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Contents

preface

introduction

Part One

CLASSIC TEXTS IN LITERARY CRITICISM

23

Plato 25
Republic, Book X 30
Ion 38
From Phaedrus 46

dialogue with plato 50

Leo Tolstoy:

From What Is Art?

52

Aristotle 55
Poetics 59

Horace

82
The Art of Poetry

84

Longinus

95
From On the Sublime

97

Plotinus

109
On the Intellectual Beauty 111

Dante Alighieri 120

From the Letter to Can Grande della Scala

121
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Christine de Pisan 124

From the Querelle de la Rose

126

Sir Philip Sidney 132

An Apology for Poetry

135

John Dryden 160

An Essay of Dramatic Poesy

163

Aphra Behn

189
An Epistle to the Reader from The Dutch Lover
Preface to The Lucky Chance 195

192

Alexander Pope 198

An Essay on Criticism

199

Samuel Johnson 210

The Rambler, No. 4 212
Rasselas, Chapter 10 215
From Preface to Shakespeare

216

David Hume 231

Of the Standard of Taste

234

dialogue with david hume 245

Barbara Herrnstein Smith: From Contingencies of Value

Immanuel Kant 247

From Critique of Judgment

251

Mary Wollstonecraft 275

From A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Germaine de Stal 285

Essay on Fictions 287
On Women Writers 293

Friedrich von Schiller 298

From On Nave and Sentimental Poetry

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277

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William Wordsworth 304

Preface to Lyrical Ballads

306

Samuel Taylor Coleridge 319

Shakespeares Judgment Equal to His Genius
From Biographia Literaria 325

323

John Keats 330

From a Letter to Benjamin Bailey 331
From a Letter to George and Thomas Keats

333

Thomas Love Peacock 334

The Four Ages of Poetry

336

Percy Bysshe Shelley 344

A Defence of Poetry 346

dialogue with percy bysshe shelley 364

Raymond Williams: The Romantic Artist from Culture and Society

364

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 369

Introduction to the Philosophy of Art

Ralph Waldo Emerson

The Poet

373

384

385

Karl Marx 397

The Alienation of Labor from Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of
1844 400
Consciousness Derived from Material Conditions from The German
Ideology 406
On Greek Art in Its Time from A Contribution to the Critique of Political
Economy 410

Matthew Arnold 412

The Function of Criticism at the Present Time
From The Study of Poetry 429

415

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Friedrich Nietzsche 435

From The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music
On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense 452
From Twilight of the Idols 459

439

Henry James 462

The Art of Fiction

464

Oscar Wilde 476

The Decay of Lying

478

Sigmund Freud 497

From The Interpretation of Dreams 500
Creative Writers and Daydreaming 509
The Uncanny 514
Medusas Head 533

T. S. Eliot

534
Tradition and the Individual Talent

537

Carl Gustav Jung 542

On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry
The Principal Archetypes 554

544

W. E. B. Du Bois

565
On Double Consciousness from The Souls of Black Folk
Criteria of Negro Art 569

567

Mikhail Bakhtin 575

From Discourse in the Novel Heteroglossia in the Novel
From Problems in Dostoevskys Poetics 594

578

Virginia Woolf 596

Shakespeares Sister from A Room of Ones Own 599
Austen Bront Eliot from A Room of Ones Own 602

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Zora Neale Hurston 611

What White Publishers Wont Print

613

Martin Heidegger 617

Hlderlin and the Essence of Poetry

620

Edmund Wilson 628

From Dickens: The Two Scrooges from The Wound and the Bow 630

Kenneth Burke 639

Symbolic Action in a Poem by Keats 642
Literature as Equipment for Living 651

F. R. Leavis

656
From The Great Tradition

658

Jean-Paul Sartre 665

Why Write? 668

Simone de Beauvoir 679

Myths: Of Women in Five Authors

682

J. L. Austin

685
Constatives and Performatives and Speech Acts: Locutionary, Illocutionary, Perlocutionary
from How to Do Things with Words 687

Northrop Frye 697

The Archetypes of Literature

699

Erich Auerbach 708

Odysseuss Scar

710

Hans-Georg Gadamer 724

The Elevation of the Historicality of Understanding to the Status of Hermeneutical
Principle from Truth and Method 727

