Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Zoology 200
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Vertebrates = occupies marine, freshwater, terrestrial & aerial environments.
= proper chordate characteristics:
a. notochord
b. pharyngeal slits
c. tobular/dorsal nerve tube
d. postanal tail
= Innovations:
a. vertebral column
b. cranium
Origin of Vert’s:
Step 1 Prevertebrate
Step 2 Agnathan
Step 3 Gnathostomes
Vert’s Classification
Traditional Taxonomy
* Tetrapods
* Fishes
* Amniotes
* Anamniotes
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
Key Concepts
Taxonomy- is the science by which organisms are classified in heirarchical categories referred to as
taxa.
Seven categories:
1. Kingdom
2. Phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
Carolus Linnaeus was the great classifier. He designed the system of binomial nomenclature where
each unique type of organism is given a unique two word name, the genus and specific epithet
(species).
PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
Ex. Sea squirts
SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA
Ex. Amphioxus
SUBPHYLUM HEMICHORDATA
EX. Acorn worm
Subphylum Vertebrata
1. Class Agnatha – primitive jawless fishes
* S.C. OSTRACODERMI
-the ancient bony vertebrate
- entire body is covered with bony dermal armor consisting of bony plates and smaller tile-
like scales
- largely live in freshwater, brackish water, some are marine
- ostracoderm is a utilitarian name having no taxonomic status
SC CYCLOSTOMATA
Separated fromostracodermi 400M years ago
No paired fins, no skeletal elements homologizable with vertebrates jaws
No dermal armor, no teeth, no bony skeleton
2 orders:
1. Order Petromyzoniformes
2. Order Myxiniformes
Order Petromyzoniformes
With buccal funnel composed of horny denticles that attaches the adult to the host with the tongue-
like cartilaginous rod
With 7 pairs of gill pouches and slits
Largely freshwater
Ex. lampreys
Order Myxiniformes
- Shallow buccal funnel lacking denticles
- Bottom-feeding scavengers having invertebrate diet
- - parasitize slow- moving fishes
- Single nostril located just above the funnel
- Canal --- olfactory sac --- pharyngeal cavity
- Eyes are vestigial
- with 6 pairs of gill pouches and slits
- Ex. Hagfishes and slime eels
Class Acanthodii
Early or oldest jawed fishes
Head and body were protected by dermal armor of bony plates and scales
Skeleton: bone and cartilages,w/o operculum
Paired 5 fins supported by hollow spines
Class Placodermi
Bizarre armored fishes which became abundant in fresh water when ostracoderms were
disappearing
With paired fins, swift predators
A heavy dermal shield covered the head, gill and trunk region
Ex. Arthrodires (Coccosteus)
Antinarchs (Bothrioplepsis)
Class Chondrichthyes
1. SC ELASMOBRANCHII
O. CLADOSELACHII- paleozoic Sharks
O. PLEUROCANTHODII - paleozoic Sharks
O. SQUALIFORMES
O. RAJIFROMES- Ex. Skates, sawfishes and rays
2. SC HOLOCEPHALI
Lack scales,with fleshy operculum that hides the gills slits, spiracle is closed
Upper jaw is fused to the braincase, hard bony plates on the jaws
Chimaeras, ratfishes
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES
1. S.C. ACTINOTERYGII
Ray-finned fishes
Lack internal nares, slender fin rays
Dermal armor and scales were covered with an enameloid- ganoin
Ex. Perch, puffer fish, sturgeon
ORDERS:
A. S.O .CHONDROSTEI
B. S.O. HOLOSTEI
C. S.O. TELEOSTEI
A. S.O. CHONDROSTEI
-oldest known ray-finned fishes
- embryonic cartilages are not replace by bones, with ganoid scales
- ex. African bachir, sturgeon, spoonbills
B. S.O. HOLOSTEI
- fresh water fishes, with ganoid scales
- plate-like scales in the head lack ganoin
- endoskeleton is ossified but braincase remain cartilaginos throughout life
- ex. Spotted gar, bowfin
