API 650 Tank Design

950 m3 (TYPE-3) TANK CALCULATIONS
A) SYSTEM AND DESIGN DATA

Design pressure
Atmospheric
Tank inner diameter (m):
Di 11.5
Tank height (m):
H 11
Freeboard (m):
fb 0.5
Liquid level (m):
Hliq H fb
Discharge pipe level (m):
Hd 0
Tank usefull volume:
Stored material:
Su
Density of stored material:
1000
Hliq 10.5
m
2
Di
4
( Hliq Hd)
V 1.091 10
kg
m
Specific gravity:
Wind Velocity:
Vwm 36
G1
1000
m
Vw Vwm 3.6
Vw 129.6
km
h
Tank is outside the building.

Design temperature:
Td 30
Snow load (kg/m2):
Sn 100
C
kg
m
Live Load on Roof (kg/m2):
Lr 250
kg
m
Seismic Zone :
(Turkis h Earthquake Code)
Corrosion allowance:
CA 6
Material:
ST37-2
Height of courses (m):
h0 1.5
Minimum Yield Strenght (MPa):
Sy 235
Minimum Tensile Strenght (MPa):
Sut 485
mm
The Maximum Allowable Product Design Stress (MPa):

Sd1
2
3
Sy
Sd1 156.667
MPa
Sd2
Sd
Sd1
Sd2
2
5
Sut
Sd2 194
Sd min ( Sd)
MPa
Sd 156.667
Mpa
The Maximum Allowable Hydrostatic Test Stress (MPa):

St1
St2
St
St1
St2
3
4
3
7
Sy
St1 176.25
MPa
Sut
St2 207.857
MPa
St min ( St)
Reference Standard:
St 176.25
Mpa
API Standard 650

12th Edition, 2013
B) SHELL DESIGN
1) 1 FOOT METHOD:
Di 11.5 m
API 650 Section 5.6.3
60 m
1 Foot method can be used
Design shell thickness ( mm):
td
Hydrostatic test shell thickness ( mm):
tt
4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3) G

Sd
CA
4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3)

St
td 9.669
mm
tt 3.261
mm
2) VARIABLE DESIGN POINT METHOD:

L
( 500 Di td)
L 235.787
mm
API 650 Section 5.6.4
L
Hliq
22.456
1000
Variable Design Point Method can be used.
a) The bottom course thickness (t1):

Design shell thickness (mm):
t1d 1.06
0.0696 Di
Hliq
Hliq G 4.9 Hliq Di G CA
Sd
Sd
t1d 9.929 mm
Hydrostatic test shell thickness (in):
t1t 1.06
0.0696 Di
Hliq
Hliq 4.9 Hliq Di
St
St
t1t 3.496 mm
t1d

t1t
max ( t) 9.929
t1 max ( t)
t1 9.929
mm
b) The second course thickness (t2):

Ratio for the bottom course:
h0 1000
ratio
ratio 6.278
Ri 1000 t1
Calculation of t2a:
H1 H
H2 H1 h0
H2 9.5 m
First trial for second course:

t2d
t2t
t2d

t2t
max ( t ) 9.669
Thickness of lower course:
4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3) G

Sd
CA
t2d 9.669 mm
4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3)
t2t 3.261 mm
St
tu max ( t)
tu 9.669
Ratio:
tL t1
tL
K 1.027
tu
K (K 1)
mm
1 K1.5
C 0.013
Distance of the variable design point from the bottom of the course: (x)
x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H2
x1 184.421
x2 1000 C H2
x2 126.849
x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)
x3 287.66
x1
x x2 min ( x ) 126.849 xe min ( x )
x3

4.9 Di H2
t2d1
Sd
4.9 Di H2
t2t1
t2d1
t2t1
max ( t) 9.371
xe
1000
CA t2d1 9.371 mm
xe
1000
St
t2a max ( t)
t2t1 2.997
t2a 9.371 mm
t2 9.371
c) The third course thickness (t3):

Ratio for the lower course:
ratio
h0 1000
ratio 6.462
( Ri 1000 t2)
Calculation of t3a:
H3 H2 h0
H3 8 m
mm
First trial for third course:

t3d
t3t
t3d

t3t
max ( t) 8.77
4.9 Di ( H3 0.3) G
Sd
CA
t3d 8.77
4.9 Di ( H3 0.3)
t3t 2.462 mm
St
tu max ( t)
tu 8.77
Ratio:
tL t2
mm
mm
tL
K 1.069
tu
K (K 1)
C 0.034
1 K1.5
x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H3
x1 223.265
x2 1000 C H3
x2 269.644
x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)
x3 273.957
x1
x x2 min ( x ) 223.265
x3

xe min ( x )
4.9 Di H3
t3d1
Sd
4.9 Di H3
t3t1
t3d1
t3t1
t3 8.797
max ( t) 8.797
xe
1000
CA
t3d1 8.797 mm
xe
1000
St
t3a max ( t)
t3t1 2.486
mm
t3a 8.797
mm
mm
d) The fourth course thickness (t4):

ratio
h0 1000
ratio 6.669
( Ri 1000 t3)
Calculation of t4a:
H4 H3 h0
First trial for fourth course:
t4d
t4t
t4d

t4t
max ( t) 8.23
H4 6.5
4.9 Di ( H4 0.3) G
Sd
4.9 Di ( H4 0.3)
St
tu max ( t)
CA
t4d 8.23
mm
t4t 1.982 mm
tu 8.23
mm
Ratio:
tL t3
tL
K 1.069
tu
K (K 1)
1 K1.5
C 0.034
x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H4
x1 203.091
x2 1000 C H4
x2 219.979
x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)
x3 265.396
x1
x x2 min ( x ) 203.091
x3

