REVIEW in ESAT

REVIEW QUESTION SERIES 1

1.
a.
b.
c.
d.

The main advantage of SSB over standard AM or DSB is. (Modulation)

Less power is consumed.
Less spectrum space is used.
Simpler equipment is used.
A higher modulation percentage.

Answer: b
This greatly conserves spectrum space and allows more signals to be tran
smitted in the same frequency range.
2.
lation)
a.
b.
c.
d.

In a pulse-averaging discriminator, the pulses are produced by an. (Modu

Zero-crossing detector.
Astable multivibrator.
One shot.
Low-pass filter.

Answer: c
Pulse-averaging discriminator converts an FM signal into a square wave o
f identical frequency variation using a zero-crossing detector, comparator, or l
imiter circuit. This circuit triggers a one shot that produces pulses that are a
veraged in a lowpass filter to reproduce the original modulating signal.
3.
Permit very long distances, even worldwide, communications. (Radiowave P
ropagation)
a.
Single hop
b.
Double hops
c.
Multiple hops
d.
Omni hops
Answer: c
The maximum distance of a single hop is usually no more than about 2000
mi, but with multiple hop this extend the communications range by many thousands
of miles.
4.
Using a small reflector to beam waves to the larger parabolic reflector
is known as. (Microwave Comm)
a.
Focal feed.
b.
Coax feed.
c.
Cassegrain feed.
d.
Horn feed.
Answer: c
Advantages in some feed arrangement. The waveguide transmission line is shorter.
The radical bends in the waveguide are eliminated. Less signal attenuation. Noi
se figure is also improved.
5.
A microwave diode with an N-type silicon cathode and a metal anode formi
ng a junction is called a(n). (Microwave Communication)
a.
Varactor
b.
TRAPATT
c.
IMPATT
d.
Schottky
Answer: d
Point-contact and Schottky or hot-carrier diodes are widely uses as mixe

rs in microwave equipment as they have low capacitance and inductance.

6.
Using very narrow beamwidth antennas to isolate signals on the same freq
uency is known as. (Satellite Communication)
a.
Frequency isolation
b.
Frequency reuse
c.
Spatial isolation
d.
Partial isolation
Answer: c
Spatial isolation is another technique for frequency sharing. It uses hi
ghly directional spot-beam antennas to prevent interference between stations on
the same frequency.
7.
All computers share their resources, such as hard drives, printers, and
so on, with all the other computers on the network. (Data Communication)
a.
Peer-to-peer client/server
b.
Point-to-point client/server
c.
Dedicated client/server
d.
Shared client/server
Answer: a
Sometimes called workgroup, there are no dedicated servers or hierarchy
among the computers.
8.
Actually detects and corrects transmission errors when they are received
without requiring a retransmission. (Data Communication)
a.
FEC
b.
ARQ
c.
Continuous ARQ
d.
CRC
Answer: a
With FEC, redundant bits are added to the message before transmission. W
hen an error is detected, the redundant bits are used to determine which bit is
in error.
9.
A form of amplitude distortion introduced when the positive and negative
alterations in the AM modulated signal are not equal. (Modulation)
a.
Phase shift
b.
Amplitude shift
c.
Modulating shift
d.
Carrier shift
Answer: d
Carrier shift may be either positive or negative. If the positive altera
tion of the modulated signal has a larger amplitude than the negative alteration
, positive carrier shift results. If the negative alteration is larger than the
positive, negative carrier shifts occurs.
10.
The adjustment for the center frequency of the preselector and the adjus
tment for the local oscillator frequency. (Modulation)
a.
Frequency conversion
b.
Gang tuned
c.
Frequency tuning
d.
Tuned circuit
Answer: b
Gang tuning means that the two adjustments are mechanically tied togethe

r so that a single adjustment will change the center frequency of the preselecto
r and, at the same time, change the local oscillator frequency.
11.
The function of an AM detector is to demodulate the AM signal and recove
r the original source information. The AM detector sometimes called. (Modulation
)
a.
First detector
b.
Second detector
c.
Third detector
d.
Peak detector
Answer: b
With the mixer/converter being the first detector because it precedes th
e AM detector.
12.
The ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required
for a particular modulation scheme. (Digital Communication)
a.
Bandwidth compression
b.
Bandwidth density
c.
Bandwidth efficiency
d.
Bandwidth average
Answer: c
Bandwidth efficiency sometimes called information density or spectral ef
ficiency is often used to compare the performance of one digital modulation tech
nique to another.
13.
Produces a loop error voltage that is proportional to twice the phase er
ror between the incoming signal and the VCO signal. (Digital Communication)
a.
Squaring loop
b.
Costas loop
c.
Remodulator
d.
Carrier recovery
Answer: c
Carrier recovery is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference
carrier from a receiver signal. Methods of carrier recovery: squaring loop, cos
tas loop, and remodulator. The remodulator has a faster acquisition time than ei
ther the two.
14.
The phase relationship between signaling elements for BPSK is the optimu
m signaling format. (Digital Communication)
a.
Podal signaling
b.
Antipodal signaling
c.
Bit signaling
d.
One signaling
Answer: b
Occurs only when two binary signal levels are allowed and when one signa
l is the exact negative of the other. Because no other bit-by-bit signaling sche
me is nay better, antipodal performance is often used as a reference for compari
son.
15.
tion)
a.
b.
c.

Most of the more recently developed codec are called. (Digital Communica
Combo chips
Micro chips
Uni chips

d.

