Sant Felip Neri Church

!
INSPECCIN ANLISIS Y RESTAURACIN DE

CONSTRUCCIONES HISTRICAS
MSTER EN INGENIERA ESTRUCTURAL Y DE LA CONSTRUCCIN
Inspection and Analysis Report on
Esglsia de Sant Felip Neri
Submitted by:
Gonalo Lopes
Ricardo Dias
Professors:
Molins Borrell Climent
Pela Luca
Roca Fabregat Pedro
Barcelona, Spain
January 18th, 2015
Inspection!and!Analysis!Report!on!Iglesia!de!Sant!Felipe!Neri!
!
Table of Contents
1! HISTORIC)INVESTIGATION)[5])..................................................................................................)3!
1.1! Localization)and)site)description)...................................................................................................)4!
1.2! Comparison)with)baroque)churches)in)Barcelona)...................................................................)4!
1.3! Structural)organization).....................................................................................................................)5!
2! INSPECTION.)PROGRAM)OF)EXPERIMENTAL)TESTS)ON)MATERIALS)OR)
MEMBERS)(NDT,)MDT)).......................................................................................................................)6!
2.1! Structural)inspection)..........................................................................................................................)6!
2.2! Program)of)experimental)tests)on)materials)or)members)(NDT,)MDT))............................)9!
2.2.1! Static!Tests!as!an!Aid!to!Structural!Appraisal![10]!........................................................................!10!
2.2.2! Tests!of!Dynamic!Effects![10]!..................................................................................................................!11!
3! MONITORING)PROGRAM)...........................................................................................................)11!
4! STRUCTURAL)ANALYSIS:)SAFETY)ASSESSMENT)UNDER)DIFFERENT)ACTIONS)......)12!
5! IDENTIFICATION)OF)STABILIZATION)/)REPAIR)/)STRENGTHENING)AND)
MAINTENANCE)INTERVENTIONS)..................................................................................................)13!
5.1! Faade)....................................................................................................................................................)15!
5.1.1! Physical!Damages!in!the!Stone!due!to!Anthropogenic!Actions!.................................................!15!
5.2! Masonry)cracks)...................................................................................................................................)16!
5.2.1! Cracks!due!to!incompatibility!of!stresses!and!deformation!.......................................................!17!
5.2.2! Cracks/Fragmentation!due!to!differential!settlement!.................................................................!17!
5.2.3! Dome!cracks!....................................................................................................................................................!18!
5.3! Water)damages)...................................................................................................................................)20!
Final)considerations)..........................................................................................................................)25!
References)............................................................................................................................................)26!
)
!
Gonalo!Lopes!|!Ricardo!Dias!!
Page 2 of 26!
1 HISTORIC INVESTIGATION [5]

This!baroque!style!church!was!built!in!the!first!half!of!the!18th!century!and!is!a!work!of!
the!architect!Pere!Bertran.!It!was!built!as!an!annex!to!the!convent!of!the!felipons,!the!
followers!of!the!saint,!who!settled!on!this!site!in!1673!after!the!Jews!were!forced!out!of!
the! city,! and! the! lands! fell! into! the! hands! of! the! Carber! (a! family! who! built! numerous!
structures! during! theirs! three! hundred! years! of! ownership)! before! donating! it! to! the!
Oratorians!(1673).!The!baroque!church!was!built!a!few!years!later,!around!1750!(more!
specifically!between!1748!e!1752),!by!the!same!Oratorians.!
It!was!constructed!on!the!medieval!cemetery!of!Montjuic!del!Bisbe!and!was!named!in!
honor!of!an!Italian!Jesuit!preacher!who!was!beatified!in!1615.!
The!wounds!etched!into!the!stone!of!the!faade!of!Saint!Filip!Neri!are!a!reminder!of!the!
aerial!bombardment!that!took!place!in!January!1938!in!the!Civil!War!period!and!caused!
the!extensive!damage!of!the!church!(mainly!on!the!lower!part)!and!the!death!of!20!chilb
dren,! who! were! refuging! in! the! basement! of! the! convent,! and! 22! more! civilians.! The!
square! was! left! destroyed! and! it! was! decided! that! the! architect! Adolf! Florensa! would!
restore!it,!although!it!is!still!possible!to!see!the!pockmarks!left!by!shrapnel!in!the!surb
rounding!walls.!The!square!was!also!allegedly!the!location!of!a!lot!of!gunfire!by!the!firb
ing!squad!during!the!regime!of!Francisco!Franco.!
!
)
Figure)1))Damages)caused)by)the)civil)war)[5])
Page 3 of 26!
1.1 Localization and site description

The! church! Sant! Felip! Neri,! which! faade! was! inspired! by! Ciutadella! chapel,! tucked!
away! into! a! small! quiet! square! in! Barrio! Gothic! of! Barcelona,! very! near! the! Barcelona!
Cathedral.!!
Its!current!layout!is!the!result!of!building!work!carried!out!in!1950s,!when!the!buildings!
housing!the!Guilds!of!Boilermakers!and!Shoemakers!were!constructed.!The!two!reconb
structed! buildings! are! good! examples! of! the! persistence! of! Gothic! elements! in! Renaisb
sance! structures! in! Catalonia.! The! Shoemakers! Guild! building! is! home! to! the! citys!
footwear!museum,!the!Museu!del!Calat.!
Other!than!the!church,!and!the!Barcelona!footwear!museum,!the!square!Sant!Felip!Neri!
also!houses!a!school!(Escola!Sant!Felip!Neri),!and!the!Hotel!Neri.!
In! the! center! of! the! square! we! can! find! an! octagonal! fountain! and! some! large! threes,!
which!shade!a!big!part!of!the!day!the!sunlight,!as!well!as!the!surrounding!buildings.!
!
1.2 Comparison with baroque churches in Barcelona