xe min ( x )
xe
4.9 Di H4
t4d1
t4t1
t4d1
t4t1
t4 8.265
max ( t) 8.265
CA
Sd
4.9 Di H4
1000
xe
t4d1 8.265 mm
1000
St
t4a max ( t)
t4t1 2.013
mm
t4a 8.265
mm
mm
e) The fifth course thickness (t5):

ratio
h0 1000
ratio 6.881
( Ri 1000 t4)
Calculation of t5a:
H5 H4 h0
t5d
t5t
t5d

t5t
max ( t) 7.691
tL t4
H5 5
4.9 Di ( H5 0.3) G
Sd
CA
4.9 Di ( H5 0.3)
t5d 7.691 mm
t5t 1.503 mm
St
tu max ( t)
tu 7.691
Ratio:
tL
mm
K 1.075
tu
K (K 1)
1 K1.5
C 0.037
x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H5
x1 186.872
x2 1000 C H5
x2 183.117
x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)
x3 256.549
x1
x x2 min ( x ) 183.117
x3

xe min ( x )
4.9 Di H5
t5d1
t5t1
t5d1
t5t1
t5 7.733
max ( t) 7.733
Sd
4.9 Di H5
xe
1000
CA
t5d1 7.733 mm
xe
1000
St
t5a max ( t)
t5t1 1.54
mm
t5a 7.733
mm
mm
f) The sixth course thickness (t6):

ratio
h0 1000
ratio 7.114
( Ri 1000 t5)
Calculation of t6a:
H6 H5 h0
t6d
t6t
t6d

t6t
max ( t) 7.151
tL t5
H6 3.5
4.9 Di ( H6 0.3) G
Sd
CA
4.9 Di ( H6 0.3)
t6d 7.151 mm
t6t 1.023 mm
St
tu max ( t)
tu 7.151
Ratio:
tL
mm
K 1.081
tu
K (K 1)
1 K1.5
x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H6
x1 168.278
x2 1000 C H6
x2 139.326
x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)
x3 247.387
C 0.04
x1
x x2 min ( x ) 139.326
x3

xe min ( x )
4.9 Di H6
t6d1
Sd
4.9 Di H6
t6t1
t
t6d1
t6t1
t6 7.209
max ( t) 7.209
xe
1000
CA t6d1 7.209 mm
xe
1000
St
t6a max ( t)
t6t1 1.074
mm
t6a 7.209
mm
mm
g) The seventh course thickness (t7):

h0 1000
ratio
ratio 7.368
( Ri 1000 t6)
Calculation of t7a:
H7 H6 h0
t7d
t7t
t7d

t7t
max ( t) 6.611
H7 2
4.9 Di ( H7 0.3) G
Sd
CA
t7d 6.611 mm
4.9 Di ( H7 0.3)
t7t 0.544 mm
St
tu max ( t)
tL t6
tu 6.611
Ratio:
tL
K 1.09
tu
mm
K (K 1)
1 K
1.5
C 0.044
x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H7
x1 147.168
x2 1000 C H7
x2 88.227
x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)
x3 237.871
x1
x x2 min ( x ) 88.227
x3

xe min ( x )
4.9 Di H7
t7d1
Sd
xe
1000
CA t7d1 6.688 mm
4.9 Di H7
t7t1
t
t7d1
t7t1
t7 6.688
max ( t) 6.688
xe
1000
St
t7a max ( t)
t7t1 0.611
mm
t7a 6.688
mm
mm
h) The eighth course thickness (t8):

h0 1000
ratio
ratio 7.649
( Ri 1000 t7)
Calculation of t8a:
H8 H7 h0
t8d
t8t
t8d

t8t
max ( t) 6.072
H8 0.5
4.9 Di ( H8 0.3) G
Sd
CA
t8d 6.072 mm
4.9 Di ( H8 0.3)
t8t 0.064 mm
St
tu max ( t)
tu 6.072
Ratio:
tL t7
tL
K 1.101
tu
mm
K (K 1)
1 K1.5
C 0.049
x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H8
x1 121.877
x2 1000 C H8
x2 24.68
x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)
x3 227.959
x1
x x2 min ( x ) 24.68
x3

xe min ( x )
4.9 Di H8
t8d1
t8t1
t8d1
t8t1
max ( t) 6.171
1000
Sd
4.9 Di H8
xe
St
t8a max ( t)
xe
CA
t8d1 6.171 mm
1000
t8t1 0.152
mm
t8a 6.171
mm
t8 6.171
mm
3) THICKNESSES OF ALL SHELL COURSES:

Minimum shell thickness:
According to API 650 Section 5.6.1.1. minimum shell thickness can not be less than this values:
Tank Diameter (m): Di
Di 15
15 Di 36
36 Di 60
Plate Thickness (mm): t

Di 11.5
60 Di
10
tmin 5
Selected Thicness of Shell Courses:

Number of Shell Courses:
nsh 8
i 1 nsh
Course No
Thickness (mm)
Selected Thickness (mm)
Course Height (m)
t1 9.929
th1 12
h1 h0
h1 1.5
t2 9.371
th2 12
h2 h0
h2 1.5
t3 8.797
th3 10
h3 h0
h3 1.5
t4 8.265
th4 10
h4 h0
h4 1.5
t5 7.733
th5 8
h5 h0
h5 1.5
t6 7.209
th6 8
h6 h0
h6 1.5
t7 6.688
th7 8
h7 h0
h7 1.5
t8 6.171
th8 8
h8 H8
h8 0.5
Mid Elevations of Shell Courses:

