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Microwave
s
Signals with a frequency greater than 1 GHz.
The microwave region is generally
considered to extend to 300 GHz.
Point-to-point communications.
Utilize the line of sight path, which means
the two antennas (for transmitter and
receiver) should see each other (no
obstructions).
Microwave Radio-Frequency
Assignments
Band
Frequency (GHz)
Application
12
24
Marine radar
48
Commercial use,
satellites
8 12
Military
Ku
12 18
Commercial use,
satellites
18 27
Commercial use,
satellites
Ka
27 40
Military
60 80
80 100
Line
Grazing
Path
Obstructed
Path
Line
Grazing
Path
Obstructed
Path
Fading
Refraction
Absorption
Diffraction
Attenuation
Reflection
Earth Blge
Fading
Variation of field strength
caused by changes in
transmission medium.
Refraction
Absorption
Energy loss due to absorption of wave by
atmospheric elements such as rain, snow,
oxygen, clouds and vapors.
Diffraction
The
due
Attenuation
A decrease in intensity
of energy to spreading
of energy, transmission
line losses or path
losses between two
antennas.
Reflection
Occur when waves strike smooth surfaces.
Trapped waves
bounce back and
forth in a duct caused
by temperature and
humidity inversion.
Earth Blge
Advantages of Microwave
Communications
1. Large information handling capacity (256
9600 kbps)
2. High reliability through diversity techniques.
3. Lower power consumption
4. Carry wideband circuits for high speed data;
high quality voice channels.
5. Could be fitted with anti-jam equipment,
adaptive modems and other accessories.
6. Forward error correction and hitless switching.
7. Microprocessor controlled pre-detection
combing.
K-Factor
Unitless value which is the ratio of a
hypothetical effective earth radius over
6370km, which is the true mean earth radius.
K = r / ro
in an effective
earths curvature.
Translation of
Factors
Sub-Standard
Various KCondition
Typical microwave links are based on a KFactor of 4 / 3. Other K-Factor values are used
with the conditions of the link are known to be
serve or difficult to propagate over.
Path Profiling
Radio Path
Profile
Shows the cross-section of the earths
surface where the radio path passes over.
Topographical Maps
Graph showing
contour lines,
thereby, elevations
and distances
between two
points are known.
WL = (dB / m, ft) x m, ft
English system:
GHz
+ 20logB
Metric system:
GHz
+ 20logB
ft
ERP = PT WL + G
English system:
FSL
dB
= 96.6 + 20logf
GHz
+ 20logD
miles
GHz
+ 20logD
km
Metric system:
FSL
dB
= 92.4 + 20logf
NPL
dB
RSL
dB
= PTdBm NPLdB
NT
dBm
FM dB = RSL dBm - IT
dBm
SG = PT(dBm) - IT
dBm
Reliabilit
y (%)
Outage
(%)
90
10
18
99
28
99.9
0.1
38
99.99
0.01
48
99.999
0.001
58
99.9999
0.0001
a. Unavailability (U)
U = MTTR / (MTBF+MTTR)
U = DownTime /
TotalTime
b. Reliability (R)
or Availability
R= (1 U) x 100 %
The Outage
For multi-hop propagation , the total outage
is the summation of each hop and reliability
is
100 % - Total Outage. In short, the
probability of an equipment or system being
operational is: 100% minus the Probability of
being non-operational.
Sample problem #1
Sample problem #2
Fresnel Zones
st Fresnel Zone
1st
nd Fresnel Zone
2nd
rd Fresnel Zone
3rd
st Fresnel Zone
1st
st
The radius of the circular zone is in the 1 st
Fresnel zone, when the reflected path on onehalf wavelength longer than the direct path.
nd Fresnel Zone
2nd
nd
The radius of the circular zone is in the 2 nd
Fresnel zone, when the reflected path is two
(2) one-half wavelength longer than the direct
path, (or one wavelength longer)
rd Fresnel Zone
3rd
rd
The radius of the circular zone is in the 3 rd
Fresnel zone, when the reflected path is three
(3) one-half wavelength longer than the direct
path (or 1 wavelength longer).