In! order! to! make! a! qualitative! approach! of! the! current! building,! it! can! be! pertinent! to!
apply!an!inductive!procedure!by!comparing!and!extrapolating!from!other!buildings![9].!
The! Sant! Felip! Neri! church! has! a! single! nave! and! interconnecting! side! chapels! and! is!
based!on!the!famous!church!of!Ges!in!Rome,!see!Figure!2,!considered!the!first!truly!bab
roque!faade.!!
)
Figure)2))Church)of)Ges,)Rome,)Italy)[5])
!
Before!comparing!the!churchs!its!important!to!define!the!baroque.!This!is!a!style!in!art!
and! architecture! developed! in! Europe! from! the! early! 17th! to! mid! 18th! century,! emb
phasing!dramtic,!often!strained!effect!and!!typified!by!bold,!curving!forms,!elaborate!orb
namentation,!and!overall!balance!of!disparate!parts.!In!churchs!this!architectural!style!is!
!
Page 4 of 26!
known!for!have!broader!naves!and!sometimes!naves!given!oval!forms!and!have!an!exb
ternal!faade!often!characterized!by!a!dramatic!central!projection.!
Within!the!same!baroque!style!is!the!Church!of!Bethlehem!that!was!built!between!1680!
and!1732.!The!overall!structural!arrangement!of!both!churches!is!very!similar.!Both!use!
buttresses! to! support! the! lateral! thrust! generated! by! vaults.! The! front! faade! of! both!
churches!has!very!similar!layout!and!design,!with!same!position!used!for!rose!window!
and!main!entrance.!The!major!difference!between!the!two!churches!lies!in!use!of!carved!
stones! in! the! exterior! wall! and! use! of! heavy! ornamentations! in! interior! space! of! the!
Church!of!Bethlehem.!
)
Figure)3))Comparison)between)the)Church)of)Bethlehem)(left))and)the)Church)of)Sant)Felip)Neri)
(right))[5])
1.3 Structural organization

The!structural!layout!the!Sant!Felip!Neri!church!is!organized!accordingly!to!the!typical!
Baroque!churches!design.!The!plan!of!the!church!forms!a!typical!cross!shape.!The!apse!
has! a! semi! circular! shape! in! plan.! The! central! and! lateral! naves! are! separated! by! four!
columns.!The!church!makes!use!of!semicircular!arches!to!create!openings!between!the!
columns!as!well!as!to!connect!chapels!in!lateral!nave.!The!main!transept!is!covered!with!
a!dome,!which!is!located!on!a!square!base.!The!central!nave!is!topped!with!pitched!roof,!
which!is!tiled.!![5]!
)
Figure)4))Structural)and)spatial)arrangement)of)Sant)Felip)Neri)church))[5])
Page 5 of 26!
The!lateral!thrust!from!the!three!central!vaults!of!the!nave!is!resisted!by!three!buttressb
es!on!the!second!level!(cf.!Figure!5).!The!lateral!thrust!from!the!remaining!arches!is!reb
sisted! either! by! the! loadbbearing! wall,! incorporated! into! the! front! faade,! and! by! the!
walls! at! the! intersection! of! nave! with! the! transept.! The! columns! are! likely! to! be! supb
ported!on!isolated!footings.!This!is!validated!by!the!appearance!of!vertical!compatibility!
cracks!along!with!the!columns!in!the!front!faade.!
The!two!lateral!naves!are!covered!with!flat!roof.!This!is!the!cause!of!the!biggest!active!
damage!that!is!related!to!the!improper!water!drainage!system.!![5]!
!
)
Figure)5))Google)Earth)satellite)image)of)Sant)Felip)Neri)church,)where)is)possible)to)see)the)flat)
roof)arrangement)and)the)existence)of)three)buttresses)at)each)side)of)the)nave)
2 INSPECTION. PROGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

ON MATERIALS OR MEMBERS (NDT, MDT)
2.1 Structural inspection
There! are! two! important! objectives! to! a! structural! inspection:! the! first! is! to! obtain! an!
overall! view! of! the! structural! condition! of! the! whole! of! the! building;! the! second! is! to!
make! sure! that! all! significant! details! are! recorded.! The! first! was! achieved! through! an!
initial!walkabout!inside!and!out.!This!analysis!should!preferably!be!unaccompanied!by!
any!owners!or!tenants!representative,!who!would!be!too!keen!to!point!out!the!details!
that! worry! him,! but! which! may! not! be! significant! for! the! whole! [10].! The! second! reb
quires!a!very!systematic!procedure!of!observation!and!recording.!
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Page 6 of 26!
To!avoid!missing!anything,!the!exterior!inspection,!see!Figure!6,!was!proceeded!in!one!
direction! and! similarly! within! the! interior! of! the! building,! in! an! anticlockwise! fashion,!
see!Figure!7!and!Figure!8.!From!each!viewpoint!it!was!observed!and!recorded!as!many!
preeminent! damages! as! possible! to! be! observed! with! the! naked! eye,! or! even! with! the!
help!of!the!optical!zoom!of!a!digital!camera,!covering!as!far!as!possible!a!wellbdefined!
area,! for! the! later! purpose! of! accurately! identify! the! adjoining! structural! system.! For!
this!inspection!it!was!helpful!to!identify!numerically!and!spatially!each!photo,!as!well!as!
point!out!some!important!notes.!
The!main!problem,!internally,!is!that!as!in!an!old!building!of!this!kind,!most!of!the!strucb
ture,!if!not!all,!is!often!hidden!by!finishes.!These!make!it!nearly!impossible!to!judge!the!
soundness!of!the!structure!and!selective!removal!of!finishes!may!be!a!prerequisite!for!a!
final!assessment.!!Thereby!the!plaster!may!hide!cracks!across!the!length!of!a!wall!or!the!
ceiling.!
As!wall!cracks!do!not!always!show!up!on!photographs,!their!positions,!widths!and!direcb
tions!were!as!far!as!possible!recorded!on!sketches.!Straight!vertical!cracks!were!closely!
examined!to!ascertain!whether!they!are,!in!fact,!the!result!of!an!unbounded!junction!beb
tween!two!walls,!in!particular!those!ones!on!the!facade!near!the!external!boundaries!of!
the!two!pillars!flanking!the!main!entrance.!
Understanding!the!variety!of!cracks!which!can!appear!can!also!help!assist!in!determinb
ing!where!there!is!either!no!need!for!concern,!or!where!a!more!serious!problem!is!in!the!
process! of! emerging! that! might! require! professional! guidance! and! support! to! resolve!
[1].!
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Page 7 of 26!
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f_2)!
f_1)!
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f_3)!
f_4)!
)
Figure)6))Front)facade)of)the)church)showing)all)damage)types)and)their)locations)(relieving)
arches)is)also)shown)here)!)
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i_1)!
i_2)!
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i_4)!
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i_3)!
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Figure)7))Reflected)ceiling)plan)of)the)church)showing)seepage)and)cracks)
Page 8 of 26!
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i_5)!
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Figure)8))Sectional)view)of)the)altar)showing)seepage)and)cracks)
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2.2 Program of experimental tests on materials or members (NDT, MDT)

