Unit1

Explainmajorgeographicalconceptslocation,place,humanenvironmentinteraction,
movement,regionalization,andglobalization.
GLOBALIZATION:
Theexpansionofcultural,political,andeconomicprocessestothepointthatthey
becomeglobalinscaleandimpact(isasetofprocessesandoutcomes)
Globalizationconnectstheworldbymovingthingsfromlocalscalestoglobal
scaleswheretheydontjustaffectacertainarea,buttheyaffectthewholeworld
PLACE:
Placeisthedescriptionofwhatweseeandhowweexperienceacertainaspectof
theEarthssurface.
Placedefinesandrefineswhatweare
Placereferstotheuniquecharacteristicsofaparticularlocation
Canbedescribedintermsofphysicalcharacteristicsmountains,rivers,
climate,topography,andvegetation
Canbedescribedintermsofhumancharacteristicshumandesigned
culturalfeatures(Landuse,architecture,religion,food,transportation,and
communication)
MOVEMENT(SPATIALINTERACTION):
Movementdescribestheinterconnectednessofplaces
Howwellareasareconnecteddeterminestheirimportanceintheworld
transportationallowsplacestobemoreconnected
Movementreferstomobilityofpeople,goods,andideas
Chicagousedtobealargerailroadhub,andnowithasaverylarge
internationalairportwhichallowtransportationofgoods,peopleandideas
HUMANENVIRONMENTINTERACTION:
Thisthemereferstotherelationshipbetweenhumansandtheirnatural
environment
Describeshowpeoplemodifyoraltertheenvironmenttofitindividualor
societalneedsthereversaloftheChicagoriverisagoodexample
becausehumansdidntwantsewageendingupinLakeMichigansothey
madeitgotheotherwayinstead
Humanscannotliveinthefivetoostoohot,toocold,toowet,toodry,andtoo
hilly
anyoftheseconditionscanmakethehandinhabitableforhumansunless
thereisbettertechnologytocopewiththeseareas
Humanscanusetechnologytoaltertheirenvironmentsandmakethese
areashabitable


LOCATION:
LocationreferstothegeographicalpositionofsomethingonEarthssurface
Locationallowsgeographerstomakeeachplaceuniquebecauseeverythinghas
itsownlocation
Therearetwowaystoexpresslocation
Relativelocation:

givesthelocationinreferencetoanotherfeatureonthe
Earthssurface.
Absolutelocation:

giveslatitudeandlongitudecoordinates
REGION:
Linksplacestogetherusinganycriteriathegeographerchooses
ExaminesdistributionofdifferentphenomenononEarth
Threetypesofregions
Formalregions:regionswhereanythingandeverythinginsidesharesa
specificcharacteristicex.anyoneintheU.S.
Functionalregions:aroundacertainpointornodetheyaremostintense
aroundthecenterbutlosetheircharacteristicsthefartherthedistancefrom
thefocalpoint(distancedecay)ex.radiostations
Perceptual/vernacular:existprimarilyinanindividualsperceptionor
feelingsex.theAmericanSouthwest

Understandhowchangingscaleandaggregationcaninfluenceinterpretationofmaps.
Scaleistherelationshipofthesizeofthemaptotheamountofareaitrepresentsonthe
planet
Smallscalemapsshowmoreareainlessdetail
Largescalemapsshowlessareainmoredetail
Scalecanbewrittenin3ways:
Word:Oneinchequals100miles
Linethislinemeasuresthedistanceonamapandmaybedrawnoutto1
or2inches,themilesorkilometerswillthenbelocatedalongthelineto
representthescaleofthemap
Ratio:1:24,000
Scalealsoreferstothespatialextentofsomething
Aggregationisthelevel/detailatwhichthingsarerevealedonamap
Aggregationandscaleinfluenceinterpretationofmapsbecausepatternschangeat
differentscalessogeographershavetotakemanyscalesintoaccountwhenexamining
certainphenomenon.Scalecanalsomakecertainthingsseemmoreorlessimportant
Sizeofitemusuallyindicatesstrengthbigitemshavelargeimportancesmall
itemshavelessimportanceitemswilllookbiggerorsmalleratdifferentscales

