flats and
houses. Many Venetians have been forced to leave
and find cheaper flats on the mainland. Recently, the
authorities have been trying to solve the problem.
Verb Tenses
Venice A Cultural Disneyland?
Consequently, new flats were built and money (was) spent on
improving living conditions in some areas. Another problem is
the ever-growing number of tourists. On a bank holiday in
May 1987, a record 66,000 tourists arrived in a single day.
Since then that record has been broken many times, and on
many holiday weekends in recent years, the number has risen
to 100,000. Since the maximum number of tourists that Venice
can absorb is 35,000, it is obvious that the quality of life in
Venice over the last decade has been damaged. If the decline
in population and the high tourist numbers continue, Venice
will become nothing more than a cultural Disneyland.
Verb tenses
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
Future x Future Perfect

Predict what the future will be like.
What do you think will change?
in the short term:
All virtual information will be placed in clouds on the internet.
in the long term:
Computer halograms will replace video conferencing.
What will have changed in our society by the year 2050?
One unified system will have begun to govern the entire world.
What is the difference in the verb tenses?
Verb tenses
Future x Future Perfect
Predict what the future will be like.
in the short term:
All virtual information will be placed in clouds on the internet in the
near future.
in the long term:
Computer hallograms will replace video conferencing in the distant
future.
What will have changed in our society by the year 2050?
One unified system will have begun to govern the entire world by
2050.
What is the difference in the verb tenses?
Verb Tenses
Future Tense:
Happens at a given time in the future
Future Perfect:
Happens before a given time in the future
Tomorrow
Day after tomorrow
Next
In / On / At
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
Future Perfect
Before
By
Verb Tenses
Other expressions that can
indicate the future tense, using
the verb to be:
- is bound to
- is likely to
- is about to
- is due to
- is expected to - is soon to
Verb Tenses
The Workplace of the Future
Ask any IT telecommunications firm what the office of the future (1)
will be like and you (2) are likely to get a realistic but fairly short-sighted
answer, mainly because they need to sell the products at their disposal now.
However, ask a crystal gazing professor and he or she (3) will have a wider
grasp of the concept.
Professor Jeremy Myerson, who runs a Tomorrows office course at
the de Montfort University predicts: Thanks to modern technology, we (4)
will have gone back to a more natural pre-industrial, pre-modern way of life
by the mid-21st century. The modern office is inflexible, structured and
encased by technology. But as communication equipment shrinks,
everything we need to send or receive can be carried around in something
as small as a Palmtop. Open-plan, desktop and computer-linked systems (5)
will become/will have become things of the past. And going to work in
these weird buildings that we call offices (6) will be as quaint as chucking
sewage into the street.
Verb Tenses
The Workplace of the Future
One leading IT services provider believes that we (7) will
become less and less dependant on the office concept itself.
Technology (8) will dispose of cables and offices. Like our
ancestors, we (9) will make all those important business
transactions in coffee shops. Twenty years on, we (10) will not
need vast numbers of people working in large offices, so we
can move back to the coffee table to do our business. What
we all need to ask ourselves though is: (11) Will we be able to
work office-less? (12) Will we want to take on the sociological
implications, whatever they might be?
10
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
What do you do on Saturdays?
I teach English on Saturdays.
What are you doing on Saturday?
I am teaching English this Saturday.
What is the difference in these two
sentences?
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
(every Saturday)
(only this Saturday)
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
What are you going to do on Saturday?
I am going to teach English this Saturday.
What is the difference in the future forms of these
three sentences?
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
(Habit / Routine / Do all the time)
11
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal

( Absolutely sure this will happen)
(Plan or Intention / Not 100% sure it will happen)
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
What do you think you will do on Saturday?
I think I will take a trip to the beach.
What is the difference between going to and
will?
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
(Plan or Intention / Not 100% sure it will happen)
What do you think you will do on Saturday?
I think I will take a trip to the beach.
(Immediate decision / Not sure it will happen)
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
What is the difference between the following
two sentences?
I think he will study this weekend.
He will study this weekend.
12
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
Verb Tenses
Present x Future
What is the difference between the following
two sentences?
I think he will study this weekend.
(Immediate decision / Not sure it will happen)
He will study this weekend.
(Command / No option / Modal Verb Use)
Verb Tenses
All Tenses
Present Tense
Future Tense
Future Perfect
Present perfect Continuous
Verb Tenses
Read the text below in order to answer questions 24 to 26. (2002)
High level of protectionism
maintains
relatively low trade barriers with Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay but applies a high tariff
on all
goods and services coming into Argentina from countries outside MERCOSUR. This
year, the
common external tariff rate for MERCOSUR is 13.5 percent.
Because the common external tariff rate is applied to most of the worlds countries,
Argentinas average tariff rate is 13.5 percent this year, up from 7.5 percent last year. As
a
result, its trade policy score is 1 point worse this year. In an effort to stimulate the
economy,
MERCOSUR has allowed Argentina to raise tariffs on consumer goods, in some cases
up to 35
percent, while eliminating tariffs on capital goods. Argentina maintains some non-tariff
barriers, such as quotas on automobiles. According to the U.S. Department of State,
Customs
procedures are opaque and time consuming, thus raising the cost for importers.
24- According to the text, Argentina
a) intends to become a member of the MERCOSUR.
13
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
b) has exempted Brazil from paying tariffs on its goods.