Course No
Mid Elevations of Shell Courses

h1
hm1
hm2 h1
hm3 hm2
hm4 hm3
hm5 hm4
hm6 hm5
hm7 hm6
hm8 hm7
Mid Elevations (m)

hm1 0.75
2
h2
hm2 2.25
2
h2
2
h3
2
h4
2
h5
2
h6
2
h7
2
h3
hm3 3.75
2
h4
hm4 5.25
2
h5
hm5 6.75
2
h6
hm6 8.25
2
h7
hm7 9.75
2
h8
hm8 10.75
mm
hi thi
Average Thickness of Tank Shell (mm):
tav
tav 9.636
mm
hi
i
4
hi thi
Wsh Di 7.85
Weight of Shell Courses (kg):
Wsh 3.006 10
hi thi hmi
Center of Gravity of Shell Courses (m):
Hs
Hs 4.991
hi thi
C) BOTTOM PLATES
td CA
Product Stress (MPa):
PS
Hydrostatic Test Stress (MPa):
HTS
Stress in First Shell Course (MPa):
th1 CA
tt
th1
Sd
PS 95.795
St
MPa
HTS 47.898 MPa
max ( PS HTS)
95.795
MPa
According to API 650 Table 5.1 Annular Bottom Plate Thickness (tb):
Plate Thickness of First
Shell Course, t (mm)
tb 6
Stress in First Shell Course, (MPa)

190
210
230
250
t 19
19 t 25
10
11
25 t 32
12
14
32 t 40
11
14
17
40 t 45
13
16
19
mm
Selected Annular Bottom Plate Thickness (including Corrosion Allowance):
tbs 12 mm
Selected Bottom Plate Thickness:
tbs 8
If annular plates are used, minimum radial width of annular plates:
215 tbs
( Hliq G)
D) TOP AND INTERMEDIATE WIND GIRDERS

1) TOP WIND GIRDER:
10
mm
w 530.804 mm
Required minimum section modulus (cm3):
Di H
17
Vw
190
Z 39.815
cm
H1 94.477
Profile UNP100 can be selected with section Z = 41.2 cm3.
2) INTERMEDIATE WIND GIRDER:

The top shell course plate thickness:
t 8
The maximum height of the unstiffened shell :
H1 9.47 t
mm
t

Di
190
Vw
Vertical distance between the intermediate wind girder and top wind girder H1:
H1 94.477
If the height of the transformed shell, Wtr, is greater than the maximum height H1, an intermediate wind girder
is required.
H1 94.477
Wtr 8.806
The intermediate wind girder is not required.
E) ROOF PLATES
Loads
Dead Load (the weight of the roof):
DL = t x (7.85) x 0.01
kPa
Design External Pressure:
Pe 0.25
kPa
Roof Live Load:
LR Lr 0.01
LR 2.5
kPa
Snow Load:
S Sn 0.01
S1
kPa
Self supporting cone roof

Self supporting cone roofs should conform to the following requirements:
Angle of the cone roof elements to the horizontal (degree):
9.5 37
Assume an angle for plate thickness calculation:
18
Dead Load (with plate thickness assumption):
DL 12 ( 7.85) 0.01
DL 0.942
kPa
1) DL + (Lr or S) + 0.4Pe
T1 DL LR 0.4 Pe
T1 3.542
kPa
2) DL + Pe + 0.4(Lr or S)
T2 DL Pe 0.4 LR
T2 2.192
kPa
deg
deg
Greater of load combinations:
11
T max ( T1 T2)
Minimum roof plate thickness:
trmin
T 3.542
Di

4.8 sin
180
T
2.2
kPa
trmin 11.838 mm
Calculated minimum roof plate thickness should not be greater than 13 mm according to API 650. Therefore
supported cone roof will not be considered.
Selected plate thickness of the supported cone roof:
tr 12
mm
F) OVERTURNING STABILITY UNDER WINDLOAD

The wind pressure on projected areas of cylindrical surfaces for 100 miles/h wind velocity:
fw 0.86
kPa
2
Vw Di H 1000
9.81
190
The wind load acting on tank:
Fw fw
Overturning moment from wind load:
Mw Fw
Fw 5.16 10
kg
4
kg m
kg
Mw 2.838 10
Weight of tank:
Weight of Bottom Plates:
Wb
Di 0.001 th1 0.52

4
tbs ( 7.85) Wb 7.117 10
Weight of Shell Courses:
Wsh 3.006 10
kg
( Di 0.5)
Weight of Roof (with stiffeners):
Wro
Resisting weight:
Wres Wsh Wro
Overturning moment from wind load:
Mw 2.838 10
( tr 1) ( 7.85)
kg m
Wro 1.154 10
kg
Wres 4.16 10
Wres Di 1.595 105
3
2
kg
kg m
There is no overturning due to wind load. Therefore anchor bolts are not required.
G) SEISMIC DESIGN OF TANK (for MCE - Maximum Considered Earthquake)

Reference Standard:
API Standard 650, ASCE 7
SEISMIC DESIGN FACTORS

Seismic Use Group:
Effective Ground Acceleration Coefficient:
(for Seismic Zone 1 according to TEC 2007)
SUG 3
Seismic Zone
A0 0.4
Acceleration Coefficient
12
1 2 3 4
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
Importance Factor:
(API 650 Table E-5)
I 1.5
Response Modification Factor - impulsive:

(API 650 Table E-4)
Ri 4
(mechanically anchored)
Response Modification Factor - convective:

