Você está na página 1de 258

 

     

 








 





V
             
         
 V
2   e ,
V 2      
  
      
 2  V    e ,
          

 
 V \
   V2    

V  V  



 V 
V
Y
   V V 




      


 
       
YY   
   2 


 
 

 
 


 
 

 
 

                





 









           




           
           
           


 

 


         








           
           







      

 
 
            
          
 



 
  

            
            

           



  
           
 

             



      


           

  
           






 
        

  



            
             



        
        

 
           
         
       
 


 








         




 
 




 
 

            
        

    
   
         
   
        
     

           



        
    
  

          

 
        

   



            
            
          
     
          
            
            
            


    
      
         





        

            
        




          
        
 
           
         
      
      
  
 





           



      
          

          

     

         
        
 
     
       



        
          



           






          


         
       
       
         
        


 
        
         
           

         

           
    
           


          
 

  

    
        
          



           
            
 
           





 
     
       
          
        
         
         




 
            
         
         
     
        
        
       


 

 


   
          
             












 



V



 
 



 V 



  







          

            
          
         
         

      

 


      

 
 




 
            
         

      
 
           
    
           
         

           
 




            

 
        
 
             
            




        
         
 
         




    
       






          
           
         
 


           
       

            
     
           
        
         
          
      

          
          



           

            







    
 
             
           



             
         
            
           
       
           

  V       

          
 
          
            


             

             






           
           




           
      
          

     


            
 

 


           
           

           
 


          
           
          
V 


 
       
 
       


         
 
 





  


 




 


 




          
 
           
          
         
           



 
     
       
       

        

          
           
           



         
           
    

           



x 
x 
x 








        

          

 

        
         
 





           

           
          
           

          

       
  
       
   
         

x         

x         




      
     

x 


          

         

  
         
        


    
 
            



 

         
  
           
            
          
         
         







 

           

 
           
           

    

          
          
          
  

           



 
 


 
 





 

        
         
          
        






          
          
       







         
       
         
       
           




         


  
 

            


        
       



       
       

           
         





        
 
    
  
  




 


          
    

 
             
 
 
       
           
        





  
       

 



       
      
       
            



 
 






    
        


           

          
 



  





          
 


      

       
          
 


         
        
            
            
           

        



          
        
     
           
          

       
           
           





    
          


           


            
   
 
             
           
           

         


         

          
        
      

     


        
        
             
        







V 

          
V 
          
        
V2 






         







   


 
     

        
            



 



























 


  

     
          




         



        
     
   
           
 

        
     
 
   
       

            

 
      




 




 
  
          



 
       

        
       
    


           





          
       
  
   

           


 
          


 
 
         









   











 


 





         

        

          
           

 
            

        

         

         
 



             
        

        

        


 
             
        
           








          

         
           
          

 


  
          

           

          




        
    



    
           







 


          





 
            


          

        
       


       





        







         


         


         
        
   
           






         
          


          
          



          
 






    
          
      


 
 

           

    


 
        

   
        
          
          

           




   
   V       


 
 
  
 
 

   
  
  

      
 






     
 
 

  

    
 
V 
 2

V  

     
    V      


 
 

V2   
 

 


 
  




  



 



 








 

 


 

 

 



   



 




 


 






          
              
         
   











 


          

            


         

          
           
        
 
         
           



 

 
           
 
           
         


          

   
          


          
      
            


 

 
      

  


    
      

     
 
        

        
         



           
           
 
   

         
 
          
   
          

   
       
        
     
 
 
          
     






             
        


          
  


        


      
 
        


     
  
         
         
      
        
  
        
 V
       
 
        
           



 

   




          



            
   



 

 

  



         

         
     
           

             

           

          
     
          






        

         
 
  
  



           

           





          
 
          





          
 

      
     
           
         
           
       

          


 


    

         
  
          
    
         

         
  
        
  
            
  
             
          
         
           
     
  
            
            


    
         
         

x    

 

x         
       





       


x 



          

 


  
   

        


       
          


 

  
       



          


       
        
      
       


        
       
 


        
         

         
          

       

         
  

        
        







 















          
         
         
     
        
        
         
 


 

         
       


 

        

       