Vocoders

Answer: a
Combo chips include an antialiasing (bandpass) filter, a sample-and-hold
circuit, and an ADC in the transmit section and a DAC, hold circuit.
16.
om the
tion)
a.
b.
c.
d.

Extracts the most significant portions of speech information directly fr

time waveform rather than from the frequency spectrum. (Digital Communica
Vocoders
Linear predictive coders
Channel vocoders
Formant vocoders

Answer: b
Vocoder is to encode the minimum amount of speech information necessary
to reproduce a perceptible message with fewer bits than those needed by a conven
tional encoder/decoder. Three vocoding technique; channel vocoder, formant vocod
er, and linear predictive coders.
17.
One common kind of digit-at-a-time coder, uses a successive approximatio
n register (SAR). (Digital Communication)
a.
Time coder
b.
Feedback coder
c.
Sequentially coder
d.
Level-at-a-time coding
Answer: b
Digit-at-a-time coding is a type of coding determines each digit of the
PCM code sequentially. With this type of coder, the entire PCM code word is dete
rmined simultaneously
18.
One of the primary causes of ISI that the rate of transmission does not
conform to the ringing frequency designed into the communications channel. (Digi
tal Communication)
a.
Insufficient bandwidth
b.
Timing inaccuracies
c.
Phase distortion
d.
Amplitude distortion
Answer: b
ISI is intersymbol interference. ISI is an important consideration in th
e transmission of pulses over circuits with a limited bandwidth and a nonlinear
phase response. The four primary causes of ISI are Timing inaccuracies, insuffic
ient bandwidth, phase distortion, and amplitude distortion.
19.
Mode of propagation in a helical antenna that is electromagnetic radiati
on is in direction at right angles to the axis of the helix. (Antennas)
a.
Helix mode
b.
Axial mode
c.
Normal mode
d.
Circular mode
Answer: c
A helical antenna is a broadband VHF or UHF antenna that is ideally suit
ed for application for which radiating circular rather than horizontal or vertic
al polarized electromagnetic waves are required. Two modes of propagation for he
lical antenna are normal and axial. In the axial mode, radiation is in the axial
direction and produces a broadband, relatively directional pattern.

20.
Is caused by valence electrons in the silica material from which fibers
are manufactured. (Fiber Optics)
a.
Infrared absorption
b.
Ion resonance absorption
c.
Chromatic absorption
d.
Ultraviolet absorption
Answer: d
Absorption losses in optical fibers are analogous to power dissipation i
n copper cables; impurities in the fiber absorb the light and convert it to heat
. There are three factors that contribute to the absorption losses in optical fi
bers: Ultraviolet absorption, infrared absorption, and ion resonance absorption.
21.
In LEDs, a p-n junction made from two different mixtures of the same typ
es of atoms. (Fiber Optics)
a.
Homojunction LEDs
b.
Heterojunction LEDs
c.
Edge-emitting LED
d.
Burrus Etched-well Surface-Emitting LED
Answer: a
LEDs emit light by spontaneous emission-light is emitted as a result of
the recombination of electrons and holes. The simplest LED structures are homoju
nction and epitaxially grown, or they are single-diffused semiconductor devices.
22.
es to
a.
b.
c.
d.

Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle. Allows secondary wav
sneak around the corner of the obstacle. (Radiowave Propagation)
Sneak zone
Peek zone
Shadow zone
Dark zone

Answer: c
Diffraction is defined as the modulation or redistribution of energy wit
hin a wavefront when it passes near the edge of an opaque object. Diffraction is
the phenomenon that allows light or radio waves to propagate around the corners
.
23.
Occurs when a receiver picks up the same station at two nearby points on
the receiver tuning dial. (Modulation)
a.
Single spotting
b.
Double spotting
c.
Spurious point
d.
Double point
Answer: b
One point is the desired location, and the other point is called the spu
rious point. Double spotting is caused by poor front-end selectivity or inadequa
te image-frequency rejection. Double spotting is harmful because weak stations c
an be overshadowed by the reception of a nearby strong station at the spurious l
ocation in the frequency spectrum.

24.
Filters that are made from lead zirconate-titanate, which exhibits the p
iezoelectric effect. (Modulation Single-sideband com. system)
a.
Surface acoustic wave filters
b.
Mechanical filters
c.
Ceramic filters

d.

Crystal filters

Answer: c
Three transmitter configurations are commonly used for single-sideband g
eneration: the filter method, the phase-shift method, and the so-called third me
thod. Ceramic filter is one of the filter methods. Ceramic filters operate quite
similar to crystal filters that ceramic filters do not have as high a Q-factor.
Typical Q values for ceramic filters go up to about 2000.
25.
A system provide narrowband voice communications for land-mobile service
s with nearly the quality achieved with FM systems and do it using less than one
-third the bandwidth. (Modulation
Single-sideband com. system)
a.
ACSSB
b.
SSBSC
c.
DSBSC
d.
IMTS
Answer: a
With Amplitude-compandoring single-sideband (ACSSB), the audio signals a
re compressed before modulation by amplifying the higher-magnitude signals less
than the lower-magnitude.
26.
n)
a.
b.
c.
d.