Susan Sontag 744

Against Interpretation

746

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Part Two

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN LITERARY

CRITICISM

753

1. Formalisms: Russian Formalism, New Criticism,

Neo-Aristotelianism _________________________________________________ 755

I. A. Richards

769
The Two Uses of Language and Poetry and Beliefs from Principles of Literary
Criticism 770

Victor Shklovsky 780

Art as Technique

781

Vladimir Propp 791

Transformations of the Wondertale from The Morphology of the Folktale

791

Cleanth Brooks 803

From My Credo: Formalist Criticism 804
Irony as a Principle of Structure 805

dialogue with cleanth brooks 813

R. S. Crane: From The Critical Monism of Cleanth Brooks

W. K. Wimsatt and Monroe C. Beardsley

The Intentional Fallacy

813

816

817

2. Structuralism and Deconstruction ________________________________ 825

Ferdinand de Saussure 847

Nature of the Linguistic Sign
Binary Oppositions 851

848

Roman Jacobson 858

From Linguistics and Poetics

858

Claude Lvi-Strauss 865

The Structural Study of Myth
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Roland Barthes 874

From Work to Text 875
Striptease from Mythologies 879
The Structuralist Activity 881
The Death of the Author 885

Paul de Man 888

Semiology and Rhetoric

888

dialogue with paul de man 899

Lawrence Lipking: The Practice of Theory

899

Michel Foucault 910

What Is an Author?

910

Jacques Derrida 920

Structure, Sign and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences
The Father of Logos from Platos Pharmacy 932
Diffrance 938

921

Umberto Eco 956

The Myth of Superman

956

3. Reader-Response Theory __________________________________________ 968

Hans Robert Jauss 987

Horizons for Reading

988

Wayne C. Booth

995
Control of Distance in Jane Austens Emma

995

Wolfgang Iser 1007

The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach

1008

Norman N. Holland

1020
The Question: Who Reads What How?

1021

Stanley Fish 1028

How to Recognize a Poem When You See One

1029
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dialogue with stanley fish 1037

James Phelan: From Data, Danda, and Disagreement

1037

Judith Fetterley 1041

Introduction to The Resisting Reader

1041

Peter Rabinowitz 1048

From Before Reading

1049

Elaine Scarry 1063

On Vivacity: The Difference Between Daydreaming and Imagining-Under-AuthorialInstruction from Representations 1064

Mark Turner 1082

Poetry: Metaphor and the Conceptual Context of Invention

1083

Lisa Zunshine 1094

Theory of Mind and Experimental Representations of Fictional
Consciousness 1094
4. Psychoanalytic Theory And Criticism _____________________________ 1112

Jacques Lacan

1128
The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic
Experience 1129
The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason since Freud 1135
The Meaning of the Phallus 1155

Harold Bloom 1161

A Meditation upon Priority

1162

Peter Brooks 1167

Freuds Masterplot 1167

Laura Mulvey 1178

Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema

1178

Slavoj Z iz ek 1186
Courtly Love, or, Woman as Thing

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5. Marxist Criticism ________________________________________________ 1204

Georg Lukcs 1223

The Ideology of Modernism

1224

Walter Benjamin

1238
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

1239

Bertolt Brecht 1255

The Popular and the Realistic

1256

Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer 1260

From The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception from Dialectic of
Enlightenment 1261

Louis Althusser 1269

From Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses

1270

Raymond Williams 1278

From Marxism and Literature

1278

Fredric Jameson 1296

From The Political Unconscious

1297

Terry Eagleton 1313

Categories for a Materialist Criticism

1314

6. New Historicism and Cultural Studies ____________________________ 1326

Michel de Certeau 1348

Walking in the City from The Practice of Everyday Life 1349

Michel Foucault 1363

Las Meninas from The Order of Things

1363

Clifford Geertz 1372

Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture

1373

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Hayden White 1389

The Historical Text as Literary Artifact 1390

Pierre Bourdieu 1404

The Market in Symbolic Goods

1404

Stuart Hall 1410

Cultural Studies: Two Paradigms

1410

Nancy Armstrong 1424

Some Call It Fiction: On the Politics of Domesticity

1425

Lawrence Buell

1438
The Ecocritical Insurgency 1439

Stephen Greenblatt

1448
Introduction to The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance
King Lear and Harsnetts Devil-Fiction 1451
dialogue with stephen greenblatt 1454
Frank Lentricchia: From Ariel and the Police 1454