Any! planning! for! structural! conservation! requires! both! qualitative! data,! based! on! the!
direct!observation!of!material!decay!and!structural!damage,!historical!research!etc.,!and!
quantitative!data!based!on!specific!tests!and!mathematical!models!of!the!kind!used!in!
modern!engineering.!This!combination!of!approaches!makes!it!very!difficult!to!establish!
rules!and!codes.![8]!
There!are!several!types!of!test!that!can!aid!the!assessment!of!the!structural!characterisb
tics!of!a!structure.!These!techniques!can!be!sorted!by!the!type!of!interference!produced,!
as!follows:!
Nongdestructive)testing!(NDT)!!Experimental!determination!of!the!mechanical,!physb
ical!or!chemical!properties!of!materials!or!structural!members,!that!does!not!cause!any!
loss!of,!or!damage!to,!the!historic!fabric.!Sometimes!the!synonymous!term!nonbinvasive!
techniques!is!used.![8]!
Minor) destructive) testing) (MDT)! ! Experimental! determination! of! the! mechanical,!
physical!or!chemical!properties!of!materials!or!structural!members,!that!causes!minimal!
and!easily!reparable!damage!to!the!historic!fabric.![8]!
!
Page 9 of 26!
If! possible! different! methods! should! be! used! and! the! results! should! be! compared! and!
used!to!calibrate!upcoming!models.!
However,! nonbdestructive! tests! should! be! preferred,! and! if! additional! tests! are! necesb
sary,!a!costbbenefit!analysis!must!be!considered!(benefit!in!information!and!possibility!
of!reduced!structural!intervention!against!the!loss!of!culturally!significant!material)![9].!
!
2.2.1 Static Tests as an Aid to Structural Appraisal [10]

1.) Laboratory) tests) on) samples) of) materials) taken) from) the) structure:!These!will!
indicate!the!strength!of!the!material!in!the!sample,!either!directly!as!in!a!tensile!test!on!a!
metal!sample,!or!indirectly,!as!in!a!chemical!analysis!of!a!mortar!sample.!The!results!of!
the!test!are!then!used!in!calculations!to!demonstrate!the!loadbcarrying!capacity.!
2.) Ingsitu) nongdestructive) (or) minimal) damage)) tests) to) estimate) materials)
strengths:! These! must! always! be! calibrated! against! a! number! of! laboratory! sample!
tests,!but!can!then!be!used!in!calculations!to!demonstrate!loadbcarrying!capacity.!
3.) Ingsitu) nongdestructive) flaw) and) void) detection) techniques:!For!masonry,!these!
are!commonly!based!on!pulsed!radar!reflection!and!absorption.!An!alternative!is!therb
mography.! For! cast! iron,! ultrasonic! techniques! are! used.! These! techniques! are! useful!
when!the!loadbcarrying!capacity!may!depend!on!the!presence!and!extent!of!voids!and!
imperfections,! e.g.! badly! constructed! rubble! fill! inside! a! masonry! wall.! They! rely! on!
highly!sophisticated!equipment!that!needs!to!be!operated!by!specialist!technicians!who!
are!very!skilled!in!the!use!of!the!instruments,!but!sometimes!ignorant!of!building!conb
struction.! Instrument! readbouts! must! therefore,! in! the! case! of! masonry,! be! calibrated!
against!a!number!of!visual!examinations!of!openedbup!holes.!
4.)Strength)tests)on)samples)of)construction)or)assemblies:!These!may!be!approprib
ate!if!the!loadbcarrying!capacity!cannot!be!satisfactorily!derived!by!calculations,!based!
on!the!results!of!laboratory!tests.!For!instance,!in!the!case!of!masonry!made!with!mateb
rials! no! longer! in! current! use! or! in! the! case! of! a! connection! of! unusual! threeb
dimensional!geometry!in!a!cast!iron!structure,!it!may!be!possible!to!carry!out!load!tests!
on!a!few!samples!of!construction,!either!inbsitu,!as!for!wall!panels,!or!in!a!structural!testb
ing!laboratory,!as!for!the!iron!connection.!These!tests!will!cause!at!least!some!disturbb
ance!to!the!fabric!of!the!building!(and!to!its!occupants!),!because!of!the!need!to!isolate!
or!remove!the!sample,!even!if!they!are!not!pursued!to!destruction.!
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Page 10 of 26!
!
2.2.2 Tests of Dynamic Effects [10]

Whilst!normally!not!directly!assisting!the!assessment!of!loadbcarrying!capacity,!tests!to!
ascertain! the! response! of! a! structure! to! dynamic! influences! can! sometimes! be! helpful!
when! decisions! have! to! be! made! on.! The! instruments! commonly! used! for! vibration!
measurements! are! electronic! transducers.! Accelerometers! and! velocimeters! have! an!
internally!suspended!mass!which!remains!stationary!while!the!body!of!the!transducer!
follows!the!movements!of!the!structure!to!which!it!is!attached.!Accelerometers!are!usub
ally!fairly!compact,!light!and!easy!to!fix!in!any!position;!they!are!most!sensitive!to!higher!
frequencies,! but! will! function! down! to! 510! Hz! (1! Hz! =! 1! cycle/s).! Velocitymeters! are!
larger!and!heavier!and!may!require!a!surface!to!stand!on.!Displacement!transducers!are!
useful!for!measuring!relative!movements!between!structures,!or!between!two!parts!of!a!
structure!separated!by!a!crack.!
The!output!from!the!transducers!is!fed!through!an!amplifier!and!can!either!be!directly!
read!as!a!mean!value!within!each!frequency!band!(e.g.!octave)!or!it!can!be!recorded!on!
magnetic!tape!or!lightbsensitive!paper!for!subsequent!analysis.!!
!
3 MONITORING PROGRAM
Any! proposal! for! intervention! must! be! accompanied! by! a! program! of! monitoring! and!
control!to!be!carried!out,!as!far!as!possible,!while!the!work!is!in!progress,!in!order!to!acb
quire!useful!information!at!different!stages!of!the!study!/!intervention!of!a!building![9].!
This!incremental!approach!should!be!a!stepbbybstep!procedure!in!which!the!behaviour!
of!the!structure!is!monitored!at!each!stage!and!the!data!acquired!then!used!to!provide!
the!basis!for!further!action.![8]!
In!this!process,!it!is!important!to!assess!the!maintenance!of!a!sufficient!level!of!safety!in!
the! long! term! [9],! as! in! traditionally! constructed! buildings! movement! occurs! all! the!
time.!In!the!majority!of!cases,!the!extent!of!this!is!so!small!it!goes!unnoticed.!But,!it!is!not!
uncommon!that!only!when!distortions!and!cracks!are!noticed!for!the!first!time,!the!natb
ural! response! is! concern! over! the! use! or! safety! of! the! building! and! the! problems! that!
need!to!be!addressed!and!resolved![1].!
As!the!majority!of!cracks!and!other!distortions!develop!imperceptibly!slowly!it!is!often!
prudent!to!set!up!a!monitoring!regime!to!check!out!what!exactly!is!happening.!With!this!
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Page 11 of 26!
program!should!result!a!longbterm!characterization!of!the!response!of!the!building,!and!
serve!as!a!survey!of!auxiliary!remedial!actions!or!of!final!strengthening!actions!during!
their!implementation![9].!This!monitoring!of!crack!changes!could!be!achieved!by!the!use!
of!crack!monitors,!potentiometric!transducers,!inclinometers,!etc.,!or!by!the!use!of!laser!
distancemeters,!for!instance,!to!monitor!remaining!movements!between!distant!points.!
All! the! monitoring! proposals! related! to! each! observed! damage! in! the! current! building!
will!be!assigned!in!the!Table!1,!as!we!will!see!later.!
!
))))
))))
Figure)9))Crack)monitoring)devices)[8])[9])
4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: SAFETY ASSESSMENT UNDER DIFFERENT ACTIONS