Fn = F1 n
For minimum tower height requirement,
design your microwave system to 0.6 of F1, a
condition of no gain and no loss.
Sample problem:
3 ft.
Microwave Repeaters
Active
Passive
1. Active
intercepts, amplifies
and retransmits the
signal.
Types of Active
Repeaters
Baseband Repeater
IF Heterodyne Repeater
RF Heterodyne Repeater
Baseband Repeater
IF Heterodyne Repeater
RF Heterodyne Repeater
2. Passive
Bounces the signal from one direction to another.
Types of Passive
Repeaters
Billboard
Back to Back Passive
Billboard
Flat metal type used to reflect microwave signals.
Acts as a microwave mirror with no power needed.
Back to Back
Passive
Uses two standard antenna dishes directly
joined by a short length of waveguide.
English System
dB
dB
= 22.2 + 40logf
GHz
GHz
2
2
+ 20logAft
ft + 20cos
Metric System
dB = 42.9 + 40logf
20cos
GHz
+ 20logAm2 +
Sample problem:
Diversity Reception
A method of utilizing 2 or more receivers to reduce
fading or increase reliability of the system.
Frequency Diversity
Space Diversity
Polarization Diversity
Hybrid Diversity
Angle Diversity
Quadrature Diversity
1. Frequency Diversity
2. Space Diversity
a. Frequency Conservation
b. Minimized Multipath Fading
c. Availability of Sufficient Signal Output
d. Compensation for Electrical Differences
Between Direct and Reflected Waves.
Disadvantages of Space
Diversity
a. Costly
b. More towers required
c. Concept does always work as intended
Spacing
ft
= (43.4 d) / hT
3. Polarization Diversity
4. Hybrid
Diversity
A special combination of frequency and space
diversity.
5. Angle
Diversity
Is the transmission of information at two or
more slightly different angles resulting to two
or more oaths based on illuminating different
scatter volumes in troposcatter systems.
6. Quadrature Diversity
a. Direct Radiating
Antenna
Consist of parabolic
antenna with
parabolic dish,
illuminated by a
feed horn at its
focus.
Shroud
a metal wrapped
around the antenna
aperture to eliminate
side lobes which may
cause interference to
nearby microwave
stations.
Radome
a non-metallic (canvass)
covering in a parabolic
antenna for protection
against strong wind
velocity. In cold places,
ice accumulation is
prevented by the use of
heated radome.
f. Periscope
Arrangement
is a combination of a
reflector mounted on
a tower and the
parabolic antenna
below. Use the 150
feet and beyond. The
spacing between the
antenna and the
reflector should be in
the near field.
Shapes of Reflector
1. Rectangular, flat
2. Rectangular,
curved
3. Elliptical, flat
4. Elliptical, curved
5. Flyswatter
1.
Klystro
An electron tube in
n
which the electrons
are periodically
bunched by electric
fields. It is used as
an oscillator or
amplifier in
microwave
transmitters and
receivers.
Interaction
between an
electron beam and
an RF voltage.
Velocity Modulation
The bunching of
the electrons within
the klystron caused
by changing their
rate of speed
(velocity).
Cavity Reflex
Klystron
High Power Multicavity
Klystron
operates as a low
power RF oscillator in
the microwave
region.
2.
Magnetro
A diode vacuum tube
n
used as a microwave
oscillator in radar
and microwave
ovens to produce
powers up to the
megawatt range.
A magnetic field
ensures a constant
electron beam-RF
field interaction.
1. Crossed-Filled Amplifier
(CFA)
(1)kathode
(2)anode with resonantcavities
(3) Space-Charge Wheel
(4)delaying strapping rings
3. Twystron
Stripline
Microstrip
Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)
Devices
1. Stripline
2. Microstrip
4. Gunn
Diode
A microwave
semiconductor device
used to generate
microwave energy.
When combined with a
microstrip, stripline, or
resonant cavity, simple
low power oscillators
with frequencies up to
50GHz are easily
implemented.
5.
MESFET
(Metal Semiconductor
Field Effect Transistor)
is used in the
microwave band as
amplifiers and
oscillators.
Replaced parametric
amplifiers in the
lightweight
applications.