c) might soon implement some aggressive market reforms.
d) has been given a lower score in relation to its trade policy.
e) has kept low trade barriers with the American countries.
Verb Tenses
maintains
on all
year, the
a
economy,
up to 35
Customs
24- According to the text, Argentina
a) intends to become a member of the MERCOSUR.
b) has exempted Brazil from paying tariffs on its goods.
c) might soon implement some aggressive market reforms.
d) has been given a lower score in relation to its trade policy.
e) has kept low trade barriers with the American countries.
Verb Tenses
maintains
on all
year, the
a
14
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
economy,
up to 35
Customs
25- Argentinas customs procedures are considered by the
U.S. Department of State as
a) sluggish and transparent.
b) transparent, but obsolete.
c) obscure and sluggish.
d) innovative, but time-consuming.
e) both well-defined and efficient.
Verb Tenses
maintains
on all
year, the
a
economy,
up to 35
Customs
25- Argentinas customs procedures are considered by the
U.S. Department of State as
a) sluggish and transparent.
b) transparent, but obsolete.
c) obscure and sluggish.
d) innovative, but time-consuming.
e) both well-defined and efficient.
Verb Tenses
The future of work
Source: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)
15
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamlining effects
of
international competition are focusing attention on the need to create and keep good
jobs, those
fears will eventually give way to worries about the growing shortage of young workers.
One
unavoidable solution: putting older people back to work, whether they like it or not.
Indeed,
cutting-edge European economies like those of Finland and Denmark have already
raised their
retirement ages, reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement. Others are
under
severe pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and the Organization
for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recently warned their members
that their
future prosperity depends on a growing contribution from the elderly.
This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years has not
gone
unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hit with massive
protests
against pension reforms that would, among other things, have raised the retirement age.
23- According to the text,
a) efforts to raise the retirement age have been largely supported.
b) there has been a decline in qualified older workers.
c) there has been a shift in a long-held belief concerning retirement.
d) ageism in the workplace is a danger to corporate productivity.
e) staff-aging issues may soon need to be addressed.
Verb Tenses
The future of work
Source: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)
Many of the rich worlds notions about old age are dying. While the streamlining effects
of
international competition are focusing attention on the need to create and keep good
jobs,
those fears will eventually give way to worries about the growing shortage of young
workers.
One unavoidable solution: putting older people back to work, whether they like it or not.
Indeed, cutting-edge European economies like those of Finland and Denmark have
already
raised their retirement ages, reversing the postwar trend toward ever-earlier retirement.
Others are under severe pressure to follow suit, as both the European Commission and
the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have recently warned
their
members that their future prosperity depends on a growing contribution from the elderly.
This erosion of one of the cornerstones of the good life relaxed golden years has not
gone
16
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
unremarked. In the last year, Belgium, Italy and France have all been hit with massive
protests
against pension reforms that would, among other things, have raised the retirement age.
23- According to the text,
a) efforts to raise the retirement age have been largely supported.
b) there has been a decline in qualified older workers.
c) there has been a shift in a long-held belief concerning retirement.
d) ageism in the workplace is a danger to corporate productivity.
e) staff-aging issues may soon need to be addressed.
Verb Tenses
INGLS (ESAF AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL 2002)
Read the text below in order to answer questions 21 to 23.
Election fears harm Brazilian economy
Brazils presidential election does not take place until October, but investors are already
voting with their
feet at the prospect of victory for the leftwing opposition candidate, Luiz Incio Lula da
Silva.
The presidential contender from the Workers Party, better known simply as Lula, holds
a commanding lead
over Jos Serra, the ruling Social Democratic party candidate. The possibility that Lula,
a former
metalworker, will become leader of Latin Americas most important economy has got the
markets which
consider him a leftwing firebrand rattled.
Stocks have tumbled and the currency, the real, has slumped in recent weeks. Last
week, credit rating
agencies which access the ability of borrowers to repay their debt downgraded
Brazilian debt. Investors
fear that if Brazil goes off the rails, the rest of Latin America will descend into chaos as
the economic
contagion spreads. Although Argentinians are suffering terribly from economic turmoil
and a once-proud
country is reverting to a barter economy, Argentinas problems have not spread to the
rest of the continent
so far.
21- According to the text, Lulas possible victory in Brazils upcoming
presidential election
a) would avoid economic turmoil.
b) might relieve the economic pressure.
c) would hardly impact the national economy.
d) already worries the markets.
e) would underpin the national growth.
Verb Tenses
17
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Material 01
Curso: Fiscal
voting with their
Silva.
a commanding lead
a former
markets which
week, credit rating
the economic
and a once-proud
so far.
21- According to the text, Lulas possible victory in Brazils upcoming
presidential election
a) would avoid economic turmoil.
b) might relieve the economic pressure.
c) would hardly impact the national economy.
d) already worries the markets.
e) would underpin the national growth.
Verb Tenses
voting with their
Silva.
a commanding lead
a former
markets which
week, credit rating
18
Material 01
Ingls
Prof Todd Marshall
Curso: Fiscal
the economic
and a once-proud
so far.
22- The author says that the Brazilian currency has slumped in recent weeks, which
means it
a) has suddenly fallen.
b) has rallied.
c) has not been hit.
d) could have been depreciated.
e) has reached its highest quotation.
End of
Class 1
19

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Material 01

Thesis Statement strategy

e) Brazils regulation score.

Where is the past tense located on this time line?

Compare the Present Perfect Simple to the Present Perfect

Future x Future Perfect

What are you doing on Saturday?

b) has exempted Brazil from paying tariffs on its goods.

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