Determine!the!acceptability!of!safety!levels!by!analysing!present!condition!of!structure!
and! materials! is! paramount! in! order! to! correct! and! accurately! evaluate! the! current!
structure.!
Diagnosis) and) safety) evaluation) of) the) structure) are) two) consecutive) and) related)
stages)on)the)basis)of)which)the)effective)need)for)and)extent)of)treatment)measures)
are)determined.)If)these)stages)are)performed)incorrectly,)the)resulting)decisions)will)
be)arbitrary:)poor)judgement)may)result)in)either)conservative)and)therefore)heavy?
handed)conservation)measures)or)inadequate)safety)levels)[8].)
As!such,!the!evaluation!of!a!building!frequently!requires!a!holistic!approach!considering!
the!building!as!a!whole!rather!than!just!the!assessment!of!individual!elements![8].!
The!main!structural!components!that!is!used!in!the!Sant!Felip!Neri!Church!are!columns!
made! of! massive! stone! drums,! ashlar! masonry! walls! using! Montjuic! stones,! arches,!
vaults,!dome!and!buttresses!to!resist!lateral!thrust!![5].!Each!of!these!has!its!own!particb
Page 12 of 26!
ular!structural!behaviour!and!is!susceptible!to!its!own!particular!structural!weaknesses!
and!potential!defects,!requiring!their!own!particular!remedial!measures.!
The! building! didnt! experience! major! earthquake! because! the! major! earthquakes! that!
affected!many!important!churches!in!Barcelona!occurred!before!this!church!was!built.!
Although!the!front!facade!has!undergone!very!strong!physical!impact!during!bombing,!it!
didnt!collapse.!Similarly,!this!church!didnt!experience!damage!due!to!fire!during!civil!
war!as!well!![5].!
Thus,! the! overall! structural! arrangement! is! very! successful! as! proven! by! its! relatively!
stable!condition!through!history.!
The!structural!features!of!this!church!owe!much!to!the!Gothic!style!of!construction.!One!
exception! is! the! use! of! massive! columns! seemed! to! be! influenced! by! Roman! construcb
tion!system.!Semibcircular!arches!were!used!extensively!in!all!parts!of!this!church!to!reb
sist!loads!coming!from!the!second!level.!The!pitched!roofing!system!was!a!later!addition!
to!restore!the!church!after!the!bombing!heavily!damaged!it!![5].!
!
5 IDENTIFICATION
OF
STRENGTHENING
STABILIZATION
AND
MAINTENANCE
REPAIR
INTERVEN-
TIONS
In!this!chapter,!will!be!analysed!and!discussed!the!major!structural!damages!and!active!
pathologies! currently! occurring! in! the! structure.! The! result! of! this! analysis! will! be!
summarized! in! Table! 1,! where! there! will! be! recommendations! about! appropriate! and!
useful!monitoring!programs,!complemented!by!respective!remedial!suggestions,!in!the!
case!of!its!implementation!is!proved!to!be!needed.!
To!understand!better!the!terminology!concerning!the!scope!of!an!Inspection!and!Analyb
sis!Report,!here!are!some!concepts!that!one!should!keep!in!mind:!!
Stabilization) ) Action! aimed! at! stopping! a! deteriorating! process! involving! structural!
damage!or!material!decay.!Stabilization!is!also!applied!to!actions!meant!to!prevent!the!
partial!or!total!collapse!of!a!deteriorated!structure![8].!
Stabilization)is)typically)applied)to)archaeological)remains)or)structures)having)par?
tially) collapsed) in) historical) times.) It) is) also) applicable) to) constructions) suffering)
chemical)or)physical)attacks)causing)gradual)decay)of)the)materials,)or)buildings)hav?
Page 13 of 26!
ing)experienced)significant)destruction)due)to)an)extraordinary)action)such)as)earth?
quake.)[8])
Repair) ) Action!to!recover!the!initial!mechanical!or!strength!properties!of!a!material,!
structural! component! or! structural! system.! Repairing! is! applicable! to! cases! where! a!
structure!has!experienced!a!deterioration!process!having!produced!a!partial!loss!of!its!
initial!performance!level![8].!
In)the)context)of)conservation)of)historical)structures,)repair)is)not)meant)to)correct)
any)historical)deterioration)or)transformation)(including)those)manmade))which)only)
affects)the)appearance)or)formal)integrity)of)the)building)and)does)not)compromise)its)
stability.)Repair)should)be)only)used)to)improve)structures)having)experienced)severe)
damage)actually)conveying)a)loss)of)structural)performance)and)thus)causing)a)struc?
tural)insufficiency)with)respect)to)either)frequent)or)exceptional)actions.)[8])
Strengthening! ! Action! providing! additional! strength! to! the! structure.! Strengthening!
may! be! needed! to! resist! new! loading! conditions! and! uses,! to! comply! with! a! more! deb
manding!level!of!structural!safety,!or!to!respond!to!increasing!damage!associated!with!
continuous!or!longbterm!processes![8].!
Strict) conservation) will) normally) require) stabilization) or) repair) operations.) Con?
versely,)rehabilitation)will)frequently)lead)to)strengthening)operations.)[8])
!
Maintenance)interventions!
Adequate!maintenance!can!limit!or!postpone!the!need!for!subsequent!intervention![9].!
!
Once!the!church!was!open!to!public!for!only!half!an!hour!each!day,!it!wasnt!possible!to!
observe!other!points!outside!the!church!except!for!the!front!faade.!As!such,!there!were!
no! access! to! the! roof,! second! level,! and! outer! perimeter! wall.! The! damage! description!
with!brief!description!of!its!causes!is!organized!based!on!the!location.!
!
The!techniques!used!for!repair!or!strengthening!must!depend!on!whether!the!cracks!are!
live,!i.e.!still!moving,!or!dead,!i.e.!being!due!to!a!cause,!which!has!been!eliminated!in!
the!past.!If!the!cracks!are!live,!the!cause!should!be!treated,!if!at!all!possible,!and!the!subb
sequent!repairs!to!the!masonry!will!be!largely!cosmetic.![10]!
Page 14 of 26!
!
Conclusions! on! the! condition! of! the! building! and! optimal! interventions! must! result! of!
the! analysis! within! a! scientific! approach,! where! empirical! evidences! and! hypothesis!
must! be! interconnected,! particularly,! the! historical! investigation,! the! inspection,! the!
monitoring!and!the!structural!analysis,!once!each!element!plays!a!significant!role![9].!
5.1 Faade
Once!the!faade!masonry!is!exposed!to!view,!repairs!and!strengthening!measures!have!
to!be!visually!acceptable!as!well!as!functionally!efficient.!Due!to!the!mechanical!properb
ties!of!the!units!and!their!plausible!weaker!joints,!masonry!is!the!form!of!construction!
that!exhibits!the!greatest!differences!in!the!way!it!responds!to!imposed!forces!of!differb
ent! kinds! (e.g.! compression! or! tension).! The! general! strength! properties! are! therefore!
dealt!with!first.![10]!
5.1.1 Physical Damages in the Stone due to Anthropogenic Actions

