Timber Code

NZS 3603:1993
TIMBER STRUCTU RES

AMENDMENT NO. 4 (INCORPORATING AMENDMENT N0.3)
March 2005
CORRECTION AND REVISED TEXT

EXPLANATORY NOTE
This amendment corrects errors in Amendment No.3 to NZS 3603:1993 (published 29 October
2004), incorporatingall changes introduced by Amendment No.3.
Amendment No. 4 to NZS 3603 provides for lower design stresses for unverified timber. It
recognizes deficiencies in sole reliance on visual grading as a means of reliably establishing the
characteristic strength and stiffness properties of sawn timber.
Table 2.2 has been simplified so that there are only four grades for visually graded timber.
Engineering grade has been deleted, as its availability is very limited (if at all) across New Zealand.
The high 10.5 modulus of elasticity cannot be achieved by visual grading alone as it is well proven
that visual grading cannot grade reliably for stiffness.
No.1 Framing is, as previously, visually graded to NZS 3631. No. 1 Framing that has been verified
(now designatedas VSG10, VSG8 and G8), has despite that verification had its bending, tension and
compression strengths lowered to reflect the strength properties of the current and future crops.
Compression parallel and shear strengths are seen as being representative of current and future
crops. Studies by Forest Research show that lowering of these two strength properties has little
effect on timber-framed structures built to meet NZS 3604. Lowering these strength properties will
make it easier for a sawmill to achieve strength.
The grade stresses for Larch, Rimu, Kahikatea, Silver, Red and Hard Beech have been
disestablishedbecause these species are rarely used in new structures today. Larch, if used, can be
bracketedwith Radiatapine.
Table 2.3 has disestablishedthe use of the former F grades and replaced them with MSG grades,
the suite of which reflects the timber available on the market.
APPROVAL
Amendment No. 4 (INCORPORATINGAMENDMENT N0.3) was approved by the Standards Council

on 24 March 2005 to be an amendment to NZS 3603:1993 pursuant to the provision of section 10 of
the Standards Act 1988.
Related Documents (page 6)
Add to NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS
NZS 3622:2004
Verification of timber properties

(AmendmentNo.4 (INCORPORATINGAMENDMENT N0.3), March 2005)
Add to AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS
AS/NZS 4063:1992
Timber - Stress-graded- In-gradestrength and stiffness evaluation

Add new category:
EUROPEANSTANDARD
ENV 1995-1-1:1993
Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings
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Copyright Standards New Zealand

Provided by IHS under license with SNZ
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

Not for Resale, 12/17/2006 19:36:50 MST
2
Clause 1.4 (page 11)
Add new symbol in alphabeticalorder:
Lower bound modulus of elasticity parallelto the grain

&,
Delete clauses 2.2.1, C2.2.1, 2.4.2, C2.4.2, table 2.2 and table 2.3 (pages 18 - 21) and substitute:
2.2.1
Characteristic stresses and elastic moduli shall be as given in table 2.2 and table 2.3 for the
appropriate species, grade and moisture conditions.
VSG10, VSG8, and G8 grades shall be obtained by verifying, in accordance with NZS 3622, timber
which has, as a minimum, been visually graded as No.1 Framing to the requirementsof NZS 3631.
c2.2.1
For the derivation of characteristic stresses for timber refer to AS/NZS 4063. The characteristic
stresses shown in tables 2.2 and 2.3 for Radiata pine and Douglas fir are representative of most
exofic pine species subject to verification where specified,
Table 2.2 - Characteristic stresses for visually graded timber (MPa)
Moisture condition - Dry (m/c = 16 %)
Bending
Compression
Tension
Modulus of
strength
strength
strength
elasticity
fb
fc
fi
E (GPa)
1.
Species
Grade
Radiata
pine &
Douglas
fir
VSG1O
VSG8
No 1
Framing1
Radiata
pine &
Douglas
fir
G89
VSG10'
VSG8'
No 1
Framing1
20.0
14.0
10.0
2.
20.0
18.0
15.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
Lower
bound
modulus
of
elasticity
10.0
8.0
6.0
& (GPa)
6.7
5.4
4.0
Moisture condition - Green' (m/c = 25 %)
11.7
12.0
4.0
6.5
4.4
7.5
11.o
3.0
4.8
3.2
NOTE (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
No.1 Framing is not verified and not subject to in-mill monitoringof strength and stiffness properties. No.1 Framing
shall be graded to the requirements of NZS 3631.
The green condition stresses and moduli values for the grades shown shall be used where the grades are used in
service situations where the moisture condition may be 25 % or over (see 2.1.2). The durability requirements of
NZS 3602:2003 must also be met.
Shear strength for dry Radiata pine shall be taken as f,
Shear strength for dry Douglas fir shall be taken as f,
3.0 MPa.
3.8 MPa.
Compression perpendicular to grain for dry Radiata pine and Douglas fir shall be taken as fp = 8.9 MPa
Modulus of rigidityshall be taken as G = H15.
(6)
Shear strength for green Radiata pine shall be taken as f,
(7)
Compressionperpendicular to grain for green Radiata pine shall be taken as fp = 5.3 MPa
VSGIO and VSG8 are visual grades which have been verified in the dry condition.
G8 is a visual grade which has been verified in the green condition.
(8)
(9)
2.4 MPa.
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3
Table 2.3 - Characteristic stresses for machine stress graded timber (MPa)
Species
Radiata
pine &
Douglas
fir
NOTE -
(2)
Shear strength for dry Radiata pine shall be taken as f, = 3.8 MPa. Shear strength for dry Douglas fir shall be
taken as f, = 3.0 MPa.
Compression perpendicular to grain for dry Radiata pine and Douglas fir shall be taken as fp = 8.9 MPa.
(3)
Grades shall be verified as required by NZS 3622.
(1)
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2.2.1.1
Visually graded timber
Visually graded timber shall be assigned the design parameters given in table 2.2 depending on
whether it is verified or un-verified. Verified timber shall have its bending strength and stiffness
(MoE) confirmed, and be identified, in accordance with the requirementsof NZS 3622. Timbers not
conformingto NZS 3622 shall be consideredas un-verified.
2.2.1.2
Machine stress graded timber
Machine stress graded timber shall have its properties verified, and be identified, in accordance with
the requirementsof NZS 3622.
2.4.2
Modulus of elasticity
2.4.2.1
General
The modulus of elasticity used for the design of timber elements depends on the degree to which
they are part of a system and therefore constrained to deformations similar to that of their
neighbours.
2.4.2.2
For the design of timber elements within a system which constrains them to deformations similar to
their neighbours and for which there are at least four elements in the system, the modulus of
elasticity (,E) from table 2.2 or 2.3 shall be used.
C2.4.2.2
Joisted floors and timber-framed stud walls are examples.
2.4.2.3
For the design of timber systems which are not covered by clause 2.4.2.2, the modulus of elasticity
shall be based on the values of E and Elb from table 2.2 or 2.3 as follows:
(a)
Where the system consists of a single timber element the modulus of elasticity shall be Elb;
(b)
Where the system consists of two or three elements acting together the modulus of elasticity
shall be /'2 (E+ &).


C2.4.2.3
An example of (a) would be a single element beam or lintel.
An example of (b) would be a double elemenf beam or lintel such as where two 50 mm wide
timber elements are used to make up a 1O0 mm wide elemenf.
O 2005 STANDARDS COUNCIL

STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
PRIVATE BAG 2439
WELLINGTON 6020
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~~
8 5 8 3 1 6 9 O063503 9 2 5
NZS 3603:1993
TIMBER STRUCTURES STANDARD
AMENDMENT No. 2
July 1996
EXPLANATORY NOTE
Amendment No. 2 gives the definitionsfor "y; in Equation C5 and Equation C7 in Appenduc C and .y:
in Equation D3 in Appendix D revised by Amendment No. 1 to NZS 3603:1993.
APPENDIX C
SLENDERNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR BEAMS
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CORRECTION
C2.3 Beams With no intermediate buckling restraints (page 11 6)

Under Eq. C5 delete the definition:
"h
height above centroid of the point of load application" and substitute:
"y,,
height above beam centroid of the point of load application".

(Amendment No. 2, July 1996)
C3 Continuously restrained beams (page 116)

Figure C1
- Continuously restrained beam
Delete Figure C1 and substitute new Figure C1.
Point of load application-o
Effectively
lateral restraint
I
Figure C l


~~
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0063504 8bL
NZS 36031993
APPENDIX D
SLENDERNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR COLUMNS
D1 (page 118)
Under Eq. D3 add the definition:
'Ye
Figure D1
distance from column centroid to point of load application'.
- Continuously restrained column
Delete Figure D1 and substitute new Figure D1.
-i+b~ 3
j+l
Point o
axial load
Column centroid
Effectively continuous
lateral restraint -,
Figure D1
--
- Continuously restrained column

(Amendment No. 2, July 1996)
-__-------------------------------Q 1996 STANDARDS COUNCIL

PRIVATE BAG 2439
WELLINGTON 6020
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8 5 8 3 L b 0063505 7 T 8
NZS 2403:1991
Code of practice for
DEEP GEOTHERMAL WELLS
AMENDMENT No. 1
July 1996
CORRECTION
Clause 206.6.4 (page 29)

Delete the equation for ft and substitute the following:
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

O 1996 STANDARDS COUNCIL

PRIVATE BAG 2439
WELLINGTON 6020

NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
NZS 3603:1993
TIMBER STRUCTURES STANDARD
AMENDMENT No. 1
April 1996
EXPLANATORY NOTE Amendment No. 1 incorporates technical and editorial changes, corrects
notified and other typographical errors, and includes items by way of clarification.
.....................................
APPROVAL
Amendment No. 1 was approved on 1 April 1996 by the Standards Council to be an amendment to
NZS 3603:1993 pursuant to the provisionsof section 1O of the Standards Act 1988,
-----------------------L-------------
RELATED DOCUMENTS (page 6)

NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS
Delete "NZS 3602:1990 Code of practicefor specifying timber and wood-based productsfor use in building" and
substitute "NZS 362:1995 Timber and wood-based productsfor us8 in building."
Delete "NZS 3606:1987' and substitute "'NZS 3606:1987 (to be superseded by AS/NZS 1328-oooO)."
Delete ""NZS 3614:1971 Spifikation for the manufactureof c o n s t d o n plywood."
Delete "NZS 3615:1981 Specificationfor strength propertiesand design methods for constructionplywood.'
AUSTRALIAIWNEW ZEALAND STANDARDS
Add "AS/NZS 1328-0000 Glued laminated structural timber (in preparation)"

Delete "AS/NZS 2269-0000 Structural plywood (in preparation)"and substituto:
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"ASNZS 2269:1994 Plywood Structural."

(Amendment No. 1, April 1996)
TITLE (page9)
Delete "Code of practice for TIMBER DESIGN"and substitute "TIMBERSTRUCTURES STANDARD".
1.4 Symbols (page 10)

Deleto "AA, bearing area parallelto the grain" and substitute:
"A, bearing area for loading parallel to the grain."

