Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
DistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Hongwei Li
Civil Engineering Department
Building 118, room 206
Technical University of Denmark
hong@byg.dtu.dk
LectureContent
Introduction
Thermostatic valves
Raidator performance
LTDHsupply lowenergy buildings
LTDHsupply existing buildings
Loadshifting byusing thermal mass
Integratedassessment
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Direct/Indirect SHandOpen/CloseDHWSystem
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Hydraulic balanceinradiators
Optimaldistribute water intheheating systembased ontheactual demand
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Thermostatic sensor
Presetting anglevalve
Danfoss
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
TRVvideos
http://radiatorcontrol.com/how_a_trv_works.aspx
http://radiatorcontrol.com/gas_filled_design_works.aspx
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Substationinresidential house
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Radiatorperformance
)
,
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Radiatorperformance
1.6
80
1.5
1.4
70
1.3
1.2
60
90Sup
1.1
1
50
75Sup
Q/QN
0.9
0.8
40
0.7
70Sup
60Sup
90Dt
0.6
30
0.5
80Dt
75Dt
0.4
20
0.3
70Dt
60Dt
0.2
10
0.1
0
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
G/GN
80Sup
Inlettemperature:75oC
Outlettemperature:65oC
Referencetemperatureat20oC
BSEN442,1997
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
4.5
Powerandmass flowrate
1.4
Ambient
TemperatureoC
Massflowratio
1.2
1
0.8
10
0.6
15
0.4
ConstantSupply
77oC
0.2
20
25
0
12
16
20
24
Hrs
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
H.Li et.al
Influence onDHnetwork
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Networkanalysis
DHST50Pa/mLTDH
DHST50Pa/mTraditional
DHST200Pa/mLTDH
DHST200Pa/mTraditional
1000
900
800
ITHE50Pa/mLTDH
450
ITHE50Pa/mTraditional
ITHE200Pa/mLTDH
400
ITHE200Pa/mTraditional
Pressure kPa
Pressure kPa
700
600
500
400
300
350
300
250
200
200
100
0
0
12
Time hr
16
20
24
150
0
12
Time hr
16
H.Li et.al
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
20
24
Radiatoroverdimension
Initially the radiator is designed based on lower design network temperature.
During the operation, the network supply temperature is high.
Radiator is overdimensioned with a larger heat transfer area under design
condition.
Buildinghasgonethroughrenovation,forexamplewindows,insulation,etc,
aftertheradiatorswereselected.
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Radiatoroverdimension
H.Li
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
LTDHSupplyLowEnergyBuilding
r119
kitchen
dining
room
livingroom
hall
bath1
r116
techn.
room
entra
nce
M.Brand et.al
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
r91
bath2 bedroom
Results:Thermal Comfort
24.0
23.0
Tair[C]
22.0
21.0
20.0
19.0
18.0
840
864
Time[h]
888
912
Tair,room119 Radiators
Tairr11.9RADC1
TTairr11.6RADC1
air,room116 Radiators
Tair,bedroom Radiators
TTairr11.6FAHC1
air,room116 FAHII
TTairbedroomFAHC1
air,bedroom FAHII
FAHII
air,room119
Tairr11.9FAHC1
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
TairbedroomRADC1
3.0
40
2.5
30
2.0
20
1.5
10
1.0
0.5
10
Toutdoor,Treturn [C]
MassFlow[kg/min]
Results:WaterTemperaturefromSHSystemsTsupply=55C
20
0.0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
192
Time[h]
RadiatorIII
RADC1
FAHII
FAHB190
FHII
FHC14.2kW
Treturn FAH II
TretFAHB190
TreturnFHII
TretFHC14.2kW
Toutdoor
Toutdoor
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
TreturnRadiatorIII
TretRADC1
Networksupply/return temperature
S.Werner
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Existing Buildings
According to EPBD in 2012, only 3% of public buildings are enforced with
deep building renovation.
In Denmark, new building growth rate is 1% per year.
75% of existing buildings in Denmark were built before 1979.
Large potential for energy saving:
The annual building energy consumption and the peak heating load for
existing buildings can be over 3 times higher than low energy buildings
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Case1:Existingbuildingwithrenovation
Typicalbuildingfrom1906inanurbanarea
Existingenergyconsumption=146kWh/m2
ExistingSHconsumption=133kWh/m2
Renovationmeasures:
Newenergyefficientwindowswithsolarshading
Insulationoffacade,roofandfloor
Mechanicalventilationsystemwithheatrecovery
Lowtemperaturedistrictheating(55/25C)
M.Harrestrupet.al
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Renovationmeasures
Uvalue(W/m2.K)
andInfiltration(h1)
Existing
Renovated
Facade
1,34
0,16
Window
2,9
1,28
Roof
0,2
0,13
Horizontal divisionbetween
ground floor andbasement
1,5
0,3
Infiltration
0,5
0,05
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Annual heatingconsumption
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Loadduration curve
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Typical1970ssinglefamilyhouseinDenmark
Construction
Externalwall
Roof
Floor
Creepbasement
Uvalue[W/m2K]
0.31
0.33
0.4
0.42
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
EUDPproject
Results
Case
Peak
power
[kW]for
21C
Case
Measures
1
2
3
Nomeasures
Newglazing,oldframes
Newlowenergywindows(frameincluded)
Energydemand
forSH
[MWh/year]
OverallwindowUvalue
[W/m2K]
2.5
1.4
0.9
Temp.for Flowrate
SH
[L/min]
Temp.for Flowrate
SH
[L/min]
Temp.for Flowrate
SH
[L/min]
Tout=21C
Tout=0C
Tout=0C
Peak
power
[kW]for
0C
5.8
10.49
70/40/20
2.75
60/29/20
1.47
50/34/20
2.84
3.23
5.0
8.3
65/35/20
2.36
60/26/20
1.16
50/29/20
1.87
2.79
4.5
7.55
65/32/20
1.93
52/25/20
1.31
50/26/20
1.47
2.51
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Daily DHloadvariation
L.Ingvarson et.al
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Timeconstant
Buildingtimeconstant
Type ofbuilding
Timeconstant(hrs)
Lightweight
1520
Normalbuilding
50100
Heavybuildings
100250
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Buildingtimeconstant
Building under-heating
Building over-heating
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
exp
<1:loadreduction (underheating)
>1:loadincrease (overheating)
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
exp t/)
1.6
-2
-12oC reference
-4
1.4
-6
1.2
-8
-10
-12
0.8
-14
Type 1 x ratio
Type 2 x ratio
Type 3 x ratio
Type 4 x ratio
Type 5 ratio
Outside Temperature
0.6
0.4
0.2
-16
-18
-20
-22
0
-5
oC
x ratio
-24
5
15
25
Hours
35
45
55
H.Li et.al
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
21.6
-5
oC
-10
20.6
-15
20.1
-20
-25
0
10
20
30
40
Hours
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
50
60
Futureenergy system
Solar
thermal
Energyefficient building
PV
Siteclimiate characterization
Geothermal
Buildingshape/orientation
Bioenergy
Envelope insulation:floor/roof/wall
Wind
Industrial
waste
Inineration
Thermal bridgetreatment
Energyefficient glazing
Heatrecoveryventilation
Energyefficientappliances
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
BuildingCode
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
K.Sperling et.al
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Costcurvesforheatsavingsanddistrictheatingsupply
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings
Endoflecture
LowTemperatureDistrictHeatingSupply
ResidentialBuildings