          
 
        
      

          
       





    
   
          



   
      

  


 

         
   



 






         
 
      


 
   
        
 
        
         


       
      

          
       
          



 

          
        
        
 
       
      

        



 



   


    


       
         


         
 



       
           
   

          
       

       
           


         
          
        

        






        




         

    
 



           
           

         
        
 
 

       
     

         

       


         
          
          

 
      
         

        
 


 

          
         


   
        
          
        
 



          

 
           

          
            

           

           


      
          
       
      
     
     
          
        
           





           


  

       
  
           

        



             

       



         
        



          


       
         
       
       




 

          
 
  



      

    
      
   
       
        
        
 
 
         


         

 
      
           
         
          

       
      
          
        

       
        





   
        
      
   
         
   



         
      

        

  

           
         

        
         




        



        
         

 

 



         

           

         

          


         
          

          
      V    
           

    
        


        
         

         



  

 




   


  



  




      

 
  
 

 


 Y
        







    
 
 V  

    



 

 

     


      
 
 


 
  

 

     
 
 
 


 

 


 

  


 
  
  
 
 
       

   
 
   


 





  e ,

 






 
     
          
              

          



 
           
            











       
        

         

    

           

        
           
   
  

         e , 
        
         
           

         


 
    


       


     
          
         
         





          

        
         

  
         
            
          
           

 

         





  
        
         

       


          
 
 
           

     

          
              





           
           
          

         


       
      
      

          


         
          
       
 
 
           
         
            
           


           

          

           
          

           





           

     
           


          




 
          
           
 



        

         
         
              

         
   

 
           
    
          




        



,   


 






,











e
e
e




    


      
          
         
 ,  
 e ,           

      

         
          
  

x        

x 
x 

x       

         

     
        
 
           
        









         

       
         




         
         
   
    

      

    
e  ~ 

         
          
        
  
          
       

             
 


         

  
      
   






          
 

 
            
         
          
 




 e , 

 
        
       




       
  
           




 e , 

       



       

        
         





       
 


           




           

x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
          

           

x 
x 
x 
x 

          
 
          
 
          






 



         
  


           
         




         



         






        

x 
x       

x         

       






           







































































































 



 




























 




























 



 



 



 



 



 




           



         
        
         



          
            

           
          
           
          


          
         



       




        
         

         









 e ,
 


        
         



   
     
         
         
    



           

         
             
            


   
         

          
            




        


         
            
    
         
          

           
      

         
         

     

        

            
         

          





  
        




        

 

 
  


   

      




   

           


  


     
 


 ,    e ,  


 
 
           

 
             


~    ,  ~
 e 
          

         


  
       
      
 
 
           
 
 
            





            


              
         


 e ,        
            

 e ,            
 

  
  

 
   
 

   
       


  
 

         
        

         
         

ee            
 ,  
 , 
e       ,   ,    *  e , 
 e ,     *

    e  
 ,  ,    e       
e  e  ,  , e ,  ~ 

 ,     ,


 
    
 ,   
e,  
 , ,  ~ e ,  

,   






e      
   
 



         

          
 
         

 
 
           
   

       

          



,   ,

 
  e


 




 



2
 
  



2

  









  
            
       

 
         



  

           

        


 




 
          
 



             
        
         
 
    
 




           
         
          
     
     
       
 

          
        


           
     


            

 






          

        
        
   

    
         
           

           
           
           
       

   

          

    
     

           

          




      








 


      
     

 
 
         
        
     

         
         
          
           
        
 

    



      

           
       
       

           

     
          
         





         

          

           



   
       


          

         

       
      
         
        
        
         
    
 

          
      
           
             

            
         

           





         
         
         


 

 


          
      
          
 
        
         


      

        
 




         

       
        
       
         
        

     
 

   
  
     
 





           
        
  
          
 
           

       
    

 
      

  




       



          
 
 
         
 
            
      
 
    

         

    

            
         
       

   
          



            
        
 

           
    
     




         


  

 
        
           
         

          





 
 

        

          


   
      

          
       
          
       
 





     
         





             
      
  

       
  





  




        
          


 

          
         
       
 
          
            




 






       


        

          


 
    
       
 