~
~~~~

Add the following new definition:


S N Z N Z S r 3 6 0 3 73
m 8583367 O063760
43T
NZS 3603:1993

Delete "& load sharing factor for laminated beams (clause 2.9)" and substitute:
"k, lamination factor (clause 2.9)"
__----------------------_--_--_----__
1.6 Construction review (page 16)

Delete the text and substitute:
"All stages of constructionof a structure or part of a structureto which this Standardis appliedshall beadequately
reviewed by a person who, on the basis of experience or qualifications, is competent to undertakethe review."
-----------------------------------__
Table 2.3 - Characteristic stresses for mechanically graded timber (MPa) (page 20)
Delete table 2.3and substitute new table 2.3.
(Characteristic stress in tension parallel ( i t ) has been recalculated and new notes to the bottom of the table
added).
Table 2.3
- Characteristic stresses for mechanically graded timber (MPa)
Grade
Bending Compression
paraild
Tension
paraild
Shoat in
of dasticity
bOalVl8
*icuiar
?b
fe
ft
1. Graded dry to NZS 3618
Radiata
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Douglas
ir
F11 ~ 1 5 0 x 5 0 33.9
30.4
>15ox50
28.6
27.1
16.9
15.2
4.1
4.1
9.4
9.4
12.0
12.0
F6 (or No. 1F)
17.7
20.9
8.8
3.8
8.9
8.0
F11 5150x50
150x50
33.0
29.8
30.1
28.3
16.5
14.9
3.2
3.2
9.7
9.7
12.0
12.0
F6
17.7
22.1
8.8
3.0
8.9
8.0
26.6
22.7
17.1
15.9
13.3
11.3
2.7
2.7
F6 (or No. 1F)
14.8
12.7
7.4
2.5
F11 s-150x50
> 150x50
26.6
22.7
19.8
18.3
13.3
11.3
2.5
2.5
5.0
5.0
9.3
8.7
F6
14.8
14.5
7.4
2.3
4.7
6.5
25.4
20.4
16.2
30.1
24.8
19.5
15.3
12.1
20.6
16.2
12.7
10.2
8.1
3.7
3.1
2.5
2.1
1.8
12.1
12.1
7.9
6.9
2. Graded green to NZS 3618
I
Douglas
fir
> 150x50
3. Graded dry to AS 1748
Radiata
F5
NOTE
(1) Modulus of rigidity may be estimated from G = E115

(2) Modulus of elaskiy in compression perpendicular to the grain may be estimated from E,, = 15/30,

.....................................


~~
SNZ NZS*3b03 93
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0063963 3 7 b
NZS 3603:1993
Table 2.2 Characteristic stresses for visually graded timber (MPa) (page 19)
Delete table 2.2 and substitute new table 2.2.
(Characteristic stress in tension parallel ( f i ) has been recalculated and new notes to the bottom of the table
added).
Table 2.2
1. Moisture condition
species
- Characteristic stresses for visually graded timber (MPa)
- Dry (m/c = 16 %)
Grade
Bending
fb
hmpression
,aralld
fc
renrion
iaralld
ft
Shear in
beams
f,
>ompression
Modulur
mipen-
Jf
icular
ticity
E(GPa)
fP
das-
Engineering
1150x50
Engineering
> 150x50
No. 1 Framing
27.7
25.7
13.8
3.8
8.9
10.5
24.5
24.2
12.2
3.8
8.9
10.0
17.7
20.9
8.8
3.8
8.9
8.0
Engineering
s150x50
Engineering
> 150x50
No. 1 Framing
25.1
27.1
12.5
3.0
8.9
10.4
22.4
25.4
11.2
3.0
8.9
9.9
17.7
22.1
8.8
3.0
8.9
8.0
No. 1 Framing
22.7
27.1
11.3
3.5
8.9
9.6
Rimu
Building
19.8
20.1
9.9
3.8
10.9
9.5
Kahikatea
Building
14.5
19.5
7.2
3.0
5.9
6.8
Silver beech
Engineering
Building
36.6
23.6
31.0
24.8
18.3
11.8
3.5
3.5
7.1
7.1
10.6
9.3
Red beech
Engineering
Building
43.1
28.0
37.5
30.4
21.5
14.0
5.3
5.3
12.4
12.4
15.3
13.4
Hard beech
Engineering
Building
44.2
29.5
31.0
26.6
22.1
14.7
5.0
5.0
14.2
14.2
15.5
13.6
Radiata pine
Douglas fir
Douglas fir
Engineering
5150x50
Engineering
> 150x50
No. 1 Framing
22.7
15.9
11.3
2.4
5.3
8.8
20.1
15.0
10.0
2.4
5.3
8.1
14.8
12.7
7.4
2.4
5.3
6.5
Engineering
150x50
Engineering
>150x50
No. 1 Framing
22.7
18.3
11.3
2.4
4.7
8.7
20.1
17.1
10.0
2.4
4.7
8.0
14.8
14.5
7.4
2.4
4.7
6.5
No. 1 Framing
15.0
17.4
7.5
2.7
5.6
7.7
2.7
6.0
8.3
Rimu
Building
15.0
14.5
7.5
Kahikatea
Building
13.9
14.2
6.9
2.4
4.4
6.0
Silver beech
Engineering
Building
32.3
20.7
23.6
19.2
16.1
10.3
2.7
2.7
3.8
3.8
8.6
7.5
Red beech
Engineering
Building
38.1
25.1
22.4
18.3
19.0
12.5
3.8
3.8
7.7
7.7
13.0
11.3
Hard beech
Engineering
Building
42.8
28.3
29.5
24.2
21.4
14.1
4.4
4.4
10.6
10.6
14.1
12.1
NOTE
(1) Modulus of rigidity may be estimated f m G =Ell 5.
(2) For standard names of commercial timbers in New Zealand refer to NZS 3621.
(3) Modulus of elasticity in compression perpendicular to the grain may be estimated from EPI BO.
(4) Grades shall bo specified with reference to NZS 3631:1988.


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2. Moisture condition Green (m/c = 25 %)
8583167 O063962 202 W
S N Z N Z S x 3 6 0 3 93
NZS 3603:1993
Figure 2.2 Parallel support system (page 24)

In the note delete "glue laminated beams (see 8.7.2)" and substituto 'glue laminated members loaded in
bending (see 8.7.2)'.
..................................
Table 2.7 Parallel support factor k, or k6 (page 25)

Delete the title and substitute the following:
"Table 2.7
- Parallel support factor 16 or lamination factor &e"

.....................................
Eq. 3.12 and the following definitions (page 36)

Delete " A j and substitute "A.;
.....................................
4.2.2.2 (page 45)
In line 5 after the words "For directly loaded joints," add "with no in-plane moments,'.
In line 7 after the words "nominal strength" delete "can" and substltuto "shall'.
.....................................
Eq. 4.3 (page 45)

Delete 'U;and substitute "U;.
.....................................
Figure 4.2 - Timber thickness and nail length (page 46)
Delete the title and substitute new title "Timber thickness and depth of penetration for nails and coach
screws".

.....................................
Eq. 4.7 (page 48)

Delete "0;
and substituto "Oc.
.....................................
Eq. 4.9 (page 49)

In the definitions delete "U, = charactertistic load given in table 4.6' and substitute:
"O&
characteristic strength given in table 4.7".

Table 4.10-Characteristic stnngth, sU(kN)for a single bolt in atwo-momkr joint indry timber loaded
parallel to the grain (page 55)
In the title delete "UsM"
and substitute
"QH".
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SNZ NZSa3b3 73
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 OObLb3 149
5
Figure 4.4
(page 54)
NZS 3603:1993
- Characteristic strength for a bolt in a two-member joint in dry radiata pino or Douglas fir
Delete figure 4.4 and substitute new figure 4.4.
Effective thickness (mml

(Twice thickness of thinner member)
Figure 4.4
- Characteristic strength for a bolt in a two-member joint in dry radiata pine

or Douglas fir

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~~
SNZ NZSx3603 9 3
~~
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 OObl1964 085
NZS 3603: 993
Table 4.12 Characteristic strength for a single bolt in dry timber loaded perpendicular to the grain
(page 56)
Under the heading Effective timber thickness 6,, aier the words "As for types 1,2 or 3"at the bottom of the
table add "except that be is based on thickness of timber members only."
.....................................
Table 4.1 3- Characteristic strength, Qskp(kN)for a single bolt in a two-member joint in dry timber loaded
perpendicular to grain (page 57)
In the title delete "Osb"and substitute "Qk,,"
4.4.3.2 (b)(2) (page 60)

In line 2 delete "table 4.16" and substitute able 4.15".
.....................................
4.5.2 (b) Lateral bas (page 61)

After the words "If the depth of penetration" add "shown in figure 4.2".
C5.2.4 (page 69)

In line 8 delete "an over strength factorof l . M =2.0 " and substitute "an over strength factorof 7,W = 2.0 '
.....................................
C5.2.5 (page 71)
VH
GBt
Y
2w3
In Eq. 5.30 delete A7 = 2VH3 + H e and substitute A7 =-+He

3EAB2
3AB3
.....................................
C5.2.5 (page 72)

Delete the definition "P = inter storey shear force (N)".
Delete the definitions for
"&
$ =
6, and stand substitute the following definitions:
Vertical downward movement (mm) at the base of the compression end of the wall
(this may be due to compressionperpendicularto grain deformationin the bottom
plate)
Vertical upward movement (mm) at the base of the tension end of the wall (this
may be due to deformations in a nailed fastener and the members to which it is
anchored)".


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GBt
In Eq. 5.28 delete ' A 5 = pH " and substitute " A 5 =
8583169 0063765 T L L
S N Z NZSs3603 9 3
NZS 3603: 993
6 PLYWOOD (page 73)

C6.1.1
Delete "AS/NZS2269 is a new joint New Zealand-Australian Standard expected to be published in December
1993 (to supersede NZS 3674) " and substitute:
"AWNZS2269is a Joint Australian/NewZealand Standardpublishedin 1994 (tosupersede

NZS 3614) ".
--------------------------------__-__
6.5.1.1 Bending strength (Eq. 6.1 O ) (page 79)

Delete "b= stability factor given in 6.6.5" and substitute:
"k, = stability factor given in 6.6.4"
(Amendment No. 1 April 1996)
.....................................
6.5.1.2 Tension strength (Eq. 6.1 1) (page 79)

Delete "Nnt=nominal rolling shear strength" and substitute "N,, = nominal tensile strength".
.....................................
6.6.4.4 Stiffeners in web beams (page 84)

In line 5 delete "design shear (V,)," and substitute "design shear (# Vni),"
6.6.7.2 Load capacity of a jointed interface (page 86)

In Eq. 6.31 delete "Qn, =
kQkwl/ O w
and substitute "Onsi=
kQknZt O
II
In the definitions delete " U 0= 2 / 3 M and substitute "UQ = 2d3".

and add the following new definitions:
"n
= number of rows of nails" and
I'W
= contact width for glued joint"

7.2 Characteristic stresses and elastic moduli (page 87)

In line 5 in (a) delete the words "outer density" and substitute "outer zone density".
.....................................
Table 7.1 Characteristic stresses (MPa) and modulus of elasticity (GPa) for naturally round softwood
timber in green condition (page 87)
In the column for "f," delete "16l and substitute "21".
In the column for
delete "7.7" and substitute "9.0' and delete "6.4" and substitute "8.8".
"(,'I
Add the following note to the bottom of the table "NOTE The outer zone density is the basic density (oven dry
weightholume in green condition) in the outer 20 ?O' of the radius of the pole."
8.7.1.1 (page 91)

In line 4 delete "parallel support factor," and substitute "lamination factor,"
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8583169 0063966 958
S N Z N Z S x 3 6 0 3 93
NZS 3603:1993
8.7.2.1 (page 91)

In line 4 delete "parallelsupport factor,"and substitute "laminationfactor,".

----------c--------------_-------
8.7.2.2 (page 91)

In line 3 delete "k,"
and substitute "k;.
----------c--------------------------
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C9.5.5 (page 103)

In Eq. 9.3 delete " ( d -2t32" and substitute "(d- t,J2'.
In Eq. 9.4 delete "-1.92 t,2 and substitute "-1.29 t:".

----------------------------------__C10.6.1 (page 106)
In line 1 delete "kiS"and substitute nk32*.
(Amendment No. 1 , April 1996)

-----------------------------------__
APPENDIX B
LATERAL AND TORSIONAL BUCKLING RESTRAINTS
83.2 Force on lateral restraints (page 1 12)
0.1M~
Delete Eq. B8 and substitute I F A = k33k34k35 d(n, 1)'
+
0.05M~
Delete Eq. B9 and substitute " F A = k33k34k35 d(n, 1)'
+

.....................................
B4.2 Torque on torsional restraints (page 113)
(Amendment No. 1 , April 1996)

APPENDM C
C2.2 Beams with intermediate buckling restraints (page 114)
c5
Delete Eq. C3 and substitute ME = -[@)Y

Lay
GJr'l

.....................................
C2.2 Beams with intermediate buckling restraints (page 115)
( m y
-.
(0,
Delete the definition " a = 1


SNZ NZSx3603 9 3
8583169 00bL9b7 8 9 4
NZS 3603:1993
Table C1 Coefficients for slenderness factor of bisymmetrical beams with intermediate buckling
restraints (page 115)
In the first column delete "Moment parameter b" and substitute "Moment parameter p"
------------------------------------_
C2.3 Beams with no intermediate buckling restraints (page 116)
Delete Eq. C7 and substitute IoM, =
(Amendment No. 1. April 1996)

.....................................
APPENDIX D
Di

.....................................
APPENDIX E
DEFORMATION AND DISPLACEMENT MODULUS OF MECHANKALLY FASTENED JOINTS (page 119)
El
Delete '=
2,0.5 for bolted joints with holes drilled 1.5 mrn oversize,'
3
and substitute *= 2n0.5 for bolted joints with holes drilled 1.5 rnm oversize".
Delete
1
'F
for split-ring connectors or shear plates."
and substitute '
for split-ring connectors or shear plates."

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


8583369 0 0 b L b B 720
SNZ NZS*3b03 9 3
=
NZS 3603:1993
10
APPENDIX G
DESIGN OF PLYWOOD PANELS SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS (page 124)
Table G1 Maximum length to width (Uw) ratios for plate bending action in plywood
Delete the heading "Across width, w" and substitute "Along width, w"
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table G2 Formulae for plywood plates spanning in two directions

Under the heading "Central point load"
Delete "A = C s S P d / Iand
~ substitute "A = C,SPw31IwLu
in the definitions for Appendix G
Ater the words "L = span of panel (betweenjoists or blocking)" add '(always the longest direction)"
Ater the words " w = span of panel at right angles to L direction" add "(always the shortest direction)"
Q 1996 STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

PRIVATE BAG 2439,
WELLINGTON 6001


TIMBER STRUCTURES
STANDARD
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Superseding NZS 3603:1990 and NZS 361 3 1 9 8 1
UDC 691.1 1 :624.04 :69.01
Pr KK


~~
SNZ NZSr3603 9 3 m 8583169 0010782 840 m

NZS 3603: 1993
COMMITTEE REPRESENTATION
This Standardwas preparedbythe P3603A Timber DesignCornmittee
for the Standards Council under the Standards Act 1988.
The Timber Design Committee consisted of the following persons:
Andrew Buchanan, University of Cantebury (Chairman)
Tony Bryant, University of Auckland
Andrew King, Building Research Association of New Zealand
Pat Simperingham, Carter Holt Harvey Timber Limited
Peter Smith, Spencer Holmes Miller Partners Limited
Robert Tan, Gang Nail NZ Limited
Bryan Walford, Forest Research Institute Limited
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The special assistance given to the Timber Design Committee by
Hank Bier, Forest Research Institute Limited and Richard Hunt,
University of Auckland is gratefully acknowledged.
Extensive use has been made of AS 1720.1 Timber Structures Code
in the writing of this document and permission to use this material is
also gratefully acknowledged.
O COPYRIGHT
The copyright of this document is the property of the Standards

Council. No part of it may be reproduced by photocopying or by any
other means without the priorwrittenpermissionof the Chief Executive
of Standards New Zealand unless the circumstances are covered by
the exemption sections (19 and 21) of the Copyright Act 1962.
STANDARDSNEWZEAIAND
6TH FLOOR, WELLINGTON TRADE CENTRE,
181 - 187 VICTORIA STREET, WELLINGTON 6001.
(Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020)
Telephone: 0-4-384 2108 Fax: 0-4-384 3938
AMENDMENTS
No
Date of issue
Description
Entered by,
and date
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSr3b03 9 3
8583Lb9 0030783 787
NZS 3603:1993
CONTENTS
PAGE
Committee representation ......................................................... IFC

Acknowledgment .......................................................................
IFC
Related documents ........................................................................ 6
Foreword ....................................................................................... 8
Section 1 General
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
Scope ....................................................................................
9
Interpretation ......................................................................... 9
Definitions ............................................................................. 9
Symbols ..............................................................................
10
Design ................................................................................. 15
Construction review .............................................. ,............. 16
Materials and workmanship ................................................ 16
Section 2 Stresses and elastic moduli for sawn timber

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.1O
2.1 1
2.12
General ............................................................................... 17
Characteristic stresses ........................................................ 18
Properties of timber species not listed ................................
20
Basis of design .................................................................... 21
Strength reduction factors ................................................... 21
Secondary stresses ............................................................ 22
Modificationfactors, kl and k2 for duration of load .............22
Modificationfactor, k3 for bearing area ...............................
23
Modificationfactors, k4, k5 and kf3 for load sharing ............25
Modification factor, k8 for stability ....................................... 26
Temperature effects ............................................................ 27
Earthquake effects ..............................................................
28
Section 3 Design of structural members

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
General ...............................................................................
Beam design .......................................................................
Column design ....................................................................
Tension member design .....................................................
Combined bending and compression .................................
Combined bending and tension ..........................................
30
30
36
38
39
40
Section 4 Joints
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
General ...............................................................................
Nails ....................................................................................
Screws ................................................................................
Bolts ....................................................................................
Coach screws .....................................................................
Other mechanicalfasteners ................................................
Glued joints .........................................................................
41
42
47
50
61
62
63
Section 5 Design of special structures

5.1 Timber decking ...................................................................
5.2 Shear walls and diaphragms...............................................
65
67
Contents continued overleaf

1
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SNZ NZS*3b03 93 D 8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0030784 6 3 3
NZS 3603:1993
Section 6 Plywood
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
General ...............................................................................
73
Stresses and moduli ........................................................... 73
Modification factors ............................................................. 74
Loading perpendicular to the plane of the sheet ................. 77
Loading in the plane of the sheet ........................................ 79
Plywood components .......................................................... 81
Section 7 Round timbers

General ............................................................................... 87
Characteristic stresses and elastic moduli .......................... 87
Design ................................................................................. 87
Modificationfactor, k20 for trimming or shaving .................. 88
Modificationfactor, k21 for preservative treatment
involving steaming .............................................................. 88
7.6 Modificationfactor, k22 for dry use conditions .................... 88
7.7 Effectivesections ................................................................
88
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Section 8 Glued laminated timber

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.1 1
8.12
Scope ..................................................................................
Specification........................................................................
Standard sizes ....................................................................
Finish ..................................................................................
Moisturecontent .................................................................
Design .................................................................................
Modificationfactors .............................................................
Curved and tapered members ............................................
Butt joints ............................................................................
Camber ...............................................................................
Holes drilled in fabricated members ....................................
Nail plate joints ....................................................................
89
89
89
90
90
91
91
93
97
99
99
99
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Scope ................................................................................ 100

100
Fire resistance ratings.......................................................
Loads ................................................................................ 100
Calculation of fire resistance rating of timber elements .... 100
Details of construction.......................................................
102
Section 10 Testing of timber structures

10.1 General .............................................................................
10.2 Testing authority ...............................................................
10.3 Testing conditions .............................................................
10.4 Test procedure ..................................................................
10.5 Acceptance criteria ...........................................................
10.6 Prototype or sample testing ..............................................
10.7 Proof testing ......................................................................
10.8 Reporting of tests ..............................................................
104
104
104
105
106
106
107
108
Contents continued
2

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Section 9 Design for fire resistance
S N Z N Z S x 3 6 0 3 93
8583369 O030785 5 5 T
NZS 3603:1993
Table
Condition to be assumed for determination of
characteristic stresses. modulus of elasticity. joint
design and dimensions ....................................................... 18
2.2 Characteristic stresses for visually graded timber (MPa) ....19
2.3 Characteristic stresses for mechanically graded
20
timber (MPa) .......................................................................
2.4 Duration of load factor. kl for strength ................................ 22
23
2.5 Duration of load factor. k2 for deflection .............................
2.6 Bearing area factor. ........................................................ 23
or ........................................... 25
2.7 Parallel support factor.
2.8 Stability factor. ....................................................................... 27
3.1 Notch coefficient. .................................................................. 34
4.1 Classification of timber species for joint design ..................41
4.2 Minimum spacing of nails and screws in joints ................... 44
4.3 Characteristic strengths (N) for one plain steel wire nail
46
in single shear in side grain in dry timber ............................
4.4 Characteristic withdrawal strength per millimetre of nail
penetration (N/mm) for one plain steel wire nail in side
grain .................................................................................... 47
4.5 Characteristic strength (N) for one steel wood screw in
49
single shear in side grain in dry timber ...............................
4.6 Maximum design withdrawal strength for one steel screw
in dry timber ........................................................................ 50
4.7 Characteristic withdrawal strength per millimetre of screw
thread penetration (N/mm) for wood screw inserted
at right angles to the grain of dry timber ............................. 50
52
4.8 Values of fqfor bolted joints in dry timber ..........................
4.9 characteristic strength for a single bolt in dry timber
loaded parallel to the grain .................................................. 53
4.10 Characteristic strength, Q, k/ (kN) for a single bolt in a
two-member joint in dry timber loaded parallel to the
grain .................................................................................... 55
4.1 1 Values of fpjfor bolted joints in dry timber .......................... 56
4.12 Characteristic strength for a single bolt in dry timber
loaded perpendicular to the grain ....................................... 56
4.1 3 characteristic strength, Qskp (kN) for a single bolt in a
two-member joint in dry timber loaded perpendicular to
grain .................................................................................... 57
4.14 Factor, kl2 for bolt and coach screw joints in
green timber ........................................................................
60
4.15 Factor, kl3 for the design of multiple-bolt and
60
multiplecoach-screw joints .................................................
4.16 Characteristic withdrawal strength per millimetre of
penetration of thread (N/mm) for a coach screw in
dry timber ............................................................................ 62
69
5.1 Maximum nail diameters (mm) ............................................
6.1 Characteristic stresses for structural plywood .................... 74
76
6.2 Face grain orientation factor, k15 for strength .....................
Face
grain
orientation
factor,
kl6
for
stiff
ness
....................
76
6.3
6.4 Face grain orientation factors for shear .............................. 77
7.1 Characteristic stresses (MPa) and modulus of
elasticity (GPa) for naturally round soflwood timber
in green condition ................................................................ 87
2.1
Contents continued overleaf
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


S N Z NZS*3b03 9 3
8583169 8010786 496 E
NZS 3603:1993
Peeling or shaving factor. k20.............................................
88
Steaming factor. k21 ..................................................................
88
Dry use factor. k22 .....................................................................
88
Laminated members - standard widths ..............................
90
Minimum radius of curvature ............................................... 90
Size factor for beams and tension members ......................
93
Values of constants for calculation of radial stresses in
pitched beams .....................................................................
95
10.1 Compensation factor, b o .......................................................
107
10.2 Compensation factor,
.......................................................
107
10.3 Sampling factor, /(32................................................................
107
10.4 Likely values of coefficients of variation ............................ 108
c1 Coefficients for slenderness factor of bisymmetriicai
beams with intermediate buckling restraints ..................... 115
c2 Coefficients for slenderness factors of bisymmetrical
beams with no intermediate buckling restraints ................ 117
E l Duration of load factor. k37 ...............................................
120
G1 Maximum length to width (UMratios for plate bending
action in plywood .............................................................. 124
G2 Formulae for plywood plates spanning in two directions ..124
G3 Values of constants, G to C7 inclusive ............................ 125
H1 Stablity factor, for compression .................................... 126
H2 Maximum width to thickness (w/f) ratios for plywood
panels stable in compression............................................ 127
J1 Percentages of plywood design strength transmitted
across scarf joints ............................................................. 128
J2 Minimum overall length of splice plates for glued joints .... 129
J3 Percentages of design strength transmitted across
spliced butt joints ..............................................................
129
7.2
7.3
7.4
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.1
6.2
6.3
Length of bearing surface (rnm) .......................................... 24

Parallel support system .......................................................
24
Grid system ......................................................................... 26
ka factor .............................................................................. 27
ka for beams - dry timber ................................................... 32
ka for beams - green timber ............................................... 32
Notation for a notch ............................................................. 34
Graph for factor, kg ............................................................. 35
Effective length factor, k10 ........................................................ 37
43
Positioning of fasteners .......................................................
Timber thickness and nail length ........................................ 46
Eccentric joints ....................................................................
52
Characteristic strength for a bolt in a two-member joint in
dry radiata pine or Douglas fir ............................................. 54
Graph of Hankinson formula for stresses and loads ...........59
Types of decking lay-up for floors and roofing .................... 66
Shear flow in a panel sheathed shear wall or diaphragm ...68
Distribution of loading for horizontal diaphragm and
shear wall system ............................................................... 69
Moisture content factor, k14 ..................................................... 75
Critical sections in some plywood components ..................82
Stiffener spacing for plywood webs in flexural
components ........................................................................
85
Contents continued
4

S N Z NZS+3b03 93
8 5 8 3 1 b 0030787 3 2 2 R
NZS 3603:1993
8.1
8.2
9.1
B1
C1
D1
F1
Determination of k25 factor for pitched beams....................

94
Simple span tapered beams ...............................................
97
Radius of arris rounding .................................................... 101
Intemediate restraints ......................................................
111
Continuously restrained beam ..........................................
116
Continuously restrained column ........................................ 118
Dimensions and nomenclature used in Appendix F ..........121
Appendix
A
B
C
D
E
G
H
J
The determination of characteristic strengths for metal

fasteners for timber........................................................... 109
Lateral and torsional buckling restraints...........................
111
Slenderness coefficientsfor beams.................................. 114
Slenderness coefficients for columns...............................
118
Deformationand displacement modulus of
mechanically fastened joints............................................. 119
Method of computing effective section properties of
121
plywood .............................................................................
Design of plywood panels spanning in two directions .......124
Local buckling of plywood elements in compression ........126
Design of end or edge joints in plywood ...........................
128
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5

S N Z N Z S r 3 b 0 3 93
8 5 8 3 3 6 7 0030788 269
NZS 3603:1993
RELATED DOCUMENTS
Reference is made in this document to the following:
NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS
NZS 3601:1973
NZS 3602:1990
NZS 3604:1990
NZS 36051 992
NZS 3606:1987
*NZS 3614:1971
NZS 3615 1981
----
NZS 3618:
Part 1:1984
Part 2:1984
NZS 3621A987
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NZS 3631:1988
NZS 4203:1992
NZMP 9:1989
NZMP 3640:1992
Metric dimensions for timber

Codeof practicefor specifyingtimber andwoodbased products for use in building
Code of practicefor light timber frame buildings
not requiring specific design
Timber piles and poles for use in building
The manufacture of glue laminated timber
Specificationforthe manufactureof construction
PlyWood
Specificationfor strength propertiesand design
methods for construction plywood
Mechanical stress grading of timber
Specification for the mechanicalstress grading
of timber
Rules for mechanical stress grading of timber
Standard names of commercialtimbers in New
Zealand
New Zealand national timber grading rules
Code of practice for general structural design
and design loadingsfor buildings (knownas the
Loadings Standard)
Firepropertiesof buildingmaterialsand elements
of structure
Specification of the minimum requirements of
the New Zealand Timber Preservation Council
Inc.
AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS

AS/NZS 1530.4-1990 Fire-resistance test of elements of building
construction
AS/NZS 2269-0000 Structural plywood (in preparation)
AS/NZS 4063:1992 Timber-stress-graded- In-grade strength and
stiffness evaluation
AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS
AS 1649-1974
AS 1720Part 1-1988
AS 1748-1978
AS 2754Part 1-1985
Methods for the determination of basic working

loads for metal fasteners for timber
Timber structures (known as SAA timber
structures code)
Design methods
Mechanically stress-graded timber
Adhesives for timber and timber products
Adhesives for plywood manufacture
To be superseded by joint AS/NZS Standard (in preparation)

6

SNZ N Z S m 3 6 0 3 93
8583Lb9 O O L O 7 8 9 L T 5
NZS 3603:1993
OTHER DOCUMENTS
CAN 3-086-MM Engineeringdesign in wood (working stress design)
Forest Research Institute: Forest ProductsDivision Report FP/TE 28
and Forest Products Laboratory Report FP/TE 99 (unpublished)
NZNSEE Bulletin, Vol. 19, No 2 June 1986, Horizontal Timber
Diaphragms for Wind and Earthquakes, Smith, Dowrick and Dean.
Proceedings, 1988 InternationalConferenceon Timber Engineering,
Seattle, USA, pages 251-256 Moment Resisting Nail Plate Joints,
R Hunt and A H Bryant.
The New ZealandBuildingCode HandbookandApproved Documents
(NZBC).
Timber Use Manual. New Zealand Timber Industry Federation.
American Instituteof Timber Construction Manual.
US Departmentof Agriculture, Report FPL 34
University of Canterbury, Report CE 8911
RELATED LEGISLATION
Building Act 1991
Engineers Registration Act 1924
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The users of this Standard should ensure that their copies of the
above-mentionedNew Zealand Standards, overseas and referenced
Standards are the latest revisions or include the latest amendments.
Such amendments are listed in the annual Standards New Zealand
Catalogue which is supplemented by lists contained in the monthly
magazine Stanobrdsissued freed chargetocommitteeandsubscribing
members of Standards New Zealand.
7

~~
~~
SNZ NZSJ3b03 73
8583169 0010770 917
NZS 3603:1993
FOREWORD
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
This Standard sets out the requirements for the design of timber
buildings and building elements. This edition is a soft conversion of
NZS 3603:1990, which was in the working stress design format, into
a limit states design format. The intention is to give the same design
solutionsformost cases, .e. it is calibratedtoexistingpractices,so that
existing relativities are maintained. Eventually it is expected that
adjustmentswill be made on the basisof reliabilityanalysesto achieve
consistent levels of performance between differing materials, load
types and building types.
In recent years in-gradetesting has provided a means of establishing
characteristic stresses for building timbers and, where sufficient
informationis available,stress levelshavebeenset on this basis rather
than as previously derived from the testing of small clear specimens.
Other significant changes in this edition include the introduction of a
section on fire resistance (from the Standards New Zealand MP 9
publication, with minor changes) and a section on plywood design
(supersedingNZS3615, with majorchanges). The designstressesfor
glue laminated timber are now derived from sawn timber stresses,
using the same methods as in AS 1720.1.
REVIEW OF STANDARDS
Suggestionsfor improvementof this Standardwill be welcomed. They
should be sent to the Chief Executive, Standards New Zealand,
Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6001.
8

~~
S N Z N Z S * 3 b 0 3 93
8583167 0010771 8 5 3
NZS 3603:1993
NEW ZEALAND STANDARD
Code of practice for

TIMBER DESIGN
1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
1.1.1
This Standardsets out requirementsfor methods of design of timber elements of buildings, and
is approved as a verification method for NZBC compliance.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.1.2
This Standardapplies specificallyto sawn timber, glue laminatedtimber, naturalroundtimber and
construction plywood.
1.2 Interpretation
1.2.1
Inthis Standard the word shall indicates a requirement that is to be adopted in order to comply
with the Standard, while the word should indicates a recommended practice.
1.2.2
Subject to 1.2.1, clauses prefixed by C are intended as comments on the corresponding
mandatory clauses.
1.2.3
The full titles of reference documents cited in this Standard are given in the list of Related
Documents immediately preceding the Foreword.
1.3 Definitions
For the purpose of this Standard, unless inconsistent with the context, the following definitions
apply:
BACK. Back meansthe outermostveneer on the opposite side from the face of a plywoodsheet.
CHARACTERISTIC STRESS or CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH. For strength properties,
characteristic stress or strength is an estimate of the lower 5-percentilevalue determined with
75 % confidence,from tests on a representativesample of full size test specimens. For stiffness
properties, the characteristic value is the mean value.
DESIGN ENGINEER. A person who, on the basis of experience or qualifications, is competent
to design structural elementsof the building under considerationto safely resist the design loads
or effects on the building.
DURATION OF LOADING. The period during which a member, a structural element, or a
complete structure is stressed as a consequence of the loads applied.
9

=
~
SNZ NZS*3603 93
8583367 0030792 79T
NZS 3603:1 993

EFFECTIVE SECTION PROPERTIES. Section propertiesparallel to the face grain of plywood
where the reduced contribution of plies perpendicular to the face grain have been taken into
account.
FACE. The outermost veneer on the better side of a plywood sheet.
PANEL SHEAR. Shear through the thickness of a plywood sheet, such as that associated with
racking resistance.
PLY (PLIES). A layer of veneer (veneers) in a plywood sheet.
PROOF TESTING. The testing of any one unit to ascertain the structural adequacy of only that
one unit tested.
PROTOTYPETESTING.The testing of one or more units (or structures or elements) to ascertain
the structural adequacy of units which are to be manufacturednominally equal or better in both
quality of materials and workmanship to those tested.
ROLLING SHEAR. Shear in the plane of the plies across the grain causing fibres to roll on one
another.
SAMPLE TESTING. The testing of a sample of units (or structures, or elements) randomly
selected from an existing set.
SEASONED (or DRY) STATE or CONDITION. The condition of a piece of wood when the
maximum moisture content anywhere within it does not exceed 18 %.
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR. A factor that takes into account the uncertainty in the
prediction of resistance.
STRENGTH:
NOMINAL STRENGTH.
The nominal strength (equivalent to the ideal strength in
NZS 4203:1992) is the product of the characteristic stress or strength, those modification
factors appropriate to the service conditions and relevant section properties.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
DESIGN STRENGTH. The design strength (equivalent to the dependable strength in

NZS 4203:1992) is the product of the characteristic stress or strength, the strength reduction
factor, those modificationfactors appropriate to the service conditions and relevant section
properties.
1.4 Symbols
Inthis Standard,symbolsshallhavethe following meanings,providedthat othersymbols,or other
meanings for symbols listed below, that are defined immediately adjacent to formulae or
diagrams, shall apply in relation to those formulae or diagrams only:
a
minimum bolt spacing perpendicular to the grain
cross-sectionalarea of a member
AI
bearing area parallel to the grain
Ap
bearing area perpendicularto the grain
As
shear plane area
Aw area of washer
10

~~
SNZ N Z S x 3 6 0 3 93
= 8533b
0 0 3 0 7 9 3 626
NZS 3603:1993
~
breadth of a member (perpendicularto direction of flexural loading)
be
effective timber thickness in a bolted joint
bn
length of a notch in a rectangular member
depth of a member (in direction of flexural loading)
da
diameter of a fastener
dn
net depth of a member at a notch
dP
mean diameter of a pole
dS
depth of a member less the distance from the unloaded edge to the centre of a bolt
modulus of elasticity parallel to the grain
characteristic stress
fb
characteristic extreme fibre stress in bending parallel to the grain
fc
characteristic stress in compression parallel to the grain
fci
characteristic bolt bearing stress parallel to the grain
characteristic stress in compression perpendicular to the grain
fpb
characteristic bending stress of plywood
bc
characteristic compression stress of plywood in the plane of the sheet
fpi
characteristic bolt bearing stress perpendicular to the grain
Ipp characteristic compression stress of plywood normal to the plane of the sheet
fpr
characteristic rolling shear stress of plywood
bs
bf
characteristic panel shear stress of plywood
fs
characteristic shear stress
fsh
characteristic shear stress in plywood
ft
characteristic stress in tension parallel to the grain
characteristic stress at an angle to the grain
characteristic tension stress of plywood
modulus of rigidity
moment of inertia
polar moment of inertia
displacement modulus of a joint
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZS*3b03 93 D 8583169 0010794 562
NZS 3603:1993
product of modification factors
duration of load factor for strength (clause 2.7)
duration of load factor for deflection (clause 2.7)
bearing area factor (clause 2.8)
parallel support factor (clause 2.9)
grid system factor (clause 2.9)
load sharing factor for laminated beams (clause 2.9)
notch coefficient (table 3.1)
stability factor (clause 2.10)
distribution coefficient for concentrated load on a grid system (clause 3.2.7)
effective length factor for columns (clause 3.3.2)
bolt bearing stress factor (clause 4.4.2)
k12 factor for the design of bolted or coach-screwedjoints in green timber (clause 4.5.2)
k13 factor for the design of multiple-bok and multiple-coach-screwjoints (clause 4.4.3)
k14
moisture content factor of plywood (clause 6.3.3)
k15 face grain orientation factor for strength of plywood (clause 6.3.5)
k16 face grain orientation factor for stiffness of plywood (clause 6.3.5)
k17 stress concentration factor for rolling shear in plywood (clause 6.3.6)
kl8 plywood panel shear framing support factor (clause 6.3.7)

kl9 bending strength factor for 3-ply plywood (clause 6.4.1)
k20
modification factor for trimming or shaving of natural round timber (clause 7.4)
k2 1
modification factor for preservative treatment involving steaming (clause 7.5)
k22
dry use factor for naturally round timber (clause 7.6)
k23 factor to allow for curvature of laminations (clause 8.7.5)
k25 factor for determination of radial stress in pitched cambered beams (clause 8.8.2)
k26, k27, k28 factors for determinationof radial stress in pitchedcamberedbeams (clause 8.8.2)
k29 factor for butt joints in the tension zone of beams (clause 8.9.2)
k o factor for effect of durationof test loading on strengthof special components (clause 10.6.2)


--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
k24 size factor (clause 8.7.7)
SNZ NZSu3603 9 3
m 8583369 O O L O 9 5
4T9
m
NZS 3603:1993
h1 factortocompensateforthefactthatthetest loading isnot of 15 minduration (clause 10.6.2)
k32 sampling factor for prototype or sample testing (clause 10.6.2)

k33, k34, k35 factors for determination of buckling restraint effects (Appendix B)
k36, k37 factors for determining deformation of joints (Appendix E)
span of member as a beam, or column length
Lm
distance between points of restraint against lateral movement normal to the x-x axis
Lay distance between points of restraint against lateral movement normal to the y-y axis, or
between points of rotation restraint
Ls
spacing of web stiffeners (clause 6.6.4)
bending moment
M* bending moment for strength limit state
MI in-plane bending moment of a plywood sheet for strength limit state

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
MX bending moment about the X-X axis for strength limit state
M i bending moment about the Y-Y axis for strength limit state
Mn nominal bending strength

M,i
nominal in-plane bending strength of plywood (clause 6.5.1)
Mnx nominal bending strength about the X-X axis

Mny nominal bending strength about the Y-Y axis
N*
direct force for strength limit state
Ni
bearing load for strength limit state
Ni
axial compression load for strength limit state
N;
axial tensile load for strength limit state
Nnb nominal bearing strength

Nnb/ nominal bearing strength for bearing parallel to the grain
Nnbpnominal bearing strength for bearing perpendicular to the grain
Nncxnominal compressive strength for buckling about the X-X axis

Nncynominal compressive strength for buckling about the Y-Y axis
Nnt nominal tensile strength
Nnb nominal bearing strength for bearing at angle to the grain
n
number of members or fasteners
13

S N Z N Z S r 3 6 0 3 9 3 W 8 5 8 3 3 6 9 O030796 335 M
NZS 3603: 1993

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
longitudinal stress for tapered beams

transverse stress for tapered beams
shear stress for tapered beams
tensile stress at a butt joint
shear stress at a butt joint
applied load or force
Euler buckling load
penetration of a fastener
applied shear as a percentage of the design shear (clause 6.6.4.4)
section property of plywood panel or component in shear
characteristic strength
characteristic strength of a bok loaded parallel to the grain
Qkp characteristic strength of a bolt loaded penpendicularto the grain
0,
nominal strength of a joint
Qnsi nominal strength of a joint in a plywood component
Qsk system characteristic strength of a bolted joint

Qsk/ system characteristic strength of a bolt loaded parallel to the grain
as@ system characteristic strength of a bolt loaded perpendicuular to the grain

strength limit state design shear flow
radius of curvature
design load effect on a joint
slenderness coefficient
SI slenderness coefficient for a beam

S2,FQ slenderness coefficients for a column
spacing of members or fasteners
thickness of plywood
thickness of charring
effective timber thickness of plywood
laminationthickness
14

SNZ N Z S t 3 6 0 3 9 3
8583369 0030797 273
NZS 3603:1993
limit state load from NZS 4203
shear force for strength limit state
design shear force for rolling shear
design panel shear force for plywood
nominal shear strength
nominal panel shear strength of plywood
nominal rolling shear strength of plywood
load per unit length applied in bending or width of a plywood panel
section modulus
net section modulus of plywood
net section modulus of a charred beam

slope of the upper surface of a tapered member
deflection
strength reduction factor (clause 2.5)
angle between the direction of load and the direction of grain
displacement ductility factor for a building
coefficient of variation
1.5 Design
C1.5
NZS 4203 specifies general design requirements, design loads, design load combinations,
and deformation requirements. This Standard specifies characteristic properties and
methods for determining design strengths for timber structures.
Because the strengthproperties of timber are time-dependent,this Standard takes account
of load duration in a manner different from that used in NZS 4203. It is important, therefore,
to recognize that the design load combinations specified in NZS 4203 are to be determined
in accordance with load components as specified in NZS 4203, which allows for the low
probability that loads of brief duration will act concurrently with other non-permanent loads.
Design strengths are to be determinedin accordance with this Standard, whichallows for the
effect that the duration of load has on the material strength, regardless of the probability of
a particular load combination.
This Standard has been written on the assumptionthat it will be used for design purposes by
qualified professional engineers with some knowledge and experience of the specialised
techniques necessary for the design and construction of timber buildings.
1S.1
Except as provided by 1.5.3 timber buildings and parts of buildings shall be designed in
accordance with the limit state method of design specified in NZS 4203.
15
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SNZ NZS*3603 93
8583169 0010796 108
NZS 3603:1993
c1.5.1
Clause 7.5.1 does not prevent the design of buildings to suitable non-specific design codes
(e.g. NZS3o.4).
1S.2
Timber structural members shall be proportioned so that the design actions are less than design
strengths determined in accordance with this Standard.
1.5.3
Timber buildings or parts of buildings may be test loaded as specified in section 10 of this
Standard,and if such testsdemonstratethattheconstruction is adequatefor its intendedpurpose
it shall be accepted as complying with this Standard.
C1.5.3
Structures or parts of structures designed in accordance with this Standardare not required
to be tested unless by agreement between fhe parties concerned. Tests may be accepted
as an alternative to calculation or may became necessary in circumstances which include:
(a) Wherea structureorpariof a structureis not amenableto sufficiently accuratecalculation

(b) Where materials or design methods are used other than those of
specification or code of practice
the relevant
(c) Where there is doubt or disagreement as to whether the structure or some part of if
complies with design rules, or as to whether the quality of the materials used is to the
required Standard.
1.6 Construction review
All stages of construction of a structure or pari of a structureto which this Standard is applied shall
be adequately reviewed by either a suitably qualified professional engineer (or his nominated
representative) or a building certifier or a representative of the Territorial Authority.
1.7 Materials and workmanship

The relevant requirementsof NZS 3602 shall apply subject to the requirementsof this Standard.
16
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SNZ N Z S S 3 6 0 3 93
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0030797 044
m
NZS 3603: 1993
2 STRESSES AND ELASTIC MODULI FOR SAWN TIMBER

2.1 General
2.1.1
In the determination of design strengths, timber shall be assumed to be in the dry condition or in
the green condition according to its moisture content at the time of fabrication, installation, or in
service as shown in table 2.1 and as required by 2.1.2 and 2.1.3.
2.1.2
When timber not exceeding 100 mm thick is graded, fabricated, and installed at a definable
moisture content between 18 % and 25 % and will not exceed that moisture content in service,
the characteristic stress (see 2.3) may be obtained by linear interpolation betweenthe values for
green and for dry timber. For the purpose of interpolation dry shall be taken to mean 16 %
moisture content and green to mean 25 % moisture content. In such cases dimensions shall
be assumed to be dry dimensions (see 3.1.2).
C2.7.2
Stresses for the dry conditionrefer to an annualaverage moisture confent of 76 %, which by
reference to NZS 3602 implies a maximum of 18 %.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.1.3
Timber that is graded, fabricated, or installed at a misture content exceeding 25 % but that will
have a moisturecontent in service not exceeding 18 % may only be regardedas item2 of table 2.1
provided that:
(a) The timber shall not exceed 50 mm thick and
(b) The full design load shall not be applied before the timber has dried to a moisture content not
exceeding 18 %; and
(c) Loads due to dead load, erection procedures, and any other loads imposed before the timber
has dried to a moisturecontent not exceeding 18 % shall not causethe green condition design
strength to be exceeded.
C2.1.3
If item 2 of table 2.1 is used, the designer shouid:
(a) Take special precautions to ensure that the moisture content and loading conditions
assumed in design are achieved in practice;
(6)Allow for enhanced bending creep deflections during drying under dead load;
(c) Aliow for the effects of shrinkage on dimensions and onjoints.


SNZ NZSa3603 9 3 W 8583169 0010800 696
NZS 3603:1993
Table 2.1 - Condition to be assumed for determination of characteristic stresses,
modulus of elasticity, joint design and dimensions
Item Condition when

gradad, fabricated, or
installed
Condition
in service
Condition for
Condition for
determination of
joint and
fastening
characteristic stresses
and modulus of elasticity design
tables 2.2 and 2.3
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.
Green (see alsa

2.1.2)
Green (.e.
wet or damp
SeNilX
conditions)
Green
Green
gauged
2.
Green (seealso
2.1.2and2.1.3)
Dry (.e. dry

service conditions)
Dry except for shear in

Douglas fir which shall
be green
Green
3.
Dry (seealso
2.1.4)
Dry (.e. dry

S0NiCe
conditions)
Dry
Dry
Dry (see also

2.1.4)
wet (i.0. wet

or damp
conditions)
Dry for modulus of

elasticiiy
Green for stresses
gauged with an
allowance for shrinkage, or dry dressed,
as appropriate
4.
Cross section
dimensions
to be used for design
(or actual measured
dimension)
Green
'It may be assumedthatcross section dimensionsof unrestrainedmembers will reduce by25 % as the moisture content
changes from 25 % to 16 %.
2.1.4
Members exceeding 1O0 mmthick, unlessbuilt upfrom thinnertimbers,shall be assumedto have
a moisturecontentexceeding 18 %at the time of installationunlessprovedotherwise by a special
investigation.
2.1.5
On-site structural gluing shall not be permitted except in accordance with 4.7
c2.1.5
Structural gluing, particularly with rigid adhesives, requires proper attention to moisture
content, temperature, pressure, surface preparation and other factors for satisfactory
performance of the gluedmembers. Theseconditions may be difficult to achieve with on-site
gluing operations.
2.2 Characteristic stresses
2.2.1
Characteristic stresses and elastic moduli shall be as given in tables 2.2 and 2.3 for the
appropriate species, grade, and dry or green condition.
c2.2.1
Refer to Forest Research Institute documents for derivation of characteristic stresses for
timber, The characteristic stresses shown in table 2.2 for radiata pine are representative of
most exotk pine species and macrocatpa.
18

SNZ NZSa3603 'i3
= 8583Lb'i
OOLO801 522
m
NZS 3603:1993
Table 2.2
1. Moisture condition
species
- Characteristic stresses for visually graded timber (MPa)
- Dry ( d c = 16 %)
Grade
Bending Compression
parallel
Tension
parallel
ff
Shear in
beams
Compression
perpendicular
Modulus
of elasticity
E (GPa)
fb
fe
Engineering
5150x50
Engineering
> 150x50
No. 1 Framing
27.7
25.7
16.5
3.8
8.9
10.5
24.5
24.2
14.8
3.8
8.9
10.0
17.7
20.9
10.6
3.8
8.9
8.0
Engineering
1150x50
Engineering
> 150x50
No. 1 Framing
25.1
27.1
15.0
3.0
8.9
10.4
22.4
25.4
13.6
3.0
8.9
9.9
17.7
22.1
10.6
3.0
8.9
8.0
Larch
No. 1 Framing
22.7
27.1
13.6
3.5
8.9
9.6
Rimu
Building
19.8
20.1
11.8
3.8
10.9
9.5
Kahikatea
Building
14.5
19.5
8.6
3.0
5.9
6.8
Silver beech
Engineering
Building
36.6
23.6
31.0
24.8
21.8
14.2
3.5
3.5
7.1
7.1
10.6
9.3
Red beech
Engineering
Building
43.1
28.0
37.5
30.4
26.0
16.8
5.3
5.3
12.4
12.4
15.3
13.4
Hard beech
Engineering
Building
44.2
29.5
31.O
26.6
26.6
17.7
5.0
5.0
14.2
14.2
15.5
13.6
Radiata pine
Douglas fir
fs
fP
2. Moisture condition - Green (mc = 25 %)

Engineering
I 1 5 0 x 50
Engineering
~150x50
No. 1 Framing
22.7
15.9
13.6
2.4
5.3
8.8
20.1
15.0
11.8
2.4
5.3
8.1
14.8
12.7
8.9
2.4
5.3
6.5
Engineering
2150x50
Engineering
> 150x50
No. 1 Framing
22.7
18.3
13.6
2.4
4.7
8.7
20.1
17.1
11.8
2.4
4.7
8.0
14.8
14.5
8.9
2.4
4.7
6.5
Larch
No. 1 Framing
15.0
17.4
8.9
2.7
5.6
7.7
Rimu
Building
15.0
14.5
8.9
2.7
6.8
8.3
Kahikatea
Building
13.9
14.2
8.3
2.4
4.4
6.0
Silver beech
Engineering
Building
32.3
20.7
23.6
19.2
18.9
12.4
2.7
2.7
3.8
3.8
8.6
7.5
Red beech
Engineering
Building
38.1
25.1
22.4
18.3
22.7
15.0
3.8
3.8
7.7
7.7
13.0
11.3
Hard beech
Engineering
Building
42.8
28.3
29.5
24.2
25.7
17.1
4.4
4.4
10.6
10.6
14.1
12.1
Radiata pine
Douglas fir
NOTE (1) Modulus of rigidity may be estimated from G =U15.

(2) For standard names of commercial timbers in New Zealand refer to NZS 3621.
19
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SNZ NZSa3b03 93
= 8583367 0030802 467
NZS 3603:1993
Table 2.3 - Characteristic stresses for mechanically graded timber (MPa)
Bending Compression
parallel
fc
Tension
parallel
Shear in
beams
Compression
perpendicular
Modulus
of elasticity
f*
fP
E (GPa)
1. Graded dry to NZS 3618

Radiata
Douglas
fir
F i l 150x50
> 150x50
33.9
30.4
28.6
27.1
20.3
18.2
4.1
4.1
9.4
9.4
12.0
12.0
F6 (or No. 1F)
17.7
20.9
10.6
3.8
8.9
8.0
F i 1 5150x50
> 150x50
33.0
29.8
30.1
28.3
19.8
17.9
3.2
3.2
9.7
9.7
12.0
12.0
F6
17.7
22.1
10.6
3.0
8.9
8.0
26.6
22.7
17.1
15.9
15.9
13.7
2.7
2.7
5.9
5.9
9.2
8.7
F6 (or No. 1F)
14.8
12.7
8.9
2.5
5.3
6.5
F11 s 1 5 0 x 5 0
> 150 x 50
26.6
22.7
19.8
18.3
15.9
13.7
2.5
2.5
5.0
5.0
9.3
8.7
F6
14.8
14.5
8.9
2.3
4.7
6.5
41.3
32.5
25.4
20.4
16.2
30.1
24.8
19.5
15.3
12.1
21.1
16.6
13.0
10.3
8.2
3.7
3.1
2.5
2.1
1.8
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.1
12.0
10.5
9.1
7.9
6.9
2. Graded green to NZS 3618

Radiata
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Douglas
fir
F11 5150x50
>15Ox50
3. Graded dry to AS 1748

Radiata
or
Douglas
ir
F14
F11
F8
F7
F5
NOTE - Modulus of rigidity may be estimated from G = ,515
2.2.2
Characteristic stress in compression at angles to the grain other than Oo and 90" shall be
calculated from the Hankinson formula:
f* =
fcfp
fc sin2 8 + f p cos2 e
.....................................................................
(Eq. 2.1)
where B is the angle between the direction of the load and the direction of the grain (see also
figure 4.5).
c2.2.2
The characteristic stresses given in table 2.2 are, with the exception of fb and E for radiata
pine, obtained from the results of testing of small clear specimens of timber in the standard
20 x 20 mm dimension and in both the green and air-dry condition. For radiata pine in
bending, the characteristic stresses are obtained from the results of tests on structural sized
beams.
2.3 Properties of timber species not listed
Timber of species and grades not listed in tables 2.2 and 2.3 may be assigned characteristic
stresses on the basis of evidence establishingthe stresses at the 5 % exclusion limit and elastic
moduli based on mean values.
20

SNZ N Z S x 3 6 0 3 9 3
= 8583169 0010803 3T5

NZS 3603:1993
C2.3
For species listed in AS 1720but not included in table2.2, the stress values given in AS 1720
for the visualgradeconcernedmaybe used. Forhrdnatedveneerlumber(LVL)Characteristic
stresses should be determined as in AS/NZS 4063 (a newjoint Standad).
2.4 Basis of design
2.4.1
For the strength limit state all membfrs shall be proportioned so that the design strength, $Rn,
is not less than the design action, S , .e.
S * I @Rn
........................................................................
(Eq. 2.2)
C2.4. i
For example, the design strength in bending is $Mn
where
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
= strength reduction factor

Mn = nominal strength of the member in bending, given by:
Mn = k f b Z......................................................................................................... (Eg.2.3)
where
= product of the relevant modificationfactors such as fhose in 2.6 to 2.72 inclusive that
are appropriate to the particular service conditions for which the structural member
is being designed
fb = characteristic stress in bending given in tables 2.2 or 2.3,
Z = section modulus about the axis of bending.
k
2.4.2
Themodulusof elasticityasdeterrninedfromtable2.2or2.3or6.1 or7.1 shall be usedfordesign
except as provided by 2.7.2, 5.1.2, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 and 8.7.6.
C2.4.2
The values of modulus of elasticityare the average values of those measured during tests.
Deflection of members made from Visually graded radiata timber from some South Island
forests may be 1U % greater than those calculated using the modulus of elasticity from the
table. Due consideration of this should be made when the precise deflection is important.
2.5 Strength reduction factors
The strength reduction factor, @, has values as follows:
fp = 0.8
for timber, poles and glulam,
@ = 0.8
for nails in lateral loading
$ = 0.8
for toothed metal plate connectors
$ = 0.7
for other types of fasteners
for plywood
$
I
= 0.9
for actions derived from the strength of ductile
elements under large displacements
fp= 1.0
@ =1.0
design for fire resistance
C2.5
The value of $ = 7. O applies to the seismic design of components of ductile structures, where
the actions are unlikely to increase even if larger displacementsare imposed.


S N Z NZS*3b03 93
583169 0010804 231
NZS 3603:1 993

2.6 Secondary stresses
C2.6
Carefulconsideration should be given to possible secondary stresses. Where these cannot
be reduced to negligible proportions, suitable provisions in the design should be made,
2.7 Modification factors, ki and k2 for duration of load
2.7.1
The Characteristic stresses of timber elements and characteristic strengths of fasteners (see
section 4, Joints) shall be multiplied by the value of kl from table 2.4 corresponding to the load
of shortest duration in the total design load combination being considered.
All possible combinations of loads shall be checked using the appropriate value of kl for each
combination.
c2.7.1
In deciding the value of kl appropriate to a particular bad, designers will need to consider
not only the actual duration of application but also the frequency of repeatedapplicationsand
the chance of design loadings being exceeded.
Subject to these considerations, the durations listed in table 2.4 may be interpreted as:
Permanent: exceeding five years
six hours to five years
Medium:
Brief:
not exceeding six hours.
Table 2.4 - Duration of load factor, kl for strength
Duration
of load
Examples
Permanent
Dead and live loads that are essentially

permanent such as stores (including
water tanks and the like), library
stacks, fixed plant, soil pressures.
0.60
Medium
Snow loads, live loads, crowd loadings,

concrete formwork, vehicle, pedestrian
and cattle loadings.
0.80
Brief
Wind, earthquake, impact, erection and

maintenance loadings, pile driving
1 .o0
2.7.2 Effect on deflection

Allowance for creep effects on long-term deflection shall be made by multiplying the calculated
elastic deflection due to each part of the load by the value of k2 correspondingto the duration of
that part and the moisture content of the member at the time of loading as shown in table 2.5.
Values of k2 for intermediatemoisturecontents and intermediateloaddurations may be obtained
by linear interpolation.
C2.7.2
When troubles are experienced with timber beams, it is frequently because insufficient
provision has been made for the additional deflections that occur with time under dead bad,
particularly when the timber was initially green. Such creep effects in timber are heavily
22
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SNZ NZSm3603 93 D 8583169 0010805 178
NZS 3603:1993
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
influenced by changes in moisture content (particularly the initial drying) rather than by time.
Because this concept is foreign to most designers, and because moisture content change
takes time, the procedure of 2.7.2 has been adopted. Designers should appreciate that in
such cases as:
(a) Timber that is kept continuously wet (e.g. retaining walls);
(b) Timber that has a large cross section (say exceeding 85 mm thick); or
(c) Timber that is dry initiallx as in glued laminated timber
creep deflections will be less than is experienced in the usual use of sawn timber to which
2.7.2 particularly applies.
Small dimension members, less than about 100 mm thick, may creep more than indicated
by factor k2 in table 2.5 if they are periodically wet and dry in service, as is the case with
members exposed to the weather.
Table 2.5
- Duration of load factor, k2 for deflection
Duration of
load
Moisture
content at
time of loading
For bending,
compression or
shear
For tension
12 months
or more
25 % or more
3.0
1.5
12 months
or more
18 %or less
2.0
1.o
2 weeks
or less
Any
1.o
1.o
for bearing area

2.8 Modification factor,
For bearing surfaces less than 150 mm long (measured parallel to the grain) which are not less
than 75 mm from the end of the member under consideration, the characteristic stress in
compression perpendicularto the grain, shall be multiplied by the value of /Q in table 2.6 for
the length of bearing surface shown in figure 2.1. For circular washers, the length of the bearing
surface shall be taken as the diameter of the washer.
Length of bearing
surface (mm)
10
25
50
75
1O0
150
k3
1.90
1.60
1.30
1.15
1.o6
1.o0
23

SNZ NZSs3603 93
m 8583369 00L080b 004 m
NZS 3603:1993
Length
for t h e d e s i g n of t h e joist
Length of bearing s u r f a c e
for t h e d e s i g n of t h e joist
Figure 2.1 - Length of bearing surface (mm)
Load applied through
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
very stiff e l e m e n t
Bolts with timber

c o n n e c tors b e t w e e n
members
T h e number of laminations in t h e s h a d e d
a r e a shall be used for calculating t h e
parallel support f a c t o r for glue laminated
b e a m s (see 8.7.2)
Figure 2.2 - Parallel support system

24

73
SNZ N Z S * 3 6 0 3
= 8583167 OOL0807
T40
=
NZS 3603:1993
2.9 Modification factors, q, and
for load sharing
C2.9
Structural systems with load sharing between elements have less vanabihy than individual
elements. This is accounted for in design by the use of the k4 factor (for parallel support
systems), the k5 factor (for grid systems), or the k6 factor for ghe laminated beams.
2.9.1 Parallel support systems
For support systems of two or more elements that are effectively connected so that all of the
elements are constrained to the same deformation (see figure 2.2) the characteristic stresses
shall be multipliedby the value of k4 correspondingto the number of elements as shown in table
2.7. The factor 14; is used to account for load sharing in glue laminated beams as described in
section 8.
Number of
elements
k4or k6
2
1.14
1.20 1.24 1.26
1.28
1.30 1.31
1.32
l o o r more
1.33
C2.9.I
The values of k4 and k6 given in table 2.7 are derived from:
k 4 = ke =
1- 1.65 vn-0.5
1- 1.651)
.................................................................
(Eq. 2.4)
where
n = number of elements
v = coefficient of variation, assumed to be 19.5 %.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.9.2 Grid systems

Forsupportsystemsofthreeormorebendingmembersortrussesactingtogether(seefigure 2.3)
to support either:
(a) An overlaying set of members (usually laid at right angles to the supporting members); or
(b) A sheathing material having significant bending stiffness,

in determiningthe design strength, the characteristic stresses for bending, fb, bearing, fp , and
shear in beams, fs shall be multiplied by the value of k5 given by:
...................................................................
(Eq. 2.5)
but not less than 1.O0

where
k4
the value obtained from 2.9.1 that would be applicable if the main beams were
fastened together to act as a parallel support system
the centre-to-centrespacing of the supporting members
LB
the span of the supporting members.
25

S N Z NZSx3603 7 3
8583167 0010808 9 8 7
NZS 3603:1993
C2.9.2
Clause3.2.7canbe used to determine whether thesheathing system hassignificantbending
stiffness. No increase in design strength due to the effectofload sharing shall be permined
forconcentratedloads,but the effectiveload on the loaded member may be reducedas given
by 3.2.7.
n Crossing members
All beams loaded
Beam
Figure 2.3 - Grid system

2.10 Modification factor,
for stability
In the design of beams and columns, the characteristic stresses in bending, fb , and in
compressionparallelto the grain, fc , shall be multipliedby the value of ka corresponding to Sas
shown in table 2.8 or figure 2.4 where Sis the maximumvalue of slendernesscoefficient as given
by 3.2.5 for bending or 3.3.3 for axial compression. Linear interpolation shall be used for
intermediate values of S.
c2.10
The k8 - S relationship Mn be expressed as a formula:

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
for S = 70 to 25 ks = a l + aZS + a3S2 + a4S3
where
k8 green
al
0.45
k8 dry
0.21
a2
U.1237
u.775
a3
a4
a5
-0.U082
-D. U 7 7 6
7/7500
251.4
7/5000
235.5
26

a6
-1.933
-1.937
SNZ NZS+3b03 93
8 5 8 3 1 b 0010809 813
m
NZS 3603: 1993
Table 2.8 - Stability factor kjj
1. Green
S
up to 10
15
20
25
30
35
k8
k8
k8
1 .o0
0.91
0.71
0.50
0.36
0.27
40
45
50
55
60
65
0.21
0.16
0.13
0.11
0.093
0.079
70
75
80
85
90
95
0.068
0.060
0.052
O.046
0.041
0.037
k8
70
75
80
85
90
95
0.063
0.055
0.048
0.043
0.038
0.034
2. Dry
S
up to 10
15
20
25
30
1 .o0
0.90
0.67
0.46
0.33
0.25
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
0.19
0.15
0.12
0.10
0.085
0.072
2.1 1 Temperature effects

Timber exposed to elevated temperatures shall be the subject ofa special study.
C2.17
Under normal conditions in Newzealand, no modification to the characteristic stresses need
be made for the effects of temperature. The effect of elevated temperatures on timber m a y
be temporary or permanent depending on the actual temperature reached, the humidity of
thesurrounding atmosphere, and the length of time the conditionsare applied, For example,
.under conditions of relative humidity of 85 %, an 8 % tempraty lossin strengthfor each 7 O *C
rise in temperatureabove 20 O C can occur andpermanent loss in strength can occur above
65 *C.For temperature effects on poles during treatment see 7.5.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
L
0.6
o 0.5
rr>
y
"
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
O
O
10
20
30
40
50
60
Slenderness c o e f f i c i e n t
70
80
90
100
Figure 2.4 - k8 factor
27

SNZ NZSa3603 93
8583369 001OB10 535
NZS 3603:1993
2.12 Earthquake effects
2.12.1 Design forces
Designforces resultingfrom earthquakesshall be calculated by rationalanalysis using the loads
specified in NZS 4203, considering the potential for ductile behaviour, the possible modes of
failure, and the lateral stiffness of the structure. For structures required to be ductile, allowance
shall be made for any increases in internal forces which may occur under large displacements.
C2.72.7 Stiffness
Earthquake forces are sensitive to the stiffness of the structure under lateral loads because
the stiffness influences the natural perids of vibration. All factors influencing the stiflness
should be assessed. Because timber structures are relatively flexble (compared with
concrete or steel structures), non-structural components such as partitions or exterior
cladding may make a significant contribution to the overall stiffness. On the other hand,
connections between timber members often permit considerable movement due to inifial
slackness or compressionperpendicular to the grain, which can reduce the overall stiffness,
Modes of failure
A principal objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent sudden failure when a
structure experiences large displacements, It is desirable to design structures to avoid a
brittle fracture which could resuk in a sudden loss of strength. For structures whichare likely
to fail in a brittle mode, increasing the reserve strength reduces the possibility of failure under
earthquake loading. For ductile structures it is more important to ensure that the chosen
ductile mechanism can occur as intended.
2.12.2 Design strength
For structures subjectedto earthquakeloading all components shall be proportionedand detailed
such that the design strengths of members and fastenings are not exceeded, using the
appropriate modification factors listed in this Standard.
2.12.3 Capaciy design
2.12.3.1
All structures designed for ductile or limited ductile response shall be designed using a capacity
design procedure.
2.12.3.2
The process of capacity design shall be based on a selected yield mechanism which can allow
large displacements of the structure without significant loss of strength. The design of all
Componentsshall be such that the selected mechanismis able to occur without prematurefailure
in another mode.
2.12.3.3
All components not designed as yielding elements shall be proportioned such that their
dependable strength is not exceeded when subjected to the increased forces resulting from
lateral displacements of p times those when the design forces are applied, where p is the
displacement ductility factor used to determine the design forces.
2.12.4 Structures designed for elastic response
Structures which are not capable for exhibiting ductile behaviour shall be designed for elastic
response. All components shall be designed to resist the design forces obtained from NZS 4203
using a structural ductility factor of no more than 1.25.
C2.72.4
The following types of structures are generally not capable of exhibiting ductile behavbuc
*
Structures with all connections so strong that failure can OcCuT as a wood failure in
bending oraxial tensbn. Most glue-laminatedportal frames withnailedplate connections
28
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SNZ NZSx3603 93
8583369 0030833 V 1 D
NZS 3603:1993
*
*
are in this category unless the connections are specially designed for ductility.
Structures with rigid glued connections.
Structures which could fail as a result of local perpendkular-to-grain tension stress.
Structures which rely on light steel strap diagonal bracing.
Structures with the weakestpoint being non-ductile connections such as toothplates or
large diameter bolts.
A structural ductility factor of 1.0 should be used for structures which are likely to fail in a
suddenbrittle mannerand whichhave no significantpotential for load sharingbetween laferal
load resisting elements.
A structuraldudilityfactor of I .25 may be used if there is potential forload sharing, or if there

is some inherent ductility in the members or connections.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2.12.5 Structures designed for ductile response

For structures designed for ductile response, the ductile members or connections shall be
designed to resist the design forces obtained from NZS 4203 using a structural ductility factor of
no morethan 4.0. All othercomponentsshallbe subjectedto capacity design proceduresto resist
the increasedforces resultingfrom lateraldisplacements of p times those when the design forces
are applied.
C2.12.5 Ductile structures

Ductile structures are those designed and detailed to ensure that the chosen ductile
mechanismcan allow large displacementsof the structure without significant loss of strength.
The following can be designed as ductile structures:
*
Shearwalls or diaphragms with nailed sheathing. Chord members and foundation holddown connectionsmust have sufficient strength to ensure that the sheathing nailsarethe
weakest part of the structure.
Structures with timber-to-timber connections using nails or small diameter bolts. The
strength of the connections must not exceed the likely strength of the timber.
Structures with well detailed nailed steel plate connections where the connection
strength at large displacements does not exceed the likely strength of the timber.
Structures with thin nailplate connections where large displacements can occur as a
result of wood crushing and nailplate buckling,
Calculation of the increased forces resulting from large deflections require information about
the expected load-displacement relationship for the structure.
Where ductility is achieved through nail slip in timber shearwalls or diaphragms, the
increased forces are given in 5.2.4.
2.1 2.6 Structures designed for limited ductile response
For structures designed for limitedductile response, the ductile membersor connectionsshall be
designed to resist the forces obtained from NZS 4203 using a structural ductility factor of no more
than 3.0.
C2.12.6 Limited-ductile structures
Limited-ductile structures are an intermediate category which exhibit some ductiliy, but not
sufficient for large inelastic displacements to be relied upon with certain@. This categoty
includes structures listed above as ductile, but where the ability to undergo large inelastic
displacements is less certain.
In many cases there willbelittleadvantage in a limitedductiledesign compared withan elastic

design, because the large overstrength factors in nailed structures may result in similar
member sizes for the two design methods.
29

SNZ NZSx3603 9 3
8583169 0010812 308
NZS 3603:1993
3 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
3.1 General
3.1.1
Thissection appliesto thedesignoftimber structural membersotherthanthoseof naturally round
timber (see section 7, Round timbers, see also 1.5).
c3.1.1
Although this sectbn applies to structural members of any cross section, the most commn
design case of a rectangular member is treated in detail. For design requirements specific
to plywood see section 6. Special structures such as bridge decking and arches are dealt
with in section 5, Design of special structures.
3.1.2
All engineering design calculations shall be based either on the minimum cross section
c3.1.2
f o r rough sawn timber, call dimensions may be appropriate.

3.1.3
For the purpose of calculating the strength of a member at any section the effective net crosssection shall be taken as the cross section less due allowance for the reduction in area caused
by all features such as sinkings, notches, bolts or screw-holes, mortices at that section or within
a distance either side of the section equal to twice the larger cross-sectional dimension of the
member.
3.2 Beam design
3.2.1 General
Inthe calculation of the strength (see section 2, Stresses and elastic moduli for sawn timber) and
deformation (see section 2 and NZS 4203) of a beam, due regard shall be paid to the beam's
effective span and lateral stability. See also 3.5 for combined bending and axial loading, and
Appendix B for the design of lateral and torsional restraints.
3.2.2 Effective spans
The effective span of a flexural member shall be taken as the distance between the centres of
areas of bearing, provided that with a member extendingover bearings longer than is necessary,
the effective span may be measured between centres of bearing lengths that would be adequate
according to this standard. The effective span of a cantilever is the cantilever length plus half the
required bearing length.
C3.2.2
Due attention should be paid to the eccentricity of the load on the support member when
advantage is taken of the proviso to 3.2.2.
3.2.3 Flexural shear strength
3.2.3.1
The flexural shear strength of an unnotched rectangular section shall satisfy:
v* I r$V"
........................................................................
30

(Eq. 3.1)
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
dimensionsappropriateto conditions listed intable2.1 or theactual dimensions. Thedimensions

applicable for a particular call dimension are those listed in NZS 3601.
SNZ NZSS3b03 73 m 8583Lb9 O O L O B L 3 244 m

NZS 3603:1 993
where
@Vn = design strength of the member in shear

@
V*
V,

= design shear force produced by the strength limit state design loads
= nominal strength of the member in shear.
The nominal strength of a member in shear shall be taken as

vn = kl W 5 f . s
........................................................................
(Eq. 3.2)
where
kl to k5 = modification factors given in section 2
fS
= characteristic stress in shear
AS
= shear plane area (for rectangular beam loaded about its major axis in bending,
As = 2bd3 where b equals the breadth and d equals the depth of the beam).
3.2.3.2
When calculating the design shear force, V*, in a beam, loads lying within a distance from the
inside face of a suppori of 1.O times the depth of the beam may be disregarded except in the
application of 3.2.6.
3.2.4 Strength in bending
The bending strength of an unnotched beam shall satisfy
M* I@Mn
........................................................................
(Eq. 3.3)
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where
@Mn = design strength of the member in bending
M* = design bending moment produced by the strength limit state design loads
M, = nominal strength of the member in bending.
The nominal strength for a beam shall be taken as

Mn = kl k4k5 k 8 f b z
........................................................................
(Eq. 3.4)
where
k l , k4, k 5 = modification factors given in section 2
= stability factor as defined in 3.2.5.For a rectangular beam, ka can be obtained
k8
fb
directly from figure 3.1 or 3.2.

= characteristic stress in bending
= section modulus of the beam about the axis of bending (for rectangular beams
Z=bd2/6,where b equals the breadth and dequals the depth of the beam).
31

S N Z N Z S x 3 6 0 3 93
13583369 0010814 L B O
NZS 3603: 1993
Length
breadth ratio lay/b
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 3.1 - l~ for beams - dry timber
Length
Figure 3.2
- Q
breadth ratio Lay/b
for beams - green timber
32

S N Z N Z S 8 3 b 0 3 93
= 8583169 0010815 O13 W

NZS 3603:1993
3.2.5 Slenderness coefficient for lateral buckling

3.2.5.1
The slenderness coefficientfor lateralbucklingof beams shall be as defined in 3.2.5.2and 3.2.5.3
or as defined in Appendix C (which gives the general case and certain specific cases), and
shall not exceed 85 for beams loaded by wind or earthquake loads only or 50 for all other beams.
The slenderness coefficient shall be used to obtain k8 as described in 2.10.
3.2.5.2
For an end-supported solid beam of rectangular cross section the Slenderness coefficient, S1
shall be taken as follows:
Si = 1.35 -[ [ d r
b b
-irr
..........................................................................
(Eq. 3.5)
where Lay is the distance between points of restraint against lateral movements of the
compression edge. Alternatively, the stability factor k8 may be obtained directly from figures 3.1
and 3.2.
3.2.5.3
For an end-supported solid beam of rectangular cross section that is continuously restrained
against lateral displacement of the tension edge the slenderness coefficient, SIshall be taken
as:
s, = 3-d
.........................................................................
(Eq. 3.6)
3.2.6 Strength of notched beams

A beam of rectangular cross section notched on the tension edge as shown in figure 3.3 shall be
so proportioned to satisfy
M*
v +1.2 < 1 .5 k , k k 5 b f & ,
dn -
..........................................................................
(Eq. 3.7)
where
design bending moment produced by strength limit state design loads
design shear force produced by strength limit state design loads
net depth of the member at notch
strength reduction factor
modification factors given in section 2
notch coefficient given in table 3.1
2bdn/3 for a notched rectangular beam where b equals the breadth of the beam.
33
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ N Z S * 3 6 0 3
93
= 8583369
0030836 T53 M
NZS 3603:1993
lbt
Figure 3.3 - Notation for a notch
Notch slope
k7
bn/a
a2O.ld
acO.1d
3. O
do.5
1. o
-
a0.5
2.6
1.1
60.33
a0.33
2.2
1.3
d0.25
a0.25
3.2.7 Effective concentrated loads on beams in grid systems

The effective concentrated load on a beam that is a supporting member in a grid system
(see 2.9.2) shall be taken as ks times the actual concentrated load on an overlying member
or the structural sheathing material where:
kg =
1 + 144a + 448a2
5 + 272a + 448a2
........................................................................
(Eq. 3.8)
........................................................................
(Eq. 3.9)
This formula is plotted in figure 3.4

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
and
where
y
y
= 1 .O for a simply supported beam

= 0.72 for a beam continuous over two equal spans
and
E&,
E ~ =C flexural rigidity of the beam and crossing members respectively

= span of beam and crossing members respectively
= total number of crossing members
Ls,L c
n
34

SNZ NZS+3603 93
8583169 0010817 99T
=
NZS 3603:1 993
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
O
O
0.001
0.01
0.1
af
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 3.4
10
100
- Graph for factor, kg
3.2.8 Built-up beams

In built-up beams such as I-beams, Cbeams or box-beams, design stresses in timber flanges
shall not exceed the values that would be appropriate when the flanges are treated as tension
or compression members.
C3.2.8
For-beams and C-beams, the compressionflange should be designedasa column eiemnl
in accordance wifh 3.3. For bux-beams, the torsional sfiffness of the whole beam should be
cansidered when determining the design strength of the cotnpression flange.
For all built-up beamss the tension flange should be designed as a tension member in
accordance with 3.4, Websshou~bedes~nedaspanelsheathedd~p~~gmsinacco~ancg
with 5.2.
3.2.9 Bearing Strength

The bearing strength of a structural element shall satisfy a relationship of the form
......................................................................
Nb $Nnb
(Eq. 3.10)
where
@*
Nb
Nnb
=
=

design bearing load
nominal bearing strength.
The nominal bearing strength, Nnbp, for bearing perpendicularto the grain is
Nnbp = kl
where
k7, k3

k3 fpAp
=
.......................................................................
modification factors given in section 2,

(Eq.3.11)
SNZ NZS+3603 93
8583369 O O L O 8 L 8 826
NZS 3603: 1993

=
P!
AP
characteristic bearing stress perpendicular to the grain,

bearing area for loading perpendicular to grain.
The nominal bearing strength, N n b / , for bearing parallel to the grain is
......................................................................
Nnb/= kl fcAz
where
kl
fc
AI
modification factor given in section 2

characteristic bearing stress parallel to the grain
bearing area for loading parallel to the grain.
The nominal bearing strength,
Nnbe
(Eq.3.12)
for bearing at an angle of
Nnbl Nnbp
e to the grain is
..................................................................
(N~~ sin2 e + Nnbp cos2 e
(Eq. 3.13)
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C3.2.9
A gtaphical representation of equation 3.13 (Hankinson's formula) is given in figure 4.5.

3.3 Column design
3.3.1 General
Inthecalculationof strengthforacolumn, due regardshallbe paidtothecolumn's effective length
and lateral stability. Allowance shall be made for eccentricity of applied loads. See also 3.5 for
combined bending and axial loading and Appendix B for the design of lateral and torsional
restraints.
3.3.2 Effective lengths

The effective length of a column shall be taken as the actual length multiplied by the value of klo
corresponding to the condition of end restraint as shown in figure 3.5.
3.3.3 Slenderness coefficient for lateral buckling
3.3.3.1
The slenderness coefficient for lateral buckling shall be as given in 3.3.3.2 or as defined in
Appendix D (which gives the general case and certain specific cases) and shall not exceed 85
forcolumns loaded by wind or earthquake loadsonlyor50forall othercolumns. Theslenderness
coefficient shall be used to obtain k~ as described in 2.10.
3.3.3.2
For a solid column of rectangular cross section the slenderness coefficients, S2 and % may be
taken as:
s, =
kl oL7
or
Lax
- whichever is the lesser
d
..........................................
(Eq.3.14)
where klo is as shown in figure 3.5 and

whichever is the lesser
..........................
................ (Eq. 3.15)
provided that if one edge of the column is continuously restrained against lateral displacement
& may be taken as
S, =-3.5d
b
.......................................................................
(Eq. 3.16)
36

NZS 3603: 1993

bflectfon shaps
If
member
Restrained in
position and
direction at
both ends
1.7
Each end held

in position and
substantially
restrained
against rotatior
(e.0. by two
bolts)
0.75
One end fixed

in position and
direction and
the other
restrained In
position only
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Condition of
end iestiafnt
3,85
-r*
t t J-
I.o
Restrained in
position only
at both ends
t
1.5
Restrained in
position and
direction at
one end and
at the other
partially
restrained in
direction but
not in position
Restrained in
position and
direction at
one end but
not restrained
in either
position or
direction at
the other end
Figure 3.5
2.0
- Effective length factor, &io

37


SNZ NZS*3603 93
= 8583369 O030820
484
NZS 3603:1993
3.3.4 Design
The compressive strength of an unnotched column shall satisfy:
cl W n c x
and
........................................................................................ (Eq. 3.17)
N>< W n c y
where
N>
Nncx
=
=
=
Nncv
design compressive axial load

nominal strength of the member in compression for bucklingabout the member's
x-x axis
nominal strength of the member in compressionfor buckling about the member's
Y-Y axis
The nominal strength for buckling about the member's X-X axis shall be taken as
Nncx = k k f c A
.......................................................................................
(Eq. 3.18)
where
=
kl
k8
fC
=
=
modification factor for load duration given in section 2

stability factor derived using S2
characteristic compressive stress
cross-sectionalarea of column
and, for buckling about the member's Y-Y axis

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Nncy = k k f c A
.......................................................................................
(Eq. 3.19)
where
k8
stability factor derived using S3
3.3.5
Columns with notches shall be subjected to special study.
3.4 Tension member design
3.4.1
For a member loaded in axial tension only there shall be no limitation on the slenderness
coefficient.
3.4.2
Lap joints in tension members shall be avoided in general but if they are usedthen due allowance
shall be made for the resulting bending moment and lateral deflection.
The tensile strength of an unnotched member shall satisfy
........................................................................................ (Eq. 3.20)
N;< W n t
where
@
Ni
Nnt
=
=
=

design tensile axial load
nominal strength of the member in tension.
38

SNZ N Z S x 3 6 0 3 9 3
8583169 OOL082L 310
NZS 3603:1993
The nominal strength of the member in tension shall be taken as
......................................................................
Nn, = k&f,A
(Eq. 3.21)
where
k7,k4
=
=
the modification factors given in section 2

characteristic tension stress
cross-sectional area of tension member.
3.4.3
Tension members with notches shall be subjected to special study.
3.5 Combined bending and compression
3.5.1
For combinedaxial compressionand bending inthe weak direction (about the Y-Y axis) a column
shall be proportioned such that:
[ML)+ [A)
+Mny
4Nncy 51.0
........................................................................
(Eq. 3.22)
where
Mi
Ni
Mny
Nncy
=
=
=
=
design moment about the member's Y-Y axis

design axial compression load
nominal bending strength as given in 3.2.4
nominal compressive strength as given in 3.3.4
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For combined axial compression and bending in the strong direction (about the X-X axis), the
column shall be proportioned such that:
......................................................................
(Eq.3.23)
......................................................................
(Eq. 3.24)
and
where
Mi
Ni
Mnx
Nncx
=
=
=
design moment about the X-X axis

design axial compression load
nominal bending strength as given in 3.2.4
nominal compressive strength as given in 3.3.4
For members subjected to axial compression and bending about both axes, each direction shall
be considered separately.
39

SNZ NZSx3b03 9 3
85833b9 0030822 257
NZS 3603:1993
~~
~~
~~~
3.6 Combined bending and tension
A member subjected to combined bending stress and axial tension shall be proportioned such
that:
....................................................................... Eq. 3.25)