Comparedifferenttypesofregionsandtheregionalizationprocess.
Theregionalizationprocessinvolvesgroupingsimilarcharacteristicsofdifferentplaces
intoregionssotheyareamoremanageableunitofstudy
Theregionisaconceptualunitthatisboundedbasedonwhateverfeatureaparticular
geographerwantstoincludewithinaparticularregion.Thesefeaturescanbeeither
physicalorcultural.
Regionalgeographyisconcernedwiththestudyofregionsandthecharacteristicsof
thoseparticularregionsthatmakethemdifferentfromotherplacesonEarthssurface.
Regionalgeographylooksattheuniquecharacteristicsofparticularplaceswithout
generalizingtheprocessesoccurringwithinthoseregionsbeyondtheirboundaries.
Therearethreetypesofregions
Formalregions:regionswhereanythingandeverythinginsidesharesaspecific
characteristic
AnyoneintheU.S.isintheformalregionoftheU.S.
Functionalregions:Definedbyconnectionsandinteractionsthatoccurbetweena
centralplaceanditssurroundingarea.Theyaremostintensearoundthecenterbut
losetheircharacteristicsthefartherthedistancefromthefocalpoint(distance
decay)
Radiostations
Economic,cultural,andrecreationalactivitiesaroundlargecities(Also
transportation)
Perceptual/vernacular:existprimarilyinanindividualsperceptionorfeelings
andarebasedonculturalorphysicalcharacteristicspeopleperceiveasbeing
uniquewithinaparticularplace
TheAmericanSouthwest
Themidwest
Thedeepsouth

Analyzehowtraitsdiffuse.
Relocationdiffusion:Physicalspreadoftraitthroughmigrationofpeople(sometimes
calledmigrationdiffusion)
Expansiondiffusion:Thespreadoftraitfromacentralnodeorahearththroughvarious
means
Hierarchical:Spreadsasaresultofagroup,usuallythesocialelitewherethey
spreadideasorpatternsinasociety
Contagioususuallyassociatedwiththespreadofdiseasebutanotherexampleis
theInternet
Stimulustakespartofanideatocreateaninnovativeproduct

AnalyzethecharacteristicsofMDCsandLDCs.
InbothMDCsandLDCs,theaverageincomeofawomanislowerthanaman.
InLDCs,therearelesswomenattendingschools,butinMDCs,therateof
literacyisverysimilarbetweenwomenandmen
Alowfemaleliteracyisthecauseofthelowpopulationofwomenworkingto
maketheeconomyandcultureofplaces.
TheGDIshowsthatinMDCs,thegendergapisgreaterthantheoneinLDCs
becausewomenlivemuchlongerthanmeninMDCs
InMDCS,betterhealthcareandsanitationallowspeopletolivelongercomparedto
peopleinLDCs
GreaternaturalincreaseinLDCsmakesitmoredifficultforacountrytoprovidepublic
services,ultimatelynotallowingpeopletobeasproductiveastheycan.
Geographerscannotusethecrudedeathratetodetermineasocietyslevelof
developmentbecausethediffusionofmedicaltechnology(fromMDCs)reduced
incidenceofdiseasesinLDCs.
MoreMDCshaveahighpopulationoftheelderlies(withhighmortalityrates)andalow
populationofchildrenwithlowmortalityrates.
MDCshaveahigherliteracyrate,lifeexpectancy,moredevelopedinfrastructure,low
infantmortalityrate,andalowornegativepopulationgrowth.LDCshavetheopposite
MDCstendtobecoreorsemiperipherycountriessojobsrequiremore
education/knowledge
Peoplestayinschoollongerbecausetheyneededucationtogetgoodjobs


Otherthingstoknowfromunit1:
Themodernperiodofgeography
Environmentaldeterminismpopularin19thand20thcentury
Culturesarearesultofwheretheyexist
Warmerclimatesrelaxedtowardswork
Temperateclimatesmotivated,intelligent,culturallyadvanced
Contemporarygeographerspreferpossibilistapproach
Humansarenotproductofenvironmentbutcanmodifyittofitneed
GPSandGISareveryimportanttomoderngeography
6essentialelementsingeography(Nottobeconfusedwith5themesofgeography)
Thespatialworld:Allplacesarelinkedinsomewaysomemorethanothers
Placesandregions:Placesandregionsarelinkedbycommonalities
Physicalsystems:Barrierspreventmovementcouldincludenaturaldisasters
Humansystems:anythinghumanshavedonetomodifyEarth
Environmentandsociety:Howcanhumansuselandtotheiradvantage
Usesofgeography:Allowsustothinkspatiallyaboutearth
Sitereferstotheinternal,physicalcharacteristicsofaplace
Typesofmaps
Mentalmaps:Mapspeopleform

ofanareawhentheypassafamiliarlocationits
amapthatthepersonbelievestoexistbutitdoesntnecessarilyexist
Choroplethmaps:Putsdataintoaspatialformatwithdifferentareasshadedin
differentcolorstorepresentdifferentstatistics
Circlemaps:Differentsizedcirclesondifferentareastorepresentdifferent
numbers
Dotmaps:Moredotsinareaswithhigherdensityofphenomenabeingmeasured
Isolinemaps:Concentriccirclescloserinareaswithhigherdensityandmore
spreadoutinareaswithlowerdensity