The payload

on communication satellite consists of (Satellite Communicatio

Transponders
Batteries
Solar cells
All of the above

Answer: a
An automatic device that transmits a predetermined message in response to a pred
efined received signal.
27.
Modulator circuit performs what mathematical operation on its two inputs
? (Modulation)
a.
Multiplication
b.
Division
c.
Addition
d.
Subtraction
Answer: a
The carrier waveform multiplied by the modulating signal waveform.
28.
What type of propagation is probably occurring if radio signals travel a
long the terminator between daylight and darkness? (Radio Propagation)
a.
Grazing
b.
Sporadic-E
c.
Long-Path
d.
Grey line
Answer: d
The "grey line" is a band around the Earth that separates daylight from
darkness. Propagation along the grey line is very efficient. One major reason
for this is that the D layer, which absorbs HF signals, disappears rapidly on th
e sunset side of the grey line, and it has not yet built upon the sunrise side.
29.
When
esult in the
a.
When
b.
When

scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally r

least path loss? (Radio Propagation)
the moon is full
the MUF is above 30 MHz

c.
d.

When the moon is full

When the moon is at apogee

Answer: d
When the moon is at apogee there is a least path loss.
30.
This transmission line is used in microwave circuit. It consists of a na
rrow, flat conductor sandwiched between dielectric boards whose outside surfaces
are coated with conductor.(Transmission lines)
a.
Fiber optics
b.
Waveguide
c.
Coax
d.
Stripline
Answer: d
A microwave transmission line constructed of a center conductor suspende
d between parallel conductive ground planes.
31.
Tropospheric scatter is used with frequencies in the following range:..
(Radio Propagation)
a.
VLF
b.
UHF
c.
HF
d.
ELF
Answer: b
The scattering of distant TV and FM radio stations by the troposphere so that th
ey travel farther than the line of sight.UHF covers TV and FM.
32.
The IEEE standard used for high speed wireless Ethernet access known as
Wi-Fi s is _____. (Data Communication)
a.
801.11
b.
803.116
c.
803.12
d.
802.116
Answer: a
Applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz ba
nd using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spre
ad spectrum (DSSS).
33.
a.
b.
c.
d.

What is emission F3F? (Radio Propagation)

Radio
Television
Microwave
Telephone

Answer: b
The 2nd F in F3F is for television (video)
34.
When a meteor strikes the earth's atmosphere, a cylindrical region of fr
ee electrons is formed at what layer of the ionosphere? (Radio Propagation)
a.
E Layer
b.
F1 Layer
c.
F2 Layer
d.
D Layer
Answer: a
The vertical structure of the E layer is primarily determined by the competing e
ffects of ionization and recombination. At night the E layer begins to disappear
because the primary source of ionization is no longer present.

35.
a.
b.
c.
d.

The farthest point a satellite can reach is (Satcom)

Apogee
Perigee
Altitude
Attitude

Answer: a
The highest point of the orbit or it is the point in an earth satellite orbit,
which is farthest away from the earth. (lowest velocity)
36.
How many horizontal lines make up a fast-scan television frame? (Radio P
ropagation)
a.
530
b.
525
c.
520
d.
535
Answer: b
NTSC uses 525 horizontal lines of which only about 487 make up the active pictur
e.
37.
gation)
a.
b.
c.
d.

Manganese ferrite may be used as a (indicate false answer). (Radio Propa

Circulator
Isolator
Garnet
Phase shifter

Answer: c
Garnet cannot be used for manganese ferrite.
38.
The rate of the power radiated by the antenna to the square of the curre
nt at the feed point.
a.
Directive Gain
b.
Field Intensity
c.
Radiation Resistance
d.
Power Gain
Answer: d
Power Gain is the rate of power radiated by the antenna to the square of the cur
rent at the feed point. Radiation resistance is a part of an antenna's feed poin
t resistance that is caused by the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the a
ntenna.
39.
a.
b.
c.
d.

The fiber optic core is surrounded by. (fiber optics)

Glass
Wire braid shield
Insulation
Cladding

Answer: d
Used to protect the fiber core from nicks and scratches.
40.
According to this criterion, for a feedback circuit to sustain oscillati
ons, the net voltage gain around the feedback loop must be unity or greater, and
the net phase shift around the loop must be a positive integer multiple of 360?
. (Communication System)
a.
block criterion
b.
Barkhausen criterion
c.
markhausen criterion
d.
blocker criterion

Answer: b
The Barkhausen stability criterion states that an oscillator will oscillate when
the total phase shift from input to output back to input is an integral multipl
e of 360 degrees and the system gain is equal to 1.
41.
A device that performs compression and expansion. (Communication Systems
)
a.
Lapandor
b.
Compandor
c.
Compressor
d.
Expandor
Answer: b
The electronic circuit that does this is called a compandor and works by compres
sing or expanding the dynamic range of an analog electronic signal such as sound
. One variety is a triplet of amplifiers: a logarithmic amplifier, followed by a
variable-gain linear amplifier and an exponential amplifier. Such a triplet has
the property that its output voltage is proportional to the input voltage raise
d to an adjustable power. Compandors are used in concert audio systems and in so
me noise reduction schemes such as dbx and Dolby NR (all versions).
42.
A geographic representation of a satellite radiation pattern, with conto
ur lines representing limits of equal receives power density. (Satellite Communi
cation)
a.
Lapprint
b.
Fingerprint
c.
Handprint
d.
Footprint
Answer: b
The footprint of a communications satellite is the ground area that its transpon
ders offer coverage, and determines the satellite dish diameter required to rece
ive each transponder's signal. There is usually a different map for each transpo
nder (or group of transponders) as each may be aimed to cover different areas of
the ground.
Footprint maps usually show either the estimated minimal satellite dish diameter
required or the signal strength in each area measured in dBW.
43.
Voice band channels are assigned on as needed basis. It provides more vers
atility and more efficient use of the frequency spectrum. (Satellite Communicati
on)
a.
PAMA
b.
LAMA
c.
DAMA
d.
DOTA
Answer: c
Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) is a technology used to assign a bandwidt
h to clients that don't need to use it constantly. DAMA systems assign communica
tion channels or circuits based on requests issued from user terminals to a netw
ork control system. When the circuit is no longer in use, the channels are then
returned to the central pool for reuse by others.
Channels are typically a pair of carrier frequencies (one for transmit and one f
or receive), but can be other fixed bandwidth resources such as timeslots in a T
DMA burst plan. Once allocated to a pair of nodes this bandwidth is not availabl
e to other users in the network until their session is finished.
44.
Unveiled the most famous mobile telephone to date: the fully mobile shoe
phone in 1966 in a television show called Get Smart. (Mobile Communication)
a.
E.K. Jett
b.
Don Adams
c.
Charles Wheatstone
d.
George Boole
Answer: b
Don Adams (April 13, 1923 September 25, 2005) was an American actor, comedian, g
ame show panelist, and director. In his five decades on television, he was best