where
M*
N;
Mn
Nnt
=
=
=
design moment
design axial tension load
nominal bending strength, as given in 3.2.4,
nominal strength of member in tension, as given in 3.4.2.
40
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


~~~~~
SNZ NZS*3b03 93
8 5 8 3 1 b 9 0030823 193
NZS 3603:1993
4 JOINTS
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.1 General
4.1.1
For the purpose of joint design, timber species shall be assigned to the appropriate group as
shown in table 4.1.
c4.1. I
Design data have been given only for nails, screws, bolts and coach screws. It is not
practWje io include design data for all mechanical fasteners reference should be made
to appropriate publications for this information. Note that the derivation of working loads
should comply with the requirements of 4.6 and care is required in adapting data from
overseas publications (see AS 1720 and Appendk A).
Table 4.1
- Classification of timber species for joint design
Group for:
Nails and
screws in
lateral
loading
Species
Nails in
Withdrawal
Screws
in withdrawal
Bolts and
coach
screws
Radiata pine
Rimu
Douglas fir
Larch
Silver beech
Red beech
Hard beech
J4
J4
4.1.2
Design data for nails, screws, bolts, and coach screws are given in 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5
respectively; 4.6 applies to all other fasteners, including variants (for example, so-called
"improved nails") of the fasteners covered by 4.2,4.3, and 4.4.
c4.1.2
The values are based on tests conducted in clear timber. Clear timber is not essential for
effcientJints but if defects are present in a joint zone, fabricators and inspectors should
consider the effect of the local grain direction on joint strength. For example a spike knot
surroundinga bok loadedperpendicularto the nominalgraindirectioncouldacfually increase
joint strength, whereas a large face knot under a toothed plate connector could, by
introducing an area of effective end-grain, substantially weaken the joint.
4.1.3
The deformation of mechanically fastened joints shall be determined in accordance with 4.2.2.3
for nails and Appendix E for other fasteners.
4.1.4
Joints shall be detailed to minimize tension perpendicular to the grain and locaiised shear. in
multiple member joints the effect of shear induced by each member shall be checked.
41

SNZ N Z S * 3 6 0 3 93
8583369 0030824 02T
NZS 3603:1993
4.2 Nails
4.2.1 General
C4.2.f Nail heads

Thinp l y d and particle board material require nails with relatively large flat heads. Nails
withbrad,ptfor other small heads shoukinotbe used. Large flat headednails are norequired
in pints with thick plates because nail head rotational restraint is nof important,
4.2.1.1
Clause 4.2 applies to joints with plain or galvanized steel wire nails irrespective of whether the
loads (not the nails) are parallel, perpendicular, or at an angle to the grain.
c42.1.1
Thecharacteristicbadsin table4.3applyspecifi~llyto nails driveninto side grainkxiloaded
pependkular to their length, but allowance for slant-driven nails is made in 4.2.1,2, and for
nails in end-grain in 4.2,2.2(c). Withdrawal loads are covered by 4.2.3.
4.2.1.2
Nails loaded laterally shall not be slantdriven except in joints where no reversal of stress can
occur in service and the direction of the slant is such that the joint will tend to tighten under load,
in which case table 4.3 applies.
4.2.1.3
Significant splitting shall be avoided.
C4.2.1.3
Thedesign strengths are based on the assumption that splting of the timber does not occur
to any significant extent.
Signifikant splitting is splitting of P severity that clearly would cause a large reduction in the
shear strength of the timber in the vicinity of thejoint, making rigEd fixing (in resped of setvice
loading) unlikely and offering a very limited resistance to any tensile force applied to thejoint.
In timber that tends to split signifkantly when nailed withoutpreboring,preboredhokshaving
a diameter 80 % of that of the nail shoukl be used.
It is notpssible to giveprecise guidanceon identifying timber that is likey to split signikantly
when nailed near an end. Relevant factors include species, density, straightness of grain,
moisture content, spacing of nails, size of nails, shape of point, and manner of driving. In the
absence of directly applicable experience, often a trial with the proposed nailing detail is the
only reliable gude.
Splitting has occurred in radiata pine of higher than normal densrty when nailed with greater
spacing along the grain than shown in table 4.2. splitting can also be marked in green timber
when machhe nailing is used. specrl care should be taken during construction to ensure
that spliting des not occur.
42
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


~~
SNZ NZSa3b03 93 9 8583169 0030825 Tbb
NZS 3603: 1993
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
'Minimum spacing of nails - No preboring

AI1 timber except Radiata pine
'Minimum spacing of nails - No preboring

Radiata pine only
Minimum spacing of nails and screws

All timber
Prebored to O . M a
&da f tension]
5da (compression) 5da
rT1
Direction of load
(refer Eq.4.10)
Minimum spacing of bolts - Loaded parallel to grain

All timber la is given in 4.4.1.3 r a i l
Loaded
Directton of load
(refer Eq.4.11)
Minimum spacing of bolts
Loaded perpendicular to grain

All timber la is given in 4.4.1.3 ( b ) )
Figure 4.1 - Positioning of fasteners

43

~~
SNZ NZSx3b03 93
8 5 8 3 L b 00L082b 9T2
NZS 3603:1993
4.2.1.4
Edge and end distances and spacing of nails in a nailedjoint shall be not lessthan is given in table
4.2 (see also figure 4.1).
Hole not prebored

(nails only)
From end of
member
20 da
may be reduced to
12 da for radiata pine
10 da
From edge of
member
5 da
5 da
Between nails
along grain
20 da
may be reduced to
1O da for radiata pine
10 da
Between nails
across grain
10 da
may be reduced to
5 da for radiata pine
3 da
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Hole prebored
to 0.8 da or as
given by 4.3.7.2
for screws
Distance
4.2.2 Lateral loads

C4.2.2 Seismic design
The average ultimate strength of nailed connections in single shear is approximately 1.6
times the chamcteristicstrengthgiven in table 4.3.Hencefor capacitydesign,an overstrength
= 2.O should be used.
factor of 1.H$
4.2.2.1
The characteristic strength for nailed joints in solid timber shall be as in table 4.3.
The characteristic strength for flat head nails through plywood or particle board shall be:
(a) on J5 timber, the value given in table 4.3for J5 timbers
(b) on other timbers, 1.1 times the value given in table 4.3for J5 timber.
c4.2.2.1
The characteristic strengths for nails in table 4.3 have been derive by apPying a soft
conversion muit@lierof 2.95 to the basic working loads used in previous versions of the
Standard. The resulting values in table 4.3 generally coincide with the average strength of
nails at a slip of O.# mm, or 0.625 times the average strength af a slip of 2.5 mm.
4.2.2.2
Laterally loaded nailed joints shall be so proportioned to satisfy
.........................................................................
S*I $Q,,
where
44

(Eq. 4.1)
SNZ NZSa3603 93
= 8583369 0010827 839 =

NZS 3603:1993
=
=
=
=
Qn
s'
nominal strength of a joint appropriate to mode of loading

design load effects on joint produced by strength limit state loads
#' for direct loads with no moment
M* for in-plane moments with no direct loads.
For directly loaded joints, the nominal strength shall be taken as

O, = nkQk
...........................................................................................
(Eq. 4.2)
and for joints subjected to in-plane moments the nominal strength can be taken as
provided that direct effects from shear and axial loads are insignificant compared with bending
effects,
where
n
Qk
= number of fasteners
= characteristicstrength as given in 4.2.2.1
ri
r,,
k
= the distance of the i t h nail to the centroid of the nail group

= the maximum value of r i
= product of modification factors listed below:
(a) Green timber (see table 2.1)
0.85
(b) Duration of loading
Factor kl as given by 2.7
(c) Nails in end grain
0.67
(d) Nails in double shear
2.0
(e) Steel side plate < 3.0 mm thickness

Steel side plate 2 3.0 mm thickness
Plywood or particle board with flat head nails
1.25
1.5
1.4
(f) Nail length and timber thickness. For the characteristic strengths given in table 4.3 to be
applicable, timber thicknesses and nail length (figure 4.2) shall be such that:
(i)
Two-member joints (nails in single shear) thickness of first member,
tl > 10 da in solid timber
tl > 1.5 da in plywood or particle board
depth of penetrationof nail into second member, p > 1O da

For lesser values of tl and p, the characteristic strength shall be reduced in proportion
to the decrease in tl or p, and the nails shall be consideredas non-load-bearingif fi or
p is less than 5 da in solid timber.
(i) Three-member joints (nails in double shear):
thickness of central member fi > 1O da ,
thickness of outer member to > 7.5 da,
depth of penetration of nail into outer member, p > 7.5 da.
45
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


~~
SNZ NZS*3603 9 3
8583369 0030828 775
NZS 3603:1993
For lesservalues of tl , 4and p, thecharacteristic strengthshall be reducedin proportion
to the decrease in t l , 4 and p, and the nails shall be regarded as being in single shear
if p is less than 5 da.
(g) Number of nails. For connections containing 50 or more nails the design strength shall be
increased by 1.3. For fewer nails, the factor shall be obtained by linear interpolation to value
of 1 .O for four nails.
c4.2.2.2
Thelateral characteristic strengths of table 4.3 may be used for "improved" nails of common
steel having twisted, annulady grooved, or helically grooved shanks. However, although
such "inymved"nai1s have a greaterchmphg action andgivegreater ultimate strength, the
joint may not be as stiff as with plain-shanked nails. Preboring may be necessary to enable
improved nails to be driven into timbers other than those of groups J5 and J4.
(e) Nails driven through close holes in steel side plates are stiffer than nailed wood to wood
connections. Thisincrease is morepronouncedfor thick sideplates whichprovide better
rotational resistance to the head of the nail.
(g) The effect of clause (g) is to produce design nail strengths that are close to the average
rather than the lower five percentile value.
Table 4.3 - Characteristic strengths (N) for one plain steel wire nail in single shear
in side grain in dry timber
Nail shankdiameter (mm)
2.0 2.24 2.50 2.80 2.87 3.15 3.33 3.56 3.75 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.30 6.00
268 331 407
391 476 577
550 671 812
80 824 993
743 908 1100
504
703
526
733
990 1030
1200 1250
1350 1410
631
863
1220
1470
1660
95
790 868
951 1060 1165
1345 1500 1650
1MO 1800 1980
1830 2060 2260
990 1240 15101690 2130

1310 1610 19302140 2660
1840 2270 27203010 3740
2200 2690 32103640 4370
2540 3130 377'04190 5220
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) Two-member joint
(b) Three-member joint
Figure 4.2 - Timber thickness and nail length

4.2.2.3 Deformations
In the absence of specific test data, slip in nailed joints may be determined from the following:
(a) A load equal to 1.25times the nominal short term strength of a single nail gives an average
slip of 2.5 mm.
46

~~
SNZ NZSx3b03 9 3 W 8583169 0030829 b o l
=
NZS 3603: 1993
(b) From O to 0.5 mm slip, the slip can be calculatedfrom
6=
k37(O. 8)P2
........................................................................
(Eq. 4.4)
Q"*
where
k37
C?,
is given in table E l in Appendix E

applied nail load
nominal strength for a single nail with short term loading (k7 = 1).
(c) From 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm slip, interpolate linearly between (a) and (b).
(d) Above 2.5 mm slip, the load may increase 20 % to 40 % to give maximum load at a slip
between 6 mm and 10 mm.
4.2.3 WithdraWal loads

4.2.3.1
The strength limit state withdrawal load on a nail driven into the side grain of timber shall not
exceed the appropriate characteristic value given in table 4.4 multiplied by the depth of
penetrationand the strength reductionfactor. The withdrawal strength does not depend on the
duration of load or on whether the timber is green or dry.
4.2.3.2
No load in withdrawal shall be carried by a nail driven into end grain, except fortwo or more nails
into the end grain of pinus radiata where the values for timber group J4 as given by table 4.4 for
nails in side grain may be applied.
C4.23
If practicable, the design should be such that there is no load componentparallel to the axis
of the nail tending to withdraw it. Resistance to withdrawal may be improved by the use of
clinching, double skew-nailing, rough gaivanised nails, or improved nails. WithdraWal loads
can often be eliminated by using nailed steel side plates.
rable 4.4
- Characteristic withdrawal strength per millimetre of nail penetration (N/mm)

for one plain steel wire nail in side grain
Nail shank diameter (mm)
Timber
group
2.0
J5
J4
J3
J1 &J2
2.24 2.50
4.2
4.7
5.2
5.5
6.2 6.8
10.6 11.9 13.3
15.3 17.1 24.5
2.80
3.15
3.55
4.00 4.50
7.3 8.3
5.8 6.5
9.7 11.0
7.7 8.6
14.9 16.7 18.9 21.3
21.4 24.1 27.1 30.4
9.3
12.4
23.9
34.3
5.30 6.00
6.30
10.3 10.9 12.3

13.8 14.6 16.6
26.6 28.1 32.0
38.1 40.6 45.7
12.9
17.4
33.6
48.0
5.00
4.3 Screws
4.3.1 General
4.3.1.1
Clause 4.3 applies to joints made with wood screws irrespectiveof whether the loads (not the
screws) are parallel, perpendicular, or at an angle to the grain.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


47
SNZ NZSs3603 93
8583169 0010830 323
NZS 3603:1 993

C4.3.1.1
The characteristkstrengths in table 4.5 applyspecf~llyto screws screwedinto sMle grain
and loaded perpendicular to their length, but allowance for screws in end grain is made in
4.3.2(c).
4.3.1.2
The correct sizes of lead holes shall be bored for all screws except self drilling screws. The
diameter of the hole for the shank shall be equal to the diameter of the shank, and the lead hole
for the threaded portion of the screw shall not exceed the root diameter of the screw.
4.3.1.3
Edge and end distances and spacing of screws in a screwed joint shall be not less than is given
in table 4.2 and figure 4.1.
4.3.2 Lateral loads
Laterally loaded screwed joints should be so proportioned to satisfy
........................................................................................... (Eq.4.5)
S*5 @Qn
where
Qn
S*
=
=
=
=

nominal strength of joint
N* for direct loads with no moment
M* for in-plane moments with no direct loads.
For directty loaded joints, the nominal strength shall be taken as
...........................................................................................
Qn = nkQk
(Eq. 4.6)
and for joints subjected to in-plane moments the nominal bending strength can be taken as
i=n
Qn = - Q r c r i
rmax
...........................................................................................
(Eq.4.7)
i=l
provided that direct effects from shear and axial loads are insignificant compared with bending
effects,
where
n
Qk
ri
rma
=
=
=
number of fasteners
characteristic strength as given in table 4.5
the distance of the i t h screw to the centroid of the screw group
the maximum value of r i
product of modification factors listed below:
0.80
Factor kl as given by 2.7
(c) Screws in end grain
0.67
(d) Steel side plates

1.25
where screws are driven through close-fitting holes in steel side plates that are of adequate
strength to transfer the load.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSx3603 93
= 8583169 001083L
26T
NZS 3603:1993
(e) Screw penetration
The characteristic lateral strengths given in table 4.5 are in accordance with the assumption
that the depth of penetrationof the screw into the member receiving the point is not lessthan
seven times the shank diameter (7 da). For depths of penetration less than this value the
characteristic strength shall be reduced in proportion to the reduction in penetration but the
minimum acceptable penetration depth shall be four times the shank diameter (4 da).
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table 4.5 - Characteristic strength (N) for one steel wood screw in single shear
in side grain in dry timber
Minimum screw shank diameter (mm)
Timber
group
2.74
3.10
3.45
3.81
4.17
4.52
4.88
5.59
6.30
3786
4439
5276
5429
6503
Screw gauge number

700
960
1356
1635
1846
854
1155
1634
1964
2235
10
1429
1855
2615
3098
3606
1652
2118
2985
3526
4133
NOTE - Maximum screw shank diameter = above mentioned shank diameter + 0.13 mm.
4.3.3 Withdrawal loads

Screwed joints subjected to withdrawal loads shall be proportioned to satisfy
NaI t#Qn
........................................................................................................ (Eq. 4.8)
where
&n
N"
Qn
design strength not exceeding the appropriate value given in table 4.6 times the
number of screws in the joint
nominal strength.
The nominal strength is given by
Qn = n@Qk
......................................................................................................
(Eq. 4.9)
where
Qk
P
k
number of screws in joint

characteristic load given in table 4.6
penetration length of screw
product of the modification factors listed below.
0.80
Factor k1 as given by 2.7
(c) Screw in end grain
0.67
49

NZS 3603:1993
Table 4.6
- Maximum design withdrawal strength for one steel screw in dry timber
Screw shank
dia. (mm)
Screw gauge No.
Load (N)
2.74
3.10
1030
3.45
3.81
4.17
4.52
4.88
5.59
6.30
10
12
14
3270
4280
5440
1320
1630
1980
2380
2790
Table 4.7 - Characteristic withdrawal strength per millimetre of screw thread

penetration (N/mm) for wood screw insetted
at right angles to the grain of dry timber
2.74
J4 & J5
J3
J2
J1
3.10
34.7
53.6
77.5
112
38.1
61.0
88.3
130
3.45
6
43.5
67.7
98.7
149
3.81
7
47.9
75.5
110
168
4.17
4.52
52.6
82.6
121
188
57.0
89.6
132
207
4.88
10
61.7
97.1
143
228
5.59
6.30
12
14
70.8 79.5
112
126
164
186
270
310
4.4 Bolts
4.4.1 General
4.4.1.1
The diameter of the hole for a bolt shall be not less than the bolt diameter and shall not exceed
it by more than 10 %.
4.4.1.2
In timber-to-timber bolted joints where the bolt is not in tension, every bolt shall be provided with
a washer at each end of size not less than:
20 mm x 20 mrn x 1.5 mm for bolts not exceeding 8 mrn diameter
35 mm x 35 mm x 3 mm for bolts not exceeding 12 mm diameter
50 mm x 50 rnrn x 4 mm for bolts not exceeding 20 mm diameter

65 mrn x 65 rnrn x 5 mrn for bolts exceeding 20 mm diameter
providedthat if round washers are used they shall be of a thickness and area not less than those
specified above for the equivalent square washer.
For joints with bolts in tension, the major dimensions above shall be increased by a factor of 1.3.
50
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


S N Z NZS*3603 9 3
8 5 6 3 3 b 9 0030833 O32
NZS 3603:1993
4.4.1.3
Edge and end distances and spacing of bolts in a bolted joint shall be not less than:
(a) Load parallel to grain:
As shown in figure 4.1 with:
r-1
................................................................................ (Eq. 4.10)
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
but not less than 2.5 da

where
n =total number of bolts in joint

r = number of rows of fasteners across the grain.
(b) Load perpendicular to grain:
As shown in figure 4.1 with:
a = 0.625 b + 1.25 da
...............................................................................
(Eq. 4.11)
but not less than 2.5 daor greater than 5 da

where
b = thickness of member with load perpendicular to grain.

c4.4.1.3
It s not practicable to provide general rules for the spacing of bolts to cover all possible
directions of appliedload to thegrain. Therequirementsof4.4. I.3(a)and (b)shouldtherefore
be used as a guide for boltedjoints with loads actingat an angle other thanperpendicuiaror
parallel to thegrain. Stressconcentratlnsshouldbe minimized, aWYo obtain uniformstress
in main membersanda uniformdistribution of bad to allbolts, thegrsivityaxisof the members
is required to pass through the centre of resistance of the bolt groups.
4.4.1.4
For eccentric joints, the combination of primary and secondary stresses shall be checked to
ensure that no member or fastener is stressed excessively, and
V* I@klk4ksfSbds
....................................................................... (Eq. 4.12)
where
V*
=
k7 to k5 =
4
fS
b
dS
=
=
=
=
design shear force produced by strength limit state design loads

modification factors of section 2
capacity reduction factor
thickness of timber member
depth of member lessthe distance from the unloaded edge to the centre of the bolt
(see figure 4.3)
C4.4.1.4
An eccentric joint is one in which it has been found impracticable to ensure that all the
members meeting at thejoint are arranged symmetrically with their centrelines intersecting
on a common axis that is also the axis of resistance of the bolt orgroupof bolts. fccentrcity
results in bending momentscausing secondarystresses, In the caseof spltrings,nailplates
and other fasteners having substantialarea,the distance ds should be measured to the edge
of the fastener furthest from the Eoade edge.
51

SNZ N Z S x 3 6 0 3 93
8583169 001083Y T 7 9
NZS 3603:1 993
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Unloaded edge
Figure 4.3 - Eccentric joints
4.4.2 Characteristicstrengths
(a) Two member single shear joint:
(i) For parallel to the grain loading in dry timber, the characteristic strength, Qklfor a bolt in
single shear shall be the lesser of:
where
kl1
fcj
=
=
da
be
factor given in table 4.8

bolt bearing stress as given by table 4.8
bolt diameter in mm
effective timber thickness in mm as given by table 4.9
Characteristicstrengthscomputed in accordance with this sub-clauseare given intable 4.1 O and

figure 4.4.
Timber group
kll
fcj
(MPa)
J5
J4
J3
J2
J1
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.75
1.65
36.4
45.2
57.6
72.5
52

SNZ N Z S r 3 6 0 3 9 3
= 8583167 0010835 905

NZS 3603: 1993
Table 4.9 - Characteristic strength for a single bolt in dry timber loaded parallel to the
grain
Type of joint
Effective timber
thickness
(be)
System
os&/
1. Two member
Smaller of 2h and 2b2
Qkl
Smaller of 261 and i~
2 Qkl
2. Three member
3. Multiple member
iL
O
.c
I 1;
(i) Between A and B

Smaller of b1 and b2
(i)
Between B and C
Smaller of 61 and
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(iii) etc.
(i) Qkl
(i) Qkl
(iii) etc.
Total characteristic
load = sum of
characteristic loads
________~
4. Alternative steel and timber

members
As for types 1 , 2 or 3
except that be is based
on thickness of timber
members only
1.25 x value calculated

for joint types 1,2, or 3
53

SNZ NZS+3603 93
583169 O010836 841
NZS 3603:1993
imm //
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
20
40
60
80
100
120
14O
160
18o
Effective thickness (mml

(Twice thickness of thinner member)
Figure 4.4 - Characteristic strength for a boit in a two-member joint in dry radiata pine
or Douglas fir
54

SNZ N Z S * 3 b 0 3
93
= 8583167 0010837 7 8 8 W
~~~
NZS 3603:1 993