Mapdistortion
Distortionwillalwaysoccursinceinformationisputontoatwodimensionalmap
conveyingathreedimensionalobject
Thelargerthescale,thelessdistortionwhilethedistortionisgreateston
smallscalemapsmapsofcitieshaveverylittledistortion
Thefurtherthatonegoesfromtheequator,thegreaterdistortiononthemap
Equalareaprojectionkeepsthesizeoramountofareaintactbutdistortshapes
theGoodesHomolosineprojectionbreaksuptheglobeintocontinentsand
separatestheoceans
Conformalmapsdistortareabutkeeptheshapesintact
Lambertconic
Mercator
4typesofmapscreatedifferenttypesofdistortion
Cylindrical:Maintainsdirection,losesdistanceMercator(Topleft)
Planar:ExaminesfromonepointusuallyapoleAzimuthal(Topright)
Conic:Maintainsdistancelosesdirection(Bottomleft)
Oval:CombinationofconicandcylindricalMollweide(Bottomright)

Unit2
AnalyzeandevaluatetheDTM.
Stage1:Huntergatherers
Highbirthanddeathrates(lowpopulationchange)
Stage2:Agriculturalsocietiesfirstagriculturalrevolution
Highbirthratebecausechildrenareneededonfarmsandnochangefromstage1
Plummetingdeathratesduetoincreasedsanitationandsustainedfoodsupply
Stage3:Industrialsocieties
Plummetingbirthratesbecausechildrenarentneededtoworkonfarms
Deathratecontinuestodropbecauseofmedicaladvancesincludingvaccinations
Stage4:Tertiarysocieties
Populationstopstogrowduetowomenhavingbabieslatersincetheyareinthe
workforceandincreasedaccesstobirthcontrol/abortions
Stage5:Theexistenceofstage5isarguedbutsomesayitiswhenpopulationstartsto
decline
Countriescannotmovebackwardsunlessthereisahorrificcalamitynuclearwar

AnalyzeandexplainEarthspopulationdistribution.
Arithmeticdensity:populationvs.totallandinacountry
Arithmeticdensitydoesntgiveaveryaccurateideaofpopulationbecausesome
landinuninhabitablebutarithmeticdensitydoesnttakethatintoaccount
Physiologicaldensity:Populationvs.amountofarableland
Physiologicaldensityisabetterindicatorofpopulationinacountrybecauseareas
likeEgyptcanhavemajorpopulationproblemsbutasmallarithmeticdensity
Theareasoflargestpopulationintheworldfromlargesttosmallestare:EastAsia,South
Asia,SoutheastAsia,Europe,andtheNEUnitedStates(Megalopolis).
ThemegalopolisistheareaontheeastcoaststretchingfromBostonto
WashingtonD.C.anditholdsabout17%ofU.S.populationon2%ofitsland
Someareasoftheworldarefacingpopulationcrises
Japan:TFRisverylowandalthoughtheyhavealargepopulation,whenthe
workingclassbecomeselderly,therewontbeenoughpeopletosupportthem
SubSaharanAfrica/India/otherLDCs:Populationisexplodingbecausepeople
arehavinglargeamountsofchildrensincesomemaynotsurvive.Medical
technologyfromMDCsallowspeopletosurvivelongersopopulationincreases.
somereligionsforbidbirthcontrolorfavorboyssopeoplewillkeephavingkids
untiltheyhaveaboy
WesternEurope:TFRisverylowsomanycountrieslikeGermanydependon
immigrationtokeeppopulationatreplacementlevel

Explainandanalyzepopulationpyramids.
Populationpyramidsareusedtoidentifyapopulationsageandsexratio(thenumberof
malescomparedtofemalesandelderlyvs.young).
Stage2:ManyyoungbeingbornandveryfewoldpeopleTopleft
Stage3:Populationstillgrowingbutnotasmuchasstage2Topright
Stage4:RelativelystablezeropopulationgrowthBottomleft
Stage5:ManymoreoldthanyoungBottomright
Populationpyramidsusedemographicdatatodeterminefuturepopulation.Byanalyzing
birthanddeathrates,onecanpredictfuturepopulationassumingthatthegovernmental
structureandculturalcustomsremainthesame.
LDCshaveawiderbasebecausethemajorityofthepopulationofanLDCisunderthe
ageof15.Therearealsoveryfewelderlypeopleowingtothelackofsanitationand
medicalcare.
MDCspopulationpyramidsdonotlooklikepyramids.Familiesbecomesmallersince
therearefewerchildren.Thelargestcomponentsofthepopulationisinthemiddleand
themiddleagebulgeismovingupward,reflectingtheageofthepopulationand
decliningTFR.(ex.Italy,France,Sweden)