As!consequence!of!the!extensive!aerial!bombardment!that!took!place!in!the!plaza!Sant!
Felip!Neri,!during!the!Civil!War,!in!1938,!the!faade!has!numerous!damages,!particularly!
in!the!stones!at!the!lower!part,!which!are!delaminated!and!pockmarked!by!a!large!numb
ber!of!holes.!The!wellbdefined!holes!seem!to!be!bullet!holes,!and!the!observed!delaminab
tion!can!be!attributed!to!this.!
Nonetheless! the! severe! history! and! attacks,! according! to! ISCARSAH! recommendations!
(2001),!any!future!intervention!must!show!respect!for!alterations!or!imperfections!that!
have!become!part!of!the!history!of!the!structure!provided!that!they!do!not!compromise!
the!safety!requirements![8].!
As!such,!the!physical!damage!present!on!the!stones!must!be!seen!as!a!historic!testimob
nial!that!should!be!preserved,!despite!the!arguable!esthetical!impact,!respecting!the!acb
tual!structural!intervention!philosophy,!or!even!for!the!sake!of!the!memory!of!the!vicb
tims!that!have!witnessed!the!same!violent!attack.!
!
Page 15 of 26!
)
)
)
)
)
)
(b))
(a))
Figure)10))(a))Representation)of)the)front)faade)of)the)church)according)to)the)authors;)(b))Front)
faade) of) the) church) showing) all) damage) types) and) their) locations) (relieving) arch) is) also) shown)
here))according)to))[5].)
)
)
Figure)11))Extensive)damage)of)the)lower)part)of)the)faade)
5.2 Masonry cracks

Damage! to! masonry! structures! usually! takes! the! form! of! tension! and/or! shear! cracks!
caused! by! imposed! deformations,! e.g.! differential! settlement,! or! by! excessive! lateral!
forces,!e.g.!from!arch!thrusts;!or!alternatively!it!may!suffer!from!incipient!bursting!due!
to!buckling!of!ashlar!or!expansion!of!rubble!fill!in!structures!that!consist!of!two!ashlar!
faces!with!a!core!of!rubble!and!mortar.![10]!
All!unintended!gaps!in!masonry!are!usually!referred!to!as!cracks.!For!a!proper!assessb
ment!of!causes!and!significance,!one!should!however!distinguish!between!the!following!
categories:! (a)! cracks! through! units,! (b)! opening! of! bedjoints! and! butt! joints! and! (c)!
sliding!along!bedbjoints.!Whilst!all!three!may!have!structural!implications!(a)!is!more!
likely!to!lead!to!a!risk!to!people!from!falling!bits!of!masonry.![10]!
!
Page 16 of 26!
If! the! cracks! are! dead! one! should! consider! future! environmental! influences! such! as!
temperature! and! moisture! fluctuations,! earthquakes! and! also! possible! changes! in!
ground! conditions,! due! to! activities! on! adjacent! sites,! before! deciding! finally! to! apply!
cosmetic!repairs![10].!
As!the!loadbbearing!walls!were!constructed!of!stone!and!lime,!the!nature!of!lime!mortar!
may! readily! accommodate! the! daybtobday! flexing! and! structural! movement! that! the!
building!is!subjected!to.!Recognising!this!point!is!key!to!understanding!whether!or!not!
any!observed!structural!movement,!manifesting!in!the!form!of!cracks,!creates!any!real!
cause!for!concern!to!become!the!trigger!for!consequential!remedial!action.!Such!action!
only!becomes!a!serious!matter!when!structural!movement!and!cracks!occur!to!such!an!
extent!that!the!inbbuilt!safety!margins!become!so!jeopardised!as!to!risk!the!possibility!of!
significant!structural!failure![1].!
5.2.1 Cracks due to incompatibility of stresses and deformation

Cracks!are!seen!in!the!facade!just!below!the!rose!window!progressing!downwards,!causb
ing!the!keystone!of!the!main!entrance!jack!arch!to!slide!down!significantly.!Another!simb
ilar!crack!is!seen!on!the!left!part!of!the!facade,!which!reaches!both!the!openings!(door!
and!window)!present!in!that!part!of!the!facade.!These!crack!patterns!are!characteristic!
of! the! cracks! caused! by! different! levels! of! stresses! or! deformation! present! in! various!
parts!of!the!section!of!the!facade!where!they!occur!![5].!This!leads!to!the!formation!of!
relieving! arches! separating! zones! where! there! is! no! stress! acting! and! where! there! is!
stress! and,! consequently,! to! a! compatibility! difference! between! these! regions.! The!
cracks!even!show!the!characteristic!pattern!showed!by!such!cracks!due!to!the!presence!
of!openings.!A!probable!location!of!relieving!arches!is!outlined!in!Figure!10.!!
5.2.2 Cracks/Fragmentation due to differential settlement

