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1 Computational domain
Airfoil
meaningful solutions, and their implementation is usually based on physics. All the boundary
condition can be seen in Fig. 4. Freestream velocity (165.4 m/s) is specified at the inlet of the
computational domain, whereas, atmospheric pressure is specified at the outlet of the domain.
On the airfoil surface, no-slip conditions are applied. The outer boundary is usually placed far
from the airfoil surface, at least six chords away. One common boundary condition at outlet is
that where instability waves emitted from the body are free to pass and are not reflected back.
In this study, a non-reflecting boundary condition is used at the outer boundary as pressure
outlet.
CFD Solver Settings: Finite volume based density solver is used for computing velocity and
pressures at different points. Second-order upwind Discretization scheme is used in the study.
Reynolds number (Re) based on chord length (C) is calculated as 1.7106 which corresponds
to an upstream velocity of 165.4 m/s. Suitable under-relaxation factors are set for pressure,
density, body forces and momentum in the code. Y-plus (Y+) value for all the case is taken
less than 1 to capture separation phenomena accurately. All the simulations are carried out in
the steady-state mode. The steady-state simulations are performed for a sufficient number of
iterations until the flow data are converged to a constant solution.
Turbulence Models: shear-stress transport (SST) k- turbulence model (Menter, 1994) is
used.