known as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the TV situation comedy Get Smart (1965 1970,
1995), which he also directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Award
s for his portrayal of Smart (1967 1969). He provided the voices for the animated
series Tennessee Tuxedo (1963-1966) and Inspector Gadget (1983-1986) as their ti
tle characters.
45.
tances
a.
b.
c.
d.

Communications system used to carry information for relatively short dis

such as between cities with the same state. (Microwave Communication)
Back haul
Long haul
Mid haul
Short haul

Answer: d
A short-haul domestic flight is commonly categorized into being no longer than 5
00 mi (800 km) 1.5 hours in length, meaning that all domestic flights within a c
ountry such as the United Kingdom are short-haul. In addition to this criterion,
the destination airport must be in the same country as the departure airport. D
omestic flights can vary greatly in length due to some countries being larger th
an others.
46.
The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing (clock) recovery circuit
and, if excessive, may significantly degrade the performance of cascaded regener
ative sections. (Modulation)
a.
Hitter
b.
Glitter
c.
Jitter
d.
Liter
Answer: c
Jitter is the time variation of a periodic signal in electronics and telecommuni
cations, often in relation to a reference clock source. Jitter may be observed i
n characteristics such as the frequency of successive pulses, the signal amplitu
de, or phase of periodic signals. Jitter is a significant, and usually undesired
, factor in the design of almost all communications links (e.g., USB, PCI-e, SAT
A, OC-48). In clock recovery applications it is called timing jitter.
47.
In telecommunication, _______ is a modulation scheme which allows highly
efficient transmission of information over band-limited channels such as teleph
one lines. (Mobile Communication)
a.
pulse modulation
b.
Trellis modulation
c.
amplitude modulation
d.
code modulation
Answer: b
In telecommunication, trellis modulation (also known as trellis coded modulatio
n, or simply TCM) is a modulation scheme which allows highly efficient transmiss
ion of information over band-limited channels such as telephone lines.
48.
In signal processing, the ______is two times the bandwidth of a bandlimi
ted signal or a band limited channel.
a.
extream rate
b.
bypass rate
c.
pulse rate
d.
Nyquist rate
Answer: d
In signal processing, the Nyquist rate is two times the bandwidth of a bandlimit
ed signal or a band limited channel.
49.
A _____ is a specialized beacon used in aviation in conjunction with an
instrument landing system (ILS), to give pilots a means to determine distance to
the runway. Marker beacons transmit on the dedicated frequency of 75 MHz. (Navi
gational Aids)

a.
b.
c.
d.

Marker beacon
Long Range Navigation System
short range navigation system
line beacon

Answer: a
A marker beacon is a specialized beacon used in aviation in conjunction
with an instrument landing system (ILS), to give pilots a means to determine dis
tance to the runway. Marker beacons transmit on the dedicated frequency of 75 MH
z.
50.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Most widely used camera tube. (Broadcast & Acoustics)

Silicon
Vidicon
Beacon
Limacon

Answer: b
A vidicon tube is a video camera tube design in which the target material is a p
hotoconductor. (Broadcast & Acoustics)
51.
A photoelectric tube used with a rotating wheel punched with small holes
spirating in toward the center to scan the picture elements. (Broadcast & Acous
tics)
a.
hard disk
b.
flask disk
c.
scanner disk
d.
Nipkow Disk
Answer: d
A Nipkow disk (sometimes Anglicized as Nipkov disk), also known as scanning disk
, is a mechanical, geometrically operating image scanning device, invented by Pa
ul Gottlieb Nipkow. This scanning disk was a fundamental component in mechanical
television through the 1920s.
52.
Developed the first file transfer protocol designed to facilitate transf
erring data between two personal. (Data Communications)
a.
Charles Wheatstone
b.
C.E. Shannon
c.
Ward Christiansen
d.
Joseph Jacquard
Answer: c
Christensen was noted for building software tools for his needs. He wrot
e a cassette-based operating system before floppies and hard disks were common.
When he lost track of the source code for some programs he wrote ReSource, an it
erative disassembler for the Intel 8080, to help him regenerate the source code.
When he needed to send files to Randy Suess he wrote XMODEM. Christensen receiv
ed two 1992 Dvorak Awards for Excellence in Telecommunications, one with Randy S
euss for developing the first BBS, and a lifetime achievement award "for outstan
ding contributions to PC telecommunications." In 1993 he received the Pioneer Aw
ard from the Foundation. He also was an initial inductee into the Shareware Hall
of Fame in 1997.
Christensen has been working for IBM as a technical sales specialist since 1968.
53.
High-powered, high capacity mainframe computers that support terminals.
(Data Communications)
a.
Ghosts
b.
Sibilance
c.
Hosts
d.
Digital Pipe