(API 650 Table E-4)
Rc 2
(mechanically anchored)
1.0 1.25 1.5
Seismic Use Group

Importance Factor
SITE GROUND MOTION

Acceleration Parameters
For sites not addressed by ASCE methods, the peak ground acceleration method shall be used. The peak
ground acceleration parameter will be calculated by using the effective ground acceleration coefficient in TE C
2007. With a conservative approach, the effective ground acceleration coefficient in TEC 2007 will be multiplied
by two.
Peak Ground Acceleration Parameter:
Sp A0 2
Sp 0.8
Mapped MCE, 5% damped, spectral response

acceleration parameter at short periods (0.2 sec), %g
Ss 2.5 Sp
Ss 2
Mapped MCE, 5 percent damped, spectral response

acceleration parameter at a period of 1 sec, %g
S1 1.25 Sp
S1 1
Modifications for Site Soil Conditions

Site Class based on the Site Soil Properties:
Acceleration Based Site Coefficient - at 0.2 sec period:

(API 650 Table E-1)
Fa 0.9
Velocity Based Site Coefficient - at 1.0 sec period:

(API 650 Table E-1
Fv 2.4
Adjusted Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters:

(According to ASCE 7-05 Section 11.4.3)
For short periods:
Sms Ss Fa
Sms 1.8
For 1 second:
Sm1 S1 Fv
Sm1 2.4
Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters:

For short periods:
Sds
For 1 second:
Sd1
2
3
2
3
Sms
Sds 1.2
Sm1
Sd1 1.6
Design Response Spectrum (DRS):

Characteristic Periods:
T0 0.2
Sd1
Sds
13
T0 0.267 s
Sd1
Ts
Ts 1.333 s
Sds
Regional Dependent Transition Period for Longer Period Ground Motion:

TL 4
(Regions outside the USA)
Natural Vibration Period (s):
T 0.01 0.015 6
Design Responce Spectrum
When
T T0
Sa ( T) Sds 0.4 0.6
When
T0 T Ts
Sa ( T) Sds
When
Ts T TL
Sa ( T)
TL T
Sa ( T) Sd1
When
Sd1
T
TL
Spectral Response Acceleration
1.2
0.8
Sa ( T) 0.6
0.4
0.2
T
Period (s)
STRUCTURAL PERIOD OF VIBRATION

Impulsive Natural Period
Density of Fluid:
1 10
kg
m
Height to Diameter Ratio:
Hliq
Di
0.913
Coefficient Ci:
(API 650 Figure E-1)
Ci 7.2
Elastic Modulus of Tank Material (MPa):
E 2.1 10
14
T0
Equivalent Uniform Thickness of Tank Shell:

(mm) (Average thickness)
tu tav
Impulsive Natural Period (s):

(API 650 Eq. E.4.5.1)
Ti
Ci Hliq
2000
tu
tu 9.636
mm
Ti 0.127
Di
Convective (Sloshing) Period

Sloshing Period Coefficient:
0.578
Ks
Ks 0.579
3.68 Hliq
tanh
The First Mode Sloshing Wave Period (s ):

(API 650 Eq. E.4.5.2)
Di
Tc 1.8 Ks Di
Tc 3.532
DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATIONS

Impulsive Spectral Acceleration Parameter
Ri
Ai Sds
Ai 0.45
%g
Convective Spectral Acceleration Parameter

Coefficient to adjust the spectral acceleration from 5% - 0.5% damping:
K 1.5
1 I

Tc Ri
When
Tc TL
Ac K Sd1
When
Tc TL
Ac K Sd1
TL I

2 Rc
Tc
Ac 0.255
%g
DESIGN LOADS
Effective Weight of Product
Diameter to Height Ratio:
Di
Hliq
1.095
2
Total weight of tank contents (N):
Wp
Di
4
Hliq 9.81
15
Wp 1.07 10
Effective Impulsive Weight (N):

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.1)
Selection of Effective Impulsive Weight Equation:
When
Di
Hliq
When
tanh 0.866
Di
Hliq
Wi
1.333
0.866
Hliq
Wp
Di
Hliq
1.333
Di
Wi 1.0 0.218
Di
Wp
Hliq
Wi 8.144 10
Effective Convective Weight (N):

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.1)
Wc 0.230
Di
Hliq
3.67 Hliq Wp
Di
tanh
Wc 2.689 10
Center of Action for Ringwall Overturning Moment

The ringwall overturning moment is the portion of the total overturning moment that acts at the base of the tank
shell perimeter. This moment is used to determine loads on a ringwall foundation, the tank anchorage forces, and
to check the longitudinal shell compression.
Height of the Lateral Seismic Force:

Applied to Wi (m)
(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.2.1)
Selection of Height Equation:
When
Di
Hliq
When
Di
Hliq
1.333
1.333
Xi 0.375 Hliq
Xi 0.5 0.094
Di
Hliq
Hliq
m
Xi 4.169
3.67 Hliq 1
cosh
Di
Hliq
Xc 1.0
3.67 Hliq sinh 3.67 Hliq
Di
Di

Applied to Wc (m)
(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.2.1)
Xc 7.579
Center of Action for Slab Overturning Moment

The slab overturning moment is the total overturning moment acting across the entire tank base cross section. This
overturning moment is used to design slab and pile cap foundation (if any).
Applied to Wi (m)
(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.2.2)
When
Selection of Height Equation:
Di
Hliq
1.333
0.866 Di

