Principles of Ships

Stability

PETRAS PIKSRYS

SHIPS STABILITY

SHIPS STABILITY IS
THE TENDENCY OF
SHIP TO ROTARE ONE
WAY OR THE OTHER
WHEN FORCIBLY
INCLINED

WHAY IS STABILITY IS SO

IMPORTENT ?
IF THE SHIP LOST STABILITY
WHAT WILL BE HAPPENED:
1. LOST OF MOBILE
2. LOST THE HUMANS LIFES
3. LOST THE SHIP
4. LOST THE CARGO
5. OIL POLLUTION

FUNDAMENTALS OF STABILITY
STABILITY is the tendency of vessel to rotate one way or the
other when forcibly inclined.

IMPORTENT !!

Ships stability cant catch directly

Stability can define only by calculating

HOW CALCULATING SHIPS

STABILITY AND CARCO PLAN ?
1.By previous similar cargo plan.
2.By standard cargo plan according
STABILITY BOOKLET
3.By standard cargo plan forms
4.By special cargo plan computer
5.By standard PC with special cargo
plan program
6.By special or standard hand
calculator

SHIPS STABILITY CRITERIAS

THERE ARE TWO SHIPS STABILITY
CRITERIAS:
1 h>0 ships metacenter height always
positive.
2 Zg < Zcritical

h = Zm Zg
Zg defined by calculating
Zm define according hydrostatic curves

Zg critical define according special

diagram.

SHIPS STABILITY CALCULATING

SHIPS STABILITY CALCULATING BY
MOMENT FORMULAS.
MAIN OBJECT OF CALCULATING TO
DEFINE SHIPS STABILITY CRITERIAS:
GM=h METACENTER HEIGHT
Zg
SHIPS GRAVITY HEIGHT
MOMENT FORMULA:

Zg =

D0Z0+P1Z1+P2Z2+.+PnZn
D0 + P1 +P2 + .. + Pn

SHIPS STABILITY CALCULATING

Zg critical CURVE
6.60

6.50
6.40
6.30

Zg critical

6.20
6.10
8000 10000 12000

14000

16000 18000

20000 D

WHO CALCULATING SHIPS

CARGO PLAN AND STABILITY?
1.CARGO OFFICER (ch.mate)
2.PORT CARGO OFFICER (supercargo)
3.SHIPS MASTER

SHIPS STABILITY
STABILITY

INITIAL

OVERALL

DYNAMIC

STABILITY

INITIALSTABILITY-Thestabilityofaship
intherangefrom0to7/10of
inclination.

OVERALLSTABILITY-Ageneralmeasureofa
ship'sabilitytoresistcapsizingina
givenconditionofloading.

DYNAMICSTABILITY-Theworkdoneinheeling
ashiptoagivenangleofheel.

INITIAL SHIPS STABILITY

Initial ships stability when ship inclinating
from 7 till12 degrees. Ships underwater
body did not change volume

V0=V1
V1
m
L1
V0

w
W1

L
C1

INITIAL METACENTRIC
FORMULA
M=D lst
lst=hsinQ

Qst

M=D h sin Q

h
lst

Vg

C1

SHIPS STABILITY
CALCULATING
Initial stability calculating by ships
stability triangle
Calculating formula lst= h sinQ
Overall stability calculating by
hydrostatic ships body formula lf
Dynamic stability is the area under
the static stability curve
Dynamic stability also potential
energy available to return the ship to
the upringing

STABILITY TRIANGLE
m

lst =hsin Q
l

st

Vg
D
lf

C1

PHANTACORENS
SHIPS BADY FORM STABILITY ARMS lf
lf

2.8
2.4

ARMS lf

1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4

80
70

90

60
50
40
30
20
10

4000 6000

8000

10000

20000
12000 14000 16000
18000

DISPLACEMENT

METACENTRIC HEIGHT
Metacentric height GM is calculated by subtracting KG
From KM (GM=KM-KG), GM is a measure of the ship.s
stability. KM=h.
With initial stability(0 10 deg.) the metacenter does not
move, and Sine function is almost linear(a straight line).
Therefore, the size of the ship,s Righting Arm, GZ, is
directly prportional to the size of the ships Metacentric
Height, GM.
IMPORTENT !

Thus , GM is a good measure of the ships

initial stability.