Analyzepush/pullfactorsandRavensteinslaws.
Ravensteinslaws
Everymigrationflowgeneratesareturnorcountermigration.
Themajorityofmigrantsmoveashortdistance.
Migrantswhomovelongerdistancestendtochoosebigcitydestinations.
Urbanresidentsarelessmigratorythaninhabitantsofruralareas.
Familiesarelesslikelytomakeinternationalmovesthanyoungadults.
Economicpushfactor
Peoplethinkaboutemigratingfromplacesthathavefewjobopportunitiesorlow
averageincome/GDPpercapita.Becauseofeconomicrestructuring,jobprospects
oftenvaryfromonecountrytoanother,orwithinregionsofthesamecountry.
Economicpullfactor:
Peopleimmigratetoplaceswithbetterjobs.Theywouldwanttogotoanarea
withvaluableresourcesthatmayattractengineers/othertechnologicalprofessions
orhighpayingunskilledjobs.Anewindustrymaylurefactoryworkers,
technicians,andscientists.
Culturalpushfactor:

Forcedinternationalmigrationwascausedbyslaveryandpoliticalinstabilityin
history(Slavetrade
).Warshavealsoforcedlargescalemigrationofethnic
groupsinthe20thand21stcenturiesinEuropeandAfrica.Anotherpushfactor
wouldbethefearofprosecutionandthesepeoplewouldberefugees:peoplewho
havebeenforcedtomigratefromtheirhomesandcannotreturnforfearof
persecution.
Culturalpullfactor:
Politicalconditionscanalsoactaspullfactors,especiallythelureoffreedom.
Peopleareattractedtodemocraticcountriesthatencourageindividualchoicein
education,career,andplaceofresidence.AfterCommunistsgainedcontrolof
EasternEuropeinthelate1940s,manypeopleinthatregionwerepulledtoward
thedemocraciesinWesternEuropeandNorthAmerica.
Environmentalpushfactor:
Migrantsarepushedfromtheirhomesbyadversephysicalconditions.Many
peopleareforcedtomovebywaterrelateddisastersbecausetheyliveina
vulnerablearea,suchasafloodplain.Alackofwatercanalsopushpeoplefrom
theirland(droughtconditions).
Environmentalpullfactor:
Floridaattractmigrants,especiallyretirees,whoenjoyswimmingandlyingonthe
beachinwarmweatherconditions.Regionswithwarmwintersattractmigrants
fromharsherclimatesandviceversa.

Otherinfoaboutmigration/refugees:
Refugeesvoluntarilyleaveforfearofdeath/persecutionbutforcedmigrantsareforcedby
togovernmenttomove
Internallydisplacedpersons(IDPs)havebeenremovedfromtheirhomesbuthaventleft
theircountries
PlaceswithmostIDPsfromgreatesttoleast:Syria,Colombia,Iraq,Sudan,
DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo
Top5countriesoforiginforrefugeesfromgreatesttoleast
Syria,Afghanistan,Somalia,Sudan,SouthSudan
To5hostcountriesforrefugeesfromgreatesttoleast
Turkey,Pakistan,Lebanon,Iran,Ethiopia
Mostasylumapplicationssince2011fromgreatesttoleast
Germany,France,Sweden,Turkey,Italy
Germanyhassomanybecausetheysupportimmigrationsincetheirpopulationis
declining
SyriancivilwarhasbeengoingonsinceMarch15th2011
OverhalfofSyrianslefttheirhomes4millionoutofcountry,7millionIDPs
2eventscausedmostrefugeestoleavechemicalweaponallegationsinMarch
2013andthebridgetoIraqbeingcompletedinSeptember2013
Manyrefugeesarechildrenwhocantworksoitisputtinghugestrainsonhost
countries
Pushfactorsofdifferentcountries:
Syria:Ethnicgroupsfighting,suppressivegovernment,AlQuaeda
Afghanistan:Talibangovernmentcantgetcontrol,crumblingeconomy
Somalia:Nogovernmentfor20+yearsfightingbetweenwarlords,AlShabab
Sudan:Splittosouthandnorthsharedrevenues/borderdisputes,ethnictensions
Topthreecountriesmigrantsareleavingandwheretheyaremoving:
IndiaU.S.A,U.A.E
BangladeshIndia,U.A.E,SaudiArabia
MexicoU.S.A
TopcountrytocountrymigrationexcludingU.S.
IndiaU.A.E:Largemuslimpopulation,morejobsandmoney
BangladeshIndia:HigherGDP,closeproximity,similarculture/language
BangladeshU.A.E:Laborjobs,morejobsrelatedtotech,moremoney
TopmigrationtoU.S.
Mexico:Closeproximity,lessviolence,moreeconomicopportunities
China/India:Increaseinskilledjobs,college,economy
Philippines:U.S.controlleduntil1947economic/politicalties