       
 

   
     

        
        



     
         
         
        
          
        
    
 
       
   
    


    




        



      

          




        
        

          
           
     
        



 

 

   




      
       





           
         


         
          

            
 







           
 
         
           
         


  


     

 
      

        
        




   

       
       
           



          
       
     
     
 




      
        
           


          

        
   



            
          
           
       
        
         









       
         

          

        
     


         



           

      

    
         
       
 


  
       

 
          
       







            
         
       




         

            
   

            
       
 

          
        


    
    

 

          
       
         




          
          
       





         







x 
x 



x 


x 


x 



x
x
x
x






x 
x 


x 

x 



x 


x 


x 



x 

x 
x 


x 



x 





x 



         

          





 



  

  






  

 Y
 

 
   


 

 




   


 


 
 
 
   
 
 
 







  

 





   

   

 


   


 
  



     

 

 







   
 2  

 

  

  
   
 
 

 

 





 


 



  



 
 



  











 

 



 









   
 
    


 


 

  
  


  


 
     




  

  
 







 



 


 


 



         
          
      
         
          
           

           


            
            
         


          





 
          


            


         
  
      
        
        
 

    
 
           
       
      
  


         



       
         



 
    
   
        

   

         
          







         
          
         
          
        
         

         
   
      


          
       

          





          
       
          

         
     
          
           
         
         

       








    
       

          
  


 
   
 
           



    
 
 
         
       
        

        
         
          

           
          


KWWSJUHHQVXUJHHX
ZZZJRRJOHFRP

KWWSVFKRODUJRRJOHKX

ZZZVFLHQFHGLUHFWFRP

KWWSOLQNVSULQJHUFRP










        
     
          
        
  

          
         
          
   
  

        
    
         
          
         

         
 
 

  

             

 




        
       

            
  

 
 


         



        
          





   


           

 


           
          
      
          
          
 


 
           
 



 
            




         
          
       


           

           


       
           





     
 




          
          

           
        




 











            

           

         

          
          
         




           
          



         
     

  



 
 
  
  


 
   




















         
  
 



 





 
   
  




           
         
 


 



           
       

        
        
        

        

   
           

       

  

 

  

           
       
  
        
    

        







        




         

      
        
         
        
 


 
          
         
  
 

         
             

      


     


         
      
          
           
          





       
         
       



   



         

         

 

 
 
         
        



   
             






    






 
        
 

  
  

         

              
          
           
  


          
  

 

 

    



          
         

  
 
             
 
            
            
  
 
           
         


    
       



 

          
           
        


 
        
   
 
 

    

      
    




 
          
          
         
          

 

            
 
 
        

 
 
         
  
       
         






        
 

       
        
   


 

        
          
           



     
 

          
 






      

  
 



 

         
       

  


         


 
       
   
 



          
           


       


 






  
          
          

  
    




































 


 

 






 

 


 







  
            

 
    
 
           

            

   

          
         
       


 
          
 
    
 


 

             
          
       
         
           
 
         

 


         





         




        
 
 
 
       

  

           
        
       
 
          
 
  
      
 


 


          
          


 

       
  





          
           

 
        
           
         
 
 

           
           
           
 

 
         
 
  

            
 
         
     



 
        



    
 





           

 
















     
           

         

          
        
    
      

 

 
           

           
  
 
         

 
 

 
   
      
         
        
  


          
           

    
 


  
          






 

            
         


            

          

 
       
          
          
          

         
 


          

        



      





 

 
 

  
      



  



 
 



 

     
   
 


   



 
 
  


 

    
 


  



 


 



 

 
   
 


      
  


   

    



 V2 
 
    




 
  




   



  

  


















 

 



  






    






 

    


    


 







  

 

 
 

       





 


 

  
 
 

 
 


  





 
 

 


 
 






  
 



 





 





 


 



 


 



 
 

             

          
 
 
           
             
         



            

 


         






 
 
         
         
 
      
       
         
    
         
         


         
       
   
 



         


 
        

           
  

           

            

         





 
         

          

           





 


         
         
 
 
  
   
   


           
   
 
 
         
       
 
 
       
            

         






 
     
           
 
       
          





           

 

          

      

