4.

1 Atomic Theory & Bonding

Learning Targets:
I can define and give examples of ionic bonding (e.g., metal
and non-metal) and covalent bonding (non-metals) (4.1)
I can draw and interpret Bohr models, including protons,
neutrons, and electrons, of atoms, ions, molecules, and
formula units (4.1)
I can draw and interpret Lewis diagrams showing single
bonds for simple ionic compounds and covalent molecules
(4.1)
I can identify valence electrons using the periodic table (4.1)
I can distinguish between paired and unpaired electrons for a single

4.1 Atomic Theory & Bonding

What is an Atom?
smallest particle of an element that still has
the properties of that element
An atom = proton(s) + electron(s) + neutron(s)
(PEN)

Fun Fact:
50 million atoms, lined up end-to-end = 1 cm
2

Do you remember?
An ELEMENT is made up of one type of atom
The element, oxygen, is O
IONS are atoms with a charge.
The ion of oxygen is O2 Atoms can join together to form MOLECULES.
The oxygen molecules are O2
COMPOUNDS are made up of several (2+)atoms
Hydrogen and oxygen are atoms/elements
H2O is a compound
3

Structure of an Atom:
The nucleus is at the centre of
an atom
composed of protons (positive
charge) and neutrons (neutral
charge)
Electrons (negative charge) exist in the
space surrounding the nucleus
4

Subatomic Particles:
Atoms are made up of smaller particles
known as sub-atomic particles.
Name

Symbol

Charge

Location

Atomic Mass

Proton

1+

nucleus

1 AMU

Neutron

nucleus

1 AMU

Electron

area surrounding the

nucleus

1/1836 (0)

Numbers to Remember :
Atomic number = # of protons
Atomic Mass = average mass of an element
Mass Number = total number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus
In Atoms # of protons = # of electrons
Nuclear charge = charge on the nucleus (#
of protons)

Organization of the Periodic Table

In the periodic table elements are listed in
order by their atomic number.
Metals are on the left (the transition metals range from
group 3 to group 12)
Non-metals are on the right,
Metalloids form a staircase toward the right side.
Rows of elements (across) are called periods.
All elements in a period have their electrons in the
same general area around their nucleus.

See page 171

7

Families of the Periodic Table:

Columns of elements are called groups, or families
All elements in a family have
similar properties
bond with other elements in similar ways
have the same number of valence electrons

Family names (on the periodic table!):

Group 1 = alkali metals
Group 2 = alkaline earth metals
Group 17 = the halogens
Group 18 = noble gases

INCREASING REACTIVITY

Where are the

following?
Atomic
Number
Period
Group/Family
Metals
Non-metals
Transition
metals
Metalloids
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth
metals
Halogens
Noble gases

How many neutrons are in the nucleus?

Symbol

Atomic #

# Protons

#
Electrons

Atomic Mass
(Rounded)

# Neutrons

He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P

# of neutrons = Atomic mass (rounded) Atomic number 10

How many neutrons are in the nucleus?

Symbol

Atomic #

# Protons

# Electrons

Atomic Mass
(Rounded)

# Neutrons

He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P

# of neutrons = Atomic mass (rounded) Atomic number

11

How many neutrons are in the nucleus?

Symbol

Atomic #

# Protons

# Electrons

Atomic Mass
(Rounded)

# Neutrons

He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P

2
3

2
3

2
3

4.0
6.9

2
4

# of neutrons = Atomic mass (rounded) Atomic number

12

How many neutrons are in the nucleus?

Symbol

Atomic #

# Protons

# Electrons

Atomic Mass
(Rounded)

# Neutrons

He
Li
F
Na
Mg
P

2
3
9
11
12
15

2
3
9
11
12
15

2
3
9
11
12
15

4.0
6.9
19.0
23.0
24.3
31.0

2
4
10
12
12
16

# of neutrons = Atomic mass (rounded) Atomic number

13

WB The atom and subatomic particles

Page 60 Workbook practice questions 1-3

14

Bohr Diagrams:
Bohr diagrams show how many electrons
appear in each electron shell around an
atom.
Each shell holds a maximum number of electrons (2,
8, 8, 18, 18)
Note: Think of the shells as being 3D like spheres, not 2D like circles!

15

Bohr Model - # of Electron in Shells (Orbits)

Shells
(Orbitals)
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th

# Electrons
2 e8 e8 e18 e18 e16

Drawing Bohr Models

Example: Phosphorus
15

p15
n16

-3

P
Phosphorus

31.0

17

Bohr Diagrams
What element is this?