Answer: c
The hosts file is a computer file used by an operating system to map hostnames t
o IP addresses. This method is one of several methods used by an operating syste
m to locate network nodes on a computer network. On many operating systems, the
host file content is used preferentially over other methods, such as the Domain
Name System (DNS). Unlike DNS, the hosts file is under the control of the local
computer's administrator.
54.
A mathematician who was an early pioneer in the development of error-det
ection and correction procedures developed the Hamming Code while working at Bel
l Telephone Laboratories. (Data Communications)
a.
John Mauchly
b.
George C. Devol
c.
Joseph F. Engelberger
d.
Richard W. Hamming
Answer: d
Richard Wesley Hamming (was an American mathematician whose work had ma
ny implications for computer science and telecommunications. His contributions i
nclude the Hamming code (which makes use of a Hamming matrix), the Hamming windo
w (described in Section 5.8 of his book Digital Filters), Hamming numbers, Spher
e-packing (or hamming bound) and the Hamming distance. He was a founder and pres
ident of the Association for Computing Machinery. His philosophy on scientific c
omputing appears as preface to his 1962 book on numerical methods:
55.
________are files that are created to accompany data files, and are used
to preserve data integrity and assist in data recovery. (Data Communications)
a.
folder files
b.
parity files
c.
security files
d.
olded files
Answer: b
Parity files are files that are created to accompany data files, and are
used to preserve data integrity and assist in data recovery. They are useful wh
en data files are transmitted or stored on less-than-perfect mediums such as new
sgroup messages, satellite transmission, or optical disk. Parity files are const
ructed according to algorithms of error detection and correction.
56.
Form of redundancy error checking where each character has a numerical v
alue assigned to it. (Data Communications)
a.
Bucksum
b.
hash sum
c.
dash sum
d.
outsum
Answer: b
A checksum or hash sum is a fixed-size datum computed from an arbitrary block o
f digital data for the purpose of detecting accidental errors that may have been
introduced during its transmission or storage. The integrity of the data can be
checked at any later time by recomputing the checksum and comparing it with the
stored one. If the checksums do not match, the data was almost certainly altere
d (either intentionally or unintentionally).
57.
The portion of the satellite communications link involving the transmiss
ion of traffic from the satellite to the earth terminal. (Satellite Communicatio
n)
a.
Uplink
b.
buck link
c.
up&downlink
d.
Downlink

Answer: d
A downlink (DL) is the link from a satellite to a ground station. Pertaining to
cellular networks, the radio downlink is the transmission path from a Base Trans
ceiver Station (Cell Site) to the Mobile Station (Cell Phone). Traffic and signa
lling flows within the BSS and NSS may also be identified as uplink and downlink
.
58.
What is the wavelength of a violet light? (RadioWave Propagation)
a.
4 micrometers
b.
700nm
c.
40nm
d.
0.07 micrometers
Answer: a
Visible light is the range of .4 - .7 micrometers. Violet light has a short-wave
length of .4um.
59.
The unit of a radar set which display the radar information coming from
the receiver is (Radar)
a.
Magnetron
b.
Indicator
c.
Duplexer
d.
Transmission
Answer: b
The information available from a radar receiver may contain as many as several m
illion separate data bits per second. From these and other data, such as the ori
entation of the antenna, the indicator should present to the observer a continuo
us, easily understandable, graphic picture of the relative position of radar tar
gets. It should provide size, shape, and insofar as possible, indications of the
type of targets. A cathode-ray tube (crt) fulfills these requirements to an ast
onishing degree. The cathode-ray tube's principal shortcoming is that it cannot
present a true three-dimensional picture.
60.
It is the ratio of the transmitted on time or pulse width to pulse repet
ition time? (Radar)
a.
Peak Power
b.
Duty Cycle
c.
Pulse width
d.
Pulse Interval
Answer: b
A decimal number that expresses a ratio in a pulse modulation system of transmit
time to total time.
61.
It is an operational brevity cope that means an air contact that is unid
entified but assumed to be enemy? (Radar)
a.
Bogey
b.
Clara
c.
Skunk
d.
Racket
Answer: a
Bogey is a radar or visual air contact whose identity is unknown.
62.
What type of display presents only the range of the target and the relat
ive strength of the echo? (Radar)
a.
A-Scope
b.
RHI Scope
c.
PPIScope

d.

All of the above

Answer: a
The original radar display was the A-scope, which displays the range to
targets along a scale. These displays were also referred to as R-scope, for rang
e scope. To draw the A-scope display, a sawtooth voltage generator was attached
to the X-axis to move the oscilloscope spot across the screen at a fixed speed.
The start of the "sweep" was triggered to coincide with the start of a radar pul
se being sent out of the antenna, and the speed of the sweep was set to make it
reach the far end (typically right side) of the display at the end of the pulse'
s maximum return time. Any reflected signal was amplified and sent directly to t
he display's Y-axis input, displacing the beam upward, drawing a "blip" (or "pip
").
63.
tion)
a.
b.
c.
d.