      
  
         
      

            
 


           


 
           
       


           
      
      

         

            
       
 
          
 





 
           
 
          
   
             
          

            

    
      
 
  

            

 Y
  Y 

  

         
 
          
  
    
   


  
    
          
       
  
 

      








        
   
          
  
 

 
         
      


 

 

            
     
  
 
      
      
    
           




      
 
       
         
   
 
           
 






 
       
   

    

 
      

           
 

        
       
       
       

       
   
 
      



  
        
         
         
            
            
          
          




         
          

          

           
          


 





           
          
            





         
 


Y  

 


  



x        
       








   
x   

x         
       
        
      

 
          

x          
     
        

       
           
   
     

         

 

           




      


       
 





             

           
           
           


  


 
           
  


          
              
          
         
          


   
 
       

 

     

         

        
        







         

       
            





          
  

          
    
Y  

 
 

        

           
     





 

 
            

 


 
          

 
     

       

    




          

       
             
  

       
  


        
           
           







           

 
         
       
        
            
 



 


 

         
         





       
          
 
   

         

           

           
 
           
         


   
             
  

   
 
           

        

 
           
        
       

       






       
            

 
   

 
          
    
   



             

      
 
           

          
         


 
        
           
           
          
            
  
            

           
            
           
















 

       
        
          

       
           
          
       





 

          
            
          
          
 



 





   
      
          
             

          
           
 

          
         
      
    


         

         
 
        
           
 


    

       
            



   
         
           
   




          
          
  








   




          
         
           
 
    





 


 
       

 
         
  




  





         





      
         


 
       
 
          

         




          



    
 
x 
x        
         

x 

x 

x           
         

         
            





   
 
       






          


          
        
          
        
 
            
          
          
         
         

        
  
         
         
             
  
        
         

  

 




  

 

         
           

         




 



   
 
  o 
 


 
 
  



 

      
 
Y
  Y 

 
  
  




  
  
 
  



Y 
   


    
 

    

    

   



   




    



 o 



 


 
  






   







Y   

 


 


    



 

  

 


 


 


     


    



o 
 






 



  






 



  




 









            
          
         
            
           
       



           

        
          








 
            
        
  
      

           
       
      
          

         
      
  
         
 
  


          
      
         
       
      

         
  



 
      


        
           
    
       
       




         

  
      
      
    
   
       
     
        
   
            

       
        
  
       


      
          




           
         
        

x 

x          

x 





 


        
      

 

   
     



       

       
         

 
 
         
 
       
      
 

          





        

         






     
  
          
         
         
          
           

       

        
         



       

 
   

        
        

 
 
 
        


         
          
          
         
          


           
       





     


            
             




            






      
           
       
 
      
        




       



          
   

   
           
      




        
          
    


         

   
        
       
          
  

          
        
       
            

   
     
 

          
          
       
  




    
 
    
    
    
   
         
       
       
       






        
       
          
         

         
     

         
  
         
       
       
     

    
      
         
   

      
       
       
           
          
 
   


   
       



   

 
 
            
 



  
      
      
   
   



      


       
         


          


   
          
  

          





        
        



         

    










       



          
          
 
         
         
      


  
   
    
         
     
          
       
          
    
         
    
          

         


       
           




      
      
          
         
         
        
  



x          
        
          
        

   
x    

   
        
       
        

   
        

x       
    
   
        
 
      
       
x 
   


         
      





x        
        

x       
       
      
       
     

   


x
     

     
  
      
x 
         

    
   
     

   
 
x 


   
x          
        
        
 
   
 

   
x        
   
x  
         
  





x       

     
   
    
  
       


x  
        

  
    
 
       
  

x       
 
x 
          
  
x         
     
x   

    
 
    
      






        






 
       
        
   
           
         
  

 ]
  


  

 
           
 
       
      
          




        
        
 ]
   
       
   
  
        

         
        
     ]
  

 

        






           

 

 ]
  
    


            
          
          ]
  
           
        






           

 ]
  
         



          
        
           
        
         




      
 
      
 ]
  


  
       
 
        



        \   
         


       
  
     
 
         
        




         

   



  

 
       
      

    
 \  
        

            
        
 