Table 4.10
- Characteristic strength, skl(kN) for a single bolt in a two-member joint

in dry timber loaded parallel to the grain
Boit
shank
dia.
[mm)
(mm)
Timber group
J5
54
53
52
J1
8
10
12
16
20
24
2.16
2.70
3.25
4.33
5.41
6.49
2.18
2.73
3.28
4.37
5.46
6.55
2.71
3.39
4.06
5.42
6.77
8.13
10.4
4.35
5.43
6.52
8.69
10.9
13.0
19
8
10
12
16
20
24
2.74
3.43
4.11
5.48
6.85
8.22
2.77
3.46
4.15
5.53
6.92
8.30
3.43
4.29
5.15
6.86
8.58
10.3
4.38
5.47
6.57
8.76
10.9
13.1
5.51
6.88
8.26
11.0
13.8
16.5
35
10
12
16
20
24
30
6.31
7.57
10.1
12.6
15.1
18.9
6.37
7.64
10.2
12.7
15.3
19.1
7.90
9.48
12.6
15.8
19.0
23.7
10.1
12.1
16.1
20.2
24.2
30.3
12.0
15.2
20.3
25.4
30.4
38.0
45
12
16
20
24
30
9.74
13.0
16.2
19.5
24.3
9.83
13.1
16.4
19.7
24.6
12.2
16.3
20.3
24.4
30.5
14.5
20.7
25.9
31.1
38.9
17.2
26.1
32.6
39.1
48.9
65
12
16
20
24
30
10.4
18.5
23.4
28.1
35.2
10.5
18.6
23.7
28.4
35.5
13.0
23.1
29.4
35.2
44.0
14.5
25.8
37.5
44.9
56.2
17.2
30.6
47.1
56.5
70.6
90
12
16
20
24
30
10.4
18.5
28.8
38.9
48.7
10.5
18.6
29.1
39.3
49.1
13.0
23.1
36.1
48.8
61.O
14.5
25.8
40.3
58.1
77.8
17.2
30.6
47.8
68.9
97.8
130
12
16
20
24
30
10.4
18.5
28.8
41.5
64.9
10.5
18.6
29.1
41.9
65.5
13.0
23.1
36.1
52.0
81.3
14.5
25.8
40.3
58.1
90.8
17.2
30.6
47.8
68.9
108
15
3.46
4.32
5.19
6.92
8.64
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Effective
timber
thickness
[be)
55

= 8583Lb9 OOL0838
SNZ NZSx3b03 93
bL4
NZS 3603: 1993

(i) For perpendicularto the grain loading in dry timber the characteristic strength, Qkpfor a
bolt in single shear shall be the lesser of:
where
kl1 =
=
da =
be =
factor given in table 4.1 1

stress as given by table 4.1 1
bolt diameter in rnm
effective timber thickness in mm as given by table 4.12.
bi
computed in accordance with this sub-clause are given in tables

Characteristic strength
4.12 and 4.13 and figure 4.5.
Timber group
J5
kl1
fpj
(MW
Table 4.12
54
53
J2
14.9
17.6
15.1
12.6
10.1
12.9
13.6
14.5
22.7
28.9
J1
- Characteristic strength for a single bolt in dry timber loaded

mrmndicular to the arain
w
Effective timber
thickness
Type of joint
System
be
1. Two member
QskP
2b, but not exceeding

mice the thickness of
the side member
Pl
~
~~
2. Three member
Smaller of 2b1 and 9

as appropriate for
members loaded
perpendicularto the
grain
3. Multiple member
(i) Between A and B

Smaller of bl and 4
(i) Between B and C
Smaller of 9and
(iii) Between C and D
Smaller of b3 and b4
(iv) etc.
4. Alternativesteel and timber
members
As for types 1,2 or 3
(i) Qkp
(ii) Qkp
(iii)
(N) etc.
Total characteristic
load = sum of
characteristicloads
No increase over value
calculatedfor joint types
1,2,or3
56
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSx3603 93
8583169 0020839 5 5 0
NZS 3603:1993
Table 4.13
- Characteristic strength, Ci+
(kN) for a single bolt in a two-member joint

in dry timber loaded perpendicular to grain
Effective
Boit
timber
thickness
shank
dia.
Timber group
(be)
(mm)
8
10
12
16
20
24
0.774
0.968
1.16
1.55
1.93
2.32
0.819
1 .o2
1.23
1.64
2.05
2.46
0.867
1 .O8
1.30
1.73
2.17
2.60
1.36
1.70
2.04
2.72
3.41
4.09
1.73
2.17
2.60
3.47
4.33
5.20
19
8
10
12
16
20
24
0.981
1.23
1.47
1.96
2.45
2.94
1 .O4
1.30
1.56
2.07
2.59
3.11
1.10
1.37
1.65
2.20
2.75
3.30
1.73
2.16
2.59
3.45
4.32
5.1 8
2.19
2.74
3.29
4.39
5.49
6.58
35
10
12
16
20
24
30
2.26
2.71
3.61
4.52
5.42
6.78
2.39
2.87
3.82
4.78
5.73
7.1 7
2.53
3.04
5.06
6.07
7.59
3.97
4.77
6.36
7.95
9.54
11.9
5.05
6.06
8.09
10.1
12.1
15.2
45
12
16
20
24
30
36
3.48
4.65
5.81
6.97
8.71
10.5
3.69
4.91
6.14
7.37
9.21
11.1
3.90
5.20
6.51
7.81
9.76
11.7
6.13
8.18
10.2
12.3
15.3
18.4
7.80
10.4
13.0
15.6
19.5
23.4
65
12
16
20
24
30
36
5.03
6.71
8.39
10.1
12.6
15.1
5.32
7.10
8.87
10.6
13.3
16.0
5.64
7.52
9.40
11.3
14.1
16.9
8.86
11.8
14.8
17.7
22.1
26.6
11.3
15.0
18.8
22.5
28.2
33.8
90
12
16
20
24
30
36
6.97
9.29
11.6
13.9
17.4
20.9
7.37
9.83
12.3
14.7
18.5
22.1
7.81
10.4
13.0
15.6
19.5
23.4
11.9
16.4
20.4
24.5
30.7
36.8
12.1
18.7
26.0
31.2
39.0
46.8
130
12
16
20
24
30
7.99
12.3
16.8
20.1
25.2
9.99
14.2
17.7
21.3
26.6
9.07
14.0
18.8
22.6
28.2
11.9
18.3
25.6
33.6
44.3
12.1
18.7
26.1
34.3
47.9
180
12
16
20
24
30
7.99
12.3
17.2
22.6
31.6
9.99
15.4
21.5
28.2
36.9
9.07
14.0
19.5
25.7
35.9
11.9
18.3
25.6
33.6
47.0
12.1
18.7
26.1
34.3
47.9
15
4.05
57
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


NZS 3603:1993
(b) Bolted joint systems
The characteristic strength, Qsk, for a laterally loaded single bolt in a bolted system, shall be
derived as follows:
(i) For systems loaded parallel to the grain:
...................................................................
Qsk = QsM
(Eq. 4.1 3)
where Qsk/ is the system characteristic strength given in table 4.9.