Hliq
Xis 0.375 1.0 1.333
1.0 Hliq
Di
tanh 0.866 Hliq

16
When
Di
Hliq
1.333
Xis 0.5 0.06
Di
Hliq
Hliq
m
Xis 5.94

Applied to Wc (m)
(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.2.2)
Xcs 1.0
3.67 Hliq 1.937
Di
Hliq
3.67
Hliq
3.67
Hliq
sinh
Di
Di
cosh
Xcs 7.785
Overturning Moment
The seismic overturning moment at the base of the tank is evaluated as the SRSS summation of the impulsive and
convective components multiplied by the respective moment arms to the center of action of these forces.
5
Total weight of tank shell (N):
Ws Wsh 9.81
Ws 2.949 10
Height of Shell's Center of Gravity (m)
Xs Hs
Xs 4.991
Weight of Roof (N):
Wr Wro 9.81
Wr 1.132 10
Height of Roof's Center of Gravity (m)
Xr H
Ringwall Overturning Moment (Nm):

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.5)
for global evaluations
Mrw
Slab Overturning Moment (Nm):

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.5)
Ms
m
5
Di tan
3 2
180
1
Xr 11.623
[ Ai ( Wi Xi Ws Xs Wr Xr) ] [ Ac ( Wc Xc) ]
[ Ai ( Wi Xis Ws Xs Wr Xr) ] [ Ac ( Wc Xcs ) ]

7
Vertical Seismic Effects

The vertical seismic acceleration parameter Av is defined as 0.14*Sds in API 650 and as 0.2*Sds in ASCE 7
method. Conservatively 0.2*Sds is choosen in calculations.
Av 0.24
Dynamic Liquid Hoop Forces

Dynamic hoop tensile stress due to seismic motion of the liquid is calculated by the following formulas.
Calculation for the 1.st shell course:
Distance from liquid surface to analysis point (m):
Y Hliq
17
Y 10.5 m
Nm
Ms 2.363 10
Av 0.2 Sds
Mrw 1.733 10
Vertical Seismic Acceleration Coeff. (%g):
Nm
Impulsive Hoop Membrane Force in Tank Shell (N/mm):

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.4)
When
Di
Hliq
When
Di
Hliq
When
Di
Hliq
Selection of Force Equation:
2
Y
Y tanh 0.866 Di
0.5
Hliq
Hliq
Hliq
Ni 8.48 Ai G Di Hliq
1.333
1.333
and
Y 0.75 Di
2
Y
Y
Ni 5.22 Ai G Di
0.5

0.75 Di
0.75 Di
1.333
and
Y 0.75 Di
Ni 2.6 Ai G Di
Ni 154.732
mm
Convective Hoop Membrane Force in Tank Shell (N/mm):

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.4)
1.85 Ac G Di cosh 3.68

Nc
( Hliq Y)
Di
3.68 Hliq
Di
Nc 4.325
mm
cosh
Liquid Hydrostatic Membrane Force in Tank Shell (N/mm):

Y G Di
Nh
Thickness of the shell ring under consideration (mm):
Total Combined Hoop Stress (MPa):
ts th1 CA
2
Nh
Nh 592.279
9.81
ts 6
Ni Nc ( Av Nh)
ts
mm
mm
t 133.74
MPa
The maximum allowable hoop tension membrane stress for the combination of hydrostatic and dynamic membrane
hoop effects should be less than allowable design stress of the shell increased by 33%.
Allowable Stress for MCE seismic design:
Comparison:
t 133.74
Hoop Stress Ratio:
all 1.33 Sd
MPa
all 208.367
SRhs
t
all
all 208.367
MPa
SRhs 0.642
OK
MPa
Calculation for the 2.nd shell course:

Y Hliq h0
18
Y9

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.4)
When
Di
Hliq
When
Di
Hliq
When
Di
Hliq
2
Y
Y tanh 0.866 Di
0.5
Hliq
Hliq
Hliq
1.333
1.333
and
1.333
and
Y 0.75 Di
Ni 5.22 Ai G Di
Y 0.75 Di
Ni 2.6 Ai G Di
0.75 Di
2
Y
0.75 Di
0.5
Ni 154.732
mm

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.4)

Nc
( Hliq Y)
Di
3.68 Hliq
Di
Nc 4.833
mm
cosh

Y G Di
Nh
ts th2 CA
2
Nh
Nh 507.668
9.81
ts 6
Ni Nc ( Av Nh)
ts
mm
mm
t 117.445
MPa
Comparison:
t 117.445
Hoop Stress Ratio:
all 1.33 Sd
MPa
all 208.367
SRhs
t
all
all 208.367
MPa
SRhs 0.564
OK
MPa
Calculation for the 3.rd shell course:

Y Hliq 2 h0
19
Y 7.5

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.4)
When
Di
Hliq
When
Di
Hliq
When
Di
Hliq
2
Y
Y
Di
0.5
tanh 0.866
Hliq
Hliq
Hliq
1.333
1.333
and
1.333
and
Y 0.75 Di
Ni 5.22 Ai G Di
Y 0.75 Di
Ni 2.6 Ai G Di
0.75 Di
2
Y
0.75 Di
0.5
Ni 152.685
mm

(API 650 Eq. E.6.1.4)

Nc
( Hliq Y)
Di
3.68 Hliq
Di
Nc 6.476
mm
cosh

Y G Di
Nh
ts th3 CA
2
Nh
Nh 423.056
9.81
ts 4
Ni Nc ( Av Nh)
ts
mm
mm
MPa
t 151.633
Comparison:
t 151.633
Hoop Stress Ratio:
MPa
all 1.33 Sd
all 208.367
SRhs
t
all
all 208.367
MPa
SRhs 0.728
OK
MPa
FOUNDATION LOADS
Dead Load per Unit Length (N/m):
(Shell and Roof)
DL
Ws Wr
20
Di
DL 1.13 10
N
m
Lr 9.81
( Di 0.5)
4
Live Load per Unit Length (N/m):

(Live Load on Roof)
LL
Total Dead Weight (N):