Unit3
Comparefolkandpopularculture.
Popcultureisinfluencedbyeveryonearoundtheworldbutfolkcultureisinfluencedby
peopleinacertainarea
Popculturediffusesquicklybutfolkculturediffusesslowly
Inpopculturetheproducers(celebrities/otherrolemodelstomanypeople)arenotthe
sameastheconsumers(regularpeople)butinfolkculturetheproducersarethe
consumers.
Popcultureisheterogeneousandfolkcultureishomogeneous
Folkculturespatialdivergence,andpopculturehasspatialconvergence

Describehowpopularculturediffuses.
Throughteens,popularculturediffusesthroughhierarchicalandcontagiousdiffusion.
Withtheuseofsocialmedia,teensareinfluencedandwillstartsettingtrends.Oncethe
trenddiesout,anotheronewilltakeitsplace.Celebritiesalsohaveinfluenceoverteens.
Popularculturediffusesthroughmasscommunication.

Evaluateculturalregions.
Differentregionsaroundtheworldhavespecificculturetraits
Certainregionshavepredominantreligion,language,andethnicity
IntheU.Sthereisadistinctdistributionofreligion
NewEnglandCatholic
UpperMidwestLutheran
SouthBaptist
UtahareaMormon
Languagefamiliesalsohavespecificregionswheretheyaredominantaroundtheworld
IndoEuropeanismostcommonandwidespreadlanguagefamilyaroundthe
world
Englishisthemostcommonlinguafranca
Specificplacesaremadeupofmanyculturaltraitsthatmakeitunique

Identifyandexplainthedistributionoflanguagefamilies.
IndoEuropean
diffusedthroughEurope,WesternHemisphere,India,SouthwesternAsia
SinoTibetan
diffusedthroughmainlandChina,Taiwan,Singapore
AfroAsiatic
diffusedthroughNorthernAfrica,theMiddleEast
NigerCongo
diffusedthroughSouthernAfrica

Analyzethewaysinwhichlanguagesanddialectschangeandevolve.
Languageschangethroughlanguageconvergence/languagedivergence.
Languageconvergenceisaprocesswherenewlanguagesareformedfromthe
consistentspatialinteractionofpeopleswithdifferentlanguages.Itistheopposite
oflanguagedivergence.
Languagedivergenceisaprocesswherenewlanguagesareformedwhena
languagebreaksintodialectsduetoalackofspatialinteractionamongspeakers
ofthelanguageandcontinuedisolationeventuallycausesthedivisionofthe
languageintodiscretenewlanguages.
ex.TheSpanishandPortuguese
Languagescanbecomeextinctwhenthereisahaltininteractionbetweentheextinct
languagesandthelanguagesthatarecontinued.Extinctlanguagesarefoundinisolated
areaswiththeelderlybecausewhentheydie,theytakethelanguagewiththem.
LinguaFrancasarecommontonguespeopleusetocommunicatewithotherswhodonot
speaktheirnativetongue.Sometimeslanguagescanbecomeextinctbecauseitismore
practicalforpeopletouselinguafrancas
Pidginlanguagesarenewlanguagesthatformwhenpeoplewhodonotspeakthesame
nativetonguetrytocommunicateandtheycanturnintocreolelanguageswhichare
permanentlanguages

Comparethemajorworldreligions.
Monotheisticorpolytheistic:
Christianity,Islam,Judaismaremonotheistic
Hinduismispolytheistic
Ethnic:Personisbornintothefaithandmembersdonotconvertothers
Hinduism
Judaism
Taoism
Universalizing:membersactivelytrytoconvertothersinthisreligion