It has 2 + 8 + 8 = 18
electrons, and
therefore 18 protons
It has 8 electrons in
the outer (valence)
shell

18p
22n

Argon!
18

Bohr Diagrams for the first 20 elements

Bohr Diagrams
Electrons in the outermost shell
are called valence electrons
Except for the transition elements,
the last digit of the group # =
# of valence electrons

Group 2 = 2 valence e-

Note: The noble gas elements

have full electron shells, and are
very stable.

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Lets check your understanding so far...

Quiz - Draw Bohr Models for the following:
Aluminum

13 p
14 n

2e 8e 3e -

Beryllium

4p
5n

- 2e 2e

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Periodic Table & Ion Formation:

Atoms gain and lose electrons to form IONS
Metals lose electrons & become positive ions (cations)
Some metals can have more than one charge
(multivalent)
ie. Iron, Fe, loses either 2 (Fe2+) or 3 (Fe3+)
electrons
Non-metals gain electrons & become negative ions (anions)
Atoms do this in an attempt to have the same number of
valence electrons as the nearest noble gas to become
stable

21

Atom Stability
Noble gases - unreactive because their
atoms have full valence (outer) shell.
FULL Valence shell - makes the atoms stable (do
not easily trade or share electrons)

Other atoms gain or lose electrons in order to

achieve stability.

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See pages 66 - 67

Atom Stability
Gaining or losing electrons makes atoms into
IONS.
Metals lose electrons (-) to form + ions
Non-metals gain electrons (-) to form - ions
Ions have a similar electron arrangement to the
nearest noble gas
Example: Sodium

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See pages 66 - 67

Ion Formation
Example: Sodium ATOM

Sodium ION

Sodium atom lost

an electron to
become more
stable

p11
n12

Protons
Electrons

11+
11-

Total Charge

11

Na

+1

Sodium

23.0

p11
n12

Protons
Electrons

11+

Total Charge

+1

1024

Ion Formation
Phosphorus ION

Example: Phosphorus ATOM

Phosphorus atom
gained 3 electron
to become more
stable

p15
n16

Protons
Electrons

15+
15-

Total Charge

p15
n16

-3

15

P
Phosphorus

31.0

Protons
Electrons
Total Charge

15+
18-3

25

WB Bohr diagrams
Page 61 1, 2, 3, 4

26

Bonding Types
When two atoms get close together, their
valence electrons interact.
1. Ionic
2. Covalent

27

1. Ionic Bonds:
Metals give electrons to non-metals (transfer of
electrons)
cations (+ ions) and anions (- ions) form
For example, lithium and oxygen form an ionic bond
in the compound Li2O
+

Lithium

Oxygen

Electrons are transferred from

the cations to the anion

Li+ O2- Li+

Lithium oxide,
Li2O

28

2. Covalent Bonds
Formed between two or more non-metals
Electrons are shared between atoms

+
Hydrogen

Hydrogen fluoride
Fluorine

Electrons are shared

29

Covalent Bonding
Hydrogen

1 p+
0n

8 p+
8n

Oxygen

3.1 Covalent Bonding

Water Molecule:
Hydrogen

1 p+
0n

1 p+
0n

8 p+
8n

Oxygen

Electrons are SHARED

to fill outer shell

3.1 Covalent Bonding

Water Molecule:
Electrons are SHARED
to fill outer shell
Electrons are attracted to
both nuclei (Hydrogen's
and Oxygen')

1 p+
0n

8 p+
8n

1 p+
0n

Lewis Diagrams:
Like simplified Bohr diagrams
Only valence electrons are shown
Dots representing electrons are placed around
the element symbols (on 4 sides, imagine a
box around the symbol)
Electron dots are placed singularly (each
compass pole), until the fifth electron is
reached, then they are paired.
33

Lewis Diagrams:
Note: the Lewis diagrams are the same (except for the
symbols) for elements in the same family because they
have the same number of valence electrons

34

Lewis Diagrams for Ions:

For positive ions: one electron dot is
removed from the valence shell for each
positive charge of the ion.
For negative ions: one electron dot is
added to each valence shell for each
negative charge of the ion.
Square brackets and the charge are
placed around each ion
Example:
Nitrogen ion
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Lewis Diagrams For Ionic Bonds:

Beryllium + Chlorine Beryllium Chloride

36

Lewis Diagrams For Covalent Bonds:

valence electrons are drawn to show sharing of
electrons.
Remember: All atoms like to have a full valence shell
The shared pairs (bonding pairs) of electrons are
usually drawn as a straight line
lone pairs are the electrons not shared
Hydrogen
Fluorine

37

Lewis Diagrams For Covalent Bonds:

valence electrons are drawn to show sharing of electrons.
Remember: All atoms like to have a full valence shell
The shared pairs (bonding pairs) of electrons are usually drawn as a
straight line
lone pairs are the electrons not shared

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