(i) For systems loaded perpendicular to the grain:
...................................................................
Qsk = skp
(Eq. 4.14)
where Os@ is the system Characteristic strength given in table 4.12.

(iii) For systems loaded at an angle, 8, to the grain:
Osk =
QsklQskp
QsM sin28
+ Qsrcpcos28
...................................................................
(Eq.4.15)
where Qsk/and Qskp are system characteristic strengths given in tables 4.9 and 4.12.
c4.4.2
A graphical representation of equation 4.15 (Hankinsonsformula)is given in figure4.5.
Strength of bolted joints
4.4.3
4.4.3.1
The strength of laterally loaded bolted joints, for the strength limit state shall satisfy
.......................................................................
N* I $Qn
(Eq.4.16)
where
Qn
=
=
=

nominal joint strength.
The nominal joint strength shall be taken as
a n = nklkl2kl3Qsk
.......................................................................
where
n
kl
k12
=
=
k13
Qsk
number of bolts in joint

load duration factor of section 2
modification factor for green timber as given in table 4.14
modification factor for multiple number of fasteners as given in 4.4.3.2
system characteristic strength as given in 4.4.2(b).
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Eq. 4.17)
SNZ NZS*3603 9 3 9 8583169 O O L O 8 4 1 109 9
NZS 3603:1993
Example:
Given a 16 mm boi in single shear through J5
members of 90 mm effective timber thicknesswith
the resuitant load inclined at 60' to the grain. To
find Qsk connect QsH= 18.5kN (tables 4.9 and
4.10)to Q,,=9.29
kN (tables4.12and4.13). At
the intersection with the 60" line, construct a line
parallel to the grid to the vertical or horizontal axis
to read off O,, = 10.6 kN.
10
15
20
fp Or Qskp
Figure 4.5 - Graph of Hankinson formula for stresses and loads

59
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZS*3b03 93 9 8583169 OOL0842 045 9
NZS 3603: 1993

4.4.3.2
(a) In dry timber (see table 2.1): The modification factor k13 is as given by table 4.15.
(b) In green timber (see table 2.1):
(1) Where the joint details impose no restraint on the shrinkage of the joint: The modification
factor, k13, is as given by table 4.15.
(2) Where the joint details impose restraint on the shrinkage of the joint: k13 = 0.5 shall be
used provided that where deformation is of no significance k13 as given by table 4.16
shall be used.
C4.4.3.2(b)
Examples ofjoint details that impose no restraint on the shrinkage of thejoint are where the
bol& are in a single rowparallel to the grain or in mu/t@lerows loadedparallel to the grain
with a separate splice platt?for each row.
Table 4.14 - Factor, 4
Timber group
J5
J4
J3
J2
J1
k12
0.7
0.75
0.85
0.85
0.85
Table 4.15
2 for bolt and coach screw joints in green timber
- Factor, k13 for the design of multiple bolt and multiple-coach-screw joints
Total number of
bolts or coach
screws in joint
k13
1.o0
10
16
or more
0.95
0.80
0.62
or fewer
4.4.3.3
If the load acts at an angle to the bolt axis the component of load perpendicular to the bolt axis
shall satisfy the requirements of 4.4.3.1, and the load component parallel to the bolt axis shall
satisfy
.......................................................................
N* I@C"
(Eq. 4.18)
where
N*
Qn
=
=

design load effects on joint parallel to the axis of bolt
.......................................................................
Qn = f p j b
(Eq. 4.19)
where
%i
AW
60
=
=
as given in table 4.1 1,

area of washer, not less than required by 4.4.1.2.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZS*3b03 9 3 M 8583369 0030843 T83
NZS 3603:1993
4.5
Coach screws
4.5.1
General
4.5.1.1
The diameter of the holeforthe shank of a coach screw shall be not less than the shankdiameter
and shall not exceed it by more than 1.5 mm. The diameter of the hole for the threaded portion
shall not exceed the root diameter of the screw, and its depth shall be at least two diameters
greater than the intended depth to which the screw is to be driven.
4.5.1.2
Coach screws shall not be hammered into place but turned with a wrench.
4.5.2 Lateralloads
The strength of laterally loaded coach-screwedjoints shall satisfy
.......................................................................
N* I@Qn
(Eq. 4.20)
where
=
=
=
hQn

design load effects on joint

Qn = nk h2k 3Q.k
....................................................................... (Eq. 4.21)
where
n
k12
k73
Qsk
=
=
=
=
=
k7
number of coach screws in joint

load duration factor of section 2
modification factor for green timber as given in table 4.14
modification factor for multiple number of fasteners as given in 4.4.3.2
system characteristic strength as given in 4.4.2(b) for a boltedjoint with the same
shank diameter as the coach screw
modification factors as given below
(a) Member thickness: if the thinner member in a two-member joint has a thickness less than
three times the shank diameter the nominal lateral load shall be reduced in direct proportion.
(b) Depth of penetration: If the depth of penetration is less than:
(i)
1O shank diameters in timbers of groups J5 and J4, or
(i)
8 shank diameters in timbers of group J3, or
(iii) 7 shank diameters in timbers of groups J2 and J1,

then the nominal strength shall be reduced in direct proportion.
4.5.3
WithdraWal loads
Coach screw joints subjected to withdrawal loads shall satisfy
N* I @Qn
.......................................................................
(Eq. 4.22)
61
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


~~
SNZ NZS*3603 'i3 m 8583169 0010844 918 m

NZS 3603:1993
where
=
=
=
N*
Qn

design load effects on joint
.......................................................................
Q,, = nkpQk
(Eq. 4.23)
where
=
=
=
=
number of coach screws in joint

length of penetration of coach screw
characteristic withdrawal strength of table 4.16
modification factors listed below.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
n
P
Qk
k
(a) Green timber (see table 2.1):

(i) 0.7 for timbers of group J5,
(i) 0.85 for timbers of groups J4.
(b) Duration of loading: Factor kl as given by 2.7.
(c) Coach screw in end grain ......................
Table 4.16
0.67
- Characteristic withdrawal strength per millimetre of penetration of thread

(N/mm) for a coach screw in dry timber
Timber
group
r[ii
197
248
Shank diameter (mm)

10
12
96
120
286
168
229
107
134
189
256
320
118
147
208
281
350
16
20
136
170
242
325
404
152
189
272
364
455
4.6 Other mechanical fasteners

C4.6
Clause4.6isapplicableto the manypatented and spechlised wchanicalfasfenings,usually
of metal, that have been developed to provide effective structural joints between timber
members or between steel and timber. These include "improved" nails, toothed-plate
connectors, split-ring connectors, .shear$iare connectors, double-sided round toothed
plafes, and other types of fasteners.
4.6.1 General
4.6.1.1
Clause4.6 applies to any mechanicalfastener not specificallycovered by 4.2 to 4.5 inclusive. For
the purposesof this Standarda fastener is defined as a complete unit required inthe construction
of a sound structural joint.


S N Z NZSr3603 93 W 8583169 0030845 8 5 4 W
NZS 3603:1993
4.6.1.2
Each type of fastener shall have characteristic strengths determined according to Appendix A.
Where dry or seasoned timber is concerned in relationto this Standard its moisture content shall
be not greater than 18 %.
4.6.1.3
Edge and end distances and, where applicable, spacing of fasteners on the same face or on an
opposite face of a timber member in a joint shall be not less than those that were used in the
derivation of characteristic strengths.
4.6.2 Design strengths
4.6.2.1 General
The design strength for a joint made with mechanical fasteners shall be obtained by multiplying
the characteristic strength by the appropriate strength reduction factor, Q, and the modification
factors given in 4.6.2.2 to 4.6.2.8 as appropriate to the service conditions and provided that the
resulting design strength shall not exceedthe design strengthof any pari of the fastening system.
4.6.2.2 Moisture condition
The characteristic strength shall be that appropriateto the service and moisture condition of the
timber.
4.6.2.3 Duration of loading
Thecharacteristicstrengthshallbe multipliedby thefactor, kl asgiven by2.7. Wherethestrength
of a joint is determined by the strength of the materialof the fastener, the load durationfactor shall
be that appropriate for the material.
4.6.2.4 Double shear
For a fastener capable of acting either in single or double shear, the characteristic strength, if
determined by tests in single shear, shall be doubled where the fastener is used in double shear.
Conversely, if the characteristic strength was determined by tests in double shear it shall be
halved where the fastener is used in single shear.
4.6.2.5 Metal side plates
Unless otherwise indicated by tests in accordance with Appendix A an increase of 25 % is
permitted where the fastener is used as a jointing medium between timber and steel.
4.6.2.6 Multiple fasteners
The total design strength for a joint containing more than one fastener shall be the sum of the
design strengths for the several fasteners in the joint multiplied by kl3 as given by 4.4.3.2 as
appropriate, unlesstests in accordancewith Appendix A indicatethat other factors are applicable.
4.6.2.7 Angle to grain
Where a fastener has different Characteristic strengths in bearing parallel and perpendicular to
the grain, the design strength in bearing at an angle 8 (other than O" to 90")to the grain shall
be computed from the Hankincon formula as in 4.4.2(b)(iii).
4.6.2.8 Other conditions
Increases or decreases to the characteristic strengths shall apply as specified in 4.2 to 4.5
inclusive for fastenings, (such as nails and bolts) most closely related to the particular fastener
being used.
4.7 Glued joints
4.7.1 Rigid adhesives
The use of rigid adhesives for structural joints shall comply with NZS 3606.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

63
~~
SNZ NZS*3603 93
8583167 0030846 790 U
NZS 3603: 1993
4.7.2.1 General
Elastomericadhesives shall be consideredto contribute to the strength or stiffness of a structure
for resistingwind, earthquake, or other loadsof a transitory natureonly; no other short or long term
loading shall be assumed to be resisted by an elastomeric adhesive glued joint.
C4.7.2.I
Elastomerk adhesives are characterised by moderate resistance to shott-term loads, high
creep under sustained loads, and the abiliy to retain their adhesive properties after large
deformations normal to or in the plane of the adherand surface.
4.7.2.2 Fixing of elastomerically glued joints

In all elastomerically glued joints adequate mechanical fastenings shall be provided to maintain
the adhered surfaces in contact.
4.7.2.3 Strength and stfiness of mechanical fastenings in elastomerkally glued pinis.

For short term loads, the mechanical fastener shall be assumed to make no contribution to the
strength or stiffness of the joint. For long term loads the elastomeric adhesive will creep and the
maximum load shall be that of the mechanical fastener. The stiffness under long term load will
depend on the creep properties of the particular elastomeric adhesive. Behaviour should be
somewhat stiffer than a purely mechanically fastened joint.
C4.7.2.3
Short term Foads carried by elastomeric beads or daubs are very much higher, and thejoints
very much stiffer than are provided by normal nailing densities. Theadhesive carries a//the
load without sufficient slip to mobilise a load in the nail.
4.7.2.4 Strength properties of elastomeric adhesives
The strength properties of elastomeric adhesives that are used in design shall be established by
tests made on the same formulationof adhesive, specifiedby brandname andtype, andthe same
types of mating surfaces as are to be used.
4.7.2.5 Design strength
The design shear strength shall be taken as one-third of the mean ultimate shear stress
determined by tests, and the shear stiffness used in design shall be taken as the mean of the test
stiffnesses at that design shear strength.
4.7.2.6 Compatibility
The formulation of elastomeric adhesive shall be compatible to the timber adherand surface and
the test results obtained shall be applied only to the formulation of elastomeric adhesive and the
type of adherand surface.
C4.7.2.6
T~icaltypesof
adherandsurfacesare: wetafterpreservative treatment;dryafterpreservative
treatment but unplaned before gluing; water-repellent treated.
64

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
4.7.2 Elastomeric adhesives
~~
S N Z NZS*3603 9 3 W 8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0010847 6 2 7
=
NZS 3603:1993
5 DESIGN OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES

5.1 Timber decking
C61
Clause 5.1 does not apply when end juints are such that each piece can be treated as
continuous over its whole length, as may be the case with adequate sCar;rjhfs or finger
juints.
fhe mmensand deflections given by 5.1 apply on& when all pieces undergo the same
def/ecthn(which fhe requirements of5.1. I and 5.2.I are intended to ensure), and therefore
2.9. I applies to these systems, as does 2.7.2.
5.1.1 General
5.1.1.1
Clause 5.1 applies to either timber decking comprised of tongued and grooved boards, nailed to
the supporting members or to sawn timbers (laminations) nailed or spiked to each other and to
the supporting members. Sawn timber laminationsshall comply with the following requirements:
(a) The thickness shall not exceed 1O0 mm;
(b) The nails or spikes fastening the individual laminations together shall be long enough to
penetrate at least two and a half pieces;
(c) The nails orspikesfasteningthe individuallaminationstogether shall be spaced not morethan
twice the depth of laminations, alternately near top and bottom edges, and staggered onethird of this spacing in adjacent laminations;
(d) Two nails or spikes shall be usedto fasten each end of butt-jointed laminationsto the adjacent
members.
5.1.1.2
Five recognized types of lay-up are defined as follows (see also figure 5.1):
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Type 1:
Simple span arrangement: all pieces bear on two supports.
Type 2:
Two-span continuous: all pieces bear on three supports.
Type 3:
Combinationsimple and two-span: alternatepieces in end spans bear on two supports

only, adjacent pieces are continuous over two spans and bear on three supports.
Type 4:
Cantilevered pieces intermixed (for decks continuous over three or more spans):
pieces in starter and every third course simply supported, pieces in the other courses
cantilevered over the supports with end joints at alternate quarter or third points of the
spans, and with each piece bearing on at least one support.
Type 5:
Controlled random lay-up (for decks continuous over three or more spans):distance
between end joints in adjacent courses at least 600 mm, and distance between end
joints in alternatecourses at least 150 mm; all pieces bear on at least one support, and
pieces in the first and second courses and repeating after each group of seven
interveningcourses,bear on at least two supports, with end joints inthese two courses
occurring in alternate spans or on alternate supports.
65

SNZ NZS+3b03 93
~~
85833b9 0030848 5b3
NZS 3603: 1993
- I
fa) Type l:Simple span
IFSF
(cl Type 3: Combination simple
(b) Type 2: Two-span continuous
and two-span
H300. mm
II
(dl Type 4: Cantilever pieces
intermixed
II
It
I
I
(e) Type 5: Controlled random
5.1.2 Uniformly distributed loads

The bending moment (M) and maximum deflection (A) for decking subjected to a uniformly
distributedload (wj on all bays andon alternate bays can be determinedfrom the equationsgiven
below:
Type 1: All bays loaded:
M = wL2/8
A=SWL4/384
El
........................................................................
........................................................................
(Eq. 5.1)
(Eq. 5.2)
Alternate bays loaded:
M = wL2/8
A=SWL4/384 E l
........................................................................
........................................................................
(Eq. 5.4)
........................................................................
........................................................................
(Eq. 5.5)
(Eq. 5.6)
........................................................................
........................................................................
(Eq.5.7)
(Eq. 5.8)
(Eq.5.3)
M = wL2/8
A = w L 4 / 7 8 5 EI
M = 3wL2/32
A=7wL4/768
El
66

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 5.1 - Types of decking lay-up for floors and roofing
SNZ NZS*3603 9 3
8583169 0030849 4 T T
NZS 3603:1993
M= W L ~ I S
A = wL4/ 109 El
........................................................................ (Eq. 5.9)

...................................................................... (Eq. 5.1 O)
Aiternate bays loaded:
M = wL2/5
A = wL4/93 EI
......................................................................
......................................................................
(Eq. 5.1 1 )
(Eq. 5.12)
.......................................................................
(Eq. 5.13)
......................................................................
(Eq. 5.14)
......................................................................
......................................................................
(Eq. 5.15)
(ES. 5.16)
.......................................................................
......................................................................
(Eq. 5.17)
(Eq. 5.18)
......................................................................
......................................................................
(Eq. 5.19)
(Eq. 5.20)
M= ~ L ~ 1 6 . 7
A = wL4l105 EI
M= ~ L ~ 1 7 . 3
A = wL%9 EI
M= ~ 1 ~ 1 6 . 7
A = wL4 I105 EI
M=~ L ~ 1 6 . 7
A = W L ~ I100 EI
where I shall be calculated from the gross cross section of the decking and Eshall be taken as
1.15 times the value given by table 2.2.
5.1.3 Point loads

In the design of decking under point loads, it shall be assumed that the number of boards or
laminations effectively carrying the point load is equal to the number directly contacted by the
point load plus a number equal to 0.4 times the ratio of span to depth of the decking.
c5.1.3
If elastomeric adhesives are used for timber decking in accordance with 4.7.2, then wheel
loads may be regardedas "transitory" in fernsof 4.7.2.1 unless the expected use of the
decking concerned is such that this would be inappropriate.
5.2 Shear walls and diaphragms
C5.2
Shear wallsand diaphragmsareparticularly suited to resisting windandsesmk loads. niey
possess substantial stiflness as well as being ductile when connected with dowel type
fasteners such as nab resulting in increased load capacity and stiffness. Elastomeric or
rigid glues should not be considered ductile.
67

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SNZ NZS+3b03 7 3
= 8583167 OOLO850
111 M
NZS 3603: 1993

5.2.1 General
Clause 5.2shall apply to horizontal diaphragms and vertical (shearwall) diaphragms consisting
of wood based panels nail fixed to timber framing. All sheets of panel material shall be fastened
along alledges withuniformlydistributedflathead nailsto resist shearflowasshown infigure5.2.
c5.2. i
For dihphmgms consisting of parallel boarding fixed to timber framing (quare sheathed
diaphragms, single diagonally sheathed diaphragms or double diagonally sheathed
diaphragms],refer to Universityof CantenburyReportCE89I Iistedunder Other Documents.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
framing does not resist
Figure 5.2 - Shear flow in a panel sheathed shear wall or diaphragm

Designstrengthfortimber framing membersandfor plywoodshall be in accordance with sections
2 and 6 of this Standard. Design strengths for other sheathing panels shall be in accordance with
the appropriate materials standard or, where such standards are not available, shall be in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
5.2.3 Fasteners
5.2.3.1
The design of fasteners shall be in accordance with section 4.
5.2.3.2 Nail sizes
Nailsizes shall be chosen so as to ensure ductile behaviourunder reversedcyclic loading,without
brittle shank failure, sheathing break oui or premature nail withdrawal. For fully ductile design,
nails shall be able to maintain ductile behaviour up to 7.5 mm nail slip during reversed cyclic
loading.
C5.2.3.2
Nails should have a protective coating (such as shellac, electrqlating or galvanising) to
prevent cormion. Nails shouldhavea minimum length of five times the sheathing thkkness,
and be spaced at no less than 40 mm. Table 5. I indicates the maximum nail diameter if
premature splittingis to be avoidedin different sheathing typesand thicknesses. As indicated
in table 5,7, fully ductile behaviour cannot be obtained from 7.5 mm thick plywood.
58

SNZ NZSa3603 9 3
8583169 O O L O B 5 L 058 W
NZS 3603:1993
Sheathing thickness (mm)
Plywood
4 s
7.5*
1W12.5
15+
2.8"
2.8"
3.3
3.3
4.0
3.3
4.0
MDF or particle board
Not suitable
" Not suitable for fully ductile design

5.2.4 Design
Plywood shearwalls and diaphragms shall be designed such that design strengths of members
and fastenings are not exceeded. Where shearwalls and diaphragms are requiredto be ductile,
the ductile members or connections shall be designed to resist the over-strength forces that will
be induced when anticipated displacements are imposed on the structure.
C5.2.4
Typicalloadpaths for diaphragms and shearwalls are indicatetiin figure 5.3,The design of
conneciions, anchoragesand boundaty member splices should account for any eccentricity
of fasteners and concentrations of stresses.
For ductile design under earthquakeloading, the nailed connectionbetween the framing and
plywood sheathing is generally designed as the ductile component, using the design nail
loads from 4.2.2,
The average ultimate load that can be carried by nailed connections is approximatep 1.6
times the design strength. Hence for capacity design, an over strength factor of 1 . 6 h2.0
Applied lateral
load (Wl
Cho!d'.
Figure 5.3
- Distribution of loading for horizontal diaphragm and shear wall system

69
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSx3603 9 3
= 8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0030852 T 9 4
NZS 3603:1993
should be used for design of allother components including the plywood, chords, hofd-down
connections and foundations.
The design of all connections shoukj match the strength capacity of framing timber and
sheathing. The designer should investbate anchorage at shearwalls, foundations and the
connection of chors and splices to ensure c0mpatibil.y with the capacity of the diaphragm
when seismic forces are being resisted.
5.2.4.1 Panel nails
The design load per nail shall be determined from:
q* I-dQ
.......................................................................
(Eq. 5.21)
where
q*
$2
design shear flow (applied shearlunit length) produced by the strength limit state
loads
nail spacing
fastener design load in accordance with 4.2.2.2.
C5.2.4.2
Because of shear deformation and nail slip in the sheathing, the internal framing members
do not contribute to the structural section properties.
5.2.4.3 Internal framing members
Internalframingmembersshall be sized to resistface loadingsandto provide adequate nailfixing
for the sheathing.
5.2.4.4 Openings
Where openings are present in the diaphragm or shearwall, the shear flow interrupted by the
opening shall be transmitted through the adjacent framing members into the sheathing. This
requires that the trimmer members on all sides of the opening shall be continuous, or shall
incorporateconnections,to transmit the tension or compression over the discontinuoussections.
C5.2.4.4
Refer to Horizontal Timber Diaphragms for Wind and Earthquakes Smith, owrick and
Dean. NZNSEE Bulletin Vol 19. No. 2 June 1986 for additional guidance.
5.2.5 Deflection of diaphragms and shearwalls
The mid span deflection, Ah of a horizontal diaphragm acting as a simple beam, shall be
calculated from:
Ah = A l + A z + A 3
.......................................................................
70

(Eq. 5.22)
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.2.4.2 Perimeter framing members

For the purposes of determining the sectional properties of timber diaphragms for in-plane
flexure, the tension and compression edge chords only shall be considered, and the sheathing
and the internal framing members shall be ignored. When determining the action of the
connection at the base of sheatwall chord members, adequate consideration shall be given to
secondary stresses that may be generated.
SNZ NZS*3603 9 3
= 8583369 0030853 920

NZS 3603:1993
where
=
A1
flexural deflection of the diaphragm considering the chords acting as a moment

resisting couple
deflection of the diaphragm resulting from shear deformation in the sheathing
deflection of the diaphragm due to nail slip.
A2
&
The horizontal inter storey deflection in one storey of a shearwall, Awshall be calculated from:
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A, = A4 + A s
.......................................................................
+ b+A7
(Eq. 5.23)
where
inter storey deflection due to chord relaxation at the base connection
inter storey deflection due to shear deformation of plywood sheathing
inter storey deflection due to nail slip, en, between sheathing and framing
inter storey flexural deflection as a cantilever (may be ignored for single storey
shearwalls).
Aq
A5
A6
A7
=
=
C5.2.5
The total deflection at each level must be obtained by calculating the individual components
and summing them from the base of the structure. From research work undertaken at the
University of Canterbury the following are reasonableapproximations for the above values,
for walls and diaphragms without openings:
Ai =
5 WL3
192EAB2
A2 =-
ACJ =
wi
..I
8GBt
(1 + a)me,
2
A 4 = (6,
6f ) E
PH
.........................................................................
(Eq. 5.24)
.........................................................................
(Eq. 5.25)
.........................................................................(Eq. 5.26)
...........................................................................
(Eq. 5.27)
A s =GBt
.......................................................................... Eq. 5.28)

..<
A~ = 2(1+ a)me,
...........................................................................
(Eq. 5.29)
..,.........................................................................
(Eq. 5.30)
A7 =- 2VH3
3EAB3
+Ho
where
=
=
=
A
B
en
=
=
=
aspect ratio of each sheathing panel:

O when relative movement along sheet edges is prevented,
i when square sheathing panels are used,
2 when 2.4 x 1.2 m panels are orientated with the 2.4 m length parallel with the
diaphragm chords ( = 0.5 alternative orientation)
sectional area of one chord ( m d )
distance between diaphragm chord members (mm)
nail slip resuking from the shear force V(mm) (ref. 4.2.2.3)
71