1449

Meaghau Morris 1458

Things to Do with Shopping Centres

1458

John Guillory 1477

From Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation

1478

Laura Kipnis 1490

(Male) Desire and (Female) Disgust: Reading Hustler 1491
7. Feminist Criticism ________________________________________________ 1508

Nina Baym

1525
Melodramas of Beset Manhood

1526

Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar 1537

From Infection in the Sentence: The Woman Writer and the Anxiety of Authorship
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dialogue with sandra m. gilbert and susan gubar 1551

Toril Moi: From Sexual/Textual Politics

1551

Annette Kolodny 1556

Dancing Through the Mineeld: Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, and Politics
of a Feminist Literary Criticism 1556

Julia Kristeva 1569

Womans Time 1569

Jonathan Culler 1585

Reading as a Woman

1585

dialogue between elaine showalter and terry eagleton 1597

Elaine Showalter: From Critical Crossdressing; Male Feminists and the Woman of the
Year 1598
Terry Eagleton: A Response to Elaine Showalter 1604
Elaine Showalter: In Reply 1605

Barbara Smith 1606

Toward a Black Feminist Criticism

1606

8. Gender Studies and Queer Theory ________________________________ 1617

Michel Foucault 1633

From The History of Sexuality

1633

Monique Wittig 1643

One Is Not Born a Woman

1643

Hlne Cixous 1649

Laugh of the Medusa

1649

Guy Hocquenghem 1662

From Homosexual Desire

1662

Gayle Rubin 1669

The Traffic in Women: Etc 1670
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Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick 1689

From Between Men 1690
From Epistemology of the Closet

1693

Steven Kruger 1697

Claiming the Pardoner: Toward a Gay Reading of Chaucers Pardoners Tale

1698

Judith Butler 1713

Imitation and Gender Insubordination

1713
dialogue with judith butler 1713
Martha Nussbaum: From The Professor of Parody

1725

Lauren Berlant and Michael Warner

1727

Sex in Public

1728

Judith Halberstam 1740

An Introduction to Female Masculinity

1741

9. Postcolonialism and Ethnic Studies _______________________________ 1759

Gilles Deleuze and Flix Guattari 1783

What is a Minor Literature?

1783

Chinua Achebe 1789

An Image of Africa

1789

Toni Morrison 1797

Black Matter(s) 1797

Edward W. Said 1807

From the Introduction to Orientalism 1807

Benedict Anderson 1820

The Origins of National Consciousness

1821

Ngugi wa Thiongo 1826

Europhonism, Universities, and the Magic Fountain: The Future of African Literature and
Scholarship 1827
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dialogue between fredric jameson and aijaz ahmad 1835

Fredric Jameson: From Third World Literature in the Era of Multi-National

Capitalism 1836
Aijaz Ahmad: From Jamesons Rhetoric of Otherness and the National Allegory
Fredric Jameson: A Brief Response 1840

1837

Gayatri Spivak 1842

Three Womens Texts and a Critique of Imperialism

1843

Gloria Anzaldua 1856

La conciencia de la mestiza: Towards a New Consciousness

1856

Barbara Christian 1864

The Race for Theory

1865

dialogue with barbara christian 1872

Michael Awkward: From Appropriative Gestures: Theory and Afro-American Literary

Criticism 1873
Deborah McDowell: From Recycling: Race, Gender, and the Practice of
Theory 1876

Homi K. Bhabha 1881

Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority under a Tree Outside
Delhi, May 1817 1881

Henry Louis Gates Jr. 1896

Writing, Race, and the Difference It Makes

1897

dialogue with henry louis gates jr. and houston a baker jr. 1909

Henry Louis Gates Jr.: From Preface to Blackness: Test and Pretext 1910
Houston A. Baker Jr.: From Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature 1912

Rey Chow 1915

The Interruption of Referentiality: Poststructuralism and the Conundrum of Critical
Multiculturalism 1916
10. Theorizing Postmodernism _______________________________________ 1927

Jean-Francois Lyotard 1940

Dening the Postmodern

1940
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Jean Baudrillard 1942

From The Precession of Simulacra

1943

Jrgen Habermas 1953

Modernity versus Postmodernity

1954

Fredric Jameson 1962

Postmodernism and Consumer Society

1963

Donna Haraway 1973

A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth
Century 1974

Linda Hutcheon 1998

Theorizing the Postmodern: Toward a Poetics

Bell Hooks 2015

Postmodern Blackness

2016

Cornel West 2021

Postmodernism and Black America

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index

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