METACENTRIC HEIGHT
m
W

G
C

h
a
a

MAIN STABILITY POINTS

There are three main stability
points:
m- metacenter is the end of
hydrostatic force when ship
listing.
G- centre of ship gravity
C- centre of ship underwater
body.

SHIPS STABILITY
STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS
m
Zm

WO
ZG

h
r

Lo
a

Zc

MAIN STABILITY POINTS

m metacenter
G center of gravity
C center of buoyancy

m
Q

h
Wo
W1

L1

LO

G
C

C1

SHIPS STABILITY
METACENTER

C0

SHIPS STABILITY
METACENTRIC HEIGHT FORMULAS
h=r-a
h=zm

zG

h=zc - ro -

zG

METACENTRIC HEIGHT
METACENTRIC HEIGHT MEENS SHIPS INITIAL STABILITY

m
h
W

r0
a

Three states of static equilibrium

(a) Positive stability - m above G
(b) Neutral stability m and
G in
the same position
( c )Negative stability m below G

G
h>O

G h=O

h<O
m

G
a

POSITIVE SHIPS STABILITY

Positive ships stability when m above G

h>0
h

L1

W1
C

C1

SHIPS STABILITY CURVE

L

POSITIVE SHIPS STABILITY

l st

h>0

57, 3

NEUTRAL SHIPS STABILITY

Neutral ships stability when m and
G in the same position

h=0

Gm

L
C1

SHIPS STABILITY
NEUTRAL SHIPS STABILITY
lst

h=0

NEGATIVE SHIPS STABILITY

Negative ships stability when m
below G

h<0
L1

W
W1

m
C

L
C1

NEGATIVE SHIPS

STABILITY

h=-0
Mst

57.3

Qst

-h

STABILITY CONDITIONS

The positions of Gravity and the Metacenter will indicate the initial stability
of a ship.
Following damage, the ship will assume one of the following three stability
conditions:
1. POSITIVE STABILITY. The metacenter is located abov
the ships center of gravity.
As the ship is inclined, Righting Arm are created which tend
to return the ship to its original, vertical position.
2. NEUTRAL STABILITY. The metacenter and the ships
center of gravity are in the same location. As the ship is inclined,
.
there are no returing moment.
3. NEGATIVE STABILITY. The ship,s center of gravity is
above the metacenter.
As the ship is inclined, negative Righting Arms (called upsetting
arms) are created which tend to capsize the ship.

OVERALL

METACENTRIC FORMULA
h=Zm - ZG

M=( lf lst)D

L1

h
W0

lst
Vg

D
W1

L0

lf

M- UPSERTING MOMENT

C1

Zm

ZG

METACENTRIC HIGHT
METACENTRIC HIGHT IS FIRST DERIVATIVE SHIPS
STABILITY CURVE

lst

Mst

h
57,3

METACENTER HEIGHT

Metacenter height GM is a determine of ships

stability curve

L1

m
W

G
C1

W1

METACENTER MOMENT IS UPSERTING MOMENT

M= D h sin Q

DYNAMIC STABILITY

SHIPS DYNAMIC STABILITY

DYMAMIC MOMENT
M

DYNAMIC
MOMENT

SHIPS STABILITY
STATIC MOMENT CURVE
M

SHIPS DYNAMIC STABILITY

MAXIMUM DYNAMIC ANGLE
Qdyn WHEN S1= S2

M
S2
S1

static

dyn

Q dyn max Q

SHIPS DYNAMIC CURVE

SHIPS DYNAMIC STABILITY CURVES APPLICATES
IS EQUVALENT STATIC CURVES AREA
Mdyn

S=Mdyn

Mdyn
Q

DYNAMIC STABILITY
The dynamic stability is the area under the curve in metre-radians
Multiplated by the ship,s displacement in tonnes. It is areas under
the GZ
Curve which are required for checking stability criteria which
depending
Upon the ship,s data may be expressed in metre-degrees or
metre-radians.
The area unde GZ curve also the potential energy available to
return the
Ship to the upringht.
Principle of conservation of energy, the potential energy
in converted into
Rotation energy as the ship moves towards the upright.