S N Z rJZSr3b03 9 3
8 5 8 3 L b 0030854 8 6 7
NZS 3603:1 993

E
G
=
=
8
6,
v =
w =
=
ebstic modulus of the chord members (MPa)

shear modulus of the sheathing (MPa)
height of the storey under consideration (mm)
span of a horizontal diaphragm (mm)
number of sheathing panels along the length of the edge chord
inter storey shear force (N)
thickness of the sheathing (rnm)
shear force in the storey under consideration (N)
lateral load applied to a hotizontal diaphragm (N)
flexural rotation at the base of the storey under consideration (radians)
v e r t i d movement that accompanies compressive strain at one end of the wall.
(Typically dc= 0.3Cmm where Cis axial chod compression (kN) in single storey
shearwall with end bearing on the bottom plate.)
vertical movement that accompanies tensile strain at the other end of the wall.
(dtmay rangefrom 2 Trnmwhere the restraintis providedtoa bottom ptatemember
to 0.2T mm where the chord is directly anchored to a rigid foundation and
T = resultant tensile chord uplift (kN))
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
72

~~~
SNZ NZSa3b03 73 H 53Lb9 0030855 7 T 3
NZS 3603: 1993

6 PLYWOOD
6.1 General
6.1.1.1
Calculations of member strength and stiffness shall take account of the different contributions of
veneers parallel and perpendicular the face and back veneers with respect to the direction of
stress. Calculation methods and data for standard constructionsof plywood are in AS/NZS 2269
and in 6.2.2 and 6.3.5.
6.1.1.2
Section 6 applies to the derivation of design stresses for plywood. Design methodsfor elements
such as web beams and stressed skin panels are in text books (see 6.6). For design of end or
edge joints in plywood refer to Appendix J.
(26.1. I
A W Z S 2269 is a new joint New Zealand-Australian Standard expected to be published in
December 7993 (to supersede NZS 3614).
6.1 -2
Plywood shall have a durability appropriateto the specified end use environment. Veneers shall
be of a species of an appropriate natural durability or shall have preservative treatment to
NZMP 3640.
6.1.3
Where plywood is exposed to environmental conditions that raise its moisture content to above
20 %for prolongedperiods, only Type A bonds as defined in AS 2754.1, and AYNZS 2269, shall
be used.
6.1.4 Grades of plywood
Visual qualities of plywood shall be assigned a stress grade according to AS/NZS 2269.
6.1.4.1 Radiata pine plywood stress grades
Visual veneer qualities A, B, S, C, and D are defined in AS/NZS 2269.
Radiata pine plywood made with C, D or S quality veneer is F11 stress grade.
A or i3 quality veneers are F14 stress grade.
Most plywood made from radiata pine contains some C or D grade veneers and is therefore F11
grade. However when higher quality faces and backs are used, properties may be calculated
using transformed sections or similar methods, as described in AS/NZS 2269, to allow for the
higher stress grade veneers.
6.2 Stresses and moduli
6.2.1 Characteristic stresses and moduli
Characteristic stresses and moduli for plywood and veneer stress grades are given in table 6.1
for dry use. For other plywoods and grades outside this range refer to AS/NZS 2269.
73

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.1.1
Section6applestoconstructionplywoodsmanufacturedandgradedaccordingto the requirements
of ASNZS 2269.
SNZ NZSa3603 93
= 8583369 OD3085b
b3T
NZS 3603: 1993

Table 6.1 - Characteristic stresses for structural plywood (MPa)
(Moisture content 15 % or less)
Stress
grade
F22
F17
F14
F 1
F8
Tension
Panel
Shear
fpb
fPf
fps
fpr
57.6
44.5
36.7
28.8
22.5
34.6
26.7
22.0
17.3
13.5
6.0
6.0
5.4
4.7
4.2
2.4
2.4
2.2
1.9
1.7
Bending
Rolling
Shear
Compression
Modulus Modulus
in the
normal
of
plane
to the elasticity rigidity
of the
plane of
sheet
the sheet
fPC
21.6
16.9
fPP
16000
14000
12000
10500
91O0
525
455
C6.2.1
Theseare interim soff conversion valuespending results from an in-grade test programme.
6.2.2 Section properties
The net section properties shall be calculated according to the methods prescribed in
AS/NZS 2269 and Appendix F of this Standard.
C6.22
Refer ChapterBI O of the Timber UseManualormanufacturersliteraturefor sectionproperty

data. ASNZS 2269 does not include the shearproperty, Q.
6.3 Modification factors
6.3.1
Modification factors for the design of plywood components shall be taken from the relevant
clauses in section 2 and section 6.
6.3.2 Duration of load

Use the factors kl and k2 in 2.7.
6.3.3 Moisture content
Where plywood is in an environment that raises the average moisture content above 15 %for the
maximum load case, use the modification factor k14 in figure 6.1.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C6.3.3
Dry locations include panels inside buildings, most floors, and externalpanels continuously
protected from the weather by a coating system. Wet locations include tanks, fluming,
retaining walls, formwork, and applications subject to high humidity. Moisture content for
plywood is generally a % or so lower than solid wood in a dry environment.
74

S N Z N Z S x 3 b 0 3 93
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0030857 576
NZS 3603:1993
$:
1.0
& 0.9
4-
Modulus of elasticity
Tension
o
)
i
c
E
p>
E
O
o
0.8
0.7
Bearing modulus
of rigldity
0.6
Bending, shear
0.5
Compression
3
O
Ir
0.4
15
16
17
18
19
20 21
22 23
Plywood moisture content
24 25
26
(%I
Figure 6.1 - Moisture content factor, k14

6.3.4 Temperature
Clause 2.1 1 shall apply.
6.3.5 Face grain angle
Where plywood is stressed with the face grain at an angle to the direction of stress, for bending,
compression and tension, the section property parallel to the face grain ( I i , Z l , Ai) with factors
k15 for strength and k16 for stiffness as given in tables 6.2, 6.3 shall be used. For shear, the
appropriate cross section property and the factors in table 6.4 shall be used. The angle that the
face grain makes with a cut edge at the point of highest stress shall be used. Forgoo,the section
properties perpendicular to the face grain may be used without k15 and kl6.
6.3.6 Rolling shear with stress concentration
For plywood glued to framing members, kl7 shall be 0.5 when the framing is adjacent and parallel
toacut edge,orshall bedeterminedfromstressanalysisatthecut edge. kl7appliesonlytorolling
shear.
75

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C6.3.6
The Canadian code CAN3 086 includes thisanalysisas a flange web shear factor for Doughs
fir plywood. An amendment could include this at a later date.
~~
SNZ NZS*3603 93
8583Lb9 OUI10858 402
NZS 3603:1993
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Layup
4 PlY
7 PlY
5 PlY
3 PlY
Table 6.2 Face grain orientation factor, &i5 for strength

Face grain angle (degrees)
15
30
45
feI t
60
75
90
0.66
0.59
0.57
0.51
0.83
0.73
0.69
0.60
0.85
0.79
0.66
0.43
0.38
0.36
0.32
0.49
0.42
0.40
0.34
0.69
0.57
0.53
0.43
1.00
0.77
0.68
0.13
0.23
0.29
0.34
0.36
0.09
0.08
0.18
0.38
0.50
0.56
0.07
0.18
0.43
0.65
0.74
60
75
90
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.23
0.19
0.18
0.15
0.47
0.37
0.34
0.26
1.00
0.77
0.69
0.53
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.07
0.12
0.17
0.23
0.27
0.09
0.19
0.31
0.45
0.54
Compression
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
0.50
0.57
0.60
0.67
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.77
0.66
0.62
0.60
0.56
0.60
0.56
0.54
0.50
1.00
Tension and in-plane bending

4 PlY
7 PlY
5 PlY
3 PlY
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
0.50
0.57
0.60
0.67
0.69
0.64
0.62
0.58
0.49
0.44
0.42
0.38
0.52
Bending flat
3 PlY
4 PlY
5 PlY
7 PlY
9 PlY
Il II
0.96
0.88
0.80
0.72
0.68
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
0.45
0.52
0.56
0.61
0.63
0.22
0.31
0.35
0.40
0.42
0.20
0.32
0.38
0.41
Table 6.3 Face grain orientation factor, &I6 for stiffness
Layup
Face grain angle (degrees)

15
30
45
te I t
Compression, tension and in-plane bending

4 PIY
7 PlY
5 PlY
3 PlY
0.50
0.57
0.60
0.67
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
0.47
0.46
0.46
0.46
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.20
Bending flat
I
3 PlY
4 Pb
5 PlY
7 PlY
9 PlY
I1 II
0.96
0.88
0.80
0.72
0.68
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
1.o
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.20
* This column is for veneers of equal thickness; for other layups calculate tdt (ratio of parallel
veneer to total thickness) or I1lIgrocc (Igrocs = bt3/l!) and use thisvalue to interpolatewithin the
table.


SNZ N Z S r 3 6 0 3 93
8 5 8 3 L b 0010859 3 4 9
m
NZS 3603:1 993
Table 6.4 Face grain orientation factors for shear

Parallel or perpendicular to the face grain
Rolling shear strength at 45 degrees to the face grain
Panel shear strength at 45 degrees to the face grain
Panel shear stiffness at 45 degrees to the face grain
=
k15 =
k15 =
k16 =
k15=k16
1.0
1.3
1.5
3.0
6.3.7 Panel shear framing support

Forpanelsframedonfoursidesbyframing,k18=l .O. Forpanelsframedontwosides, k18 = 0.89.
C6.3.7
In a box beam With stiffened webs, plywood is supported on four sides. In an unstiffened
I beam or in trussgussets it is supported on two sides on&.
6.3.8
For plywood loaded in-plane, the stability factor, k8 shall be determined from Appendix H. This
method is conservative and a more rigorous alternative method in AS 1720 Appendix E may be
used.
6.4 Loading perpendicular to the plane of the sheet
6.4.1 Strength
6.4.1.1 Bending strength
The bending strength of plywood loaded perpendicularto the plane of the sheet shall satisfy
.........................................................................
Me< #Mn
(Eq. 6.1)
where
#Mn =
M*
Mn
design strength of member in bending

design bending moment
nominal strength of member in bending.
The nominal bending strength for plywood loaded perpendicularto the plane of the sheet shall
be taken as
Mn = kl kl4kl5klSfpbZn
......................................................................... (Eq.6.2)
where
kl ,kl4,k15 =
kl9
=
=
fPb
=
Zn
modification factors given in section 2 or 6.3

1.2 for 3-ply bending perpendicularto span, 1.O for all other plywood
characteristic bending stress given table 6.1
net section modulus of the plywood sheet as in 6.2.2 (Z7or Z2 as applicable)
6.4.1.2 Shear (rolling) strength

The rolling shear strengthof plywood loaded perpendiculartothe plane of the sheet shall satisfy
v T qvnr
~
.........................................................................
(Eq.6.3)
where
#Vnr =
#
=
design rolling shear strength

77
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZS*3603 93 W 85831b9 O O L O B b O Ob0
NZS 3603:1993
Vr*
Vnr
design shear force

nominal rolling shear strength
The nominalrolling shearstrengthfor plywood loadedperpendiculartotheplaneof thesheet shall

be taken as
vnr = kl kl4k15fprbYQ
.........................................................................
(Eq. 6.4)
kl ,kl4,k15
=
=
fpr
=
=
UQ
modification factors given in section 2 or section 6.3

characteristic rolling shear stress given in table 6.1
width of panel or width of stressed region as shown in figure 6.2
shear constant, with l a n d Q calculated as in 6.6.2.3 using 11 and QIor 12
and 0 2 as applicable
6.4.1.3 Bearing strength

The bearing strength of plywood loaded perpendicular to the plane of the sheet shall satisfy
.........................................................................
Nb 5 4Nnb
(Eq. 6.5)
where
4Nnb =
@
design bearing strength

design bearing load
nominal bearing strength
=
=
Ni
Nnb =
The nominal bearing strength for plywood loaded perpendiculartothe plane of the sheet shall be
taken as
Nnb = kl k k l 4 f p p 4 p
.........................................................................
(Eq. 6.6)
where
kl ,k,k14
fpP
AP
=
=
=
modification factors given in section 2 or clause 6.3

characteristic compression stress normal to plane of sheet given in table 6.1
bearing area
6.4.2 Deflection
Deflections shall be calculated from standard bending and shear formulae using:
EI = kl 4 kl &I1
.........................................................................
(Eq.6.7)
.........................................................................
(Eq. 6.8)
k2
where
the effective bending stiffness, calculated as in 6.2.2
the effective shear stiffness
modification factors given in section 2 or clause 6.3
second moment of area parallel to the grain
width of panel
total thickness of panel
short term modulus of elasticity from table 6.1
short term modulus of rigidity from table 6.1
78

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where
S N Z NZS~c36039 3 D 8583367 O O L O 8 6 3 T T 7
NZS 3603:1993
6.5 Loading in the plane of the sheet
6.5.1 Strength
6.5.1.1 Bending strength
The bending strength of plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall satisfy
.........................................................................
(Eq. 6.9)
where
Mnj =
=
=
M;
Mni =
design in-plane bending strength

design in-plane bending moment
nominal in-plane bending strength
The nominalin-planebending strengthfor plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall betaken
as
Mnj = kl k8 kl4k15fp&d */6
.......................................................................
(Eq. 6.10)
where
k1 ,kl4,kl5 = modification factors given in section 2 or 6.3

= stability factor given in 6.6.5
k8
=
=
=
=
fib
te
d
characteristicbending stress given in table 6.1

effective panel thickness
thickness of plies parallel to direction of stress
depth of panel in bending
6.5.1.2 Tension strength

The tension strength of plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall satisfy
4 5
....................................................................... (Eq. 6.1 1)
Writ
where
QNnt =
Ni
N,,
=
=
.
design tensile strength

design tensile force
nominal rolling shear strength
The nominal tensile strength for plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall be taken as
Nnt = kl kl4kl 5fptted
....................................................................... (Eq. 6.12)
where
kl ,kl4,kl5 =
fit
te
d
=
=
=

characteristic tension stress given in table 6.1
depth of panel
79

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
M: IMnj
SNZ N Z S m 3 b 0 3 93
= 8583169 00108bZI
933
NZS 3603:
1993
6.5.1.3 Compression strength
The compression strength of plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall satisfy
~ * cW n c
.......................................................................
(Eq.6.13)
where
#Nnc =
=
=
$J
Nc
N,,
design compressive strength

design axial compressive load
nominal compressive strength
The nominal compressive strength for plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall be taken as
Nnc = kl k8kl4kliEifpcted
.......................................................................
(Eq.6.14)
where
kl ,k14,k15 =
ka
=
te
=
=
=
rpc

stability factor given in 6.6.4
characteristic compression stress given in table 6.1
depth of panel
6.5.1.4 Panelshear
The shear strength of plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall satisfy
.......................................................................
qVnj
(Eq.6.15)
where
4
V;
Vni
=
=
=
design panel shear strength

design panel shear force
nominal panel shear strength
The nominal panel shear strength for plywood loaded in the plane of the sheet shall be taken as
....................................................................... (Eq. 6.16)

where
kl to k18
k8
fis
t
d
=
=
=
=
=

stability factor given in 6.6.4, but used with the alternative method in 6.3.8
characteristic shear stress given in table 6.1
total panel thickness
depth of panel
80

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
$Vnj =
~~
SNZ NZSx3b03 9 3
8 5 8 3 L b OOL0863 8 7 T
m
NZS 3603:1993
6.5.2 Combined stresses

6.5.2.1
Combined compression, bending and shear shall satisfy:
[A)
+ [K
T+[)
<
4
1.0
Wnc
$Mni
.......................................................................
(Eq. 6.17)
Vni
6.5.2.2
Combined tension, bending and shear shall satisfy:
....................................................................... (Eq. 6.18)
EI=--k14k16 E k*
12
GA=- k14k16 Gtd
.......................................................................
(Eq. 6.19)
.......................................................................
(Eq. 6.20)
where
EI
= effective bending stiffness

= effective shear stiffness
k2,k14,k16 = modification factors given in section 2 or 6.3
E
= short term modulus of elasticity from table 6.1
G
= short term modulus of rigidity from table 6.1
t
= total panel thickness
te
= effective panel thickness
d
= depth of panel
GA
6.6 Plywood components

6.6.1 General
The design of specific items such as box beams, stressed skin panels etc. shall incorporate the
material resistances from the clauses above for plywood, relevant provisions in this clause
pertainingto jointing and design details, and material resistancesfor the other materials used in
the construction.
6.6.2 Component design
6.6.2.1
The resistances and stiffnesses of each component shall be calculated allowing for the different
properties of the materials (e.g. plywood and timber), using section properties transformed
according to their elastic moduli as outlined below, or using a similar approach. Criflical sections
in some components are illustrated in figure 6.2.
C6.6.2.1
Design methods are outlined in literature available from a number of manufacturers,
associations and in the Timber Use Manual.
81

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.5.3 Deflection
Deflections shall be calculated from standard bending and shear formulae using:
SNZ NZS*3b03 73
8583Lb7 00LO8b4 706
NZS 3603:1993
Face grain parallel to span
Face grain perpendicular to

or at 45" to span
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) Plywood acting as a beam
(bl Stress transfer in stressed skin panels
b
IC)
Stress transfer in plywood web beams
Figure 6.2 - Critical sections in some plywood components

6.6.2.2 Bending
Design bending strength at a section in a flexural component shall satisfy
....................................................................... (Eq.6.21)
M* S #Mn
where
M* =
#Mn =
M,,
design bending moment

design bending strength
nominal bending strength
The nominalbending strength M,, is the minimum bending strength determinedwhen each part
of the section is checked with an equation of the form
.......................................................................
M, = MZ,,
(Eq. 6.22)
where
k
f
Zef
Xi3
Ei
Yi
=
=
=
=
relevant modificationfactors
characteristic bending stress of part being considered
effective transformed section modulus = ZI/(,yj)
total sum of fIof the individual parts of the component
elastic modulus of the part being considered
distance from the neutral axis to the point farthest from the neutral axis in the part
being considered.
82

~~
SNZ NZSr3b03 93
~~
8583169 0010Bb5 6 4 2
m
NZS 3603:1 993
6.6.2.3 Axial load

The design axial strength at a section in a component shall satisfy
.......................................................................
N* I@Nn
(Eq. 6.23)
where
N*
$Nn
$
N,
=
=
=
design axial load

design axial strength
nominal axial strength
The nominal axial strength N, is the minimum axial strength determined when each part of the
section is checked with an equation of the form
.......................................................................
N, = MA,,
(Eq. 6.24)
where
=
=
f
A,#
=
=
ZEA
Ei
relevant modification factors

characteristic axial stress of part being considered
effective area = X A E j
total sum of A of the individual parts of the component
elastic modulusof the part beingconsideredwherethe strengthis beingdetermined.
6.6.2.4 Shear
The design shear strength at a section in a flexural component shall satisfy
v i < 4Vn
.......................................................................
(Eq. 6.25)
where
V,
The nominal shear strength Vn is the minimumshear strength determined when each part of the
section is checked with an equation of the form
Vn = MWIIQ
....................................................................... (Eq. 6.26)
where
k
f
Q
=
=
IIQ
relevant modification factors

characteristic rolling or panel shear stress of part being considered
area outside the section multiplied by its lever arm about the neutral axis
width of the shear surface
CEIILEQ where ZfQ is the sum of the EQ of only the required first moments
of area of the parts outside the section being considered and X I is the total sum
of I of the individual parts of the component.
6.6.2.5 Deflections
Deflectioncalculationsfor plywoodcomponentsshall makedue allowancefor bendingand shear
deformation, joint slip and creep. Bending stiffness EI and shear stiffness GA shall be
83

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
design shear force

design shear strength
nominal shear strength
V;
=
@Vn =
@
=
S N Z NZS*3b03 9 3
85831b9 00108bb 589
NZS 3603:I993
determined from the sum of the El's and GAS of the individual parts of the component.
Deflections may be calculated using standard engineering formulae.
6.6.3 Plate action

If plywood bending perpendicularto the face grain is supported on four edges, Appendix G may
be used to allow for plate action.
6.6.4.1 General
Design of plywood components shall make allowance for the stability of the whole and each part
of the component using the stability factor k8.
6.6.4.2 Plywood
Factor
shall be determined from 6.3.8. For stressed skin panels loaded directly on the
compressionskin, stability need not be assessed ifdeflectionsofthe skin are lessthan spadl 80,
assuming simple support conditions in simple beam theory.
6.6.4.3 Other parts
The stability of each part of a component shall be determined from appropriate material
standards. In web beams and diaphragms, the stability of the flange timber under load reversal
and compression buckling should be calculated in accordance with 2.1 O.
C6.6.4
A method for calculating stability factors for webbed beams is given in Chapter BIO of the
Timber Use Manual.
6.6.4.4 Stiffeners in web beams
The recommended distance between vertical stiffeners, L', in flexural components is given by
figure 6.3,for locations where the applied shear is equal to the design shear strength. Where the
applied shear is less, the spacing, Ls may be increased to:
Ls=LS
(l+
(100- Ps)
25
...
.................................
Eq. 6.27)
where p is the applied shear ($1 as a percentage of the design shear ( Vn), provided that
ps shall not be taken as less than 50 %. The maximum value of Lc shall be 3 S or 3hw.
84

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.6.4 Stability
SNZ N Z S + 3 6 0 3 9 3
8583369 0030867 435 W
NZS 3603: 1993
1200
E
,1000
.$
Plywood web thickness
v)
800
c
C
600 -
l5mm
12.5 mm
I
+
5 ply
al
400
200
m
+
v)
-cr
mm
7.5 mm
}3
o
o)
01
200
400
600
800
1000
Distance between stiffeners,
Figure 6.3
1200
1400 1600 1800
2000
i, (mm)
- Stiffener spacing for plywood webs in flexural components
6.6.5 Nailed and screwed joints in plywood

6.6.5.1 General
Refer to 4.2.2.2,5.2.3 and 5.2.4. Provisionsfor nails can be applied also to screws of the same
shank diameter.
6.6.5.2 Spacing of nails in plywood
Spacing of nails and screws in plywood is normallycontrolledby the limits on spacings in framing
timbers. Nails shall not be closer than 3 nail diameters to the edge of the sheet.
6.6.5.3 Nails in withdrawal
Permanentaxial loadingof nails is not recommended. Withdrawalloadsfor nails andscrewsshall
be as for solid timber of the same species.
6.6.6 Other mechanical fasteners
Other fasteners may be used with plywood (bobs, staples etc) provided suitable test data and
design procedures are applied.
6.6.7 Glued interfaces
6.6.7.1 General
Structural glued joints between plywood and timber framing shall comply with 4.7.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


ply
SNZ N Z S * 3 6 0 3
73
8583167 0010868 351
NZS 3603:1993
C6.6.7.7 Nail gluing
For nail gluing ofplywood to fmming timber, nails should be spced at not more than 75 mm
with panels less than 1Ornm thickand no more than 1O0 rnm for ofherpaneis. There should
be a row of nails for each 50 mm nominal width of framing timber. Nails should have a large
head and should be at least three times the plywood thickness in length.
6.6.7.2 Load capacity of a jointed interface
The strength of a jointed interface shall satisfy
....................................................................... (Eq. 6.28)
V; 5 W n c i
where
Vb
$Qnsi
=
=
=
Qnsi =
design shear force

design strength of the joint
nominal strength of the joint
For a glued joint the nominal strength of the joir.. can be taken as the lesser of
Qnci = kl kl4kl5kl7fshw r/Q
.......................................................................
(Eq.6.29)
.......................................................................
(Eq. 6.30)
or
QnSi = kl k l 4 f s UQ
~
and for a nailed joint the nominal strength of the joint can be taken as
kQkwvQ
Qnsi =
..............................
.........................................
(Eq. 6.31)
where
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
load duration factor

characteristicrolling shear stress fs,or panel shear stress fpsfor plywood from
table 6.1 as applicable
characteristic shear stress for timber from table 2
nominal strength of a nail from 4.2.2
effective shear area, calculated as in 6.6.2.4 or
2/3bdfor a rectangular section of uniform glued at neutral axis
nail spacing for a single row of nails
modificationfactors given in 6.3
86

~~~
SNZ N Z S * 3 b 0 3
73
8583167 O010869 298
NZS 3603:1993
7 ROUND TIMBERS
7.1 General
7.1.1
Whether naturally roundtimbers are used as simple structural members, that is as poles or piles,
or as elements of a composite structure, the design procedure shall be similar to that given in
section 3, Design of structural members, subject to the provisions of 7.2 and 7.3.
7.1.2
Naturally round timber shall be assumed to be in the green or dry condition according to its
moisture content at the time of fabrication or installation and in service as shown in table 2.1
except that timbers in ground contact shall in all cases be assumed for design purposesto be in
the green condition at the ground line.
7.2 Characteristic stresses and elastic moduli
The characteristic stresses and elastic moduli for logs, poles, or piles conforming in quality to the
requirementsof NZS 3605 shall be as given by table 7.1.For Australian timbers the values given
by the limit states version of AS 1720 shall be used. The supplier of poles in the high density
category shall either:
(a) Provide evidence that the poles have an outer density exceeding the minimum value
specified, or
(b) Subject the poles to the proof testing requirements of NZS 3605.
Table 7.1 - Characteristic stresses (MPa) and modulus of elasticity (GPa)

for naturally round softwood timber in green condition
I Outer zone density, kg/m3 1
Property
Category
Minimum
r,
ff
fe
fs
fP
High
Normal
450
350
52
38
31
23
25
16
3.5
3.1
7.7
6.4
12.1
8.7
7.3 Design
7.3.1
Round timber members shall be designed using the procedures outlined in section 3 subject to
the additional requirements of 7.3to 7.6and changes to the appropriate section properties.
c7.3.i
The effect of 7.3.1 is that design strengths for naturally round timbers are obtained by
mofying the characteristicstressesof table 7.7 in the same way as for sawn tjmbersbut with
three additional modification factors where applicable.
7.3.2
The slenderness coefficient, Sfor the calculation of stability factor, k8 as used in 3.3.2for round
members in axial compression is defined as:
S = Lldp
where
= length between points of lateral restraint

= mean of diameters at points of lateral restraint.
dP
87
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ N Z S x 3 b 0 3 9 3
8583369 0 0 1 0 8 7 0 T O T
NZS 3603:1993
7.4 Modification factor, k20 for trimming or shaving
The characteristic stress and the modulusof elasticity shall be multiplied by the appropriatevalue
of k20 as given by table 7.2 accordingto the method used to remove the bark. Where a naturally
round timber is shaved to a smooth cylindrical or tapering form, as permitted by NZS 3605, or
where a slab is removed to provide a flat bearing surface, it shall be considered to be machine
shaved. Where the machine usedto remove bark follows the pole contours it shall be considered
to be machined peeled.
Table 7.2 - Peeling or shaving factor, k20

Applied to
fb or ft
fc , $ or fs
E
Machine peeling
Machine shaving
0.90
1.o0
1.o0
0.85
1.o0
0.95
c7.4
7.5 Modification factor, k21 for preservative treatment involving steaming

For timber treated by the alternating pressure method or by the oscillating pressure method, the
characteristic stress and the modulus of elasticity shall be multiplied by the appropriate value of
k21 as given by table 7.3.
c7.5
Thesepressure treatments involve steaming of the timber. Details of the treatmentare given
in Timber Preservation Council specifications.
Table 7.3 - Steaming factor, k21
Applied to
k21
0.85
0.90
0.95
7.6 Modification factor, k22 for dry use conditions

For poles or parts of poles that are dry (see 7.1.2), the characteristic stress and the modulus of
elasticity shall be multiplied by the appropriate value of k22 as given by table 7.4.
Table 7.4
Applied to
- Dry use factor, k22

k22
1.25
1.o6
1.12
7.7 Effective sections

Section properties shall be calculated from the diameter at the critical section.
88

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The characteristicstresses andmoduliof elasticitygiven in table 7.1are applicable when the

processes of branch trimming and bark removal cause no more damage, especially
associated with knot whorls, than occurs in carefullyprepared hand-peeled or hydraulically
debarked poles.
SNZ NZSm3603 93
8 5 8 3 1 b 0010871 946 W
NZS 3603:1993
8 GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
8.1 Scope
Section 8 coversthe designof glued laminatedtimber membersmanufacturedinaccordancewith
NZS 3606.
8.2 Specification
The informationsupplied by the designer to the manufacturerof a glue laminated member shall
include the following:
(a) Length, depth, width and shape of the member;
(b) Camber;
(c) Number, thickness, grade, species, and arrangement of laminations;
(d) Limitations on placement of butt joints (if used);
(e) Exposure category and service equilibrium moisture content;
(f) Preservative treatment (if any);
(9) Surface finish;
(h) Moisture content.

C8.2
Exposure categories and corresponding adhesives are specified in NZS 3606,section 5.
Exposure categories defined therein are:
CategoryA (interior): In buildingsprovided wifh ventilationand withheat either whole orparttime and where the timber is permanently below 18 % moisture content, for example, houses
and offices.
Category B (occasionaiiy damp). In buildings with warm and damp conditions or vely wide
cyclical variations of temperatureand humidity, such as laundries and dye works. Exposed
to exterior atmospherebut sheltered from direct sun and min, such as open sheds,poches
and exposed b e a m under soffits.
Category C (fully exposed): &posed directly to sun and rain, or in buildings with very high
humidity such as wool scouring plants.
8.3 Standard sizes

8.3.1
Standard widths of horizontally laminated members (or depths of vertically laminated members)
should be used.
C8.3.7
Standard widths are shown in table 8.1 when in the finished condition.
8.3.2
Standard thicknesses of laminations in straight members are:
(a) 45 mm if obtained from 50 mm call size laminations;
(b) 19 mm if obtained from 25 mm call size laminations.
89
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ N Z S 1 3 6 0 3 9 3
8583369 0030872 882
Standard or
utility finish
Premium finish
NZS 3603:1 993
Laminations
ex call
dimension
mm
mm
mm
8.3.3
Standard thicknesses for curved members, and the correspondingrecommended minimum radii
of curvature are shown in table 8.2.
Net thickness
of laminations
Thickness
mm
Members with
constant curvature
Radius
mm
Members with
tangent ends
Radius
mm
8.4 Finish
Three levels of finish: utility,standard and premium are specified in NZS 3606to cover the normal
range of requirements.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C8.4
Utility finish should be used where the member is not seen or where appearance is
unimportant, or where the surface irregularities do not impair the fabrication of the total
structure. Standard finish should be used as the normal finish for glue laminated timber
members exposed to view and should have a finish suitable for painting, staining or clear
finishing. Premium finish is the highest quality of finish and is intended for demanding
situations such as handrails and table tops, where close visual and tactile examinations will
be encountered; it is comparable to scraping and fine sanding on cabinet andjoinery work.
8.5 Moisture content
Inthe determinationof design strengths,the moisturecontent shall be consideredto be that which
exists when the member receives its full design load. The timber shall be consideredto be in the
dry condition when it has a moisturecontent lessthan or equal to 18 % and in the green condition
when it has a moisture content greater than or equal to 25 %. The characteristic stress for timber
in a condition between wet and dry shall be obtained by linear interpolation.
90

SNZ N Z S w b 0 3 93
8583369 0030873 719
NZS 3603:1993
8.6 Design
The stresses and elastic moduli for sawn timber set out in section 2, and the design procedures
set oui in section 3 shall apply to glued laminated timber members subject to the additional
requirements of 8.7 to 8.12 inclusive.
8.7 Modification factors
8.7.1 Vertically laminated timber
8.7.1 -2
If several vertically laminated members act together to form a parallel support system as
described in 2.9.1, then the effect of load sharing on bending shear and compression stress may
be obtained by taking the number of elements to be the total number of laminations in the several
glued laminated members.
8.7.2 Horizontally laminated members

8.7.2.1
For a member of rectangular cross section comprising two or more laminationssecurely fastened
together by gluing and loaded in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the gluelines, the
characteristic stresses in bending, tension, compression and shear parallel to the grain may be
increased by the parallel support factor, k(3 given in table 2.7. The number of elements which
support the common load shall be taken to be 1.O, 0.5 and 0.25 times the number of laminations
in a member when evaluating k6 for application to the characteristic stress of tension members,
the compression stress of columns and the bending stress of beams respectively. Linear
interpolation shall be used in table 2.7 as necessary. In evaluating k6 for modifying the
characteristic shear stress of beams, the effective number of elements for shear shall be taken
as four or the number of laminations, whichever is the lesser.
8.7.2.2
If several horizontally laminated members act together to form a parallel support system as
described in 2.9.1, then the Characteristic bending and compression stresses may be further
multiplied by factor,
where the number of elements is the number of horizontally laminated
members carrying the common load.
C8.7.2
The factor
is applied to the characteristic stresses for solid timber and is intended to
account for the effects of glue laminating. Hence it is not used when the characteristic
stresses for glulam elements ha ve been derived directly through the testing of such glulam
elements.
8.7.3 Combination of species or grades of timber

8.7.3.1
Indeterminingthe stress due to bending in interior laminationsof grades or species having lesser
mechanical propertiesthan the exterior laminations, a linear strain distribution shall be assumed.
91

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8.7.1.1
For a member of rectangular cross section comprisingtwo or more laminationssecurely fastened
together by gluing and loaded in a direction parallelto the plane of the gluelines,the characteristic
stress in bending, tension, shear and compression parallelto the grain may be increased by the
parallel support factor, kj given in table 2.7. In the use of this table, the number of elements
carrying a common load shall be taken as the total number of laminations in the member for
bending,tension and shear. For compression parallel to the grain, the number of elements shall
be taken to be equal to the total number of laminationsfor the case of buckling in the plane of the
laminations, and half of the total number of laminationsfor the case of buckling out of the plane
of the laminations.
SNZ NZS*3603 9 3 m 8583169 0030874 6 5 5

NZS 3603:1993
8.7.3.2
The gross section properties of such a member shall be obtained by the method of transformed
areas, whereby the effective width of each lamination is given by:
b,-Ei
b(eff) = -
.........................................................................
(Eq. 8.1)
Eo
where
bi
i
= actual width of the ith lamination

= modulus of elasticity of the ith lamination
Eo = modulus of elasticity of the outermost lamination in tension.