(Shell, Roof and Liquid)
Wt Ws Wr Wp
Total Load per Unit Area during Operation (N/m2):

Wo
LL 7.677 10
Di
m
7
Wt 1.111 10
Wt
N
N
Wo 1.069 10
Di2
Seismic loads:
The equivalent lateral seismic forces are calculated by considering the effective mass and dynamic liquid pressures.
The seismic base shear is evaluated as the SRSS summation of the impulsive and convective components.
Base Shear due to Seismic Load (N):
Seq
[ Ai ( Wi Ws Wr) ] ( Ac Wc )
2
6
Seq 3.909 10
Ringwall Overturning Moment due to Seismic Load (Nm):
Mrw 1.733 10
Nm
Slab Overturning Moment due to Seismic Load (Nm):
Ms 2.363 10
Nm
Vertical Seismic Force (N):

(Shell and Roof)
Fvs Av ( Ws Wr)
Vertical Seismic Force per Unit Length (N/m):

(Shel and Roof)
VSF
Total Vertical Seismic Force (N):

Fvst Av Wt
Fvst 2.666 10
Total Vertical Load (N):

(Total Vertical Seismic and Total Dead W.)
Fvt Fvst Wt
Fvt 1.377 10
Fvs
( Di )
Fvs 9.795 10
VSF 2.711 10
N
m
ANCHORAGE LOADS
Resistance to the overturning (ringwall) moment at the base of the shell is provided by mechanical anchorage
devices (anchor bolts). The resisting weight of the liquid is neglected in the calculation of the uplift load on the
anchors. The anchors are sized to provide at least the minimum anchorage resistance calculated as follows:
Distributed Compression Force due to Roof (N/m): wr
Distributed Compression Force due to Shell (N/m): ws

Total Distributed Compression Force (N/m):
Wr
Di
Ws
Di
wt wr ws
Vertical Seismic Acceleration (g's):
Minimum Anchorage Resistance (N/m):

(API 650 Eq. E.6.2.1.2)
wr 3.134 10
N
m
ws 8.163 10
4
wt 1.13 10
N
m
N
m
Av 0.24
wab
1.273 Mrw wt ( 1 0.4 Av) wab 1.566 105
2
Di
21
N
m
ANCHOR BOLT VERIFICATION (LRFD CRITERION)

Due to the adoption of shear keys, anchor bolts are subjected to traction loads only. Max applied tractions are
evaluated from above calculated anchorage loads and anchor bolt capacity is determined according to ACI 318-05
Appendix D
Requirements according to API 650 E.7.1.2:
- Minimum 6 anchors should be provided.

- The spacing between anchors should be less than 3 m.
- Anchors should have a minimum diameter of 25 mm.
Number of Equally Spaced Anchors Around the Tank Circumference:
nb 24
Distance from bolt center to shell (mm):
Dbs 92
Bolt Circle Diameter (m):
Db Di 2
Bolt Spacing Angle:
Bolt Spacing (m):
Dbs th1
1000
360
Db 11.708
Db
degrees
15
nb
Bsp
mm
Bsp 1.533
nb
Concrete strength (MPa):
flc 25
MPa
Anchor Bolt Characteristics

Cast in headed stud anchor
Nominal Diameter of Anchor (mm):
db 48
Threaded Area of Bolt (mm2):
Ath
mm
2
0.75 db
4
Ath 1.357 10
Anchor bolt material: S275JR (St44-2) or equivalent

Ultimate Tensile Strenght (MPa):
Sub 430
Yield Strenght (MPa):
Syb 275
Maximum traction
As LRFD design method is used for anchor bolt verification, following load combination will be adopted
U = 0.9 x D + E
Bsp 1000
Bolt Spacing to Diameter ratio
db
Max traction on single bolt (kN)
Tb
wab Bsp
1000
22
Tb 240
31.929
kN
mm
Bolts tension capacity (according to clause D.5)

Reduction Factor (according to clause D.4.4.a)
t 0.75
Additional seismic strength reduction factor
s 0.75
Design tensile strength (ACI 318 D.5.1.2) (MPa)
futa min ( Sub 860 1.9 Syb)
Nominal bolt strength in tension (kN)
Nsa Ath min ( futa 860) 10
Nsa 583.582
Bolt tension capacity (kN)
Nsa s t Nsa
Nsa 328.265 kN
Bolt tension demand (kN)
Nua Tb
Nua 240
Comparison:
futa 430
Nsa 328.265 kN
Nua 240
Bolt usage ratio:
kN
kN
kN
Nua
FUt
MPa
OK
FUt 0.731
Nsa
Pullout strength in tension (according to clause D.5.3)

Modification Factor:
cp 1.4
Reduction Factor:
p 0.75
Bearing area at head of anchor bolt (mm2):
db2
Abrg 160
4
Pull out strength in tension of an headed bolt (kN):
Np 8 Abrg flc 10
Nominal pull out strength (kN):
Npn Np cp
Npn 6.661 10
kN
Design pull out strength (kN):
Np p s Npn
Np 3.747 10
kN
Comparison:
Np 3.747 10 kN
Nsa 328.265
Abrg 2.379 10 mm
Np 4.758 kN
10
OK
kN
Bolt adequacy for uplift loads