Christianity
Islam
Buddhism
Buddhism
HearthinNepal
376millionfollowers
InfluentialinChina,India,SEAsia,Korea,Japan,SriLanka
Hinduism
HearthinPakistan
1billionfollowers
InfluentialinIndiaandNepal
Christianity
Theworldslargestreligion
HearthinJerusalem
Over2billionfollowers
Thereare3mainsectsofChristianity:Catholic,Protestant,andOrthodox
Europeansbroughttheirreligionwiththemtoalmostalltheareastheycolonized.
InfluentialinAmericas,Europe,SouthAfrica,andAustralia
Over1billionpeopleareprofessedRomanCatholics
Islam:
Secondlargestreligionintheworldbutfastestgrowing(Approaching2billion)
HearthinSaudiArabia
FollowersarecalledMuslims
MajorityofMuslimsliveintheMiddleEast,NorthernAfrica,andSoutheastAsia
Extendeditsbordersalongtraderoutes,reachingSoutheastAsiafromSaudi
Arabia.ItalsoextendedtowesternChinaandmostofCentralAsia,andnorthern
Africa.
IndonesiahasthelargestpopulationofMuslims.
Judaism:
HearthinIsrael
JewishsymbolistheStarofDavid
13.1millionfollowers
ThemajorityoftheworldsJewishpopulationlivesintheUS
ThemajorityoftheJewsintheUSliveinlargerurbanareasontheEastCoast
TheplacemostassociatedwithJudaismisIsrael
IsraelwasfoundedasahomelandfortheJewishpopulationsafterWWIIin1948
thisareawasformerlyoccupiedbyPalestine,whichcausedtensions
betweentheJewishpopulationandPalestinianslivingintheoccupied
areas(GolanHeights,GazaStrip,andtheWestBank)


Analyzethewaysreligionhashadaneffectontheculturallandscape.
Christianity
religiousarchitectureisfocusedonthecrosslocatedonchurches(ex.Notre
Dame,CanterburyCathedral)
InmanyEuropeantowns,churcheswerebuiltinthecenteroftownsandhomes.
Islam
religiousarchitectureiscenteredaroundmosques
manymosqueshaveseveralminarets(usuallythetalleststructureinanIslamic
community)
Judaism
Synagogues
Hinduism
Temples
Buddhism
Pagodas

Unit4
Applycharacteristicsofastateto___.
Thecharacteristicsofastateare:
hasspaceofterritorywithrecognizedboundaries
hasapermanentpopulation
haseconomicactivityandanorganizedeconomyregulatesforeignanddomestic
tradeandissuesmoney
hasatransportationsystem
hasagovernmentwhichstatesexercisescontrolovertheterritory
hasexternalrecognitionbyotherstates

ExplainthedevelopmentoftheModernStateSystem.
Themodernstatesystemistheideathatstatesaretiedtoaterritorywithspecific
boundaries
Boundariesdefinestates
Wherepeoplelivedoesntdeterminewhereastateis
TheideastartedinEuropeandspreadthroughcolonialism
Nowthewholeworldusesthemodernstatesystem

Describedifferenttypesofstates.
Compact:Approximatelyequidistantfromthecenterofthecountry(countrymaybein
theshapeofacircleorsquare)
UruguayinSouthAmerica
PolandinEurope
Elongated:Areatleasttwiceaslongastheyarewide:theyarelongandskinny
Nepal
Gambia
Chile
Panama
Fragmented:Countryisinpiecesthatarenotattachedtoeachother(usuallyislands)
Indonesia(morethan13,000islands)
exclaveanareaseparatedfromitsstatebyanotherstate(ex.Alaska)
Perforated:Hasanentirestatecompletelyinsideofitsborders
Only2perforatedstatesinthewholeworld:SouthAfricaandItaly
Prorupted:hasaprotrusionextendingoutfromitsmainbase(proruptionswereoften
drawnbycolonizerstoensuretheiraccesstorawmaterialsorwatertransport).
Thailand
Namibia


Evaluatetheeffectsofvaryingshapesofstates.
Compact:
Advantages:easycommunicationandtransportation,easytodefend,centripetal
force
Disadvantages:alackofresourcessincecompacttendtobesmall
Elongated:
Advantages:transportingrawmaterialstoindustrialcentersareeasierbecausethe
stateissonarrowandmoretradingopportunities
Disadvantages:feelingsofisolationandseparatistmovements
Fragmented:
Advantages:countrieswouldhaveahardtimeoccupyingandcontrollingthe
wholecountry
Disadvantages:communicationandtransportation
Perforated:
Advantages:ethnicgroupofenclavehasitsownstate
Disadvantages:enclavemightgetinthewayoftransportationandcommunication
Prorupted:
Advantages:accesstorawmaterials,tradingopportunities,accesstowater
Disadvantages:proruptionsarefiercelyfoughtoverandisolation

Comparecountriesaccordingtotheworldsystemstheory.
coreprocessesthatincorporatehigherlevelsofeducation,highersalaries,andmore
technologygeneratemorewealththanperipheryprocessesintheworldeconomy
ex.USA,Canada,Australia
highHDIlevels,GDPpercapita,professionalandelementaryoccupations
mostcorecountriesareinWesternEurope
semiperipheryplaceswherecoreandperipheryprocessesarebothoccurringplaces
thatareexploitedbythecorebutinturnexploitinperiphery
ex.Mexico,India
mostsemiperipherycountriesareinSouthAmerica,EasternEurope,Central
Asia
peripheryprocessesthatincorporatelowerlevelsofeducation,lowsalaries,andless
technology,andgeneratelesswealththancoreprocessesintheworldeconomy
ex.Mongolia,Nepal
mostperipherycountriesareinAfrica