There!are!two!cracks!on!the!facade!near!the!external!boundaries!of!the!two!pillars!flankb
ing! the! main! entrance.! These! cracks! are! also! illustrated! in!Figure! 10.! Another! crack! is!
seen!at!the!extreme!left!edge!of!the!facade!where!the!church!joins!the!other!structures!
present!in!the!plaza.!The!two!cracks!seen!at!the!boundary!of!the!pillars!are!due!to!difb
ferential! soil! settlement! due! to! different! loading! conditions! on! the! pillars! and! other!
parts!of!the!faade!![5].!The!pillars!are!constructed!with!bulkier!stones!than!those!used!
in!other!parts!of!the!facade.!The!crack!at!the!left!edge!of!the!facade!is!due!to!a!differenb
tial!settlement!of!the!facade!with!respect!to!the!other!structures!in!the!plaza.!Soil!setb
!
Page 17 of 26!
tlements!are!very!likely!in!the!case!of!Sant!Felip!Neri!as!historical!evidence!tells!us!that!
the!church!was!constructed!over!an!Jewish!cemetery!![5].!Improper!consolidation!of!the!
soil!due!to!this!is!very!important!in!understanding!the!nature!of!these!cracks!![5].!
5.2.3 Dome cracks

The!great!weight!of!early!domes!produced!tension!in!the!perimeter,!which!was!indicatb
ed!by!circumferential!cracks!in!the!lower!part!such!as!occurred!in!the!Pantheon!and!latb
er!in!St!Peters,!Rome.!Lightness!came!only!in!the!twentieth!century,!when!with!the!use!
of!materials!like!reinforced!concrete!a!ratio!between!thickness!and!span!of!1/200!was!
found!to!be!practicable![2].!
Unlike!an!arch,!a!dome!develops!internal!hoop!forces!that!act!along!the!latitudinal!direcb
tion! in! parallel! rings! that! can! resist! outbofbplane! bending! moments! of! the! meridians.!
Hoop!forces!also!allow!for!the!feasibility!of!ringbbybring!construction!of!a!dome!without!
centering.!As!a!result,!though!an!arch!is!unstable!without!its!keystone,!a!dome!with!an!
oculus!such!as!the!Pantheon!is!perfectly!stable![4].!
!
)
Figure)12))Domes)develop)internal)meridional)forces)and)hoop)forces)[4])
Figure)13))Dome)on)pendentives)[3])
!
Page 18 of 26!
!
!
!
!
!
!
CF))Circular)force)in)every)ring)
LT))Line)of)thrust)of)an)arch)of)the)dome)
HT))Horizontal)thrust)of)an)arch)of)the)dome)
W))Vertical)weight)of)an)arch)and)the)overload)
T))Thrust,)resultant)force)of)the)horizontal)thrust)and)weight)of)an)arch)
P))Peripheral)tension)which)is)created)by)the)combination)of)the)horizontal)thrusts)of)
all)the)arches,)that)are)radiating)from)the)centre)
!
!
Figure)14))Localization)of)the)pendentives)in)the)dome)structure)below)the)circular)cracks)
!
A!pendentive!is!a!constructive!device,!commonly!used!in!Baroque!churches,!permitting!
the!placing!of!a!circular!dome!over!a!square!room.!The!pendentives,!which!are!triangub
lar!segments!of!a!sphere,!taper!to!points!at!the!bottom!and!spread!at!the!top!to!establish!
the!continuous!circular!base!needed!for!the!dome![11].!!
In!masonry!the!pendentives!thus!withstand!the!weight!of!the!dome,!concentrating!it!at!
the!four!corners!where!it!can!be!received!by!the!piers!beneath,!and!therefore!are!comb
monly!made!of!a!tougher!material!than!the!rest!of!the!dome!above!them.!If!that!is!the!
case,!a!compatibility!crack!between!the!different!materials,!below!and!above!the!top!of!
the!penditive,!can!be!developed!due!to!different!stress/deformation!levels!of!the!mateb
rials.!
In!the!past,!stone!masonry!was!sometimes!built!with!embedded!iron!rods,!particularly!
where!dome!thrust!needed!to!be!restrained.!
In!the!case!of!drybjointed!masonry,!rainwater!is!almost!certain!to!find!capillary!paths!to!
the! iron! and! in! combination! with! atmospheric! oxygen! cause! rusting! of! the! ironwork.!
This!hazard!is!aggravated!in!exposed!coastal!situations,!where!saltbladen!spray!may!be!
carried!inland!by!wind.!This!is!because!the!chlorides!in!the!salt!accelerate!the!corrosion!
[10].!
!
Page 19 of 26!
Embedded!iron!cramps!can!cause!more!damage!in!mortarbjointed!masonry!than!in!dryb
jointed.!This!is!because!the!mortar,!which!originally!was!alkaline!and!therefore!protectb
ed!the!iron,!has!been!carbonated!by!carbon!dioxide!from!the!atmosphere!and!hence!has!
lost!its!protective!function,!whilst!it!still!confines!the!corrosion!products.!As!rust!takes!
up!between!6!and!10!times!the!volume!of!the!iron!from!which!it!is!formed,!very!great!
expansive! forces! are! created! by! the! confinement! resulting! sometimes! in! spectacular!
displacements!of!large!stones!and/or!gaping!cracks.![10]!
The!location!of!embedded!metalwork!can!usually!be!found!by!the!use!of!certain!metal!
detectors.!There!are,!however,!some!bricks!and!some!sandstones!which!contain!a!signifb
icant!amount!of!iron;!this!has!been!known!to!confuse!the!instruments,!so!that!they!regb
ister!metal!where!none!is!present!and!vice!versa.!They!should!therefore!be!calibrated!
by!a!small!local!openingbup![10].!
5.3 Water damages