According to Table 3.21 of API 650
Dead load of shell minus any corrosion allowance and any dead load including roof plate acting on the shell minus
any corrosion allowance (N):
tav CA Wro tr CA 9.81
tav
tr
W2 Wsh
Seismic uplift loads (N):
U 4
Ms
Di
Nm
W2 1.679 10
W2 ( 1 0.4 Av)
As Ms is used for a verification based on ASD criterion a new evaluation can be made as follows:
Slab Overturning Moment (Nm):
Ms
[ Ai 0.7 ( Wi Xis Ws Xs Wr Xr) ] [ Ac ( Wc Xcs ) ]
23
Ms 1.698 10
Levhali
Seismic uplift loads (N):
Uplift load per anchor (N):
Uasd 4
tb
Ms
Di
Uasd
al 0.8 Syb
Average induced stress (MPa):
ub
Nm
MPa
al 220
tb
ub 176.627 MPa
Ath
ub
SRu
Uasd 5.753 10
tb 2.397 10
nb
Allowable Ancher Bolt Stress (MPa):

according to Table 3.21 of API 650
Uplift stress ratio
W2 ( 1 0.4 Av)
OK
SRu 0.803
al
SHEAR KEY VERIFICATION (ASD CRITERION)

Shear keys characteristics
Depth of shear key (mm):
dp 100 mm
Width of shear key (mm):
wsk 100 mm
Thickness of shear key (mm):
tsk 20
Number:
nsk 24
Material:
S275 JRG2
Plate minimum yield stress (MPa)
ysk 275
mm
Verification procedure
The shear keys are verified for the bending moment and shear stresses in the plates produced by the concrete
bearing reaction in the contact area, assumed as uniformly distributed.
Two verifications are performed:
A global verification at the shear key connection to the annular plate
A local verification at the connection of the two vertical plates forming the shear key.
6
Total Base Shear due to seismic load (N):
0.7 Seq 2.736 10
Shear for each shear key (N):
Ssk
Concrete compression (MPa):
fc
0.7 Seq
nsk
Ssk
wsk dp
Concrete allowable compression (MPa):
fcall 0.65 0.85 flc
Concrete compression ratio
SRck
fc
fcall
N
5
Ssk 1.14 10
fc 11.402 MPa
fcall 13.813
MPa
OK
SRck 0.825
Global verification
Shear area (mm2):
Assk tsk wsk
24
Assk 2 10
mm
Shear stress (MPa):
Ssk
Shear key allowable bending stress (MPa):
allsk
Shear key allowable shear stress (MPa):
allsk
MPa
57.009
Assk
2
3
allsk 183.333 MPa
ysk
allsk
MPa
allsk 129.636
2
Shear stress ratio:
SR
dp
Arm of the global concrete reaction (mm):
afc
Global bending moment (Nmm):
Mgk Ssk afc
Global inertia moment (mm4):
Igk
afc 50
mm
6
Mgk 5.701 10
12
OK
SR 0.44
allsk
( wsk) tsk ( wsk tsk) tsk
Igk 1.72 10
Global section modulus (mm3):
Shear key global bending stress (MPa):
Shear key global bending stress ratio.
Igk
Wgk
gk
wsk
mm
Wgk 3.44 10
Mgk
mm
gk 165.723 MPa
Wgk
SRgk
Nmm
gk
OK
SRgk 0.904
allsk
Local verification
Conservatively we consider a simple cantilever beam of unit width
Shear key overhang (mm):
esk
wsk tsk
Bending moment due to concrete reaction (Nmm/mm): Mlk fc esk

1
Shear key section modulus per unit depth (mm3/mm): Wlk
Shear key bending stress (MPa):
Shear key local bending stress ratio:
esk 40
lk
Mlk
Wlk
SRlk
25
tsk
esk
lk
allsk
mm
3 N mm
Mlk 9.121 10
mm
3
Wlk 66.667
lk 136.821
SRlk 0.746
mm
mm
MPa
OK
MAXIMUM LONGITUDILAN SHELL MEMBRANE COMPRESSION STRESS

Shell Compression in Mechanically Anchored Tanks
The maximum longitudinal shell compression stress at the bottom of the shell for mechanically anchored tanks is
evaluated according to API 650 E.6.2.2.2
Thickness of Bottom Shell Course less CA (mm): tsb th1 CA
c wt ( 1 0.4 Av)
1.273 Mrw
1000 tsb
Di
tsb 6
mm
MPa
c 29.865
Allowable Longitudinal Shell Membrane Compression Stress

The seismic allowable stress Fc is evaluated according to API 650 E.6.2.2.3
2
The Parameter:
Para
G Hliq Di
Para 38.573
tsb
The Allowable Compression Stress (MPa):
(API 650 Eq. E.6.2.2.3)
Selection of Stress Equation:

2
G Hliq Di
When
44
Fc
tsb
83 tsb
Di
G Hliq Di
When
44
tsb
Fc
83 tsb
2.5 Di
7.5 ( G Hliq) 0.5 Sy

Fc 41.625
Comparison:
c 29.865
Compression Stress Ratio:
Rcs
MPa
Fc 41.625
MPa
MPa
OK
Rcs 0.717
Fc
ANCHOR CHAIR VERIFICATION (ASD CRITERION)