Applytheconceptsofcentripetal+centrifugalforcesatdifferentscales.
Centripetalforcesareforcesthatuniteanationtogether
Similarculture
Commonenemypeoplemightnotnecessarilylikeeachotherbuttheyhaveto
worktogetherforprotection
Centrifugalforcestearthemapart.
Differentreligion,beliefs,languages,orethnicities
DifferentideasofwherethecountryshouldgopoliticallyUnitewith
communistsorEuropeanUnion(Ukraine)

ApplytheconceptofbalkanizationtotheformerYugoslavia.
Yugoslaviasplitintomanysmallerstates
Ethnictensionsdividedthestate
Differentreligionswereintroducedtodifferentareasincreasingtensions
Loweducationlevelsandeconomicbackwardnessledtotheattitudethateachnationputs
themselvesfirstwithnoconsiderationfortherest,leadingtogenerallybadrelationsin
thedesireforethnicallypureregions.
Acollectivepresidencywasrotatedbetweenthe6republicsafterTitodied,andthose
republicswerenotethnicallypurenotenoughconsiderationgivenalongethnonational
lines.
Althoughnewstateswereformed,theystillwerentethnicallypuresotherewere
problemswithirredentismandannexation
Ethniccleansingpoliciessecondandthirdwarsharedthiscommontraitethnic
cleansing,whichledtomanyrefugeesofthenondominantethnicgroupbeingforcedto
leavetheirhomesandmigrateelsewhere.Thischangesthedemographiccompositionof
regionsandincreaseddifferencesinculturewhichsplittheregionevenmore
KosovowasconsideredaselfgoverningprovinceofSerbiaintermsofthe1974
constitution,butAlbaniansweregreatlyoppressedanddiscriminatedagainstbySerbians.
TheAlbaniansstartedtosetuptheirstateorganizationandKosovobecameand
independentstate

Identify+explaintheissuesthatcanoccurwhenstate+ethnicboundariesdonotcoincide.
Whenstateandethnicboundariesdonotcoincide,peoplemaywanttosplitintoseparate
countrieswhichcouldleadtoviolence
Statesmightwanttoannexareasofotherstateswiththeirethnicitysotheremaybe
increasedtensionswithotherstates
Politicalunrestbecausedifferentgroupshavedifferentideasofwherethecountryshould
gopolitically

Evaluatefederalandunitarystates.
Unitarystate:aninternalorganizationofastatethatplacesmostpowerinthehandsof
centralgovernmentofficials(highlycentralized)
Advantages:citizenswouldbemorefamiliarwithitslaws,quickerdecision
Making,actasacentripetalforce
Disadvantages:lessideaswouldbeintroduced,lessindividualcontrol,traditional
roles,badinfluence
Unitarystatestendtobesmallerinsize
ex.UnitedKingdom
Federalstateaninternalorganizationofastatethatallocatesmostpowerstounitsof
localgovernment
Advantages:smallerareascanbereachedoutandfixsmallerproblems,other
ethnicgroupscanparticipate
Disadvantages:individualitycanleadtoseparatistmovementsanddevolution,has
toconsidereveryonebecauseofdiversity
Federalstatestendtobelargerinsize
ex.theUS

Explainredistrictingandgerrymandering.
Redistricting:thedrawingofanewelectoraldistrictboundarylinesinresponseto
populationchanges
Gerrymandering:thedesignationofvotingdistrictstofavoraparticularpoliticalpartyor
candidate

Evaluatetheeffectsofgerrymandering.
Givespoliticaladvantagetoagroupofpeoplesotheystayinofficelonger
Upsetspeopleandcandidatesofoppositeparty
Createsoddshapeddistricts/wards

Definedifferenttypesofborders.
Geometricusinglinesoflongitudeandlatitude
Physicalnaturalfeatures
Antecedentexistbeforethehumansettlementofanarea
Subsequentdevelopalongwiththedevelopmentoftheculturallandscape
Superimposedpoliticalboundarythatignorestheexistingculturalorganizationonthe
landscape(usuallyplacedbyahigherauthority)
Relicareliconthelandscape,doesnotexistanylongerbutitsimpactisstillfeltand
seenonthelandscape

Analyzeborderdisputes.
Definitionalarisefromthelegallanguageofthetreatysdefinitionoftheboundary
Locationalarisewhentheinterpretationoftheborderisquestioned
Operationalwhen2countriesnexttoeachotherdisagreeonamajorissueinvolvingthe
border
Allocationalquestionstheuseoftheborder,involvesnaturalresource