Instead of a single bit, a QPSK symbol contains _______. (Data Communica

Bit rate
Dibit
Baud rate
Tribit

Answer: b
The term "quadrature" implies that there are four possible phases (4-PSK) which
the carrier can have at a given time, as shown at right on the characteristic co
nstellation for this moduation type. The four phases are labelled {A,B,C,D} corr
esponding to one of {0,90,180,270} degrees.
In QPSK, information in conveyed through phase variations. In each time period,
the phase can change once. Since there are four possible phases, there are 2 bit
s of information conveyed within each time slot. The rate of change (baud) in th
is signal determines the signal bandwidth, but the throughput or bit rate for QP
SK is twice the baud rate.
64.
g more
a.
b.
c.
d.

The area of a cell of a cellular system is further divided, thus creatin

cell areas. (Cellular Telephone Concepts)
Sectoring
Segmentation
Cell splitting
Dualization

Answer: c
The purpose of cell splitting is to increase the channel capacity and im
prove the availability and reliability of a cellular telephone network. Splittin
g cell areas creates new cells, providing an increase in the degree of frequency
reuse, thus increasing the channel capacity of a cellular network.
65.
It is like a long transmission line with one lossy conductor (the earth)
, and one good conductor (the wire). (Antennas)
a.
Rhombic antenna
b.
V beam antenna
c.
Beverage antenna
d.
Fishbone antenna
Answer: c
Beverage antenna is simply wire antenna, at least one wavelength long, s
upported along its length at a fairly low height (close to the ground) and termi
nated at the far end in its characteristics impedance. Since it is travelling wa
ve antenna, it has no standing waves resulting from radio signals.
66.
It is ideally suited to HF transmission and reception and is a very popu
lar antenna in commercial point-to-point communications. (Antennas)

a.
b.
c.
d.

Rhombic antenna
V beam antenna
Beverage antenna
Fishbone antenna

Answer: a
Rhombic antenna is an antenna consisting of four conductors joined to fo
rm a diamond, or rhombus. All sides of the antenna have the same length and the
opposite corner angles are equal. It can be considered as being made up of two V
antennas placed end-to-end and terminated by a noninductive resistor to produce
a unidirectional pattern.
67.
The longer the wires in terms of the wavelength, the greater the gain an
d the sharper the directional pattern. (Antennas)
a.
Rhombic antenna
b.
V beam antenna
c.
Beverage antenna
d.
Fishbone antenna
Answer: b
A V beam antenna is two long wires combined to form a V with an angle th
at is twice that of the major lobes of the wire with the wires excited out of ph
ase. The radiation along the bisector of the V adds and the radiation in the oth
er directions tend to cancel.
68.
It is essentially a wave antenna which evolved from the Beverage antenna
. (Antennas)
a.
Rhombic antenna
b.
V beam antenna
c.
Beverage antenna
d.
Fishbone antenna
Answer: d
Fishbone antenna is an antenna consisting of closely spaced elements tha
t are lightly coupled (capacitively) to a long, terminated transmission line. Th
is antenna provides a higher gain per acre than does a rhombic.
69.
a.
b.
c.
d.

This antenna is a wideband array of loop antennas. (Antennas)

Aperiodic Loop Array
Ferrite Core Loop
Loop Skywire
Large Loop

Answer: a
Unlike most of the loop, the loop elements in an aperiodic array are unt
urned. The antennas is omnidirectional because it is purposely unbalanced, and a
lso because the isolating resistor causes the antenna to appear as two closely-s
paced short monopoles.
70.
a.
b.
c.
d.

It is simply a loop antenna erected horizontal to the earth. (Antennas)

Aperiodic Loop Array
Ferrite Core Loop
Loop Skywire
Large Loop

Answer: c
This antenna is a magnetic version of the open wire, center-fed electric
dipole. The antenna has one wavelength of wire in its parameter at fundamental
frequency.

71.
It consists of a driven loop, one wavelength in circumference, a reflect
or loop, and a director loop
(Antennas)
a.
Quad array
b.
Log-yag array
c.
End-fire array
d.
Sterba array
Answer: a
A popular type of parasitic array using rectangular or diamond-shaped fu
ll-wave wire loop elements. It is used in much the same way as dipole elements i
n the Yagi antenna.
72.
Its distinctive feature is the method of closing the ends of the system.
(Antennas)
a.
Quad array
b.
Log-yag array
c.
End-fire array
d.
Sterba array
Answer: d
It is a broadside radiator
ments with ?/2 spacing between the
AC, the system form a closed loop,
s can be sent through the wires to

consisting of both collinear and parallel ele

latter. For direct current and low-frequency
which is advantageous in that heating current
melt the ice that forms in cold climates.

73.
This array uses the principles of co-phased verticals to produce a broad
side, bidirectional pattern.
(Antennas)
a.
Bruce array
b.
Bobtail curtain
c.
Stubby antenna
d.
Log-yag antenna
Answer: b
It performs as three in-phase top-fed vertical radiators approximately ?
/4 in height and spaced approximately ?/2. Its most effective for low-angle sign
als and makes an excellent long-distance antenna.
74.
A Multi element array that the array should be two or more wavelength lo
ng to achieve a worthwhile gain. (Antennas)
a.
Bruce array
b.
Bobtail curtain
c.
Stubby antenna
d.
Log-yag antenna
Answer: a
It consists simply of a single wire folded so that the vertical sections
carry large currents in phase wile the horizontal sections carry small currents
flowing in opposite directions with respect to the center of that section.
75.
Is a short range navigation aid operating in the VHF band which provides
the pilot with a track to steer to the VOR beacon. (Navigational Aids)
a.
ADF
b.
VOR
c.
DME
d.
LRRA
Answer: b