Damages! caused! by! water! were! seepage! and! delamination! of! plaster.! These! damages!
are!caused!by!lack!of!draining!in!the!roof.!The!intersection!of!roof!and!the!vertical!wall!
around!central!nave!has!cracks,!which!allows!rainwater!to!penetrate!into!the!interior!of!
the!ceiling.!This!is!proved!by!presence!of!new!drainage!steel!plates!at!the!upper!corners!
of!the!front!facade.!The!fact!that!those!draining!plates!are!new!points!to!the!severity!of!
the!drainage!problem.!It!also!proves!that!this!is!an!active!problem![5].!
!
Page 20 of 26!
f_2)
f_1)
Downwardsslidingofthe
keystoneofthemainen
trancejackarch
Cracksonthedecorative
archestowardstherose
window
Designofremedialmeasures
Page 21 of 26
Ifinterventionisneeded:
useofties(orasteelframe)
asastabilizingdevice
executelocalizedrepairson
fracturedelements(e.g.re
pointthejointswithanad
equatelimemortar;orlo
calizedmetalties)
Workmayalsoberequired
toremedyanyassociated
concernsregardingthe
weathetightnessofthe
building(e.g.repointingthe
affectedareas;fixtheroof
structure)
Proposalsoninterventions;Layoutrepairor
strengtheningactionstoascertainthere
quiredsafety
Thestructuremaystillbesta
ble,evenforsignificantset
tlements,ifnooutofplan
movementofwallsispro
duced
Useofpotentiometrictrans
ducers,inclinometer,etc.,to
monitorcrackchan
ges/deformations
Useofthermohygrometer
sensorstomonitorthetem
peratureandmoisturechang
esinmasonry(particularlyaf
tereventualrepairs)
Furtherinspection:investiga
tionofthefoundations
Thepartsunloaded,belowthe
relievingarch,maycrack,
loosenandevendropbutthe
structuremaystillbesafe(the
jackarchwillnotcollapse
whileitcanstilldevelopan
embeddedcatenary)
Executeathoroughlimitanal
ysistounderstandthestruc
turalbehaviourofthefaade
ducers,etc.,tomonitorcrack
changes
GonaloLopes|RicardoDias
Generationofarelievingarch
abovetherosewindow,em
beddedwithinthefabricof
thefaade
Eventuallateraldeformation
ofbuttressingwallscontrib
utingtothejackarchdefor
mation
Diagonalcrackduetoeven
tualfoundationaldifferential
settlement
Inexistentinterlock
ing/connectionbetweentwo
perpendicularwalls
Severalcracksandbiological
colonizationduetoenviron
mentalactions,presenceof
humidity,lackofdrainingin
theroof,lowsunexposure
Safetyevaluation
Acceptabilityofsafetylevelsbyanalysingpre
sentconditionofstructureandmaterials
Diagnosis
Identificationof(possible)damageanddecay
causes
Diagonallyrunning
steppedcrack
Verticalcrackalongtheleft
boundaryofthefaade
Cracks/fragmentationin
severalblocks
Biofilmlayer/growthof
higherplants
Observeddamages
Table1InspectionandAnalysisReportoftheobserveddamages
safetyevaluationandproposalsofremedialmeasures.
InspectionandAnalysisReportonIglesiadeSantFelipeNeri
TheobserveddamagesshowedintheFigure6,Figure7andFigure8,arenowsummarizedinthefollowingtable,alongwiththerespectivediagnosis,
i_1)
f_4)
f_3)
Severalcracksinthelintel
oftheleftsidetransepts
door
Crackalongthepillar
Bendingcrackinthelateral
doorslintel
Cracks/fragmentationin
severalblocks
Bendingcracksinthelat
eraldoorslintelTensile
cracking
Possibleformationofare
lievingarchabovetheopen
ing(door)
monitorcrackchanges
ing(door)
ducers,etc.,tomonitorcrack
changes
Furtherinspection:Coring
tests;boroscopy;flatjack
testsandsonictestsonthe
masonrystructures;the
characterizationofmortar
andstone;andaninvestiga
tionofthefoundations
ing(door)
monitorcrackchanges
Page 22 of 26
useoftiesasastabilizing
device(repairisalways
preferabletoreplacement)
quiredsafety
Safetyevaluation
Limitedtensilestrengthof
thestone
Stressconcentrationatopen
ingcorners
Verticalcompatibilitycracks
alongthepillarshowthe
possibilityofbeingsupport
edonisolatedfootings
Crackfollowingaeventual
fragilepathofthestructure
Cracksduetoadditionalef
fectscontributingtoexhaust
thetensilestrength(envi
ronmentalactions,settle
ments,etc.)[6]
Limitedtensilestrengthof
thestone
Crackduetoadditionalef
fectscontributingtoexhaust
thetensilestrength(envi
ronmentalactions,settle
ments,etc)[6]
causes
Observeddamages
Diagnosis
i_5)
i_2)
Waterdamages
Severalverticalcracksin
thealtarshalfdome
Cracksonthetopofsever
alarches
Circularcracksinthecen
traldomeofthetransept,
atthetopofpendentives
Waterdamages
Crackinginmasonryisa
normalconditionanddoes
notnecessarilypointto
structuralproblems
Thestructurecanstandsafe
lyifaresistingschemein
volvingonlycompression
forcesdevelops
peratureandmoisture
changesinmasonry
Masonryandstonewillnor
mallycrackwhensubjected
totensilestress
Inspiteofcracking,thehalf
domemayhavedevelopeda
resistingschemeinvolving
onlycompressionforcesas
anembeddedsystemofindi
vidualconcentringarches
Waterdamagesduetoanin
adequatewaterdrainagesys
tem
Magnetometer,pachometer,
covermeterorprofoscopeto
assessthepresenceofamet
alring
Passive/activethermogra
phytoascertainifthereare
heterogeneitiesinthemate
rials
peratureandmoisture
changesinmasonry
Page 23 of 26
Inthepresenceofanymet
alring,ifanyreplacement
isjudgedtobenecessary,
shouldbeofstainlesssteel
andofsimilartensilecapac
ityastheironcomponents
thattheyreplace
Overaperiodoftime,ifthe
structuralmovementhas
stabilized,crackslessthan
5mminwidthcannormal
lybedealtwiththroughfill
ingtheopenvoidsandcar
ryingoutrepointingtheaf
fectedarea,andredecora
tionontheinteriorofthe
building
Reparationoftheroof
structure
stoppedandstabilized,
crackslessthan5mmin
widthcannormallybedealt
withthroughfillingthe
openvoidsandcarryingout
repointingtheaffectedar
ea,andredecorationonthe
interiorofthebuilding
Reparationoftheroof
structure
quiredsafety
Safetyevaluation
Possiblepresenceofaem
beddedironringandconse
quentstressesduetofor
mationofcorrosionproducts
Possiblepresenceofdifferent
materials(belowandabove
thetopofthependitive)
compatibilitycrack
tem
causes
Observeddamages
Diagnosis
i_4)
i_3)
Crackatthetopofoneof
thearches(onintrados
minimumthrust)ofthe
rightlateralaisle,about1
mmwith
Cracks/joinrotational
openingatthetopofsev
eralarches,onintrados
minimumthrust
Waterdamages
Thestructurewillbesafe
whilethenumberofdevel
opedhingeskeepslessthan
thenumberneededtogen
eratethefullmechanism
(withonlyoneortwohinges
generated,thestructuremay
stillbesafe
Executeathoroughlimit
analysistounderstandthe
structuralbehaviour
Useofalaserdistancemetere
(orpotentiometrictransduc
ers,inclinometer,etc.),to
monitorcrackchanges
peratureandmoisture
changesinstone
Passive/activethermogra
phytoascertainifthereare
heterogeneitiesinthemate
rials
Page 24 of 26
cracksthatarebetween1
and5mminwidthcan
normallybedealtwith
throughfillingtheopen
voidsandcarryingoutre
decorationontheinterior
ofthebuilding
cracksthatarebetween1
and5mminwidthcan
normallybedealtwith
throughfillingtheopen
voids
Reparationoftheroof
structure
quiredsafety
Safetyevaluation
Crackcausedbyadditional
effectscontributingtoex
haustthetensilestrength
(environmentalactions,set
tlements,etc)
Insufficientconfine
ment/buttressdesigntore
sistthehorizontalcompo
nentofthethrust
Cracks(orjoinrotational
openings)causedbyaddi
tionaleffectscontributingto
exhaustthetensilestrength
(environmentalactions,set
tlements,etc)
Insufficientconfine
ment/buttressdesigntore
sistthehorizontalcompo
nentofthethrust
tem
causes
Observeddamages
Diagnosis
Final considerations
Acombinationofbothscientificandculturalknowledgeandexperienceisindispensa
bleforthestudyofallarchitecturalheritage,sincehistoricalresearchcandiscoverphe
nomenainvolvingstructuralbehaviourwhilehistoricalquestionsmaybeansweredby
consideringstructuralbehaviour[9].
Structuralengineeringisthescientificsupportnecessarytosafeguardtheculturaland
historicalvalueofthebuildingasawhole[9].
Itfollowsfromtheabovethatrepairorstrengtheningmustbeprecededbyascertaining
therealcauseoftheobserveddefects,andifthecauseisstillactive,itmustbeeliminat
ed.Otherwisetherepairswillbeshortlived.Thereisaparallelinthefieldofmedicine:
anytreatmentmustbeprecededbyacorrectdiagnosis[10].
After the inspection and the subsequent formulation of the hypothesis, the main rea
sonsbehindtheobserveddamagescanbeidentified.
Differentialsettlementislikelytobeanimportantactiveproblem,whichshouldbecon
firmedfoundedonathoroughgoingmotoringprogram.
Anotherimportantactiveproblemthatisactuallyaffectingthestructureisthepresence
ofwater(bothaccumulationontheroofandhighmoisturecontentinthefacade),which
isleadingtodevelopmentofmanyotherdamages[5].
The anthropogenic damages can be safely assumed to be passive and not causing the
structureanditssafetyanyrisk.
Page 25 of 26
References
[1]
http://www.historicscotland.gov.uk/informguidestructuralcracks.pdf
[2]
Feilden,B.ConservationofHistoricBuildings,ArchitecturalPress,2003(Third
Edition).
[3]
http://www.earthauroville.com/stability_notions_en.php
[4]
https://engineeringrome.wikispaces.com/Engineering+the+Pantheon+
+Architectural,+Construction,+%26+Structural+Analysis
[5]
Jaltare, M., Sharma, S., Nyandak, T. Report 4 Identification of Damage and Al