CB.7.3.2
Lamination of species with widely differing shrinkage or elastic properfies may result in high
shear stresses at the gluelines.
8.7.4 Creep deformation
Allowancefor creep effects in glued laminated members shall be consideredasdescribed in 2.7.2
except that a value of 1.5 may be taken for the duration of load factor, k2 for deflection instead
of the value 2.0 specified for sawn timber (for dry members subjected to long duration loads).
8.7.5 Curvature
For the curved portion of horizontally laminated members, the characteristic stress in bending
shall be multiplied by a factor k23:
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
........................................................................ (Eq. 8.2)
where
te
=
=
lamination thickness
radius of curvature of innermost lamination.
8.7.6 Method of grading

For glued laminated members made from machine graded F6 (or No. 1 framing) grade radiata
pine, the modulus of elasticity value from table 2.3 may be multiplied by 1.12.
C8.7.6
NZS 3606 excludespith from F6 (orNo. 1 framing) grade radiata pine when usein the outer
laminations of horizontally laminated members. This increases the effective stiffness of
these members by placing timber of higher stiffness in regions of higher stress. Machine
grading pmvjdes a more precise control of modulus of elasticity than does visual grading,
likewise allowing an increase in design values.
8.7.7 Size factor
The characteristic stresses in bending and tension shall be multiplied by the size factor, k24 as
given in equation 8.3:
k24 = (300 / d)O*67
.........................................................................
where d = depth of a beam or twice the width of a tension member.
92

(Eq. 8.3)
SNZ NZSx3b03 93
8 5 8 3 1 b 9 0010875 591
NZS 3603:1993
C8.7.7
l h e size factor for beams refers to beams of solid glulam. Forbuilt up beams the size factor
shaltbe applied to the individual component; an example of this wouldbe the tension flange
of a box beam. Table 8.3 gives values of k24 for members up to 1500 mm,
Maximum depth of beam or

twicewidthoftension member
mm
300
375
500
625
Value of k24
1.0
0.96
0.92
0.89 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.77
750
1000 1250 1500
8.8.1 Radial stress in curved members

Ifthe bending tends to increase the radius of curvature then, to prevent tensile splitting
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
........ .............. ................................... ..................(Eq. 8.4)

and ifthe bendingtends to decreasethe radiusof curvaturethen, to prevent a compressionfailure
perpendicularto the grain
.........................................................................
(Eq. 8.5)
where
M*
kl
the design bending moment

duration of load factor for strength as given in section 2
load sharing factor for number of beams, as given in section 2
radius of curvature at mid-depth of section
member breadth
member depth
characteristic bearing stress perpendicular to the grain.
k 4 =
R
b
d
=
=
fs
=
f p =
8.8.2 Pitched cambered beams (see figure 8.1)

8.8.2.1
The radial stress induced by bending in a pitched cambered beam of rectangular cross section
is a maximum near the mid-depthof the apex and shall be controlledby 8.8.1,
and if the bending
tends to increase the radius of curvature then, to prevent tensile splitting:
*
kk
M 1-fS-k25
bd2
..................................................................................
(Eq. 8.6)
l8
if the bendingtends to decrease the radius of curvature then, to prevent a compression failure
perpendicularto the grain:
kk
M* I > f ,
bd2
-
...................................................................................
k25


(Eq. 8.7)
SNZ NZSx3603 73
8 5 8 3 1 6 9 OOL087b 428 H
NZS 3603:1 993

where
k25 =
+ k27
E'
d2
k28
.......................................................................
Eq. 8.8)
or is read from figure 8.1 with k26, k27 and k28 from table 8.4.
0.20
/
0.15
/
/
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
UJ
ni
0.10
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Figure 8.1 - Determination of k25 factor for pitched beams

94

0.5
SNZ NZS*3603 73
8583369 0030877 364
NZS 3603:1993
Table 8.4
- Values of constants for calculation of radial stresses in pitched beams
Slope of upper
surface of beam
(degrees)
Value of constant
k26
k27
k2a
2.5
5
7.5
10
15
20
25
30
0.008
0.017
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.09
0.1 2
0.16
0.17
0.13
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.13
0.19
0.23
0.21
0.17
0.14
0.06
0.12
0.06
0.1 1
8.8.2.2
The bendingstress at the cross section through the apex of a pitched beam is a maximum at the
soff it and shall satisfy
M* 2 @k,k4k6k8k24fb2(1+
2.7tana)
......................................................................... (Eq. 8.9)
where
M*
@
kl , k4, k8
k6,k24
Z
fb
= the design bending moment

= modification factors as given in section 2
= modification factors as given in section 8.7 for bending
= section modulus of the beam (for rectangularbeams, 2 = bd2/6where bequals
the breadth and d equals the depth of the beam).
= characteristic bending stress
= slope of the upper surface of the beam.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
8.8.3 Tapered beams (see figures 8.2(a)& (b))

For single or symmetrical double tapered beams carrying a uniformly distributed load, Wthe
criiical stresses shall be determined at the tapered edge at the section of depth, d where
.......................................................................
with de
and dc
(Eq.8.10)
= minimum beam depth

= depth of beam at mid-span.
The location of the section is given by
.......................................................................
(Eq. 8.11)
95

S N Z NZS*3b03 9 3
= 8583169 0010878 2TO
NZS 3603:1993
Stresses shall be determined from
.......................................................................
(Eq. 8.12)
av =axtana
....................................................................... (Eq. 8.13)
cry =axtan2 a
....................................................................... (Eq. 8.14)
The following shall be satisfied
.......................................................................
(Eq. 8.15)
Fb
= 9kl k4k6k8k24fb
FP
FP
= dkl k4fp when the tapered edge is in compression

= 0.33 Fs when the tapered edge is in tension
Fs
= Mk4fS

= modificationfactors as given in section 2
= modificationfactor as given in 8.7
k i , k4, k8
k24
fb
p
fS
OX
=Y
ow
= characteristic bending stress

= Characteristic bearing stress perpendicular to the grain
= characteristic shear stress
= longitudinalstress for tapered beams
= transverse stress for tapered beams
= shear stress for tapered beams
C8.8.3
For the analysis leading to the above requirementssee US Department of Agriculture Report
FPL 34. A practical example is detailed in the American Institute of Timber Construction
Manual. In a tapered beam a component of stress perpendicular to the grain will exist at the
sawn tapered surface. This will be tensile or compressive corresponding with the principal
bending stress in that surface. Where possible the sawn edge should be in compression .
96

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where
SNZ N Z S * 3 6 0 3 9 3 W 8583367 O030879 137
NZS 3603: 1993
1I
r
(a) Single tapered-straight
-1
(b) Double tapered-straight
II
I
I
I-
-1
I.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(cl Double tapered-pitched (tangent ends)
Id) Double tapered-curved (constant curvature)
Figure 8.2
- Simple span tapered beams
8.9 Butt joints

8.9.1
Butt joints shall not be used in the curved portions of curved members.
97

SNZ NZSa3603 9 3
8583169 OOl10880 959 W
NZS 3603: 1993

8.9.2
The interaction of tensile stress, at and shear stress, as at a butt joint (computed on the gross
cross section using linear elastic theory and strength limit state design actions) shall comply with:
(a) In tension members and horizontally laminated beams:
(i)
For outermost laminations -
....................................................................... (Eq. 8.16)

(i) For inner laminations o,t,0*5
+
21.0
15Fsk29 1.7Fsk29
.......................................................................
(Eq.8.17)
.......................................................................
(Eq. 8.18)
(b) In vertically laminated beams:

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(i) For outermost laminations -
(i)
For inner laminations 0tte0a5
51.0
30Fska
....................................................................... (Eq. 8.19)
where
te
FS
=
=
=
$
kl /ql&,
k29
=
=
=
at
US
lamination thickness
$klk4k5fs
modification factors as given in section 2
modification factor as given in 8.9.3
tensile stress at a butt joint
shear stress at a butt joint
8.9.3
The value of the factor k29 shall be 1 .OO, when there are not more than four butt joints located in
zones of maximumstress. The zone of maximumstress is defined as that zone where the tensile
stress is greater than 0.8 at.
Where the number, n of butt joints in zones of maximum stress is five or more then
k29 =
1.3
n0.2
........................................................................ (Eq. 8.20)
C8.9.3
Most manufacturers of glue laminated timber have facilities for the manufacture of high
strength enpints and in general it is not economr'cat and to specifybutt joints because of
the manufacturing difficulfies they cause in moderate length members. They may prove
e c o n o m ~and
l in exceptionally long members with thin laminations.
98

S N Z NZSm3603 9 3
8583169 001088L 895
NZS 3603:1993
8.10 Camber
Camber may be built into members to compensate for deflection and creep under long-term
loading.
c8.10
In simply supported beams, a camber of 1.5 times the deflection due to long-term bad (tha
is, dead load plus effectively permanent superimposed bad) should reSufi in a level Sofffi.
8.11 Holes drilled in fabricated members
The effects of drilled holes shall be allowed for in design.
c8.11
The effect of bolt holes should be considered by using net section properties for design
purposes. Nail holes are generally Considered to have no effect on the strength of timber
members. However, recent testing suggests that the flexural strength of glue laminated
timber may be reduced by large concentrations of nails in regions of high stress.
8.12 Nail plate joints
The nail pattern at moment resisting nail plate joints shall be designed such that the nails do not
cause significant stress concentrations in the glue-laminatedtimber members.
a.
12
Stress concentrations are reduced where the nails are spread over a reasonably large
proportion of the joint area and there is not a large number of nails in any one lamination.
Stress concentrations are also reduced if there are no nails in the outermost lamination.
Where possible, wood qualify in highly stressed outer laminations should be controlled to
avoid finger joints and wood that only just meets the requirements of the specified grade.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
99

SNZ N Z S t 3 6 0 3 73
8583369 0030882 721
NZS 3603:1993
9 DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
9.1 Scope
This section sets out methods for calculating the fire resistanceof load bearing structural timber
members.
9.2 Fire resistance ratings
Fire resistance ratings for load bearing timber elements or assemblies shall be established by:
(a) Standard fire tests in accordance with AS 1530 Part 4 or other approved standard, or
(b) Extrapolation from standard tests using well established criteria, or
(c) Calculation in accordance with design criteria set oui in this document, or
(d) Determination of the time taken to the start of charring of the load bearing timber elements
when shielded by appropriate materials and subjected to the thermal environment of the
standard fire test.
C9.2
Clause 9.2(b) permits extrapolaton of the results of standard tests. For tests of Ibht timber
frame assemblies, the test results may be applied to similar systems where the stud orjoist
size is not less than those tested, the spacings are not greater than those tested, and the
stresses in the structural elements are not greater than those tested. BRAN2 Technical
Recommendation TR9 may be used for walls or floors with larger dimensions or h d s than
those tested,
Clause 9.2(d) provides a means of determining fire resistance ratings for load bearing timber
elements tested in an unloadedconditionin the standard fire test. It is particularly suited to
smallsecticm membersin combination withgypsumplaster board iinings, for example, timber
stud walls and timber joist floors. It is assumed that in the period until the onset of charring
of the timbeq collZpse wouldnotoccur even if the element was fullyioaded, Themethoddoes
not cuver the performance of fastenings atpresent but evidence may be submitted to show
that fastenings can be protected simi/arly.
Where elements are also required to contain a fire, for example, floors and walls, they must
also meet the insulation and integrity requirements of the standard test,
9.3 Loads
Load combinations for fire design are given in NZS 4203.
9.4 Calculation of fire resistance rating of timber elements
9.4.1 Assessment of FRR
The fire resistance rating of a timber element may be assessed by assuming that charring of the
exposed surfaces of the member occurs at a uniformrate. The residual section shall be such that
the member will support the loads set out in 9.3without exceeding the design strengths given
in 9.4.3.
C9.4. f Thermal breakdown of timber

When exposed to the heat of a fire, timber undergoes a thermal breakdown @yrolysis)into
combustible and non-combustible gases, and a hyer of charcoal forms on the burning
surface. The rafe of progress of the pyrolysis is governed by the low the& conductivity of
the timber and the lower coductjviy of the charred layer, which also hiders the access of
oxygen to the timber surface. The total insulating effect of the char and timber is such that
temperatures only a short distance in from the char line will not rise sufficiently to impari the
strength of the w d . The decrease in load carrying capacity of a timber member exposed
to fire will &e a f u n c t h of the reduction in cross sectional area of the member. Small timber
members have negligible fire resistance, but as cmss section dimensions increase, fire
msstance also increases.
1O0
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


S N Z NZS*3603 9 3
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 OOL0883 668
NZS 3603: 1993

9.4.2 Charring rate
Thecharring rate of radiata pine and other timber species of approximately the same density shall
be taken as 0.65 mm per minute. The charring rate of species with significantly greater density
may be established by test or by calculation in accordance with BRANZ Study Report No. 42,
1992.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
c9.4.2 Fire retardant treated timber

Fire retardant treatment is ofgreat value forreducing the rafe of flame spread on the surface
of timber. However,even if faming is d u c e d , a retardant cannot render the timber immune
from structural damageby destructivedistillationunder the heat of burningbuilding contens.
Therehas been little tes work done on retardant-treated heavy timber constructbn, but the
present inication is that treatment has no measurable effect on the total fimresistance of
large section members. For caiculatmn purposes retardant-treated timber should be
assumedto have the same charring rate as untreatedtimber, unless tests from a rec6gtlSed
fire test laboratoiy are supplid.
For the purposes of fire resistance rating calculations the design strength shall be calculated
using a k1 factor of 1.O (for brief duration loads) and a strength reductionfactor, = 1.O, in addition
to any other appropriate modification factors.
9.4.4 Residual cross section
The residualcrosssectionof a structuralelement shall be assessed by deductingfrom the original
cross section dimensions a thickness of material equal to a rate of charring multiplied by the fire
resistance rating period in minutes. The deduction shall be made from each surface exposed to
the fire. Allowance shall be made for accelerated charring at exposed arrises by assuming that
the radius of rounding of the arris equals the calculated depth of charring (see figure 9.1).
I.
- Calculated
p.. y s e c t i o n
depth of charring
Profile of
original
section
Radius of
arris rounding
The radius of arris rounding, r,equals

the calculated depth of charring.
The area of the section lost due to
rounding will be
A =0,215i*
and the centre of gravity of thls area
will lie at a distance from either side
of
y -0.223
Figure 9.1
- Radius of arris rounding

1o1


SNZ NZSS3603 9 3
= 583369 0030884 5 T 4
NZS 3603:1993
~~
9.4.5 Minimum sizes

The design method described above shall not be used for beams or columns less than 90 mm
in any dimension.
9.5.1 Joints
The charring rates given in 9.4.2 shall apply to all exposed surfaces including butting timber-totimber surfaces that are not held in close contact and timber surfaces in contact with or adjacent
to unprotected metal items.
C9.5. I Metal fasteners

where any pari of a metal fastener becomes exposed to heat during a fire, rapid heat
conduction will lead to lacalised charring withpossible loss of anchorage. Where this effect
is likely to lead to the failure ofa structural member which is required to have fire resistance,
protection of the fastener should be provided:
(a) By embedment of the fastener so that all parts of the metal remain within the residual
section. Any countersunk holes should be plugged with timber glued in position; ur
(b) By covering the fastener with a suitable protecting material, for example, timber,
plastehoad, or equivalent;
Special affentbn should be paid to the fixing of protective materials to ensure that they will
remain in position for the required period of fire resistance.
9.5.2 Glues
Glue laminated timber members, glued with thermo-setting synthetic resins such as urea
formaldehyde, resorcinol formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde or
mixtures of these may be considered to resist fire attack in an equal manner to solid timber.
9.5.3 Gaps in members
Members with gaps, or members with parallel laminations nailed or bolted together shall not be
treated as one section but shall have the fire resistance rating assessed by considering that the
fire may reach all faces of each lamination.
c9.5.3
Structures should be detailed to achieve solid masses with smooth surfaces and members
close fitting to avoid cracks, gaps or concealed spaces likely to have a flue action during a
fire. Thin sections and sharp projections should be avoided. Abutting surfaces can be
painted with intumescent paint to reduce the likelihood of fire penetration.
9.5.4 Solid f h t s
The fire resistanceof asolid timber floorshall becalculatedby assuming lossoftimber by charring
from the underside of the floor only. Vertical joints between planks shall be sealed to prevent
direct passage of the fire from floor to floor. Where a timber tongue and groove joint seal is used
the thickness of the tongue shall be 1.1. times the thickness of char calculated for the particular
fire resistance rating period.
9.5.5 Beams
The charring shall be subtractedfrom all faces of beams except those areas protectedby a floor
of equal or greater fire resistance. The slenderness coefficient for lateral buckling shall be
calculated using 3.2.5.2, consideringthe size of the residual cross section and the fire resistance
of those members intended to provide lateral restraint.
102

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
9.5 Details of construction
SNZ N Z S * 3 b 0 3
93
= 8583367 0030885 430

NZS 3603:1993
c9.5.5
The section modulus, Z,, of a charred beam can be calculated as fol10ws:
Four sided chatring:
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2,= -[(b1
2tc)(d - 2tC)* - 2.58tc2(d- 2tc)] ...................................................
(Eq. 9.1)
6
or
Z,= --(d
1
- 2tc)[(b- 2tc)(d - 2tc)- 2.58tc2].....................................................
(Eq. 9.2)
Three sided chambg:
2,= -[(b1
2tC)(d-2tc)' -t29fc2(d - t c ) ]
6
.....................................................
(Eq.9.3)
or
Z,=-(d
1
6
- tc)[(b- 2tc)(d- tc)-1.92tc2]..........................................................
(Eq. 9.4)
where
b
d
tc
breadthofbeam
depthofbeam
thickness of charring
9.5.6 Columns
The charring shall be subtracted from all surfaces of a column except those protected by a wall
of equal or greater fire resistance in close contact with the column.
The relationship between cross section dimensions of the charred section and fire resistance is
dependent on stress, slenderness and end restraint. Calculations shall be made for each
particular case.
No rotational restraint in direction at the ends (as distinct from positional restraint) shall be
assumed in determining the effective length of the residual column unless it can be shown that
such restraint exists.
103

SNZ NZS*3603 93 W 8 5 8 3 3 6 9 003088b 377
10 TESTING OF TIMBER STRUCTURES

10.1 General
10.1.1 Application
The testing of full-size timber structures or parts of structures (called units in this section) may
be carried out to demonstrate compliance with this Standard. The test arrangement shall
represent as closely as possible the proposed structure or part of the structure.
This section shall not apply to the following circumstances:
(a) The determination of characteristic stresses or strengths;
(b) The grading of timber;
(c) The quality control of production processes;
(d) The testing of structural scale models.
10.1.2 Type of test

The testing shall take the form of
(a) Prototype or sample testing complying with 10.6, or
(b) Proof testing complying with 10.7.
ClO.7.2
Prototype resting is the testing of one or more units to ascertain the structural adequacy of
units that are tobe manufactured nornina//yequalorbetter than those tested. Sampletesthg
is the testing of a sampleof units randomlyselectedfroman existngsef of units. Proof testing

is the testing of any one unfi to determine the structural adequacy of that unk
10.1.3 Agreement on acceptance criteria
Before testing commences, the parties concerned shall agree upon the load values, strengths
and stiffness criteria, RA (see 10.4.7) and any other relevant criteria.
10.2 Testing authority
The testing of units shall be carried out by an agency agreed by the parties concerned.
c10.2
An example of the "agemy" would be a !&oratory registered by the Testhg Laboratory
Registration Council (Telarc) for the partkular tests concerned or a Design Engineer.
10.3 Testing conditions
C10.3
Albwance should be made for eflecfs of misture content, duration of M i n g , symmetry of
loading, support from adjacent units or members, eccentricity of suppotis, and eccentric*
of load application if these differ significantly from actual senke condithns.
10.3.1
The actual service conditions shall be simulated as closely as possible in both the application of
test loads and the support of the units tested.
10.3.2
Where service conditions cannot be simulated then allowance shall be made to compensate for
the expected effects.
104
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSN(3b03 9 3 M 85831b9 O010887 203 M
NZS 3603:1993
10.4 Test procedure
10.4.1
The test load shall be calculated in accordance with 10.6 or 10.7 as appropriate.
10.4.2
Each unit shall be preloaded. Preloading shall consist of applying to the unit a load equal to the
long term serviceability design load for a period of 5 min, after which time it shall be removed.
10.4.3
A load-deflection trace shall be plotted during each test on each unit. The load-deflectiontrace
need not be obtained during the preloading unless specifically requested by one of the parties
concerned.
C10.4.3
The load-deflection trace will serve not only as a checkagainst observationaterrors but also
to inkate any irregularities in the units behavbur under load and fo enabfe a particular
weakness to be investigated as the test progresses. It is desirable that a minimum of six
points, not including the zero loadpolnt, be obtainedto define the shape of theload-deflection
trace if it is predominantly linear, and a minimum of 7 U points if it is significanty non-linear.
10.4.4
The rate of application of the load shall be decided upon by all parties concerned.
10.4.5
The unit shall be loaded up to the stiffness test load (TA)and the deflection at this load shall be
recorded. The load shall be removed at the same rate as it was applied until no load is acting.
The deflection shall be recorded in the no load state. The load shall then be applied until the load
has reached the strength test load (TLB). The deflection shall then be recorded. The load shall
be removed at the same rate as it was applied until no load is acting. The deflection at zero load
shall be recorded.
10.4.6
Any unexpected behaviour occurring to any unit during the test shall be recorded.
10.4.7
The ratio, RA shall be computed as follows:
RA = Irrecoverable deflection due to load TLA .......................................................

Deflection under load T U
Eq. 10.1)
where RA is an appropriate value for the units concerned.

C10.4.7
Appropriate values of RA depend on the type of units and on the dkectiorrs of the dead and
superimposed loads, and COUMbe as follows:
Type of structure
RA
Beams, solid or glulam

Po& frames, gluedjoints
Shear walls, glued panei materials
o, O5
Portal frames, mechanically fastened

Trusses, nail plate fasteners
io, 10
Shear walls, mechanically fastened

Floor diaphragms, panel materials, nailed
0.20
105
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


NZS 3603:1993
10.5 Acceptance criteria
10.5.1 Acceptance for stiffness
The unit shall pass the stiffness test if the following criteria (a) and (b) are satisfied:
(a) RA is less than or equal to the agreed value
(b) The stiffness given by the ratio,
TU
is in accordance with the agreed
deflection at load TL4
criteria.
10.5.2 Acceptance for strength

The unit shall pass the strength test if the test load TL5 is attained and, for the case of proof
testing, no unacceptable permanent damage occurs during testing.
10.6 Prototype or sample testing
10.6.1.1
The number of units to be tested, the method of ensuring that prototypesare representativeof
probable production, and the method of random selection from the total population shall be
agreed by all parties concerned.
10.6.1.2
If any one unit fails to meet the acceptancecriteria for strength or stiffness then the test has not
been passed. The total population that the units represent is deemed to be unacceptable.
C10.6. I
Further testing of additional units may show that the population is acceptable because kj 9
reduces as the sample size increases. Alternatively,proof testing could be used to determine
the acceptable members of th8 population.
10.6.2 Test loads
(a) The stiffnesstest load (TA)shall be the most critical serviceability limit state load given in the
relevant sections of NZS 4203.
(b) The strength test load (TLB) shall be:
U
TL5 = k3ok31ksz -.....................................................................................................
kl
Eq. 10.2)
where
U = the most critical ultimate limit state load given in NZS 4203
kl = load duration factor as given in table 2.4 and as used in the design
b o = as given in table 10.1
kl = as given in table 10.2
k32 = as given in table 10.3.
C10.6.2
All likely combinations of permanent loads and imposed loads of short duration, including
those due to wind, earthquakeand, whereapplicable, those due to impact, shallbe taken into
account when determining the worst loading conditions. The value of k l should be that value
associated with the briefest load in the most critkal combination of loads. k31 is a facfor to
compensate for the time to reach test load being greater than 15 minutes. The coeffkient of
variationassociated with the sampling factor k32is chosen on the basis of experiencealready
106

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10.6.1 General
8 5 8 3 1 6 9 O010889 O86
S N Z N Z S * 3 6 0 3 93
NZS 3603:1993
gained with similar types of structures as those being tested. The coefficient of variation
refers to the overall performance of the parent population from whkh the fest units were
taken.
Table 10.1 - Compensation factor, ..
~ o
Structure or structural element
k 0
Beams with slenderness coefficients

greater than 1O, and all columns:
1.1
1.4
Timber initially dry

Timber initially green
Metal connectors:
Failure in timber that is initially green
For failure of metal
1.2
kl /k31
For all other
1 .o
k3 1
15 min
30 min
l h
2h
6h
1.o0
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.90
Table 10.3
- Sampling factor, ir372
Likely coefficient of variation (see table 10.4)
Sample size
n
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
14
>19
1.27
1.20
1.16
1.14
1.12
1.o9
1.O5
1.O3
1.o0
1.45
1.33
1.26
1.22
1.18
1.13
1.O8
1.O4
1.o0
1.66
1.47
1.37
1.31
1.26
1.19
1.12
1.O5
1.o0
1.91
1.64
1.50
1.41
1.34
1.25
1.15
1.07
1.00
2.21
1.83
1.64
1.52
1.43
1.31
1.19
2.56
2.05
1.80
1.65
1.53
1.38
1.23
1.10
1.o0
2.98
2.31
1.98
1.78
1.64
1.45
1.27
1.12
1.o0
1.09
1.00
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Time to
reach TLB
10.7 Proof testing

C10.7
In the case of proof testing only those units that carry the agreed test loads and meet the
agreed stiffness criteria are deemed to be acceptable.
107

SNZ NZS*3603 73
8583167 0010890 B T 8
NZS 3603:1993
10.7.1 Test loads
The critical combination of design loads shall be determined by the person responsible for the
design, as follows:
(a) The stiffness test load (TLA)shall be the most criflical serviceability limit state load given in
the relevant sections of NZS 4203.
(b) The strength test load (TLB) shall be:
U
nB=
........................................................................ Eq. 10.3)
kmk31K
Likely range of coefficients

of variation of strengths
of individual units
Structure or element
Framing timber Bending strength

Tensile strength
Compression strength
(as short column)
Finger-jointedelements
Bending strength
0.30
0.35
0.45
0.15
0.20
0.20
Connections Nailed joints

Toothed plate and other
mechanical fasteners
0.15 - 0.20
0.15
0.10 - 0.15
NOTE - It should be appreciated that where the population of a particular type of unit is continuously
increasing, quality control tests will gradually build up an adequate sample andthus providethe most reliable
value for the coefficient of variation. Where the population is very limited, that is, only a few units of the
particulartype are to be manufactured or constructed, it would generally be more economical, and certainly
provide more reliable information as to their probable service performance, if each one of the units were to
be proof-tested rather than one or two being selected as prototype and tested as such.
10.8
Reporting of tests
The testing authoriiy shall prepare a report of the test on each unit, which shall include clear
statements on:
(a) The conditions of testing, including the method of loading, the method of measuring
deflection, the agreed strength and stiffness criteria and any other relevant data.
(b) The average moisture content of the timber of the tested unit at the tirne of assembly.
(c) The nature and size of defects in the timber, especially at the point of failure, if failure occurs.
(d) The test results.