Mst

DYNAMIC STABILITY
CURVE

Mst

Mdin

Md

max

STABILITY ELEMENTS
THE LAW OF BUOYANCY
THE LAW OF GRAVITY
STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS
LINEAR MESURMENTS IN STABILITY
THE STABILITY TRIANGLE
RIGHTING MOMENT
STATIC STABILITY CURVE
DYNAMIC STABILITY CURVE
ROLLING PERIOD

Learning Objectives
Comprehend the concepts of hydrostatics, buoyancy,
and Archimedes' principle
Comprehend static equilibrium of a floating vessel and
the relationship of the centers of gravity and buoyancy
to righting arms and stability
Comprehend and identify positive, negative and
neutral conditions of stability
Comprehend the effects of movements of the centers of
gravity and buoyancy on vessel stability
Know how ship's stability curves are derived and
comprehend their use in determining stability condition

Definitions

Draft
Freeboard
Depth of hull
Reserve buoyancy
List / Trim

SHIPS HULL

MARKINGS

At XVIII hundred one Englishman called

PLIMSOL in Great Britan Parlament filds
for marcks on the hull to for Safe shipping
Now thats marks called PLIMSOL MARKS.

PLIMSOL DISC
PLIMSOL DISC DIVAIDING SHIPS
BODY IN TWO PARTS:

1. RESERVE BUOYANCY

2. DISPLACEMENT

RESERVE BOYANCY
DISPLACEMENT

FREE BOARD
SHIPS MAIN FREE BOARD MEENS SHIPS
RESERVE BUOYANCY

DRAFT

SHIPS MAIN DRAFT MEENS SHIPS

DISPLACEMENT

RESERVE BUOYANCY
MAINTAIN FREEBOARD RASERVE
BUOYANCY PRIOR TO PREVENT
LIMITING DRAFTS ARE ASSIGNED
TO EXCESIVE HULL STRESS AS A
RESULT OF OVERLOADING

FREE BOARD
FREE BOARD MEENS RESERVE BUOYANCY

FREE BOARD
WL

TF
F

S
W
WNA

DRAFT
MAIN DRAFT MEENS SHIPS DISPLACEMENT

L
DRAFT

Buoyancy
Archimedes' principle
Calculations of displacement (W)
The effect of salt water and fresh water
on displacement (relate to draft)
[1/35 vs 1/36]

Archimedes principle
BOYAD
A body immersed (or floating) in water will
buoyed
ARCHIMEDES FORCE
By a force equal to the weight of the water
displaced.

HE LAWS OF BUOYANCY
Floatating objects posses the property of buoyancy.
A floatating body displaces a volume of water equal in
a body immersed (or floating) in water will be duoyed
up by a force equal to the weight of the water displaced
D=Vg

D
G
C
Vg

SHIPS BUOYANCY

D=V*g

ARCHIMEDES FORCE

L
D
V*g

PLIMSOL MARKS (Load lines)

Markings of minimum allowable freeboard for registred cargoCarryng ships.Located amidships on both the port and starboard
sides the ship.
Since the required minimum freeboard varies with water density
and severity of weather, different markings are used for:
TF
- TF Tropical Fresh Water
F
- F - Fresh Water
- T - Tropical Water (sea water) T
- S - Standard Summer
- W - Winter
- WNA-Winter North Atlantic

S
W
WNA

SHIPS HULL MARKINGS

Calculative Draft Marks
Used for determining displacement and other properties
of the ship for stability and damage control.
Those draft marks indicate the depth of the keel (baseline)
below the waterline.

TWO POSIBLE MARKING SYSTEMS:

1. Roman numerals in height
2. Arabic numerals in height

DRAFT IN FEETS
1 ft = 0.3048 m

XVII
XVI
XV

XIV
XIII

DRAFT IN METRES
1 ft = 0.3048 m

44

42
40
38
36

SHIPS HULL MARKINGS

Navigational Draft Marks
Ships operational drafts.
These draft marks include the depth of any
projections below the keel of the ship.
Limiting Draft Marks
Limiting drafts are assigned to maintain
reserve buoyancy (freeboard) prior to
damage, and to prevent excessive hull stresses
as a result of overloading.

DISPLACEMENT
The weight of the volume of water that is displaced by the
underwater portion of the hull is equal to the
weight of the ships

GRAVITY

The force of gravity acts vertically downward through the ships center
Of gravity. The magnitude of the force depends on the ships total weight.

MOMENT

The endency of a force to produce a rotation about a pivot point.

This works like a torque wrench acting on a bolt.

