Introduction to Computer Numerically

Controlled(CNC) Machines and its

Advantages

Submitted to:
Mr. Pannalal Choudhury
Associate Professor

Submitted by:
Bulon Ch. Hazarika
Scholar no: 15-22-308
Cad cam and automation

Introduction: Computer Numerical Control

(CNC) Machine
Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine is one in which
the functions and motions of a machine tool are controlled
by means mini or microcomputer.
All the cutting processes that are to be carried out and all
the final dimensions are fed into the computer via the
program. The computer thus knows what exactly is to be
done and carries out all the cutting processes. CNC machine
works like the Robot, which has to be fed with the program
and it follows all your instructions.
The computer translated the program into the appropriate
electrical signals for input to motors that run the machine..
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History:
1955 - John Parsons and US Air Force define a need to develop a
machine tool capable of machining complex and close tolerance aircraft
parts with the same quality time after time (repeatability).Which led to
the introduction Numerical Control(NC) machines which was controlled
and operate using a punched tape.
Standardization of G codes in the early 60s.
1960 - Direct Numerical Control (DNC). This eliminates paper tape
punch programs and allows programmers to send files directly to machine
tools.
1980s - Graphics based CAD/CAM systems introduced.
Modern NC machine has a computer on board, Computer Numerical
Control (CNC). They can run unattended at over 20,000 r.p.m (spindle
speed) with a feed rate of over 600 i.p.m and an accuracy of .0001

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Some of common type of CNC machines:

CNC Lathe Machine
CNC Milling Machine
CNC Drilling Machine
CNC Grinding Machine
CNC Laser Cutter
3D Printer
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Example of CNC Milling

Machine

Examples of CNC Machines:

CNC Milling Machine HAAS

CNC Turning Machine HAAS

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Salient Features of CNC Machinery

Machine Control Unit (MCU) is a microcomputer where we give the program or
commands and executes the commands into actions by the machine tool.
Display Unit displays all the necessary information such as the spindle speed , tool
position, depth of cut etc.
Input Device through which can enter programs directly and run them to perform
the given operation.
Tools can operate in 1-5 axes thus making it easier to machine complex
geometrical shapes.
Movement is controlled by motors (actuators) which provide precise motion of the
tool and the table in the required direction.
Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers) which provides the precise data of
the position of the tool and the work piece.
Tool magazines can hold a large number of tools are used to change tools
automatically.
A CNC machine can work automatically for hours without any supervision.
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Basic Elements of CNC machine

a. Input Device
b. Machine Control Unit
c. Machine Tool
d. Driving System
e. Feedback Devices
f. Display Unit

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Example of a Display

Working principles of a CNC

Machines

Block NIT
Diagram
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Basic CNC Axis of Motion

Standard Milling Coordinate system

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Three Basic Categories of Motion

Systems
in
CNC
Point to Point - No contouring capability
Straight cut control - one axis motion at a time is controlled for machining
Contouring - multiple axiss controlled simultaneously

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How CNC machine performs an operation on

the work piece?
To perform an operation we have to write
a Part Program which can be prepared
manually(generally for small programs) or
automatically prepared(for complex
geometrical shapes) with the help of
software packages.

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What is a Part Program?

The numerical data required to produce a part is provided to
a machine in the form of a program, called Part program or
CNC program.

The program need to specify:

- Which tool should be loaded on the machine spindle?
- What are the cutting conditions (speed, feed, coolant ON/OFF etc.)?
- What is the start point and end point of a motion segment?
- How to move the tool with respect to a work piece in a machine?
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How to write a program?

To write of program which will perform the required
operations we need to provide the relevant numerical data in
the form of various codes.
(Each line of program == 1 block)
Basic codes and terms
used are:

Preparatory Codes (G ) for initial machining setup

and operating conditions.
Miscellaneous Codes ( M) for on/off of coolant flow,
spindle rotation etc.
Spindle Speed (S)
Feed Rate (F)
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Tool number (T)

Example of a typical Block or Line for

a program:
feed
rate

spindle
speed

N100 G91 X -5.0 Y7.0 Z4.0 F100 S200 T01

M03 (EOB)
destination coordinates

sequence
no

Tool number

preparatory function

miscellaneous function

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Programming Example (Cylindrical Part)

O0013

Raw Material

Finished
Part

N0005 G53
N0010 T0303
N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04
N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100
N0040 G00 Z2.0
N0050 X50.0 Z50.0
N0060 T0404
N0070 G57 G00 X22.50 Z2.0 S500
N0080 G01 Z-30.0 F100
N0090 G00 X23.0 Z2.0 S500
N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200
D3=650
N0110 G00 Z2.0
N0120 X50.0 Z50.0
N0130
M30
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Some application of CNC machines:

a.Cutting
b.Drilling
c. Milling
d.Welding
e. Boring
f. Bending
g.Sewing

ongoing Laser Cutting in a CNC machin

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ications of CNC machines in some industries and insti

Automotive Industry
Aerospace Industry
Machinery Industry
Electrical Industry
Instrumentation Industry
Medical Institutions
Educational Institutions

CNC machines in a Automotive Industry

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Advantages of CNC:
-

CNC machines can be used continuously 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
and only need to be switched off for occasional maintenance
- Flexibility in operations is improved, as it has the ability to produce
complex shapes with good dimensional accuracy;
- Repeatability;
- Reduced scrap loss:
- Easier to program;
- Easy store, edit and change existing programs;
- Stabilize manufacturing costs;
- Avoids human errors;
- Safer to operate;
- Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines
- high production rates
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Summary

CNC machines allow precise and repeatable control in machining

CNC lathes, Milling machines, etc. are all controlled by NC programs
NC programs can be generated manually, automatically

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REFERENCES:
Mickell P. Groover & Emory W. Zimmers, Jr Computer Aided
Design and Manufacturing
P.N Rao CAD/CAM Principles and Applications
INDUSTRIAL CENTRE, THE HONGKONG POLYTECHNIC
UNIVERSITY Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
P.Radhakrishnan ,
CAD/CAM/CIM

Subramanyan

&

V.Raju

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