The tank is anchored to the foundation by mean of anchor bolts and chairs. The verification of various components
of the chair (top plate and gussets) is performed according to procedure 3-14 "Design of base details for vertical
vessels" of Pressure Vessel Design Manual by D. Moss.
Used symbols are shown in next figure.
Input data
Material S235 JRG2
Plate minimum yield stress (MPa):
y Sy
y 235
Plate allowable stress (MPa):
ball Sd
ball 156.667 MPa
Bolt eccentricity (mm):
a Dbs
a 92
26
MPa
mm
Height from top of annular plate (mm):
h 250 mm
Distance between gussets (mm):
b 100 mm
Thickness of bottom shell (mm):
ts th1
Bolt diameter (mm):
ts 12
mm
db 48
mm
Bolt hole in the top plate (mm)
dbh db 24
Top plate thickness (mm):
tc 30
Top plate width (mm):
A 400 mm
Top plate edge distance from bolt axis (mm):
c 85
Top plate width ouside bolt hole (mm):
e c
Thickness of gussets (mm):
tg 25 mm
Bolt pitch (mm):
bp Bsp 1000
bp 1.533 10
mm
Base plate span between chairs (mm):
bs bp ( b 2 tg)
bs 1.383 10
mm
Number of gussets per chair:
ng 2
Shell reinforcement plate thickness (mm:)
rpt 20 mm
Shell reinforcement plate halfwidth (mm):
rpw 200 mm
dbh 72
mm
mm
mm
dbh
e 49 mm
Design loads
Bolt traction
As ASD design method is used for anchor chair verification, a new evaluation of max bolt traction is done as follows:
Maximum traction on single bolt (N):
Tbc
1.273 Mrw wt ( 1 0.4 Av 0.7) bp
1000
2
Db
Tbc 2.305 10
For additional conservatism we consider the max between the computed traction and the ASD bolt capacity
Maximum load considered for the chair verification (N): Tbc max Tbc0.7Nsa1000
Tbc 2.305 10
Maximum compression per unit length (N/m):
C wt ( 1 0.4 Av 0.7)
1.273 Mrw
2
Di
C 1.789 10
27
N
m
Annular bottom plate characteristics

Selected bottom plate thickness (mm):
tb tbs
tb 8
Annular plate width (mm):
mm
w 530.804
mm
Top plate verification

The top plate is assumed as a beam, with dimensions e x A, with partially fixed ends, and a portion (1/3) of the
total anchor bolt force Tbc, distributed along part of the span.
Maximum induced bending stress (MPa):
Tbc
tp
( 0.375 b 0.22db)
tp 140.808 MPa
e tc
Top plate bending stress ratio
SRtp
tp
OK
SRtp 0.899
ball
Gusset verification
Gusset maximum axial compression force (N):
Tbc
Cg
Cg 1.152 10
ng
Gusset width at bottom edge (mm):
wo 15 mm
Gusset mean width (mm):
bg
( a c ) wo
bg 96
mm
Gusset thickness (mm):
tg 25
Shell reinforcement plate thickness (mm):
rpt 20 mm
Shell reinforcement plate halfwidth (mm):
rpw 200
Section total area (mm2):
Neutral axis distance from midsurface of

reinforcement plate (mm):
mm
mm
2
Ag bg tg rpt rpw
Ag 6.4 10
bg rpt
2
2
na tg bg
na 21.75
Ag
mm
mm
Longitudinal inertia moment (mm4):

3
Il
tg bg
12
bg rpt na rpw rpt rpt rpw ( na) 2
2
12
2
tg bg
Transv ersal inertia moment (mm4):
It
Inertia radius (mm):
rl
12
1
Ag
28
bg tg rpt rpw
Il
rt
Il 7.023 10
It
Ag
It 1.346 10
rl 33.125
mm
rt 45.857
mm
mm
mm
rmin min ( rl rt)

Instability Factor:
IF 1
Young's modulus (MPa):
E 210000 MPa
Yield s tress (MPa):
rmin 33.125 mm
y 235
Cc factor:
2 E
Cc
MPa
Cc 132.813
Allowable compression stress (MPa):
cgall
IF h
rmin
1
2
2 rmin
3
5
h
IF h 1
3 IF

3
3
8 Cc rmin
rmin
8 Cc
Max compression stress (MPa)
Compression stress ratio
cg
Cg
Ag
SRcg
29
cg
cgall
cgall 135.608 MPa
cg 18.008
SRcg 0.133
MPa
OK

API 650 Tank Design

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API 650 Tank Design

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950 m3 (TYPE-3) TANK CALCULATIONS

A) SYSTEM AND DESIGN DATA

Tank inner diameter (m):

Tank height (m):

Liquid level (m):

Discharge pipe level (m):

Tank usefull volume:

Density of stored material:

Tank is outside the building.

Snow load (kg/m2):

Live Load on Roof (kg/m2):

Height of courses (m):

Minimum Yield Strenght (MPa):

Minimum Tensile Strenght (MPa):

The Maximum Allowable Product Design Stress (MPa):

The Maximum Allowable Hydrostatic Test Stress (MPa):

API Standard 650

API 650 Section 5.6.3

1 Foot method can be used

Design shell thickness ( mm):

Hydrostatic test shell thickness ( mm):

4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3) G

4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3)

2) VARIABLE DESIGN POINT METHOD:

Variable Design Point Method can be used.

a) The bottom course thickness (t1):

Hliq G 4.9 Hliq Di G CA

Hydrostatic test shell thickness (in):

Hliq 4.9 Hliq Di

b) The second course thickness (t2):

First trial for second course:

Thickness of lower course:

4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3) G

4.9 Di ( Hliq 0.3)

x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)

c) The third course thickness (t3):

First trial for third course:

Thickness of lower course:

x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)

d) The fourth course thickness (t4):

First trial for fourth course:

Thickness of lower course:

x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)

e) The fifth course thickness (t5):

First trial for fourth course:

Thickness of lower course:

x1 0.61 ( Ri 1000 tu) 320 C H5

x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)

f) The sixth course thickness (t6):

First trial for fourth course:

Thickness of lower course:

x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)

g) The seventh course thickness (t7):

First trial for fourth course:

Thickness of lower course:

x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)

h) The eighth course thickness (t8):

First trial for fourth course:

Thickness of lower course:

x3 1.22 ( Ri 1000 tu)

3) THICKNESSES OF ALL SHELL COURSES:

Plate Thickness (mm): t

Selected Thicness of Shell Courses:

Selected Thickness (mm)