The VOR(VHF Omnidirectional Range) beacon is a ground station that tran

smits signals in all directions (omnidirectional). These signals are called radi
als. The VOR beacon transmits on its carrier frequency two modulation signals, a
30 Hz reference and a 30 Hz variable signal.
76.
A navigational aid that is used for automatic determination of relative
bearing to a transmitting radio station or Non-Directional Beacon (NDB). (Naviga
tional Aids)
a.
ADF
b.
VOR
c.
DME
d.
LRRA
Answer: a
ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is also used for reception of weather i
nformation and other broadcast programs. In an ADF system, the ground station tr
ansmits an amplitude modulated signal in an omnidirectional pattern.
77.
It measures the distance through air (slant range) from the aircraft to
a equipment ground station. (Navigational Aids)
a.
ADF
b.
VOR
c.
DME
d.
LRRA
Answer: c
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) is used primarily for position fixing
, en route separation, approach to an airport, avoiding protected air space, hol
ding at a given position, or calculating ground speeds. The DME transceiver init
iates the distance measuring action by transmitting interrogation pulses to the
ground station.
78.
The purpose of this system is to alert flight crew of the existence of a
n unsafe condition due to terrain proximity. (Navigational Aids)
a.
GPWS
b.
LRRA
c.
TCAS
d.
ILS
Answer: a
The GPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System) gives the crew visual and voi
ce warnings when the aircraft s flight path and position, with respect to the terr
ain, need immediate attention from the crew.
79.
planes
a.
b.
c.
d.

This system alerts the flight crew of potential conflicts with other air
in the same area. (Navigational Aids)
GPWS
LRRA
TCAS
ILS

Answer: c
TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) provides two types o
f collision avoidance alerts: Traffic Advisory (TA) shows the relative position
of any intruder airplanes and Resolution Advisory (RA) shows a vertical maneuver
to avoid a possible airplane collision.
80.
A radio system that gives lateral and vertical guidance in the approach
to a runaway. (Navigational Aids)
a.
GPWS

b.
c.
d.

LRRA
TCAS
ILS

Answer: d
ILS (Instrument Landing System) is the radio system enabling an aircraft
to locate the selected runway, adopt the correct glideslope and approach in all
weather conditions. This system has three distinct elements: the VHF Localizer,
the UHF Glideslope, and the Marker Beacons.
81.
This type of pulse radar requires no particular cooperation from the tar
get in order to detect and measure the range of the target. (Radar)
a.
Primary Pulsed Radar
b.
Secondary Pulsed Radar
c.
Tertiary Pulsed Radar
d.
Main Pulsed Radar
Answer: a
Primary pulsed radar is the name given to the simple echo system wherein
the target reflects the transmitted energy from the system and the time elapsed
between transmission and reception is measured and converted to range informati
on. The target needs to be simply a reflecting object large enough to return a u
sable a mount of echo signal to the radar.
82.
It is the immediate predecessor of AMPS or Analog Cellular System. (Mobi
le Communications)
a.
MTSO
b.
IMTS
c.
NAMPS
d.
NMT
Answer: b
IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) makes use of cell sites that ar
e located in geographically high areas with relatively high transmit powers to e
nsure a range of up to 25 miles. Because the mobile stations are allowed relativ
ely high output powers (between 13 W and 30 W), one cell site location could ser
ve an entire city.
83.
In satellite orbits, it is inclined at an angle of 64 degrees with respe
ct to the equatorial plane. (Satellite Communications)
a.
Elliptical
b.
Polar
c.
Equatorial
d.
Circular
Answer: a
Elliptical orbit is particularly stable with respect to irregularities i
n terrestrial gravitational potential. It also enables the satellite to cover re
gions of high latitude for a large fraction of the orbital period as it passes t
o the apogee.
84.
With near 90 degrees inclination, this type of orbit guarantees that the
satellite will pass over region of the earth. (Satellite Communications)
a.
Elliptical
b.
Polar
c.
Equatorial
d.
Circular
Answer: b
In this orbit, the altitude of the satellite is constant and equal to se

veral hundreds of kilometer. The period is of the order of one and a half hours.
85.
It contains the satellite and all terrestrial facilities for the control
and monitoring of the satellite. (Satellite Communications)
a.
Space segment
b.
Ground segment
c.
Satellite segment
d.
Geo segment
Answer: a
Space includes the tracking, telemetry, and command stations (TT&C) toge
ther with the satellite control center where all the operations associated with
station-keeping and checking the vital functions of the satellite are performed.
86.
A diode operates from 0.5 to 10 GHz with average power outputs between 1
and 3W. (Microwave Communications)
a.
IMPATT
b.
TRAPATT
c.
BARITT
d.
LSA
Answer: b
TRAPATT (Trapped-Plasma Avalanche Triggered-Transit) diodes have the hig
hest peak power outputs of the semiconductor devices with outputs ranging from 5
00 W peak power at lower frequencies to 100 W peak powers at the upper frequenci
es. The efficiency of TRAPATT diodes is as high as 75 percent at the low-frequen
cy end.
87.
A avalanche transit-time devices that operates from about 3 to 12 GHz. (
Microwave Communications)
a.
IMPATT
b.
TRAPATT
c.
BARITT
d.
LSA
Answer: c
BARITT (Barrier Injected Transit-Time) diodes have much lower noise figu
res than TRAPATT diodes, but they are limited by low efficiency with very low po
wer outputs of less than 1 mW. They are narrow-bandwidth devices.
88.
Combines the advantages of the klystron amplifier with the travelling-wa
ve tube. (Microwave Communications)
a.
Twistron
b.
Twystron
c.
Crossed-field
d.
Klystube
Answer: b
The input to the device is located in the klystron, and the output to th
e device is located in the TWT. It is used for high-power applications in which
large peak powers of up to 5 MW are required.
89.
avities
a.
b.
c.
d.