 
  



 

        

   
          
    
     

          
        
    
  \    
 

        \   

     
    
  
          


  
     

    
 


        
o  





        
       

         

         
           
     
   
         
  
        


         
      

\ 


    
   
       

       
          




        
     
          
      







  
     
     
           

  

        
         
 


          

          

           

 



 

        
       
     
 

        
 
      
        
          








         
         
           
 
  

   


          

     
       





      
        
  
   
             

   



 
      




   






 
 
        
 



  



 

  


  



   


 

 
  


 



       



   



  
 
 



  

 
 

]
           2
 




          
 
  
       



 

         



 

 






 

 
   




     


     


   


o   "      


   



   






   

 
 

   

  
 

 



 
   
  
  

  
 
 







  \  

 
  





 



      
  

 





  






 



   



  
 


 


 




 

 
           
  
           
            
  
        


 
  



 




 
         
           
   
 
        
      
           



 
 

  
 
         
  
           
 



         
            
          
 

  
          
 


 




         
 
 
        
         


     
      
         
          
        
 
              

               
       
   
    
    
 
         
        
     
         
 
 
 
 

           

         

V  2    



 

 
  
    
       
 
           

 
 
          
           
  
         

          
         
       
      



          
         



          
         
          


        
         









 

  
       
          

   
      
 

       

        

 


          
 
 
         
         


         



 

  
       



 
  

            

         
      
          

7KHUHDUHWKHVDPHWZRGLUHFWLYHVLQERWK 3ROLVKDQG+XQJDULDQ FDVHV
D 7KH/DUJH&RPEXVWLRQ3ODQW'LUHFWLYH(& /&3' LVLPSRUWDQWLQUHGXFLQJHPLV
VLRQVRI6212[DQGGXVWIURPFRPEXVWLRQSODQWVKDYLQJDWKHUPDOLQSXWFDSDFLW\HTXDOWR
RUJUHDWHUWKDQ0:
E 'LUHFWLYH(&RIWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQWDQGRIWKH&RXQFLORI6HSWHPEHU
RQ WKH SURPRWLRQ RI HOHFWULFLW\ IURP UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ VRXUFHV LQ WKH LQWHUQDO HOHFWULFLW\
PDUNHW 7KH 0HPEHU6WDWHV ZKLFKMRLQHG WKH(8LQPXVW DSSO\ WKHSURYLVLRQVRI'L
UHFWLYH(&RQSURGXFLQJHOHFWULFLW\IURPUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\VRXUFHV7KHLU$FFHVVLRQ
7UHDW\ VHWV QDWLRQDO LQGLFDWLYH WDUJHWV IRU WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI HOHFWULFLW\ SURGXFHG IURP 5(6
5(6( LQHDFKQHZ0HPEHU6WDWHWKHUHVXOWRIZKLFKLVDQRYHUDOOREMHFWLYHRIIRUWKH
(8





           
         

     
          
         
2  
         
         



          
          


            
   


          

             


        
         

           

   
         




 





           


            
        

           
          
  
          
         

 
         
        

  
          
           
      
 
 
  
         
      


          
   

 
           

    





 

         

        
           
        

Y 
 
       

           



      

         


            
        

           
         
  
          
        

    
        




 

      


        
        

          
        
    


  

        

         


7KLVFRQFHUQSULPDULO\WKHHOHPHQWVRIWKHHTXLSPHQWH[SRVHGWRKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV,QFDVH
RIKHDWRQO\ERLOHUVZKHUHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHVDUHPXFKORZHUWKHSUREOHPLVPXFKOHVVVLJQLIL
FDQWDQGDVH[SHULHQFHVKRZVLWLVQRWREVHUYHGLQSUDFWLFH7KLVLVRQHRIWKHUHDVRQVZK\ZH
DUHDGYRFDWLQJXVLQJELRPDVVIRUKHDWLQJSXUSRVHVDVGLVFXVVHGEHORZLQWKLVDUWLFOH




              

  

          
  
         
        



     
        

          
      
           
 
  
   

           

   
 

 
   
    
 
          

        
 


               
 
       



 

        
        
        

         

 
     
          
         
  
          


          
 
       
 


  

           