C.S. O . TELEOSTEI
- modern fishes
- tail is homocercal
- scales no longer heavily bony,inflexible
- thinner dermal bones in the skull
- pelvic fins are far forward
- long, slim fishes lost paired fins
- ex. perch, eel, sea horse, puffer fish
S.C. SARCOPTERYGII
Lobed-finned fishes
Have internal nares that open into the oropharyngeal cavity
A. S.O. CROSSOPTERYGII
Ancestors of amphibans
Proximal skeletal elements of early tetrapods limbs
With swimbladders – lungs
Ex. Lamitera (fresh water)
B. S.O. DIPNOI
Referred to as the true lungfishes
Use swim bladders for respiration n
terms of drought only
Streams, swamps (wet seasons), muds
(durng dry seasons)
Metabolism minimizes water loss and
reduces the need for nutrients and
gases
Ex. Prototerus (Africa)
Lepidoserin( Brazil)
Neoceratodus (Australia)
CLASS AMPHIBIA
A. S.C. LABYRITHODONTIA
- swamp dwelling, oldest amphibians
- Dentin of their teeth was infolded resembling labyrinth when viewed in cross section
- Hindlimbs: 7 digits, forelimbs: 6 digits
- Minute bony scales in the dermis, fish-like tails containing fin rays
- Ex. Ichtyostega
B.SC. LEPOSPONDYLI
- small, salamander-like amphibians
- Lack limbs, with triangular skulls
- May have arise from crossopterygians and have given rise to urodeles and apodans
C. S.C. LISSAMPHIBIA
- Egglack membrane that allow reptilian embryo to develop in terrestrial habitat
- Return to water to lay their egg during mating season (fish like reproduction)
- O. Urodela
- Tailed amphibians
- Larva: with 3 pairs of external gill and slits
- Adult: retain external gills & 2 pairs of gill slits
- Attain sexual maturity at 5 yrs.
- Siren,newts and salamander
- O. Anura
- Tailess amphibians, fused caudal vertebrae
- Breed only during rainy or shortly afterrainy season
- Ex. frogs and toads
- O. Apoda
- legless, burrow in swampy places
- Ex. Caecilians
Apodans-
Caecelians
CLASS REPTILIA
Better adapted to terrestrial environment
3 extra embryonic membranes
1. amnion 2. chorion 3. allantois
oviparous,
Young hatched fully –formed without passing larval stage
Epidermal scales-plaques, shields,scales
Ex. Turtle, snakes, dinosaurs, alligators
S.C. ANAPSIDA
Absence of bony temporal arch
Characterized by shell of bony dermal plates with fused ribs and vertebrae
Loss of trunk muscles, no teeth
Ex. Cotylosaurs and turtles
S.C. LEPIDOSAURIA –
2 temporal fossae, diapsid skull
A. O. RHYNCOCEPHALIA
Lizard-like, life span: 60 yrs
Feed on small vertebrates and insects
Ex. tautaras
B. O. SQUAMATA
Scaly reptiles with well-developed appendicular muscles thus they can run agilely on their
limbs, broadly jumps
Some have suction discs on their toes
Thecodont dentition
With nictitating membranes
Ex. Lizards, snakes, iguana
Crocodile alligator
S.C. EUROSIDA
Extinct marine reptiles
Also known as parapsida & synaptosauria
Single dorsal temporal fossa
Ex.Ichthyosaurs – fish-like, no visible neck
S.C. SYNAPSIDA
Ancestors of mammals
Single lateral temporal fossa
Have parietal foramen:indicate median eye
Ex. Pelycosaurs (heterodont dentition)
CLASS AVES
From bipedal dinosaurs
Cxcs: beaks, scaled and clawed hindlimbs, feathers, combs, wattles
Wings – carpometacarpus
Legs – tarsometatarsus
Synsacrum- fused trunk vertebrae and pelvic girdle
carina-no sternal keel for attachment of massive flight muscles
endothermy
1. S.C. ARCHEONITHES
Oldest known birds
Have long reptilian tail, thecodont dentition on both jaws
With reptilian skull than avian
No beaks, forward nostrils
Braincase had not expanded to accommodate enlarged brain
Ex. Archaeopteryx and Protoavis
S.C. NEORNITHES
Modern birds
Carinating, ratitating
CLASS MAMMALIA
With mammary glands
Warm-blooded animals
Modified structures:
Horns, hooves, claws, hairs, etc.
Chorioallantoic placenta
duckbill
hyenas
armadillo
pangolins
rabbits
hydraxes