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NervousSystemLabReport
Thislabreportwilladdressanormalcellenvironmentwheretheactionpotentialoccursinthe
triggerzonewhenthemembranepotential(electricalcharge)risesandfalls,theneuronthen
sendelectricalimpulsedownanaxonawayfromthecellbodyanditwillalsoaddressthe
effectsoftoxinsontheactionpotentialfollowedbycranialnerveandreflextesting.Action
potentialalsoknownasanerveimpulseistheeventofelectricalresponsethattakesplaceina
cell,causedwhendifferentionscrosstheneuronmembrane.Thefirsteventinanaction
potentialisdepolarization,wherethesodiumionsflowintothecellchangingthesodiumions
fromanegativetoapositivelevelatthemembraneoftheneuron.Theeventafter
depolarization,knownasrepolarization,iswhenthecellrepolarizesitselfbyusingits
sodiumpotassiumpumplocatedinthemembraneforeverythreesodiumionsitpumpsout,it
pumpsintwopotassiumionsuntiltheproperchargeisreached.Duringtherefractoryperiod,
whichlastsaround1/2500ofasecond,theaxonsvoltagegatedsodiumchannelsarenot
responsiveatall,andtheaxoncannotbestimulatedtoproduceanotheractionpotential.The
figuresbelowrepresentallinformationanddatacollectedbyresearchingactionpotentialfurther
andlabsperformedwiththeinformationabove.
Figure1:Normalactionpotential.Showsthenumbersandvisualofdepolarization,
repolarization,andrefractoryperiod.
Toxins:
ToxinName
EffectonActionPotential
Maculotoxin
Blocksactionpotentialsatcertain
concentrationsandblocksneuromuscular
transmissionbyhinderingactionpotentialsin
motornerveterminals.
Latrotoxin
Stimulatesexocytosisofneurotransmitters
thatarenotcontrolled.
Bungarotoxin
Affectsthemotornerveswhichgenerates
spontaneousactionpotentialsthroughthe
contractionofthemusclesbutendsin
paralysis.Alsoaffectsnerveendings.
Tetrodotoxin
Effectssignaltransmissionfromthenervesto
themusclesandcausesparalysis.
Spontaneousactionpotentials.
Apamin
InhibitsCalciumdependentPotassium
channelsaffectingtheslow
afterhyperpolarization.Increasesthe
magnitudeanddurationoftheaction
potential.
Charybdotoxin
APotassiumCalciumK(Ca)channelblocker
toxinthatresultsintheincreaseandduration
oftheactionpotential.Verysimilarto
Apamin.
Conotoxin
InhibitsCalcium(Ca)channelsandcontract
musclesresultinginspontaneousaction
potentialsandendinginparalysis.Thetwo
typesofparalysisthatcanoccurareexotoxic
shockandflaccidparalysis.
Figure2:Thischartshowsdifferenttypesoftoxinsandhowtheyaffectactionpotential.They
usuallyaffectactionpotentialinwaysthattheyaffecttheneurotransmitters.Ifthetoxinaffects
themusclesthenitusuallyresultsinanincreaseinactionpotential.Shuttingdownachannel
canalsoincreasetheactionpotentialsmomentumandduration.
CranialNervesandFunctions:
NerveName
Function
OlfactoryBulb
Givesasenseofsmell.
OpticNerve
Transmitselectricalimpulsesfromtheretina
tothebrain.
Trigeminal
Sensationofthefaceandmotorfunctions.
Oculomotor
Controlsmosteyemovement.
Trochlear
Providesmotorfunction.
Abducens
Controlsthelateralrectusmuscleoftheeye.
Vagus
Commandsinvoluntarymuscleprocedures.
Glossopharyngeal
Receivesvariousformsofsensoryfibers,
suppliesparasympatheticfibersandmotor
fibers,andisapartofthepharyngealplexus.
Accessory
Controlscertainneckmuscles
Vestibulocochlear
Responsibleforhearing,balance,and
transmittinginformationfromtheeartothe
brain.
Facial
Transportssomesensoryinformationfrom
thetongueandinteriormouthandinnervates
facialmusclestoproducefacialexpressions.
Hypoglossal
Controlstonguemovement.
Figure3:Thischartshowsthecranialsnervesandwhattheydointhebody.Thesegenerate
actionpotentialsbecausetheneurotransmitterstotellthemusclesandbodywhattodo.
Differentmovementsmaycreatealargeractionpotentialthanothers.
Test
Results(Left)
Results(Right)
Biceps
++
Musculocutaneous,C5C6
Triceps
RadialNerve,C7C8
++
++
RadialNerve,C5C6
++
+++
+++
SaphenousNerveandtheLateral,
Intermediate,andMedial
CutaneousNerve.L2L3
Brachioradialis
Hoffmanns
Patellar
NerveTested
Achilles
S1S2
Babinski
S1S2,L4L5
CrossedExtensor
+++
+++
Glabellar
Other
Figure4:Thischartshowshowmuchofareactionoccurredwhentestingthenervesinvarious
areasofthebody.+++=thehighestpossiblereactionand0=noreaction.Thishastodowith
actionpotentialandhowfasttheycomeintocontactwiththeneuronsinthebraintocausea
reaction.Thedifferentlevelsofreactioncanmeanthattheactionpotentialhadmoreorless
momentumand/orthatthedurationwaslongerorshorter.