A magnetron which is a cylindrical structure with a series of resonant c

around the outside. (Microwave Communications)
Cyclotron-frequency
Split-ring
Travelling-wave
Ultra magnetron

Answer: c

Travelling-wave magnetron is the most widely used magnetron in the centimeter-to

-millimeter microwave region. It has efficiency as high as 70 percent. Average p
owers are in the kilowatt region with peak powers of up to 40 MW.
90.
A magnetron has an anode split into two anodes of different potential. (
Microwave Communications)
a.
Cyclotron-frequency
b.
Split-ring
c.
Travelling-wave
d.
Ultra magnetron
Answer: b
Split-ring also called negative-resistance magnetron. The effect of the
interaction of electric and magnetic fields on the electron causes the so-called
negative resistance. Negative resistance effect permits oscillations to occur w
ithin the magnetron.
91.
A magnetron has an anode that is a cylinder around an axial cathode with
a perpendicular dc magnetic field. (Microwave Communications)
a.
Cyclotron-frequency
b.
Split-ring
c.
Travelling-wave
d.
Ultra magnetron
Answer: a
The cyclotron-frequency magnetron can be used only at the lower end of t
he microwave spectrum. The device will oscillate with a frequency determined by
the time of travel of the electron.
92.
It is similar to backscatter propagation, except that the ground scatter
zone is merely somewhat off the direct line between the participants. (Radiowav
e Communications)
a.
Tropospheric scatter
b.
Ionospheric scatter
c.
Sidescatter
d.
Trans-equatorial scatter
Answer: c
Sidescatter signals are stronger than backscatter signals using the same general
area of ground scattering. They have been observed frequently on the 14 MHz ban
d, and can take place on any band where there is a large window between the MUF
and the LUF.
93.
It is useful mainly above the MUF, so its useful frequency range depends
on geography, time of day, season, and the state of the sun. (Radiowave Communi
cations)
a.
Tropospheric scatter
b.
Ionospheric scatter
c.
Sidescatter
d.
Trans-equatorial scatter
Answer: b
It works much the same as tropospheric scatter, except that the scatteri
ng medium is the E region of the ionosphere, with some help of the D and F layer
s. The greatest use for this type of transmission has been for printing-telegrap
h channels.
94.
They are caused by particle emissions from the sun, generally Alpha and
Beta rays. (Radiowave Propagation)
a.
Sudden ionospheric disturbance

b.
c.
d.

Travelling ionospheric disturbance

Ionospheric storms
Storm disturbance

Answer: c
Ionospheric storms are one of the ionospheric irregularities. At
these conditions, the ionosphere behaves erratically causing signal strengths t
o drop and fluctuate rapidly. They take about 36 hrs. to reach the earth.
95.
The two-wire connection to the receiving telephone is made by a series o
f sequential operations of the switch train operating in tandem. (Wire Communica
tions)
a.
Human control
b.
Progressive Control
c.
Common control
d.
Stored control
Answer: b
A switching control in which the call is progressively carried o
ut to the desired terminal under the control of the dial pulses produced by the
calling telephone.
96.
This type of switching control element may be a relay-operated device ca
lled a marker. (Wire Communications)
a.
Human control
b.
Progressive Control
c.
Common control
d.
Stored control
Answer: c
It can be assigned to an incoming call as required. It takes in
the dialed digits, and then sets up the path through the switching matrix accord
ing to a hard-wired or stored-program rule.
97.
ontacts
a.
b.
c.
d.

An electromechanical version utilizes electromagnets to open and close c

in the matrix. (Wire Communications)
Crossbar switch
Reed switch
Stepping switch
Space switch

Answer: a
It depends on the crossing intersection of two points to make a
connection. The switching matrix is called a crosspoint array. Its operation dep
ends on energizing a vertical line and a horizontal line and the point where the
y intersect represents the connection made.
98.
It is a small, glass-encapsulated, electromechanical switching device. (
Wire Communications)
a.
Crossbar switch
b.
Reed switch
c.
Stepping switch
d.
Space switch
Answer: b
This device is actuated by a common control which selects the re
lays to be closed in response to the number dialed, and sends pulses through coi
ls wound around the relay capsules. The pulses change the polarity of magnetizat
ion of plates of magnetic material fitted alongside the glass capsules.

99.
group
a.
b.
c.
d.

In stepping switch train, they connect the calling line to the connector
of the called line. (Wire Communications)
Line-finder
Selectors
Connectors
Cord pair

Answer: b
A Stepping Switch Train is used in employed in progressive switc
hing control. The selectors connect the calling line to the connector group of t
he called line. When the first selector is connected, a dial tone is returned to
the calling party.
100.
In Stepping switch train, it is the first switch in the switch train. (W
ire Communications)
a.
Line-finder
b.
Selectors
c.
Connectors
d.
Cord pair
Answer: a
The first switch in the Stepping switch train is the line-finder
. When a calling telephone goes off-hook, current flowing in the local loop oper
ates a relay in the exchange, causing the first switch in the train, the line-fi
nder, to search for the active line.