DISPLACEMENT

D=DLS + DS + DC
D Displacement
DLS Weight light ship
DS - Weight supply
DC - Weight cargo

GRAVITY
THE FORCE OF GRAVITY ACTS VERTICALY
DOWNWARD THROUGHT THE SHIPS CENTER OF
GRAVITY

D= DL+DC+DS

SHIPS STABILITY

METACENTER MOMENT
=UPSERTING MOMENT

M = D h sin O

RIGHTING MOMENT
THE TENDENY OF A FORCE TO
PRODUCE A ROTATION ABOUT
A PIVOT POINT
m

M=Dh

Vg

C1
C0

sinQ

GRAVITY

The force of gravity acts vertically downward throught

the ships center of gravity.

D=Vg

D
G
C

Vg

Application of following terms to

overall stability
(a)Couple
(b)Righting arm (GZ)
(c)Righting moment (RM) - RM= GZ (W)
(d)Upsertting moment

DEFINITIONS

Couple. Since the forces of buoyancy and gravity are equal and act
along parallel lines, but in opposite directions, a rotation is developed
Righting arm. The distance between the forces of buoyancy and
gravity is know as the ships righting arm.
Righting moment. The righting moment is equal to the ships
Righting arm multiplied by the ships displacement.
Metacentric height. The distance between center of gravity G and
Metacener M .

The development of the static stability curve from

the cross curves of stability
Foctors involed:
- G does not change position as heeling angle
changes
volume

- C is always at the geometric center of the

of the underwater hull
- the shape of the underwater hull changes as
heeling angle changes

SHIPS STABILITY CURVE

Using curves,find

(a) Maximum rigting

arm (GZ) GZ=h
(b) Angle of heel where
maximum GZ arm ocurs
l static maximum
(c) Range of critical
stability Q critical

SHIPS STABILITY
STABILITY CURVES ELEMENTS
lst

l static max

Q
57.3

critical

STATIC STABILITY CURVE

When a ship is inclined through all angles of
heel,and the
righting arm for each angle is measured, the
statical stability curve is produced. This
curve is a snapshotof the ships stability
at that particular loading condition.Much
information can be obtained from this curve,
including:
1. Range of Stability: This ship will generate Righting
Arms when inclined from 0 deg. Till to approximately 74
dg.
2. Maximum Righting Arm: The angle of inclination
where the maximum Righting Arm occurs
3. Danger Angle:One half the angle of the maximum
Righting Arms.

DRAFT DIAGRAM AND FUNCTIONS

OF FORM
The Draft Diagram is a nomogram located in
Section II(a) of the Damage Control Book.
It is used for determining the ships displacement, as well as other
properties of the ship, including:
- Moment to Trim One Inch (MT1);
- Tons per Inch Immersion (TPI);
- Height of Metacenter
(KM);
- Longitudinal Center of Flotation (LCF)
- Longitudinal Center of Buoyancy(LCB)
-Displacement (D)

-VOLUME V m
-Moment, diferenting per 1 cm

-Weight, drafting per 1 cm

DRAFT NOMOGRAM
8.2

18000

17900

19900

26.5

7.8

17000

16860

18800

26

7.2

16000

15845

17600

25.5

6.8

15000

14840

16600

25

6.4

14000

13840

15500

24.5

6.0

13000

12820

15000

24

5.6

12000

11820

14600

23.5

5.2

11000

10820

14400

23

4.8

10000

9820

14200

22.5

T4.4
m

Dt
9000

3
V
m
8820

M
t/cm
14000

P 22
t/cm

HYDROSTATIC CURVES

SHIPS FLOATING BODY FUNCTIONS CAN CALCULATING

BY HYDROSTATIC CURVES. THIS CURVES IS FUNCTIONS
FLOATING SHIPS BODY STABILITY AND UNDERSEA
SHIPS BODY CAPITICY.
ARGUMENT FOR CALCULATING IS SHIPS DRAFT
FUNCTIONS FOR CALCULATING:
a) DISPLACEMENT D
b) VOLUME V
c) FLOATING CENTER Xf
d) BOYAD CENTER
X C Zc
e METACENTER RADIUS r
f) SQUERE OF WATERLINE S