terations The Church of Sant Felip Neri. Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya,
2014.
[6]
RocaFabregat,Pere.DamageandCollapseMechanismsMechanicalEffects.In
specion,AnalysisandRestorationofHistoricalConstructions.UniversitatPolitc
nicadeCatalunya.DepartamentdEnginyeriadelaConstrucci.
[7]
Roca Fabregat, Pere. Instrumentacin de construcciones histricas. Inspecion,

Analysis and Restoration of Historical Constructions. Universitat Politcnica de
Catalunya.DepartamentdEnginyeriadelaConstrucci.
[8]
Roca Fabregat, Pere. Introduction. Inspecion, Analysis and Restoration of His

torical Constructions. Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya. Departament
dEnginyeriadelaConstrucci.
[9]
Roca Fabregat, Pere. The Iscarsah Recommendations Principles and Guide

lines.Inspecion,AnalysisandRestorationofHistoricalConstructions.Universitat
PolitcnicadeCatalunya.DepartamentdEnginyeriadelaConstrucci.
[10] Beckmann,P.,Bowles,R.StructuralAspectsofBuildingConservation,Elsevier,
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[11] http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/449698/pendentive
Page 26 of 26

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INSPECCIN ANLISIS Y RESTAURACIN DE

Inspection and Analysis Report on

Esglsia de Sant Felip Neri

1 HISTORIC INVESTIGATION [5]

1.1 Localization and site description

1.2 Comparison with baroque churches in Barcelona

1.3 Structural organization

2 INSPECTION. PROGRAM OF EXPERIMENTAL TESTS

2.2 Program of experimental tests on materials or members (NDT, MDT)

2.2.1 Static Tests as an Aid to Structural Appraisal [10]

2.2.2 Tests of Dynamic Effects [10]

4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: SAFETY ASSESSMENT UNDER DIFFERENT ACTIONS

5.1.1 Physical Damages in the Stone due to Anthropogenic Actions

5.2 Masonry cracks

5.2.1 Cracks due to incompatibility of stresses and deformation

5.2.2 Cracks/Fragmentation due to differential settlement

5.2.3 Dome cracks

5.3 Water damages

Jaltare, M., Sharma, S., Nyandak, T. Report 4 Identification of Damage and Al

Roca Fabregat, Pere. Instrumentacin de construcciones histricas. Inspecion,

Roca Fabregat, Pere. Introduction. Inspecion, Analysis and Restoration of His

Roca Fabregat, Pere. The Iscarsah Recommendations Principles and Guide

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