(e) Whether or not each unit satisfied the strength and stiffness criteria agreed upon by all
parties concerned.
(f)
The average density of the timber at time of test of each unit tested, provided that density
measurements are feasible.
(9) The loading required to be sustained by the structure or structural element as supplied by
the person responsible for the design and in accordance with NZS 4203.
108
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


85831b9 O O L O 8 9 1 7 3 4
SNZ NZS*3b03 93
NZS 3603:1993
APPENDM A
THE DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHS FOR METAL FASTENERS
FOR TIMBER
A l General
Characteristicstrenghsformetalfasteners intimber shall be determinedby the requirementsset
out in AS 1649 as modified by A2 and A3.
A2 Modifications to AS 1649
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) Joints shall be assembledwet (moisturecontent greater than 30 %) and tested dry (moisture
content 16I2 %), except that joints may be assembled dry and tested dry, or assembled wet
and tested wet, provided that the chosen moisture conditions are representative of those in
the timber during its expected use.
(b) Fasteners that are intended for use under a loading condition other than that provided for in
AS 1649 shall be tested in such a manner as to represent that loading condition.
(c) For category C fasteners tests shall be arranged to;
(i) Induce maximum effects in the plate-timber connection,

(i) Induce maximum effects in the plate.
(d) Characteristic strengths shall be calculated as the 5 percentile load based on a log-normal
distribution. The formulae for calculating characteristic strengths become:
Withdrawal loads:
For nails
LPL
(30x 1.5)
N/mm
For screws
LPL
(15 x 2.0)
N/mm
Lateral loads:
Category A fasteners
Category B fasteners
Category C fasteners
Category D fasteners
where ne
LPL2 /2
LPU2
LPL2/ne
LPL2 /ne
N
N
N
N
= number of single shear units acting in the joint
Values of klisted in clause B4 of Appendix B of AS 1649 shall be replaced by the following:

Number of test results
10
11
12
14
16
18
22
26
30
1.92
1.89
1.87
1.83
1.81
1.79
1.76
1.74
1.73
A3 Density adjustment
The characteristic strengths determined by the procedures set out in section 6.0 of AS1649 shall
be modified to represent the characteristic strength for the fastener when applied to a timber
~~
1o9

SNZ N Z S x 3 b 0 3 9 3
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0030892 670
NZS 3603:1993
having an average density equal to the referencedensity for that timber. The referencedensity
for radiata pine and Douglas fir shall be as set oui below:
Density type
kg/m3
Moisture
content %
Basic
Nominal
Nominal
Nominal
Test
Test
Test
Oven dry
Radiata
pine
Douglas
fir
20
41O
434
428
423
486
497
508
416
481
49 1
500
452
452
12
16
20
12
16
400
430
423
where
Basic density
Nominal density
Test density
Oven dry density
oven dry weightkolurne when green

oven dry weightvolume at nominated misture content
= weight at nominated moisture contentholume at nominated moisture content
= oven dry weighoven dry volume
=
Therefore:
Characteristicstrength =
110
Characteristic strength at test x (Reference density)

(Average test density)
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

SNZ NZSw3b03 9 3
85833b9 0030893 507
NZS 3603: 1993

APPENDIX B
LATERAL AND TORSIONAL BUCKLING RESTRAINTS
61 General
B1.l
The following methodmay be usedfor a design of slender beamshaving equally spaced buckling
restraints. The restraintsystems consideredare either lateralor torsional ones as shown infigure
B1, where the restraint stiffness KA and Ks are defined as follows:
FA
KAAA
................................................................................... (Eq. B l )
TB
KBBB
...................................................................................
(Eq. 82)
where FA and Ts are the restraint force and torque respectively that occur when the point of
attachment of the restraint to the beam undergoes a displacement AA and rotation BB . It is
assumed that the ends of beams are effectively restrained against torsional rotation (see C2.1).
B I.2 Notation
Notation to be used in the design formulae is defined as follows:
43
=
=
=
1.O when loads are live loads only
1.5 when loads are dead loads only and timber is initially dry
2.0 when loads are dead loads only and timber is initially green.
Note that values of k33 for other conditions may be obtained by linear interpolation.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
k34
=
=
1.O for sawn timber members

0.4 for laminated and other carefully fabricated timber members
k35
m+ 1
lesserof -and 5
2
rn
nr
=
=
Sm, =
Smjn. =
number of members supported by each restraint system

number of equally spaced intermediate restraints
slenderness coefficient if there are no restraints
slenderness coefficient if the restraints are effectively rigid.
(a) Column lateral

restraint
(b) Beam lateral

restraint
(c) Beam torsional

restraint
Figure B1 - Intermediate restraints
111

SNZ N Z S * 3 6 0 3
8583169 0010894 4 4 3
73
NZS 3603:1993
8 2 Columns
62.1 Load capacity
In computing the load capacity of a column of length, L with nf intermediate lateral restraints as
shown in figure B1 (a), the slenderness coefficient, S3 may be taken as:
sma.
s3 -- 0.25
..<
.......................................................................
al
but not less than Smjn. and not more than Sm,
(Eq. 83)
and where:
.........................................................................
(Eq. 84)
62.2 Force on lateral restraints

The design force FA on the lateral restraints of a column subjected to an axial load PA may be
taken as
.........................................................................
(Eq. B5)
B3 Beam with lateral restraints

63.1 Load capacity
In Computing the load capacity of a beam of length, L with nf intermediate lateral restraints as
shown in figure Bl(b), the slenderness coefficient, S1 may be taken as:
.........................., ................................................
(Eq- B6)
but not less than Smjn. and not more than Sma., where
.......................................................................
(Eq.B7)
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
83.2 Force on lateral restraints

The force, FA,on each lateral restraintof beam subjectedto a bending moment, MAmay be taken
as
........................................................................
(Eq. B8)
for members of rectangular section and for box beams, or
FA = k33 k34 k35
O. 1MA
d(n, + 1)
.........................................................................
for I-beams
112

(Eq. B9)
~~
SNZ NZSx3b03 93 W 8583169 0010895 38T
m
NZS 3603:1993
8 4 Beam with torsional restraints

B4.1 Loadcapacity
In computing the load capacity of a beam of length, L with nrintermediatetorsional restraints as
shown in figure B1(c), the slenderness coefficient, SImay be taken as:
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
s, =
%ax*
(1+ a3)0.25
......................................................................
but not less than Smin. and not greater than S,
(Eq. B10)
and where
.......................................................................
(Eq. B11)
B4.2 Torque on torsional restraints

The torque Tgon each restraint of a beam subjected to a bending moment MAmay be taken as
TB = k33k34k35
O.4MA
.......................................................................
(Eq. 812)
for members of rectangular section and for box beams, or
TB = k33k34k35
0.15M~
(n, + 1)
.......................................................................
(Eq.813)
for I-beams.
113

S N Z NZS*3603 9 3
8583L69 0030896 2Lb
NZS 3603:1993
APPENDIX C
C1 General
c 1.I
To evaluate the stability factor k8 of 2.10 the slenderness coefficient of a beam shall be defined
by:
0.5
.........................................................................
(Eq. C l )
~ stiffness in bending about the XX axis, ythe distance from the neutral axis
where ( ~ 1is)the
to the extreme fibre, and &the Euler buckling moment of the beam.
NOTE- In some odd cases, the evaluation of the aboveformulafor asolid beam of rectangularsection, can
leadto avalue of S1 greaterthan given bythe formula in 3.2.5.2. In such acase, the value as given by3.2.5.2
may be used for obtaining ka.
c1.2
The evaluation of the slenderness coefficient requires a knowledge of ME, the Euler buckling
moment. Values of the Euler moment for particular structural situations can be obtained from
standard texts on structural analysis. However, as an aid to design, some values of the Euler
moment are presented in the following clauses.
C2 End-supportedbeams
C2.1 General
The following recommendationsare applicable to end-supportedbeams of bisymmetricalcross
sectionfor which the contributionof warping stiffnessto the bucklingstrength may be neglected.
The ends of supports are assumed to be effectively restrained against twisting. This condition
will be satisfied if the supports possess a torsional stiffness in excess of 20(GJ)lL, where GJis
the torsional stiffness of the beam and L is its length. For rectangular sections:
J=
( "d")"B
1
.........................................................................
(Eq. C2)
A useful reference for information on more general sections, including the effects of warping
stiffness, is the following:
NETHERCOT, D.A., and ROCKEY, K.C. 'A Unified Approach to the Elastic Lateral Buckling of
Beams', The Structural Engineer, Vol. 49, No. 7, July 1971, pp 321-330. (For erratum see Vol.
51, No. 4, April 1973, pp 138-139.)
C2.2 Beams with intermediate buckling restraints

The Euler value of the maximum moment between two buckling restraints may be taken as:
...........................................................................
114
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


(Eq. C3)
SNZ N Z S + 3 b 0 3 9 3
= 8583169
0010897 1 5 2
=
NZS 3603:1993
where
(E& (i),, = effective stiffness for bending about the major and minor axes respectively
GJ
= effective torsional stiffness
a
cs
= constant obtained from table C1

= distance between buckling restraints.
Lay
For rectangular sections of solid wood, a consetvative approximationto thevalue of slenderness

coefficient obtained from formulae (Cl)and (C3)is:
0.5
........................................................................
Table C1
(Eq. C4)
- Coefficients for slenderness factor of bisymmetrical beams with

intermediate buckling restraints
Slenderness factor C5
Moment parameter
b
(see diagram below)
1 .o
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1 .o
restraint
condition
Fixed
restraint
condition
3.1
4.1
5.5
7.3
8.0
6.3
8.2
11.1
14.0
14.0
NOTE - In tables C1 and C2, the values of the coeff icients Qj and CG apply to beams with lateral restraints
only at their end joints. However, these coefficients may be used for any other beam load system that has
a similar shape of bending moment diagram between points of lateral restraint.
Intermediate
buckling
/ restraints \ I
Y
(al Side elevation of beam
(b) Diagram of bending moment between buckling restraints
T h e buckling restraints must prevent rotation of the beam about the U axis. The terms free
and fixed restraint conditions refer to the possibility for rotation of the beam about the YY axis
at the restraint locations.
115
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZS+3b03 93
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 0030898 O99
NZS 3603:1993
C2.3 Beams with 170 intermediate buckling restraints
For this case the Euler value of maximum moment may be taken as:
aGJ
..................................................
where
Cg. Q
=
=
Lay
height above centroid of the point of load application

constants obtained from table C2
L = spanofbeam.
For b e a m loaded only by end moments, formula (C5)may be used with

coefficient Q taken from table C1.
C, = h = O and the
For rectangular cross sections of solid wood, a conservative approximation of the value of
slenderness coefficient obtained from fomulae (Cl)and (C5)is:
4.8-
s, =
dLay
b2
.........................................................................
(Eq. C6)
Formulae (C4) and (C6)are good approximations when b 5 O. 5d.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
C3 Continuously restrained beams

For beam of bisymmetrical cross section, continuously restrained against lateral displacement
at a distance, yo below the neutral axis (see figure Cl),the Euler moment, MEmay be taken as:
Neu trai
axis
Figure C I
116

~~
SNZ N Z S * < 3 6 0 3 93
~~
8583369 0030899 T25 W
NZS 3603: 1993

Table C2 - Coefficients for slenderness factors of bisymmetrical beams with no
intermediate buckling restraints
Bending moment
M
Slenderness
factors
c5
C6
Free
Fixed
3.6
6.1
1.4
1.8
Free
Fixed
4.1
5.4
4.9
5.2
Free
Fixed
4.2
6.7
1.7
2.6
Free
Fixed
5.3
6.5
4.5
5.3
Free
Fixed
Fixed
4.0
2.0
Fixed
6.4
2.0
3.3
1.3
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Loading
Conditi
of end
restrair
againsl
rotatioi
about
Y axis
See diagram in table C1 (free ends of cantilevers excepted).

NOTE - In table C2,the values of the coefficients C5 and 6 apply to beams with lateral restraints only at
their end joints. However, these coeff icients may be usedfor any other beam load system that has a similar
shape of bending moment diagram between points of lateral restraint.
117

SNZ NZS*3603 93 W 8583169 0010700 577
NZS 3603:1993
APPENDIX D
DI
To evaluate the stability factor
of 2.10, the slenderness coefficient of a column shall be
denoted by &for bendingabout the majoraxisonly and S3for bending about the minoraxisonly.
The value of the slenderness coefficient shall be obtained from
...........................................................
(Eq.DA)
where (EA) is the effectivestiffness under axial loading, and PEis the Euler buckling load of the
column.
For pole timbers, the effective column cross-sectionmay be taken as equal to the cross section
at a location 0.4 La from the smaller end of an unrestrained portion of a column.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
For a bisymmetricalcolumn, continuously restrained against lateral displacement at a distance

yofromthe neutralaxis (seefigure Dl), the slendernesscoefficient with respectto lateral buckling
may be obtained from the following formulae:
0.823(A)
s3=[
PE
.....................................................................
where
(EA 1
( U ) ,,
(GJ1
=
=
=
effective axial stiffness

effective bending stiffness about major and minor axes
effective torsional stiffness
Neutral
axis
Figure D I - Continuously restrained column
118

(Eq.D2)
~~
S N Z N Z S x 3 6 0 3 93
8 5 8 3 1 6 9 0010701 403
m
NZS 3603:1993
APPENDIX E
DEFORMATIONAND DISPLACEMENTMODULUSOFMECHANICALLYFASTENEDJOINTS
EI
Where specific test information is not available for the stiffness of the joints to be used in the
structure, the displacement between abutting faces of the two members secured by mechanical
fasteners may be estimated from the following formula:
6 = 6,
+ 6, = KP
.........................................................................
(Eq. E l )
where
Sp
61
K
=
=
displacement due to load P (mm)

initial slip in joint (mm)
displacement modulus (N/mm)
The following values of Kand 61 give reasonableapproximationsto displacements occurring in

mechanically fastened joints with due regard to the effect of duration of load and repeated
applications of live loads:
For bolts, split-rings connectors and shear plates -
.........................................................................
(Eq. E21
Qck and P being in newtons
61
for a load superimposed on an existing load,
for bolted joints with holes drilled 1.5 mm oversize,
~ ~ 0 . 5
1
2,,0,5
for split-ring connectors or shear plates.
where
k36
=
=
number of fasteners sharing load

0.85 for unseasoned timber
1.O0for seasoned timber
Values of k37 are given in table E l .
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


119
SNZ NZS*3603 93 W 8583167 0010902 3 4 T
NZS 3603:1993
Table E l
- Duration of load factor, k37
Factor, k37
Duration of load
10
3
1.5
1
Seasoned
members
Unseasoned
members
5
2
1.5
1
4
2
1.5
120
Seasoned
members
3
2
1.5
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Unseasoned
members
More than 6 months
2 weeks - 6 months
5 minutes - 2 weeks
less than 5 minutes
Bolts, split-rings
and shear plates
Nails

S N Z NZS+3b03 9 3
8583169 OOLO903 286
m
NZS 3603: 1993
APPENDIX F
METHOD OF COMPUTING EFFECTIVE SECTION PROPERTIES OF PLYWOOD
CF
The method in this Appendix is baseci on standard engineerng elastk bending theory for
layered materials using a transformedareaapproach. Any similar method may be used. The
alternative methods given in AS 2269/NZS 3614 are similar but do not include section
prqoerties for shear.
For plyw~odstressed perpendicular to the face grain factors, k75 and k16 may be used
instead of calculated section properties.
F1
Figure F1 (a) depicts a cross section of 7-ply plywood, but the same method can be used for
plywood with any (odd) number of plies. Assuming that it is symmetrical in respect of both the
thickness and the elastic moduli of corresponding veneers on opposite sides of the central
axis, that is that the neutralaxis lies in the central plane, the effective values of area, moment of
inertia, section modulus, and first moment of area of the section may be computed as set out in
F2 and F4.
Parallel plies
x1= t
Perpendicular
la) Typical plywood cross section

--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(7-ply shown, notation to be adjusted appropriately for other assemblies)
End grain
Side grain
(b) Plywood face grain
Figure F1 Dimensions and nomenclature used in Appendix F
121

~~
8583369 0030904 3 3 2
SNZ N Z S J 3 6 0 3 9 3
NZS 3603:1993
F2
The actual propertiesof the parallel plies, that is, plies whose grain is parallel to the face grain,
and perpendicularplies, that is, plieswhose grain is perpendiculartothe face grain, areobtained
separately. Thus, for a strip of unit width:
Area
+ ~3 -
Parallel plies
AL = ( X I - x 2
Perpendicular plies
A, = (x2 -x3 +x4)
~ 4 )
Moment of inertia
Parallel plies
IL = 0.083( x l 3 - xz3 + ~ 3 ~4~ )
Perpendicular plies
1, = 0.083(xg3 - ~3~+ ~4~ )
First moment of area
Only the material lying outside the critical plane for rolling shear in a panel acting as a beam is
consideredfor first moment of area.
In this Appendix the critical plane is assumed to be the central veneer in all cases (but see figure
6.2). Consequentlythe expressionsfor QLand 0 1 are slightly in error for 5-ply and 9-ply panels,
and the expressions for Q,yand 9 are slightly in error for 7-ply and 11-ply panels.
- xZ2 + ~3~ - ~
Parallel plies
QL = O.125(X:
Perpendicular plies
Q, = 0.125(x2 - xS2 + x42)
F3
The actual propetties of the set of plies with graintransversetothe directionof stress are reduced
by the ratio, rof the modulus of elasticity of the veneer across the grain to that along the grain;
and finally, the contributions of the two sets of plies are added to give effective properties as
follows:
(For stiffness calculations, r is assumed to be 0.03, and for strength calculations, r is zero, in
computing the properties below).
Effective area
For stress parallel to face grain

For stress perpendicular to face grain
For stress at 4 5 O to face grain and
for panel shear stress
A1 = A L + rAx
A2 = Ax + rAL
A3 = X I
Effective moment of inertia

122
Il
= IL + rIx
I2 = Ix
+ rIL
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSx3b03 9 3
8583Lb9 0010905 059
NZS 3603:1993
Effective sectional modulus
For stress parallel to face grain Z1= 211
X1
For stress perpendicularto the face grain the outer transversetension ply is taken as completely
ineffective, but the consequent slight change of neutral axis is neglected, so that
z
2 = 2(Ix + r (IL - Id)/ x2
= 2(12- r i d ) / x2
where
I , =- ((xi - ~ 2+ ~) ( X~-I x2)(x1+ ~

96
2 ) for
~ all
) assemblies
Effectivefirst moment of area

C?1=Q,-+rQ,
0
, = Q, + rQL
F4
The full geometrical properties of cross sections apply in respect of panel shear and plywood
bending at angles to the face grain (see section 6).
123
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSr3603 73
= 8583367
OOLO7Ob T95
NZS 3603:1993
APPENDIX G
DESIGN OF PLYWOOD PANELS SPANNING IN TWO DIRECTIONS
G1
Where plywood is supported on all edges, for example on a grid system of joists and blocking,
it will effectively span in two directions if the value of a parameter B is less than 1.8:
G2
For convenience the U w ratios corresponding to B = 1.8 are given in table G1.
63
Such theoretical solutions as are available for panels where B < 1.8 are given in table G2.
G4
For panels where B> 1.8, the maximumbending stress is controlled by span in the width direction
and for small deflections, taking the centres of the joists as support lines, simple beam theory is
adequate.
Table G1 Maximum length to width (L/w)ratios for plate bending action in plywood
Direction of face grain
Type of plywood
Along length,
Unsanded 3 ply
Unsanded5 ply
Sanded 3 ply
Sanded 5 ply
Across width, w
1.o
1.5
1.1
1.6
3.4
2.5
3.1
2.4
>
Type of load
Type of
support
Simple
Uniformly distributed
Central point load
A=Gj9d/EIw
A = CgBPW3 I E Z W
M, = C49w2
Clamped
A=C&@/EIW
124
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


S N Z NZS*3603 9 3
m 8583169 O010907 921 m

NZS 3603:1993
Table G3 Values of constants,
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 .o
1.2
1.4
1.6
2.0
c3
c4
0.0003
0.0014
0.0034
0.006
0.008
0.01o
0.011
0.013
0.031
0.068
0.104
0.125
0.125
0.125
O.125
0.125
to C7 inclusive
c7
c5
0.0032
0.0047
0.012
0.016
0.018
0.019
0.020
0.020
0.0001
0.0003
0.0008
0.0015
0.0020
0.0023
O.0025
0.0026
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


0.62
0.84
0.97
1 .o0
1 .o0
1 .o0
1 .o0
1 .o0
SNZ N Z S S 3 6 0 3 9 3
8 5 8 3 L b 9 OULU908 868 M
NZS 3603:1993
APPENDIX H
LOCAL BUCKLING OF PLYWOOD ELEMENTS IN COMPRESSION
H1 ka for plywood panels
The stability factor Iqj is dependenton the slendernessratio, Sas defined in H2.2, H2.3 and H3.2.
Table H I Stability factor, k8 for compression

S
Less than 1O
10
15
20
25
k8
k8
1.o0
1.o0
30
35
0.78
40
0.60
0.44
45
0.31
0.23
0.18
0.1 4
0.1 1
50
H2 Unloaded, edges unsupported

H2.1
Unloaded unsupportededges may occur in the gussets of a truss or frame. This type of situation
should be avoided in design.
H2.2
For face grain parallel or perpendicular to the stress, the slenderness ratio is given by:
...................................................................................
(Eq. HA)
where h = the unsupported length and values of A and Zare taken according to the direction of
the face grain.
H2.3
For face grain at eo
to the stress, the slenderness ratio is given by:
S,
=Th
................................................................................... (Eq- H2)
H3 Unloaded, edges supported

H3.1
A typical example of unloaded, edges supported is the compression skin of a stressed skin
panel.
H3.2
The slenderness ratio for calculation for the stability factor is given by:
s,
= 0.126C7+5
................................................................................... (Eq. H3)
where C7 is given in table G3 and the stress is parallel to the length direction of the panel.
H3.3
For design purposes, C7 may be taken as 1.Ofor length to width (Uw)ratios greater than half
those given in table G1 which will be true for usual stressed skin panel constructions.
126
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


SNZ NZSx3b03 9 3
= 8583169 OOLO909
7T4
=
NZS 3603:1993
H3.4
As a design aid, the maximumwidth to thickness (w/t) ratios for 3-ply and 5-ply panels for which
k8 = 1.O, are given in table H2.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Table H2 Maximum width to thickness (wb) ratios for plywood panels stable in
cornpression
Direction of face grain
Type of plywood
3 PlY
5 PlY
Along length, L
Across width, w
15
20
20
23
127

SNZ NZS*3603 9 3
8 5 8 3 3 6 9 O O L O L O 43b
NZS 3603:1 993

APPENDIX J
DESIGN OF END OR EDGE JOINTS IN PLYWOOD
J1 Scarf joints
J1.l General
J1.l.l
Plain glued scarf joints may be used to join plywood sheets.
J1 .I.2
For wet or damp service conditions, plain scarf joints shall be made with glue of the appropriate
class.
J1.2 Design strength

J1.2.1
Design strengths for scarf joints across the face grain must not be greater than the values given
in table J1.
J1.2.2
The shear strength of table J1 apply also to scarf joints along the face grain and having a slope
not greater than 1 in 8.
Table J1 Percentages of plywood design strength transmitted across scarf joints

Slope of scarf
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Bending or tension
Compression
Shear
85
80
1O0
1O0
1O0
1O0
1O0
1O0
1O0
No data
1:12
1 :10
1:8
1 :5
75
60
52 Spliced joints
52.1 General
52.1.1
Butt joints are commonly spliced with plywood plates fixed by nailing or gluing using the
appropriate class of adhesive.
The joints are usually made across the grain and with the face grain of the plates parallel to that
of the members being jointed.
52.1.2
When joining plywood panels, splice plates may be:
(a) Applied to one or both sides;
(b) Glued, in which case the thickness of the splice plates should be not less than the thickness
of the panels being joined.
128

SNZ N Z S r 3 6 0 3 93
8583169 O O L O 1 1 352
NZS 3603:1 993

J2.1.3
When joining timber members, splice plates should:
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) Be applied to both sides; and

(b) Have their face grain parallel to that of the members.
52.1.4
Forthedesign strengthsof table J3tO be appliciablethe minimum lengthof splice platesfor glued
joints shall not be less than those given in table J2.
J2.1.5
The minimum length of glued splice plates subject only to shear stresses should be 121in all
cases.
52.1.6
Splice plates of a lesser lengththan the minimumvalues given in table J2 and J2.1.5 may be used
providing all strengths are reduced proportionately.
Splice application
Plywood construction
Face grain parallel to

direction of loading
One side:
3 plies
5 or more plies
Both sides:
All constructions
Face grain perpendicular

to direction of loading
Minimum overall length

of splice plate of thickness, t
30t
24t
24t
One or both sides:

All constructions
12t
NOTE - The minimum length provisions provided by this table should not be used in conjunction with
table J3 as they are not relevant to nailed splices.
52.2 Design strength

52.2.1
Designstrengths for nailed or glued splicedjoints made in accordance with the preceding clauses
should be not greater than those given in table J3. For plywood webs, the strengths in table J3
should be taken only when the spliceplate extends the full depth between flanges.
Table J3 Percentages of design strength transmitted across spliced butt joints

Bending or tension
I
Plywood
Shear
85
1O0
1O0
85
1O0
1 O0
Splice plate
on both sides
Less than
15 mrn
67
Exceeding
13 mrn
50
thickness
Compression
Splice plate
on one side
NOTE -This table is for use only with the appropriate section properties.
129
I


NZS 3603:1 993

53 Combination of stresses
Joints subject to:
(a) More than one type of stress, for example, tension and shear; or
(b) Stress reversal, for example, tension and compression should be designed for the most
severe case.
J4 Secondary stresses
The sum of tension and bending stresses at any joint should not exceed the design tension
strength alone.
55 Other types of glued joints

55.1
Alternative types of glued joints for plywood panels are:
(a) Finger joints;

(b) Tongue and groove; and
(c) Special scarf joints.
Butt joints backed by timber framing may also be used.
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
55.2
Tests shall be conducted to establish characteristic strengths for the various alternative types of
joints listed in J5.1.
130

S N Z NZSm3b03 9 3
8 5 8 3 L b 9 0010913 125
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NZS 3603:1 993
THENEWZEALANDSTANDARDCERTIFICATIONMARKSCHEME
The IsMark appearing on a product,container or label is an assurance
that the goods are manufactured under a system of supervision,
control, andtesting (includingperibdicalinspectionat the manufacturers
works by Standards New Zealand Certification Officers) designed to
ensure compliance of the commodity, process, or practice with the
relevant New Zealand Standard. The New Zealand Standard
Certification Mark, registered as a certification trade mark under the
Trade Marks Act 1953, may be used only in terms of a licence issued
by Standards New Zealand, and must be accompanied by the licence
number and the NZS number.
Used correctly in conjunctionwith advertising the SI Mark can provide

a strong assurance of product quality for a manufacturer when selling
his goods and thus becomes a powerful marketing tool.

Manufacturers may obtain particulars of the conditions of licensing
from the Manager, Quality Sector, Standards New Zealand, Private
Bag 2439, Wellington 6001.
01993 STANDARDS COUNCIL

Approved by the Standards Council on 6 September 1993to be a New
Zealand Standard pursuant to the provisions of section 10 of the
Standards Act 1988.
First published: 22 September 1993
Project No. P 3603
Draft for comment No. DZ 3603
Printing code: 1000-1993/1008/6692
Typeset by: Standards New Zealand
Printed by: Wright & Carman Ltd.


~~
~~
~~~
S N Z N Z S x 3 6 0 3 9 3 I8583169 0010914 0 6 1 H
NZS 3603:1993
--```,,``,,```,,,`,`,,`,````,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---



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NZS 3603:1993

TIMBER STRUCTU RES

CORRECTION AND REVISED TEXT

Amendment No. 4 (INCORPORATINGAMENDMENT N0.3) was approved by the Standards Council

Verification of timber properties

Add to AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS

Timber - Stress-graded- In-gradestrength and stiffness evaluation

Add new category:

Copyright Standards New Zealand

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

Lower bound modulus of elasticity parallelto the grain

Moisture condition - Green' (m/c = 25 %)

Shear strength for dry Douglas fir shall be taken as f,

Shear strength for green Radiata pine shall be taken as f,

Copyright Standards New Zealand

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

Grades shall be verified as required by NZS 3622.

Visually graded timber

Machine stress graded timber

Copyright Standards New Zealand

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

(AmendmentNo.4 (INCORPORATINGAMENDMENT N0.3), March 2005)

O 2005 STANDARDS COUNCIL

Copyright Standards New Zealand

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

C2.3 Beams With no intermediate buckling restraints (page 11 6)

height above centroid of the point of load application" and substitute:

height above beam centroid of the point of load application".

C3 Continuously restrained beams (page 116)

- Continuously restrained beam

Delete Figure C1 and substitute new Figure C1.

Point of load application-o

Copyright Standards New Zealand

- Continuously restrained beam

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

distance from column centroid to point of load application'.

- Continuously restrained column

Delete Figure D1 and substitute new Figure D1.

- Continuously restrained column

-__-------------------------------Q 1996 STANDARDS COUNCIL

Copyright Standards New Zealand

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

Clause 206.6.4 (page 29)

Copyright Standards New Zealand

O 1996 STANDARDS COUNCIL

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

NEW ZEALAND STANDARD

TIMBER STRUCTURES STANDARD

RELATED DOCUMENTS (page 6)

Add "AS/NZS 1328-0000 Glued laminated structural timber (in preparation)"

"ASNZS 2269:1994 Plywood Structural."

1.4 Symbols (page 10)

"A, bearing area for loading parallel to the grain."

1.4 Symbols (page 11)

Copyright Standards New Zealand

Licensee=Unitec Inst of Technology/5911177001

1.4 Symbols (page 12)

"k, lamination factor (clause 2.9)"

(Amendment No. 1, April 1996)

1.6 Construction review (page 16)

- Characteristic stresses for mechanically graded timber (MPa)

1. Graded dry to NZS 3618

F6 (or No. 1F)

F6 (or No. 1F)