          
        
   
       
     

     








           
        




x 


        
   
        


x     
        
      

   
        
         

      
       

         
 
        
           

x      
       



 


    

       
         

  
          

 
       


x       
         
      
 




         
         
    
  
         


 
 





          
        

  
   


          
      
             
 






        

           

       
              
          

         
           

    


            
             


 



    

     



           


           
        
          

          
 


 

        



         
             
        

          
             
 








             


          


    


 


 
 
         

       
  


      


  

        


            
        
   
        
       
         
  


          

         
           



   
  
 
    
         






  


       


          

       
   
       
 
    
        



          

         



2 

 

          
         

      
          
        


      
   
 
         



 

        
          

   
           



       

         

        
        


   
         

          


2 
          
       
       

        
          

        
           

        





        
          
      
        
 


          
          
          




        
            
        
            
        
       



    
 
        
 


  



 
   


 




V  2 


 
  

 


  






  



 
 


 
     
  

 
 

    
  




      



   
 
  

    

 
                
 
    

 




     

   

  


 
    

 

  

2 

 
 
2  
 




     
 

   
 

            



   

 



 

   













 




 




 








    



 

   








 
  




  


 


 
Y 



 



  


 
  



 


 



 

  


             
 


 
          
        

   










 




        

 
          
         

   
       

        

    

 
   




 
          
           
       

           
 
         
      
       
           

 
  






 
  











       
 






    
         

        
     
           
 
    
  
     

         

           
       

           
     
        
          
  

       

   

 
 






























        


       


    

         
        
        

          
 


           






 
   





          
 
     
 

       


 
           


    


   
        
         
        
          

 

 







 
 
 



 
 
 


        
  
      






 
 





 

















  



 

 



 

           

 

        

      

         


         
       
 
  








   




           




         
   
         
  


 

  






          




   





           
        

           

          



   













      

           






   
















 


  



     



   
















        
        

 





  
     
           
       
  
        
       
        

          
      
       
         
  

           
         
 

     
 
        

    
    
       

      

           
           

    
            
   



      




    
 
          
 

    
      
 

 
 
        
  
  
       





 
          
      
     
 

 
 

          

         
           
  






          




 
 




        
         

          

 
         






 
        
          
 
         
         
         

        
          
           
          



       

 
      
         


           
        
 
          


 
     
 
    
         
 







           

 
 
 
 
 





 





 
 







 






            
     

         





       

 
 

 



 

  

     
       
   
  

         
 
 


    


 
        









         
  

 
 
            
          
         


          
           

      

       

          
          

          
        
         

         

         
 
          
 







    


   


        
        
           
         
   
          

 








       
        

        

 



        
         
           
         





   
 
  

 



  

    



 
 
 
  

   


     
 

   




  



     
    
2
 
 
  


   
   
 
2
     
 
    
    


 


    




 


  
  
 

 

 
  
 

 


  




     



   

 


   


 



  


 
 


 

 
 


    

 

    

Y 


   

  
     

  


  
 





 
  


  

    



 
 
 

 


 
   


 

  
   
 

 
 







   
     
   
   
   
      
      
    
     
    
     
      
   


   
    
   
 
     
  
    
     
 
   
    

   

    
    
     
     
    
   
     
    

        

   


     
     

     
    
    
    
   

      
     
    
    








x 
x 

     


x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x


x 
x 



x 

x 


x 

x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 

 
 





 












     
      


    

x


x



x



x




 
       
 
  


x



x 
x 
x 
x 
x 
x 

      
     


    

    
     

     
     

    

    
      

     

     



      

  
    
   
      
 
 

x 



x 
x 

x 
x 

x 

x 
x 


 
 
   
 
      
    

   

     
     
   
  
  
     
   




x 






   
     
 
    
    
      
   
   
     
      

   
   

     
     
  
   




      

  
  
  




 








 


 


 

        
           



       

          

 



 

 




   
    
  


         
          





         
          

        
          
          




 
     



   
      

2






           
          

             

      


              


     

          
        
         




           

     
       
          


   
        2  
          





 


2









 

  


  

      
            

            



            






         
      

 

       

 

       

      



          
    
           

Você também pode gostar