DRAFT

HYDROSTATIC CURVES
SHIPS FLOATING BODY FUNCTION CURVES

Zc

Xf

D
S

FUNCTIONS

COUPLE
m

M=D h sin Q
h

st

Vg
D

C1

PLIMSOL DISC
TF
F

T
S
W
WNA

LIST
Q
WO
W1

L1

Q Lo

ROLLING PERIOD
SHIPS STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD

T=

CB
h

ROLLING PERIOD

The rolling period of the ships dependenced from ships stability. The formula
Between ship,s stability and rolling :

T = c*B/sqr GM
In this formula:
T rollinperiod in sec.
c - constanta
B the ships beam to outside of hull.
Note: the constanta c dependenced from ships displacements.
There are the followings meanings:
c=0.88 when ship is empty or ballast;
c=0.78 - when the ship has on board amout 20 %
c=0.75 when liquids on board 10%
c=0.73 when all liquids on board amout 5%
HOWEVER, for all lagers ships Lloyds Register of shipping and the 1991 HMSO
Code of Practice for Ro-Ro ships use c= 0.7

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

LOADING CARGO
m0

h0
G0

C0

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS BEFORE LOADING

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

h0 < h1

LOADING CARGO IN HOLD

m1

m0

h1

h0
G0
G1
C1
C0
p

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS AFTER LOADING

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

h0 >h1

LOADING CARGO AT DECK

h1

P1

m1

m0

G1

P2

h0

G0
C0

C1

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS AFTER LOADING

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

MOVING CARGO
m0

h0
G0

C0

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS BEFORE MOVING

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

MOVING CARGO
P1

m0

P2

h0
G0

C0

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS BEFORE MOVING DOWN

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

h1 > h0

MOVING CARGO
m0

h0
G0
G1
P1

C0

P2

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS AFTER MOVING DOWN

h1

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

MOVING CARGO
m0

h0
G0

C0
P1

P2

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS BEFORE MOVING UPWARD

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

h0 > h1

MOVING CARGO
P1

P2

m0
G1

h0

G0
C0

STABILITY REFERENCES POINTS AFTER MOVING UPVARD

h1

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

LOADING CARGO
m
h0
W0

G0
C0

h1
G1

L0

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

FREE LIQUID AREA

G0

W0

C0
P0

L0

M Moment liquid

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

M Moment upserting

FREE LIQUID AREA

m

L1

G0
L0

W0
W1

C1

C0
P1

P1

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

M1

FREE LIQUID AREA

Y1
Q1

M2

P1

Y2

M2>M1

Q2

Q2>Q1

P2

Mcargo

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

HANGING CARGO

lz

W0

L1

W1

Mcargo= Pcargo lz sin Q

L0

TRIM
Trim means different between draft fore TF and draft aft TAF

W1
W

TAF

L1
TF

SHIPS TRIM DIAGRAM

TAf

m
9

m
30

18
m
32

5
4

2
1

70
00
t

90
00
t

15
0

m
36

14
0

00

00

17
t

00
t
m
38 0m
10
00
4
0t
m
42

00
0

0t

90
00

m
44

46

80
00

m
4
3

16
0

00

48
m

8m
2
c=

D
=1

Tf
9 m

SHIPS TRIM DIAGRAM

5.
0m
m

-4

4.
6

m
0
4.

3.
6m

-3

-2

2m

4
4.

8m

2m
3.

-5

3.

4
4.

2400

1200

4.
8m

5.

2800

1600

5.
6m

5.
4

3200

6.
0

m
8
5.

4m

3600

6.
f=
TA

4000

m
6
f=

-1

2m
.
3

0
0

3.
0m

Dt

3
Xc m

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

TRIM
Trim means different between draft fore TF and draft aft TAF

W1
W

lx
TAF

L1

TF

SHIPS TRIM BEFORE SHIFTING CARGO

Mdif

DH

F1

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

TRIM
Trim means different between draft fore TF and draft aft TAF
d=

W1

P lx
DH

TAF0

lx

L1
TF0

TF1

SHIPS TRIM AFTER SHIFTING CARGO

LIST
Q
WO
W1

L1

Q Lo

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

LIST
P

Lo

WO

SHIPS LIST BEFORE SHIFTING CARGO

SHIPS STABILITY VARIATIONS

LIST
ly

WO
W1

tg Q =

P ly
Dh

SHIPS LIST AFTER SHIFTING CARGO

L1

Lo