Evaluatetheeffectsofdecolonization.
Whengovernmentsleaveacolony,newbordersareoftendrawnupwithoutregardto
preexistingethnicboundaries
Groupswhohavehadhistorictensionsareforcedtolivetogetherunderthesame
government
Governmentbeginsfallingapartandwithoutastronggovernment,thestatescanno
longerstaytogether
Tensionsandcivilwarsbeginleadingtolongtermpoliticalinstability

DescribetheoriginsoftheColdWar.
AfterWW2SovietUnionwasverystrongandstartedtogainland.
Countriesweredefeatedafterthewar,astrongGreatBritainandastrongSovietUnion
andastrongUnitedStates.
Sovietwasscaredthattheyweregoingtobeinvadedbythestrongpowers.(Wanted
easternEuropetobefriendlytothem)
Togetaheadsup,theyhadsatellitecountries(bufferstates).ThecountriesaroundRussia
weresatellitecountries.
ThereweredifferencesofopinionsthatneededtobereconciledbetweentheSoviet
Union,theUS,andGreatBritain.
TheUSdidn'twanttogetinvolvedinanyinternalaffairswithanyonebutwantedtogive
peopletherighttovote.
RussiawantedtoexpandtheUSknewthatRussiahadanexpansiontendencyanddidn't
wanttheirgovernmenttodiffuse.
TheUSwantedcertainpoliciesforcountriesthatRussiadidnot.Russiaviewed
themselvesashighlyflexible.
TheUSviewedtheSovietUnionasarivalandthoughtthattheirpolicieswillnotleadto
stability.

Comparegeopoliticaltheories.
HeartlandTheory(Mackinder)suggestswhoeverownsEasternEuropeandWestern
Asiahasthepoliticalpowerandcapitaltoruletheworldsincethereisreallynonewland
todiscover.
HitlerbelievedintheheartlandtheorywhichiswhyheinvadedEasternEurope
ThistheorywasalsoacceptedbytheSovietUnionduringtheColdWar.
RimlandTheory(Spykman)believesthatformingalliancesisnecessarytokeep
Heartlandincheck.Heartlandmaycontrolthelandbuttherimlandwillcontrolsea.
TherimlandwasEuroasiascoastalareas,areasthatiskeyintodominationofthe
world
ThistheorywasalsoinfluentialduringtheColdWar.
DominoTheory(CIA)whenonecountryexperiencesrebellionorpoliticaldisunity,
othercountriesarounditwillalsoexperienceturmoilasaresult.
Vietnam

DescribehowtheColdWaraffectedgeopolitics.
TheColdWaraffectedgeopoliticsbecauseitcausedpeopletobelievethe
Heartland/Rimlandtheoriesmore.
TheUSwasconcernedwiththeSovietUniongainingmoreterritoryforworld
dominationandcontroltotheworldislandinthosegeopoliticaltheories.
ItcausedtheUStocontainthespreadofcommunism,notnecessarilystopitso
communismwouldnotspreadtonearbystates,likethedominotheory.
TheColdWaralsocreatedaconceptofterrorism(againsttheSovietUnionatthetime).
ResultsoftheColdWarincludetherecreationofsupranationalorganizationslikeNATO.
Also,therewastheWarsawPactcreationanddestructionbecauseofthefalloftheSoviet
Union.

IdentifyandexplainthegeopoliticalissuessurroundingUkraine.
UkraineiscaughtinthemiddleofamessbetweenRussiaandwesternEurope
EasternUkrainewantstojoinforceswithRussia
WesternUkrainewantstojointheE.U.
RussiawantstoannexEasternUkrainebutthenNatowouldstartabigwarbecausethey
dontwanttoexpand
ThepeopleinEasternUkrainearentgettingaidfromUkrainebecauseUkrainedoesnt
wanttohelppeoplesidingwithRussia.Russiacantgiveaidbecausetheywouldhaveto
admittheyareexpanding

Explainhowandwhystatescooperatewitheachother.
Statescooperatewitheachotherbycreatingsupranationalorganizations.
NATOwascreatedtobolsteranalliancemadebetweenstatesthatsupporta
democraticformofgovernmentinordertopoliticallyandmilitarilysafeguardthe
valuesstates(atthetime,specificallyagainsttheSovietUnion)
Statescooperatewitheachotherforeconomic,political,andmilitary(forprotection
purposes)reasons

Identifyuniquestates.
Monacoisamicrostate.
GuadeloupeisaFrenchcolony.
WesternSahara:Doesnthaveanofficialgovernment
Singaporeisacitystate.
HongKongspecialadministrativeunitofChina
Guam,PuertoRico,USVirginIslands,AmericanSamoahasnoequalvotingrights.